deferring cross examination for a long time is anathema

8/9/2019 Deferring Cross Examination for a Long Time is Anathema

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Reportable

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 554 OF 2012

Vinod Ku!" ... A##$%%!n&

V$"'u'

S&!&$ o( Pun)!* ... R$'#ond$n&

J U D G M E N T

Dipak Misra, J.

I( on$ i' !'+$d ! ,u$'&ion- /!& !((%i&' &/$ %$!%%

"$,ui'i&$ "iin!% &"i!% in i&' on$#&u!% $3$n&u!%i& in &/i'

oun&" &/$ &o "$!'on' &/!& ! $!"n &/$ '&!&u' o(

#/$no$n!% 'ini(i!&ion !"$- (i"'&- #"o"!'&in!&ion o( &"i!%

du$ &o non!3!i%!*i%i& o( i&n$''$' /$n &/$ &"i!% i' in

#"o"$'' !nd '$ond- un!""!n&$d !d)ou"n$n&' 'ou/&

* &/$ oun'$% ondu&in &/$ &"i!% !nd &/$ un(!&/o!*%$

"$!'on' (o" !$#&!&ion o( 'u/ #"!$"' (o" !d)ou"n$n&'



* &/$ &"i!% ou"&'- d$'#i&$ ! '&!&u&o" o!nd und$"

S$&ion 06 o( &/$ Cod$ o( C"iin!% P"o$du"$- 167 8C"PC9

!nd '$"i$' o( #"onoun$$n&' * &/i' Cou"&. :/!& !' !

!%!d !& on$ &i$- i&/ &/$ $((%u; o( &i$- /!'

$&!o"#/o'$d in&o !%in!n. :/!& !' ! $"$

di'&u"*!n$ on$ /!' *$o$ ! di'o"d$"- ! di'$!'$d on$- !&

#"$'$n&.

2. T/$ in'&!n& !'$ ("$'o$' !nd d$#i&' ! '$n!"io &/!&

$;$#%i(i$' /o du$ &o #!''i3i& o( &/$ %$!"n$d &"i!% Jud$-

! i&n$''- d$'#i&$ /!3in '&ood $*$dd$d !*'o%u&$% (i"%

in /i' $;!in!&ionin/i$(- /!' !ud!iou'% !ndin ! !-

o*no;iou'%- &/"on !%% &/$ 3!%u$' &o &/$ ind- !nd #!3$d

&/$ #!&/ o( &$"i3$"'!&ion. I& ou%d no& *$ ! /#$"*o%$ &o

'! &/!& i& i' ! !%!d"oi& !nd in$niou'% d$'in$d !&&$#&

&o '&"!nu%!&$ !nd "ui( &/$ (und!$n&!% #u"#o'$ o( &"i!%-

&/!& i'- &o !""i3$ !& &/$ &"u&/ on &/$ *!'i' o( $3id$n$ on

"$o"d. T/$ "$d$$in ($!&u"$ i'- d$'#i&$ &/$ !%$3o%$n&

!nd in)u"iou' !''!u%&- &/$ !u'$ o( )u'&i$ /!' 'u"3i3$d-

(o" &/$"$ i'- in &/$ u%&i!&$ $3$n&u!&$- ! on3i&ion /i/ i'

und$" !''!i% in &/i' !##$!%- * '#$i!% %$!3$.

2



. T/$ n!""!&ion o( &/$ '!d /"ono%o '/o+' &/$

)udii!% on'i$n$ !nd "!3i&!&$' &/$ ind &o #o'$ !

,u$'&ion- i' i& )u'&i(i$d (o" !n on'i$n&iou' &"i!% Jud$ &o

ino"$ &/$ '&!&u&o" o!nd- no& "$oni<$ =&/$ ($%&

n$$''i&i$' o( &i$> !nd "$!in i#$"3iou' &o &/$ " o( &/$

o%%$&i3$ !'+in (o" )u'&i$ o" i3$ !n ind$$n& !nd

un!%%$d (o" *u"i!% &o &/$ on$#&ion o( &"i!%- &o&!%%

o'&"!i<in &/$ on$#& &/!& ! i3i%i<$d !nd o"d$"% 'oi$&

&/"i3$' on "u%$ o( %! /i/ in%ud$' =(!i" &"i!%> (o" &/$

!u'$d !' $%% !' &/$ #"o'$u&ion.

4. In &/$ !(o"$'!id on&$;&- $ ! "$!#i&u%!&$ !

#!''!$ ("o Gurnaib Singh V. State of Punjab .1

=...... :$ !"$ o#$%%$d &o #"o$$d &o "$i&$"!&$ &/$%! !nd $;#"$'' ou" !nui'/ #$"&!inin &o &/$!nn$" in /i/ &/$ &"i!% !' ondu&$d !' i&d$#i&' ! 3$" di'&u"*in '$n!"io. A' i'd$on'&"!*%$ ("o &/$ "$o"d- &/$ &"i!% !'ondu&$d in !n $;&"$$% /!#/!<!"d !nd#i$$$!% !nn$". Ad)ou"n$n&' $"$ "!n&$d

on ! $"$ !'+in. T/$ "o''$;!in!&ion o( &/$i&n$''$' !' d$($""$d i&/ou& "$o"din !n '#$i!% "$!'on !nd d!&$' $"$ i3$n !(&$" ! %on!#. T/$ !nd!&$ o( &/$ %! !nd &/$ 3i$'$;#"$''$d * &/i' Cou"& ("o &i$ &o &i$!##$!"' &o /!3$ *$$n &o&!%% +$#& !& *!. T/$%$!"n$d &"i!% Jud$- !' i' #$"$#&i*%$- '$$' &o/!3$ o'&"!i'$d ("o /i' $o" &/!& ! "iin!%

1

(2013) 7 SCC 108

3



&"i!% /!' i&' on "!3i& !nd '!n&i&. In &/i'"$!"d- $ ! "$($" i&/ #"o(i& &o &/$#"onoun$$n& in Talab Haji Hussain 3.Madhukar Purshottam Mondkar 2 /$"$in i& /!'

