defining civilization - mcadams · basic chronology upper egypt naqada i naqada ii lower egypt...
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Defining Civilization - McAdams
Class stratification Ownership and control of production Political and religious hierarchies Central administration Division of labor Skilled workers Officials Peasants
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Defining Civilization - Childe Size and density of cities Surplus (craft specialization) Specialized labor Class structured society State organization Monumental public works Foreign exchange Highly developed art Writing Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy
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Defining Civilization - Trigger
1. Economic complexity = division of labor in craft production, people divorced from food production
2. Different strategies for obtaining food
3. Political context
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1. Permanent towns with at least 5,000 residents
2. Record keeping
3. Monumental ceremonial architecture
Defining Civilization - Kluckhohn
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Basic Chronology
Upper Egypt Naqada I Naqada II
Lower Egypt Maadi-Buto Maadi-Buto
Dates (BC) 4200-3600 3600-3300
Naqada III (unification) Early Dyn. (1-2) Old Kingdom (3-6) Pyramids 1st Intermediate (factionalism) Mid. Kingdom “Classic period” New Kingdom
3300-3000 3000-2700 2700-2200 2200-2000 2000-1700 1550-1069
Period
Chalcolithic
EBIa
EBIb
EBII
EBIII
EBIV/MBI
MBI
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Environmental Circumscription
Nile Valley very fertile, surrounded by barren desert
Forces people to stay in valley, limits mobility
Political significance – Magnifies competitive
pressures Nile Valley, “Socio-
political pressure cooker”
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The Nile: Unifying Force
North-South wind South to north river flow Allows
transport along 800 kms of valley
Encourages communication, contact, and magnifies social competition
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Upper vs. Lower Egypt
Delta = Lower Egypt (north) – peripheral to state formation
Upper Egypt = Nile Valley – center of state formation, esp. around Qena Bend
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Early Dynastic Egypt (c. 3000 BC)
Controlling Nile from Aswan to Delta (1000 km) Evidence for state control; serekhs, sealings,
labels – suggests taxation system
Abydos (south) important cult center Kings of 1st Dynasty found at Abydos Organization very different to Mesopotamia
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Egypt
The Old Kingdom period (2700-2200 BCE) marked the beginning of Nile valley civilization
The merger of Nile valley societies under one king created the world's first nation state
The pharaoh was the supreme power of societies societies
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Narmer Palette: Unification?
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Egypt = Civilization ?
Spread of pottery and architectural styles
Unequal distribution of wealth, power and prestige
Kingly authority Post 3100 BCE
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Writing = Civilization
Earliest writing found in Naqada III (3300 BCE) Inspiration from Mesopotamia?
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Egyptian Writing Forms of writing specialize Bureaucratic
– Hieratic (Cursive) Monumental/Display
– Hieroglyphic (Aesthetic)
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The Rosetta Stone,
as displayed in the British Museum in the nineteenth century
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 449
Egyptian in form but Mesopotamian inspired
combines signs that represent ideas with others indicating sounds
used primarily in formal contexts
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Monumental Architecture = Civilization
Significance of monumental structures
Environmental context – Role of the Nile & the desert
Emergence of the “Cult of the Dead”
Social competition in death Unification Pyramids, centralization &
decentralization
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Naqada I (Amratian) Similar to Badarian, dead
buried in simple pits Some larger tombs Upper Egypt, grave goods
are typical Lower Egypt, rare Many tombs looted before
Petrie excavated at Naqada – Looted during Naqada, or
soon after
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Naqada I: Beginnings
Burials with grave goods in Upper Egypt
Minor differences in wealth
Differences increasing with time
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Naqada I Burial Finds included ivory
fragments, ivory bangle, beads, shell armband, pottery
Black topped pottery still included, painted pottery appears
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Predynastic pit graves
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Naqada II (Gerzean) Emergent Social Stratification
Wide range; some tombs large & elaborate Grave goods differ in quantity & quality
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Non-elite burial
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Naqada II: Craft Specialists
Prestige/wealth goods; stone working takes off Labor intensive, exotic or rare raw materials
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Craft Specialization: Metallurgy
Specialized craft, expands in Naqada II, axes, blades Requires access to ores, long-distance trade/contacts, labor
intensive exploitation & manufacture
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Naqada II: Record Keeping
Growing wealth & scale of institutions Complexity of management
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Narmer serekhs serekh: kingship name inside
stylized rectangle Dyn. 0-3, after that, cartouche containing Horus name of
kings – Catfish = nar; chisel = mer – This one missing Horus, falcon
on top of facade
Narmer, Dyn 0? First Dyn? – Menes? Known from later
sources as founder of Egypt
Found in Canaan, petrography indicates ceramic from Nile
Narmer serekh, Nahal Tillah excavations (near Beersheva, Israel)
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External contacts Strong presence of
Egyptian material culture in Palestine
Egyptian pottery, flints, but few
serekhs Unclear why
– Trade? – Military conquest? – Colonization?
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Levantine objects in Egypt
Naqada II-III Primarily pottery
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Hierakonpolis (Kom el-Ahmar) “City of the Hawk”
Cemeteries and settlement site
Excavated since late 19th c. Prime importance in pre- and
Early Dynastic Period Cult center of the god Horus
of Nekhen – Horus = god of kingship,
celestial power
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Hierkanopolis Tomb 100 Naqada II about 3500 BC Motifs suggest king
Plan of tomb, red line indicates wall painting
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Wall Painting
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Detail Boats typical Mesopotamian motif Recorded from rock art Boats more typical of Susa (Iran) than Uruk
(Mesopotamia)
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Gebel el-Arak knife
Origin unknown, possibly from Gebel el-Arak (south of Abydos)
3300-3200 BCE Hippo ivory and flint 25.50 cms Mesopotamian
influences??
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Carved ivory knife handle
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Comparison with Tomb 100
Mesopotamian dress ca. 3200 BCE
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Town size comparisons
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Increased Agriculture
Increased sedentism in Valley Competitive pressures
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Naqada III: Competition Intensifies
Increased evidence for war & factionalism High-stakes competition, massive mobilization of
labor & wealth
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Who was competing? Unclear In historical periods
– Estates largely rural – Large, stratified
households “Estates”
– Ranches/manors – Headed by landlord – Bureaucratic
Estate-like institutions probably emerge during Naqada II - III
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Naqada III: More Elaboration of Burials
Mastabas: Large tombs with superstructure
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Mastaba
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Abydos C. 3000-2700 BCE Tomb U-j 12 chambered tomb 9.1 x 7.3 m Roofed with wooden
beams, mudbrick and matting
Pottery, local types – Also over 4000
Canaanite types, for wine
King Scorpion?
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Centralized Authority & Architecture
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Centralized Authority & Architecture
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Pyramid Form: King’s Singular Status
Beginning in Old Kingdom (c. 2700 BCE) Djoser’s pyramid at Saqarra Nobility continue to be buried in mastabas
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Growing Elite: Economy Stagnant
Evidence for more, but smaller elite tombs
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Collapse of the Old Kingdom
Decline seen in 6th Dynasty Factionalism in 1st
Intermediate Period (c. 2200-2000 BCE)
Causes? – Pious foundations – “Top heavy” with elites – Low floods? – Combination of the above
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The Ultimate Monument