*$$n '&!&$d &/!& !n !u'$d #$"'on * /i'ondu& !nno& #u& ! (!i" &"i!% in&o )$o#!"d- (o"i& i' &/$ #"i!" !nd #!"!oun& du& o( &/$"iin!% ou"&' &o $n'u"$ &/!& &/$ "i'+ &o (!i"&"i!% i' "$o3$d !nd &"i!%' !"$ !%%o$d &o #"o$$d'oo&/% i&/ou& !n in&$""u#&ion o"o*'&"u&ion.>

5. ?$ i& no&$d- in &/$ '!id !'$- &/$ (o%%oin #!''!$

("o Swaran Singh V. State of Punjab 3 - !' "$#"odu$d.

=I& /!' *$o$ o"$ o" %$'' ! (!'/ion &o /!3$ !"iin!% !'$ !d)ou"n$d !!in !nd !!in &i%% &/$i&n$'' &i"$' !nd i3$' u#. I& i' &/$ !$ o( un'"u#u%ou' %!$"' &o $& !d)ou"n$n&' (o"on$ $;u'$ o" &/$ o&/$" &i%% ! i&n$'' i' on o3$"

o" i' &i"$d. No& on% i' ! i&n$'' &/"$!&$n$d- /$ i'!*du&$d- /$ i' !i$d- /$ i' don$ !! i&/- o"$3$n *"i*$d. T/$"$ i' no #"o&$&ion (o" /i. In!d)ou"nin &/$ !&&$" i&/ou& !n 3!%id !u'$ !ou"& uni&&in% *$o$' #!"& &o i'!""i!$ o( )u'&i$.>

@. In &/i' "$!"d- i& i' !%'o ("ui&(u% &o "$($" &o &/$

!u&/o"i& in State of U.P. V. Shambu Nath Singh 4 -

/$"$in &/i' Cou"& d$#"$!&in &/$ #"!&i$ o( ! S$''ion'

2 AIR 1958 SC 3763 (2000) 5 SCC 6684

(2001) 5 SCC 667

4



Cou"& !d)ou"nin ! !'$ in '#i&$ o( &/$ #"$'$n$ o( &/$

i&n$''$' i%%in &o *$ $;!in$d (u%%- o#in$d &/u'

=9. :$ !+$ i& !*und!n&% %$!" &/!& i( ! i&n$''i' #"$'$n& in ou"& /$ u'& *$ $;!in$d on &/!&d!. T/$ ou"& u'& +no &/!& o'& o( &/$i&n$''$' ou%d !&&$nd &/$ ou"& on% !& /$!3 o'& &o &/$- !(&$" +$$#in !'id$ &/$i" on!3o!&ion. C$"&!in% &/$ inu" 'u(($"in !nd %o''o( ino$. T/$ $!"$ !oun& o( */!&&!8!%%o!n$9 /i/ ! i&n$'' ! *$ #!id * &/$ou"& i' $n$"!%% ! #oo" 'o%!$ (o" &/$ (in!ni!%

%o'' inu""$d * /i. I& i' ! '!d #%i/& in &/$ &"i!%ou"&' &/!& i&n$''$' /o !"$ !%%$d &/"ou/'uon' o" o&/$" #"o$''$' '&!nd !& &/$doo"'&$# ("o o"nin &i%% $3$nin on% &o *$ &o%d!& &/$ $nd o( &/$ d! &/!& &/$ !'$ i' !d)ou"n$d&o !no&/$" d!. T/i' #"ii&i3$ #"!&i$ u'& *$"$(o"$d * &/$ #"$'idin o((i$"' o( &/$ &"i!%ou"&' !nd i& !n *$ "$(o"$d * $3$"on$#"o3id$d &/$ #"$'idin o((i$" on$"n$d /!' !

oi&$n& &o!"d' du&.>

7. :i&/ &/$ !(o"$'!id on$"n !nd !on- $ '/!%%

#"$'$n&% #"o$$d &o !du*"!&$ &/$ n$$''i&ou' (!&'. :$

/!3$ !%"$!d '&!&$d &/!& d$'#i&$ &/$ i#!''$- &/$"$ i' !

on3i&ion * &/$ &"i!% Jud$ !nd !n !((i"!&ion &/$"$o( *

&/$ Hi/ Cou"&. E%uid!&in &/$ (!&u!% 'o"$- *$ i& no&$d-

&/$ in'&!n& !##$!% i' di"$&$d !!in'& &/$ )ud$n& !nd

o"d$" d!&$d 1.10.2011 #!''$d * &/$ Hi/ Cou"& o(

Pun)!* !nd H!"!n! !& C/!ndi!"/ in C"iin!% A##$!% No.

5



12B0S? o( 2001 8OM9 /$"$in &/$ %$!"n$d Sin%$ Jud$

/!' i3$n &/$ '&!# o( !##"o3!% &o &/$ )ud$n& !nd o"d$"

d!&$d 24.10.2001 #!''$d * &/$ %$!"n$d S#$i!% Jud$-

P!&i!%! /$"$* /$ /!d on3i&$d &/$ !##$%%!n& und$"

S$&ion 7 !nd 1829 o( &/$ P"$3$n&ion o( Co""u#&ion A&-

16BB 8(o" *"$3i&- &/$ A&9 !nd '$n&$n$d /i &o und$"o

"io"ou' i#"i'on$n& (o" ! #$"iod o( &o $!"' !nd &o #!

! (in$ o( R'.2-000 i&/ ! d$(!u%& %!u'$.

B. T/$ #"o'$u&ion !'$- !' /!' *$$n un(u"%$d- i' &/!&

?!) Sin/- P:5- u'$d &o *"in $!"&/ in &"!&o" &"o%%$

i&/in &/$ unii#!% !"$! o( R!)#u"!. T/$ !##$%%!n&- !& &/$

"$%$3!n& &i$- !' #o'&$d !' O&"oi In'#$&o" !nd /$

d$!nd$d R'.20 #$" &"o%%$ (o" #$"i&&in /i &o $n&$"

in&o &/$ unii#!% !"$!. E3$n&u!%%- ! d$!% !' '&"u+ &/!&

&/$ !u'$d!##$%%!n& ou%d *$ #!id R'.500 #$" on&/

(o" &/$ 'oo&/ o#$"!&ion. A' &/$ #"o'$u&ion '&o" (u"&/$"

un(o%d'- on 25.1.1665- ?!) Sin/ $& J!di'/ V$"!-

P:7- !nd di'%o'$d *$(o"$ /i &/$ (!& !*ou& &/$ d$!nd

o( &/$ !u'$d (o" #$"i&&in &/$ $n&" o( &/$ &"!&o" &"o%%$

in'id$ &/$ unii#!% !"$! !nd &/$"$!(&$"- !' /$ !' no&

6



d$'i"ou' o( o*%iin &/$ !u'$d- /$ n!""!&$d &/$ $n&i"$

'&o" &o DSP Vii%!n$- /o in /i' &u"n- i&/ &/$ in&$n&ion

&o %! &/$ &"!#- $;#%!in$d i& &o ?!) Sin/- P:5- !nd

J!di'/ V$"!- P:7 !*ou& &/$ #"o$du"$ o( &/$ &"!#. A'

!%%$$d- ?!) Sin/ !3$ (i3$ no&$' o( R'.100 &o &/$ DSP

Vii%!n$ /o no&$d &/$ nu*$"' o( &/$ no&$' !nd

o#%$&$d o&/$" (o"!%i&i$' %i+$ !##%in #/$no%#/&/!%$in

#od$" on &/$ u""$n no&$'. T/$"$!(&$"- &/$ #"o$$d$d

&o &/$ #%!$ o( &/$ !u'$d !nd ! &"!# !' %!id. E3$n&u!%%-

u""$n no&$' !oun&in &o R'.500 $"$ "$o3$"$d ("o

&/$ &"ou'$" o( &/$ !##$%%!n& !nd $"$ &!+$n in&o

#o''$''ion. T/$ '&!&$$n&' o( &/$ i&n$''$' $"$ "$o"d$d

!nd !(&$" o#%$&in &/$ in3$'&i!&ion /!"$'/$$& !'

#%!$d (o" &/$ o(($n$' #uni'/!*%$ und$" S$&ion' 7 !nd

1829 o( &/$ A&.

6. To *"in /o$ &/$ /!"$' !!in'& &/$

!u'$d!##$%%!n&- &/$ #"o'$u&ion $;!in$d $i/&

i&n$''$'. P:1 &o P:4 !"$ (o"!% i&n$''$'. P:5- &/$

o#%!in!n& "$'i%$d ("o /i' #"$3iou' '&!&$$n& !nd !'

"o''$;!in$d * &/$ #"o'$u&ion. S/$" Sin/- P:@- !

7



%$"+ in &/$ o((i$ o( T$/'i%d!"- R!)#u"! /!d )oin$d &/$

#o%i$ #!"& !' !n ind$#$nd$n& i&n$''. H$ 'u##o"&$d &/$

!'$ o( &/$ #"o'$u&ion in d$&!i%. J!di'/ V$"!- P:7- in

/i' $;!in!&ionin/i$(- 'u##o"&$d &/$ #"o'$u&ion !'$ in

!%% !'#$&'- *u& in "o''$;!in!&ion- "$'i%$d ("o /i'

$;!in!&ionin/i$(. T/$ i&n$''- P:7- !' d$%!"$d

/o'&i%$ on ! #"!$" *$in !d$ * &/$ Pu*%i P"o'$u&o"

!nd !' "$$;!in$d. N!"ind$" P!% K!u'/!%- P:B- DSP o(

Vii%!n$ ?u"$!u /o /!d %$d &/$ "!idin #!"& on

25.1.1665- in /i' d$#o'i&ion- d$#o'$d in d$&!i% !*ou& &/$

ondu&in o( &/$ "!id !nd "$o3$" o( &/$ !oun&.

10. T/$ !u'$d- in /i' '&!&$$n& und$" S$&ion 1

C"PC- d$ni$d &/$ !%%$!&ion' !nd &oo+ &/$ #%$! o( (!%'$

i#%i!&ion du$ &o #!"& (!&ion !nd !nio'i&. I& !' /i'

(u"&/$" '&!nd &/!& /$ !' *"ou/& ("o /i' o((i$ !nd !'

&!+$n &o &/$ o((i$ o( &/$ T$/'i%d!" !nd &/$"$!(&$" &o &/$

Vii%!n$ o((i$.

11. T/$ %$!"n$d &"i!% Jud$- on &/$ *!'i' o( &/$ $3id$n$

*"ou/& on "$o"d- !$ &o /o%d &/!& &/ou/ &/$

o#%!in!n& /!d no& 'u##o"&$d &/$ !'$ o( &/$ #"o'$u&ion

8



$& #"o'$u&ion /!d *$$n !*%$ &o #"o3$ &/$ d$!nd !nd

!$#&!n$ o( &/$ *"i*$ !nd &/$ "$o3$" o( &/$ &!in&$d

on$ ("o &/$ !u'$d !nd- &/$"$(o"$- &/$ #"$'u#&ion

!' $n3i'!$d und$" S$&ion 20 o( &/$ A& ou%d $&

!&&"!&$d !nd !o"din% on3i&$d &/$ !u'$d !nd

'$n&$n$d /i- !' /!' *$$n '&!&$d /$"$in*$(o"$.

12. In !##$!%- i& !' on&$nd$d *$(o"$ &/$ Hi/ Cou"& &/!&

/$n &/$ &$'&ion o( ?!) Sin/- P:5- !nd J!di'/

V$"!- P:7- &/$ '/!do i&n$''- !' !*'o%u&$%

in"$di*%$- &/$ '!$ ou%d no& /!3$ *$$n #$"3$"&$d%

(i%&$"$d * &/$ %$!"n$d &"i!% Jud$ &o on3i& &/$

!u'$d!##$%%!n& (o" &/$ "i$ in ,u$'&ion. I& !' !%'o

u"$d &/!& $"$ "$o3$" o( &/$ u""$n no&$' ou%d no&

on'&i&u&$ &/$ o(($n$ und$" S$&ion 7 o( &/$ A&. I& !'

!%'o #"o#ound$d &/!& &/$ o(($n$ und$" S$&ion 1829 o( &/$

A& ou%d no& $& !&&"!&$d un%$'' &/$ d$!nd !nd

!$#&!n$ $"$ #"o3$n. Nonin3o%3$$n& o( !n

ind$#$nd$n& i&n$'' in &/$ "!id !' !%'o '$"iou'%

"i&ii'$d. T/$ Hi/ Cou"& #o'$d &/$ ,u$'&ion /$&/$" &/$

#"o'$u&ion /!d *$$n !*%$ &o #"o3$ &/$ (!&u o( d$!nd

9



o( *"i*$- i&' !$#&!n$ !nd &/$ "$o3$" o( &/$ on$ ("o

&/$ #o''$''ion o( &/$ !u'$d. :i&/ "$!"d &o d$!nd o(

*"i*$- &/$ Hi/ Cou"& #%!$d "$%i!n$ on &/$ &$'&ion o(

&/$ ind$#$nd$n& i&n$'' S/$" Sin/- P:@- !nd &/$

$;!in!&ionGin/i$( o( J!di'/ V$"!- P:7- !nd !$ &o

/o%d &/!& &/$ d$!nd o( *"i*$ /!d *$$n #"o3$n. I&

!##"$i!&$d &/$ d$#o'i&ion o( P:7 !nd &/$ dou$n&'-

$'#$i!%%- &/$ C/$i!% E;!in$"' "$#o"& o( &/$ /!nd

!'/ %i,uid !nd !$ &o /o%d &/$"$ /!d *$$n !$#&!n$ o(

*"i*$. R$%!&in &o &/$ "$o3$" o( &/$ &!in&$d on$- &/$

Hi/ Cou"& &oo+ no&$ o( &/$ (!& &/!& &/$ ou%!" &$'&ion

/!d *$$n du% o""o*o"!&$d * &/$ dou$n&!" $3id$n$

!nd /$n$- &/$ "$o3$" /!d *$$n #"o3$d.

1. ?$ i& no&$d- &/$ Hi/ Cou"& #%!$d "$%i!n$ u#on

Raghubir Singh V. State of Haryana 5 !nd Madhukar

ha!karrao "o!hi V. State of Mahara!htra @ !nd

$3$n&u!%% !$ &o /o%d &/!& &/$ #"o'$u&ion /!d #"o3$n i&'

!'$ &o &/$ /i%& !nd "$'u%&!n&% !((i"$d &/$ on3i&ion !nd

o"d$" o( '$n&$n$ #!''$d * &/$ &"i!% Cou"&- *u& "$du$d

&/$ '$n&$n$ o( 2 $!"' "io"ou' i#"i'on$n& &o on$ $!".5 (1974) 4 SCC 5606

(2000) 8 SCC 571

10



14. C"i&ii<in &/$ on3i&ion !' "$o"d$d * &/$ %$!"n$d

&"i!% Jud$ !nd !((i"$d * &/$ Hi/ Cou"&- i& i' 'u*i&&$d

* M". J!in- %$!"n$d '$nio" oun'$% (o" &/$ !##$%%!n& &/!&

/$n &/$ in(o"!n& /!d no& 'u##o"&$d &/$ !'$ o( &/$

#"o'$u&ion- i& !' no& )u'&i(i!*%$ on &/$ #!"& o( &/$ %$!"n$d

&"i!% Jud$ &o "$o"d ! on3i&ion !!in'& &/$ !u'$d. I& i'

/i' 'u*i''ion &/!& on &/$ *!'i' o( &/$ &$'&ion o( P:@

&o P:B- &/$ on3i&ion ou%d no& /!3$ *$$n "$o"d$d- (o"

S/$" Sin/- P:@- i' no& ! i&n$'' $i&/$" &o &/$ d$!nd o"

!$#&!n$ o( &/$ *"i*$ * &/$ !##$%%!n& !nd (u"&/$" &/$

3$"'ion P:7 "$,ui"$' !"$(u% '"u&in- "$!"d *$in /!d &o

&/$ (!& &/!& /$ i' ! /o'&i%$ i&n$''. I& i' !%'o u"$d &/!&

&/$ $3id$n$ o( P:B d$'$"3$' &o *$ di'!"d$d !' /$ i' !n

in&$"$'&$d i&n$''. To *o%'&$" &/$ !(o"$'!id 'u*i''ion'-

%$!"n$d '$nio" oun'$% /!' d"!n in'#i"!&ion ("o .

"ayaraj V. State of #ndhra Prade!h 7 !nd M.R.

Puru!hotham V!. State of $arnataka % .

15. A#!"& ("o !*o3$- i& i' (u"&/$" #u& (o"&/ * /i &/!&

!' P:7 /!' no& 'u##o"&$d &/$ #"o'$u&ion '&o" !nd

'&!&$d &o /!3$ *$$n &u&o"$d &o i3$ '&!&$$n&- /i' /o%$7 (2014) 4 SCALE 818

(2014) 11 SCALE 467

11



&$'&ion '/ou%d /!3$ *$$n &/"on ou& o( on'id$"!&ion

!nd no "$%i!n$ '/ou%d /!3$ *$$n #%!$d on i&. I& i'

on&$nd$d * /i &/!& &/$ Hi/ Cou"& /!' (!i%$d &o

!##"$i!&$ &/$ i#o"&!n$ o( "o''$;!in!&ion o( P:7

!nd /$n$- &/$ )ud$n& !((i"in &/$ on3i&ion i'

!*'o%u&$% (%!$d. To *u&&"$'' &/$ '!id 'u*i''ion-

"$%i!n$ /!' *$$n #%!$d on Sat Pau& V. 'e&hi

#dmini!tration 6. I& i' &/$ (u"&/$" '&!nd o( M". J!in-

%$!"n$d '$nio" oun'$% &/!& &/$ $3id$n$ o( &/$ &"!#

i&n$''$'- P:@ !nd P:B '/ou%d /!3$ *$$n /o%%

ino"$d !' &/$ !"$ #!"&i'!n i&n$''$' !nd &/$i" '&!&$$n&'

ou%d no& /!3$ *$$n i3$n !n "$d$n$ &o in!'u/ !'

&/$"$ /!' *$$n no o""o*o"!&ion. In &/i' on&$;&- /$ /!'

o$nd$d u' &o &/$ !u&/o"i&i$' in State of ihar V.

a!awan Singh ()* +, - Major .G. ar!ey V. State of

ombay ++- hanu/rata/ Hari/ra!ad 'a0e V. State of

Gujarat +1 !nd M2 Sham!huddin V. State of $era&a 1.

9 (1976) 1 SCC 72710 (1959) SCR 19511 (1962) 2 SCR 19512 (1969) 1 SCR 2213

(1995) 3 SCC 351

12



1@. L$!"n$d '$nio" oun'$% ou%d on&$nd- 'o%$% on &/$

*!'i' o( $3id$n$ o( "$o3$"- ! on3i&ion i' no&

'u'&!in!*%$ !nd in &/$ o*&!inin (!&u!% !&"i;- &/$

#"$'u#&ion und$" S$&ion 20 o( &/$ A& ou%d no& *$

!&&"!&$d. To 'u*'&!n&i!&$ &/$ '!id #"o#o'i&ion- '&"$n&/

/!' *$$n d"!n ("o ).M. Giri!h abu V. )...- )ohin 14

!nd enar!i 'a! V. State of Haryana 15.

17. T/$ %!'& #%!n+ o( 'u*i''ion o( M". J!in- i' &/!& in

&/$ in'&!n& !'$- &/$ #"o'$u&ion !' %!un/$d * N!"ind$"

P!% K!u'/!%- P:B- /o /!' in3$'&i!&$d in&o &/$ !'$ !nd-

&/$"$(o"$- &/$ on$#& o( (!i" in3$'&i!&ion- /!' *$$n &o&!%%

!""$d !' ! on'$,u$n$ o( /i/- &/$ &"i!% i' 3i&i!&$d.

L$!"n$d '$nio" oun'$% ou%d on&$nd &/!& ! #$"'on /o i'

! #!"& o( &/$ &"!# #!"& i' !n in&$"$'&$d i&n$'' !nd /$

ou%d *$ $n&/u'i!'&i &o '$$ &/!& &/$ &"!# i' 'u'&!in$d in

$3$" !nn$" !nd in 'u/ ! 'i&u!&ion- i& i' per se !n un(!i"

!nd *i!'$d in3$'&i!&ion &/!& ("u'&"!&$' &/$ $''$n&i!%

#"ini#%$ in/$"$d und$" A"&i%$ 21 o( &/$ Con'&i&u&ion !nd

$3$n&u!%% &/$ &"i!%.

14 (2009) 3 SCC 77915

(2010) 4 SCC 450

13



1B. M". M!d/u+!"- %$!"n$d '$nio" oun'$% !##$!"in (o"

&/$ S&!&$ o( Pun)!*- #$" on&"!- ou%d on&$nd &/!& &/$

3i$ $;#"$''$d * &/$ %$!"n$d &"i!% Jud$ !nd &/$ Hi/

Cou"& !nno& *$ (ound (!u%& i&/- (o" ! on3i&ion und$"

&/$ A& !n *$ *!'$d on &/$ $3id$n$ o( &"!# i&n$''$'- i(

&/$ !"$ &"u'&o"&/ !nd &/$ in"$di$n&' o( &/$ o(($n$ !"$

'!&i'(i$d !nd in &/$ !'$ !& /!nd- &/$ Hi/ Cou"& on ;"!

o( &/$ $3id$n$ /!' 'o "$o"d$d. I& i' u"$d * /i &/!&

n$i&/$" &/$ %$!"n$d &"i!% Jud$ no" &/$ Hi/ Cou"& /!'

(!%%$n in&o $""o" * !##%in &/$ #"ini#%$ o( #"$'u#&ion !'

$n"!(&$d und$" S$&ion 20 o( &/$ A&. I& i' !n3!''$d *

M". M!d/u+!" &/!& &/$ $3id$n$ o( &/$ /o'&i%$ i&n$'' !n

*$ #%!$d "$%i!n$ u#on * &/$ #"o'$u&ion !nd in &/$

o*&!inin (!&u!% !&"i;- &/$ &$'&ion o( P:7- on$ o( &/$

'/!do i&n$''$'- "$nd$"' i$n'$ !''i'&!n$ (o"

$'&!*%i'/in &/$ !'$ o( &/$ #"o'$u&ion. H$ /!' i&/ "$!&

#!in'- &!+$n u' &/"ou/ &/$ $3id$n$ &o 'u*'&!n&i!&$ &/$

'&!nd &/!& &/$ on3i&ion "$o"d$d !!in'& &/$ !##$%%!n& i'

&o&!%% d$($n'i*%$.

14



16. K$$#in in !*$!n$ /!& $ in&$nd &o '! on &/$

(!$& o( !nui'/ $;#"$''$d * u' in &/$ *$innin- $ '/!%%

#"o$$d &o d$!% i&/ &/$ #"o#on$$n& o( M". J!in &/!&

/$n &/$ in3$'&i!&ion ondu&$d * M". N!"ind$" P!%

K!u'/!%- P:B- i' 3i&i!&$d on &/$ (ound!&ion &/!& /$ /!'

%od$d &/$ FIR- &/$ &"i!% i' !%'o 3i&i!&$d. T/ou/ &/$ '!id

'u*i''ion /!' *$$n "!i'$d !nd &!+$n no&$ o( * u' !' &/$

%!'& #%!n+- $& $ &/in+ i& '$$% &o d$!% i&/ i& (i"'& !' i&

o$' &o &/$ "oo& o( &/$ !&&$". On ! #$"u'!% o( &/$ !&$"i!%

on "$o"d- i& i' !ni($'& &/!& P:B i' ! #!"& o( &/$ "!idin

#!"&- ! '/!do i&n$''- !nd !di&&$d% /!d !%'o '$n& &/$

o#%!in& &/"ou/ ! Con'&!*%$ &o &/$ on$"n$d #o%i$

'&!&ion (o" %odin o( FIR. T/i' *$in &/$ (!&u!% 'o"$- $

!"$ "$,ui"$d &o &!+$ no&$ o( $"&!in !u&/o"i&i$' in &/i'

"$!"d. In a!awan Singh 8'u#"!9- &/$ Con'&i&u&ion

?$n/- !(&$" "$($""in &o &/$ d$i'ion in Shi0 ahadur

Singh V. State of Vindhya Prade!h +5 - o#in$d &/!& &/$

'!id d$i'ion do$' no& %! don !n in3!"i!*%$ "u%$ &/!& &/$

$3id$n$ o( &/$ i&n$'' o( &/$ "!idin #!"& u'& *$

16

AIR 1954 SC 322

15



di'!"d$d in &/$ !*'$n$ o( !n ind$#$nd$n& o""o*o"!&ion.

T/$ %!"$" ?$n/ #"o$$d$d &o '&!&$ &/u'

=......T/$ o""$& "u%$ i' &/i' i( !n o( &/$i&n$''$' !"$ !o#%i$' /o !"$ #!"&i$#'"iini' in "$'#$& o( &/$ !&u!% "i$ /!"$d-&/$i" $3id$n$ u'& *$ &"$!&$d !' &/$ $3id$n$ o( !o#%i$' i' &"$!&$d i( &/$ !"$ no&!o#%i$' *u& !"$ #!"&i'!n o" in&$"$'&$di&n$''$'- /o !"$ on$"n$d in &/$ 'u$'' o( &/$ &"!#- &/$i" $3id$n$ u'& *$ &$'&$d in &/$'!$ ! !' o&/$" in&$"$'&$d $3id$n$ i' &$'&$d

* &/$ !##%i!&ion o( di3$"'$ on'id$"!&ion /i/u'& 3!" ("o !'$ &o !'$- !nd in ! #"o#$"!'$- &/$ Cou"& ! $3$n %oo+ (o" ind$#$nd$n&o""o*o"!&ion *$(o"$ on3i&in &/$ !u'$d#$"'on. I( ! M!i'&"!&$ #u&' /i'$%( in &/$#o'i&ion o( ! #!"&i'!n o" in&$"$'&$d i&n$''- /$!nno& %!i !n /i/$" '&!&u' !nd u'& *$&"$!&$d !' !n o&/$" in&$"$'&$d i&n$''.>

20. In Major .G. ar!ey 8'u#"!9- /i%$ d$!%in i&/ &/$

$3id$n$ o( ! &"!# i&n$''- &/$ ou"& o#in$d &/!& &/ou/ !

&"!# i&n$'' i' no& !n !##"o3$"- /$ i' $"&!in% !n

in&$"$'&$d i&n$'' in &/$ '$n'$ &/!& /$ i' in&$"$'&$d &o '$$

&/!& &/$ &"!# %!id * /i 'u$$d'. T/$ Cou"& (u"&/$" %!id

don &/!& /$ !n !& %$!'& *$ $,u!&$d i&/ ! #!"&i'!n

i&n$'' !nd i& ou%d no& *$ !di''i*%$ &o "$% u#on /i'

$3id$n$ i&/ou& o""o*o"!&ion- *u& /i' $3id$n$ i' no& !

&!in&$d on$.

16



21. In hanu/rata/ Hari/ra!ad 'a0e 8'u#"!9- &/$

Cou"& o*'$"3$d &/!& &/$ #o%i$ i&n$''$' !n *$ '!id &o *$

#!"&i'!n i&n$''$' !' &/$ !"$ in&$"$'&$d in &/$ 'u$'' o(

&/$ &"!# %!id * &/$- *u& i& !nno& *$ '!id &/!& &/$ !"$

!o#%i$'. T/$"$!(&$"- &/$ Cou"& #"o$$d$d &o '&!&$ &/!&

&/$i" $3id$n$ u'& *$ &$'&$d in &/$ '!$ ! !' !n o&/$"

in&$"$'&$d i&n$'' i' &$'&$d !nd in !n !##"o#"i!&$ !'$- &/$

Cou"& ! %oo+ (o" ind$#$nd$n& o""o*o"!&ion *$(o"$

on3i&in &/$ !u'$d #$"'on. T/$ &/"$$Jud$ ?$n/

"$i&$"!&$d &/$ #"ini#%$ &/u'

=....I& i' no $%% '$&&%$d * ! '$"i$' o( d$i'ion'o( &/i' Cou"& &/!& /i%$ in &/$ !'$ o( $3id$n$ o(

!n !o#%i$- no on3i&ion !n *$ *!'$d on /i'$3id$n$ un%$'' i& i' o""o*o"!&$d in !&$"i!%#!"&iu%!"' *u& !' "$!"d' &/$ $3id$n$ o( !#!"&i'!n i&n$'' i& i' o#$n &o ! ou"& &o on3i&!n !u'$d #$"'on 'o%$% on &/$ *!'i' o( &/!&$3id$n$- i( i& i' '!&i'(i$d &/!& &/!& $3id$n$ i'"$%i!*%$. ?u& i& ! in !##"o#"i!&$ !'$ %oo+ (o"o""o*o"!&ion>.

22. In M2 Sham!huddin 8'u#"!9- &/$ Cou"&- !(&$"

"$($""in &o &/$ d$i'ion' in 'PP V. He!ter +6 !nd 'PP V.

$i&bourne +% - !d$ ! di'&in&ion *$&$$n !o#%i$ !nd

!n in&$"$'&$d i&n$''. T/$ Cou"&- "$($""$d &o &/$ !u&/o"i& 17 (1972) 3 All ER 105618

(1973) 1 All ER 440

17



in a!awan Singh 8'u#"!9 !& %$n&/ !nd $3$n&u!%%

!d3$"&$d &o &/$ on$#& o( o""o*o"!&in $3id$n$. In &/!&

on&$;& i& /!' *$$n "u%$d &/u'

=.......No oin &o &/$ n!&u"$ o( o""o*o"!&in$3id$n$ &/!& i' "$,ui"$d- i& i' $%%'$&&%$d &/!&&/$ o""o*o"!&in $3id$n$ !n *$ $3$n * ! o( i"u'&!n&i!% $3id$n$. No $n$"!% "u%$ !n *$%!id don i&/ "$'#$& &o ,u!n&u o( $3id$n$o""o*o"!&in &/$ &$'&ion o( ! &"!# i&n$''/i/ !!in ou%d d$#$nd u#on i&' on (!&'

!nd i"u'&!n$' %i+$ &/$ n!&u"$ o( &/$ "i$-&/$ /!"!&$" o( &"!# i&n$'' $&. !nd o&/$"$n$"!% "$,ui"$$n&' n$$''!" &o 'u'&!in &/$on3i&ion in &/!& !'$. T/$ ou"& '/ou%d $i/&/$ $3id$n$ !nd &/$n '$$ /$&/$" o""o*o"!&ioni' n$$''!". T/$"$(o"$ !' ! "u%$ o( %! i& !nno&*$ %!id don &/!& &/$ $3id$n$ o( $3$" o#%!in!n& in ! *"i*$" !'$ '/ou%d *$o""o*o"!&$d in !%% !&$"i!% #!"&iu%!"' !nd

o&/$"i'$ i& !nno& *$ !&$d u#on. :/$&/$"o""o*o"!&ion i' n$$''!" !nd i( 'o &o /!&$;&$n& !nd /!& '/ou%d *$ i&' n!&u"$ d$#$nd'u#on &/$ (!&' !nd i"u'&!n$' o( $!/ !'$.In ! !'$ o( *"i*$- &/$ #$"'on /o #!' &/$ *"i*$!nd &/o'$ /o !& !' in&$"$di!"i$' !"$ &/$ on% #$"'on' /o !n o"din!"i% *$ $;#$&$d &o i3$$3id$n$ !*ou& &/$ *"i*$ !nd i& i' no& #o''i*%$ &o$& !*'o%u&$% ind$#$nd$n& $3id$n$ !*ou& &/$

#!$n& o( *"i*$.>

F"o &/$ !(o"$'!id !u&/o"i&i$' i& i' %$!" &/!& ! &"!#

i&n$'' i' !n in&$"$'&$d i&n$'' !nd /i' &$'&ion- &o *$

!$#&$d !nd "$%i$d u#on "$,ui"$' o""o*o"!&ion !nd &/$

o""o*o"!&ion ou%d d$#$nd u#on &/$ (!&' !nd

18



i"u'&!n$'- n!&u"$ o( &/$ "i$ !nd &/$ /!"!&$" o( &/$

&"!# i&n$''.

2. T/$"$ i' no dou*& &/!& &/$ '&!&u' o( P:B i' &/!& o( !n

in&$"$'&$d i&n$''. T/$"$ i' no !3i% o3$" &/$ (!& &/!& /$

/!d '$n& &/$ FIR !nd ondu&$d &/$ in3$'&i!&ion- *u& &/$

,u$'&ion #o'$d i' /$&/$" &/$ in3$'&i!&ion * /i i'

3i&i!&$d. In &/i' on&$;& $ !- i&/ #"o(i&- "$($" &o &/$

d$i'ion in hagwan Singh V. State of Raja!than +7 -

/$"$ on$ R! Sin/- /o !' ! H$!d Con'&!*%$- !' &/$

#$"'on &o /o &/$ o(($" o( *"i*$ !' !%%$$d &o /!3$ *$$n

!d$ * &/$ !##$%%!n& &/$"$in !nd /$ !' &/$ in(o"!n&

/o /!d %od$d &/$ Fi"'& In(o"!&ion R$#o"& (o" &!+in

!&ion !!in'& &/$ !##$%%!n&. H$ /i'$%( /!d und$"&!+$n

&/$ in3$'&i!&ion. In &/!& (!&u!% *!+d"o# &/$ Cou"& "u%$d

&/u'

=No- o"din!"i% &/i' Cou"& do$' no& in&$"($"$

i&/ onu""$n& (indin' o( (!& "$!/$d * &/$&"i!% ou"& !nd &/$ Hi/ Cou"& on !n !##"$i!&iono( &/$ $3id$n$. ?u& &/i' i' on$ o( &/o'$ "!"$ !nd$;$#&ion!% !'$' /$"$ $ (ind &/!& '$3$"!%i#o"&!n& i"u'&!n$' /!3$ no& *$$n &!+$nin&o !oun& * &/$ &"i!% ou"& !nd &/$ Hi/Cou"& !nd &/!& /!' "$'u%&$d in '$"iou'i'!""i!$ o( )u'&i$ !%%in (o" in&$"($"$n$ ("o

19

(1976) 1 SCC 15

19



&/i' Cou"&. :$ ! (i"'& "$($" &o ! "!&/$"di'&u"*in ($!&u"$ o( &/i' !'$. I& i' ind$$d 'u/!n unu'u!% ($!&u"$ &/!& i& i' ,ui&$ 'u"#"i'in&/!& i& '/ou%d /!3$ $'!#$d &/$ no&i$ o( &/$ &"i!%

ou"& !nd &/$ Hi/ Cou"&. H$!d Con'&!*%$ R!Sin/ !' &/$ #$"'on &o /o &/$ o(($" o( *"i*$!' !%%$$d &o /!3$ *$$n !d$ * &/$ !##$%%!n&!nd /$ !' &/$ in(o"!n& o" o#%!in!n& /o%od$d &/$ (i"'& in(o"!&ion "$#o"& (o" &!+in!&ion !!in'& &/$ !##$%%!n&. I& i' di((iu%& &ound$"'&!nd /o in &/$'$ i"u'&!n$' H$!dCon'&!*%$ R! Sin/ ou%d und$"&!+$in3$'&i!&ion o( &/$ !'$. Ho ou%d &/$

o#%!in!n& /i'$%( *$ &/$ in3$'&i!&o" In (!&-H$!d Con'&!*%$ R! Sin/- *$in !n o((i$"*$%o &/$ "!n+ o( D$#u& Su#$"in&$nd$n& o( Po%i$- !' no& !u&/o"i'$d &o in3$'&i!&$ &/$ !'$*u& $ do no& !&&!/ !n i#o"&!n$ &o &/!& (!&-!' &/!& ! no& !(($& &/$ 3!%idi& o( &/$on3i&ion. T/$ in(i"i& /i/ $ !"$ #oin&inou& i' no& !n in(i"i& !"i'in ("o in3$'&i!&ion* !n o((i$" no& !u&/o"i'$d &o do 'o- *u& !n

in(i"i& !"i'in ("o in3$'&i!&ion * ! H$!dCon'&!*%$ /o !' /i'$%( &/$ #$"'on &o /o&/$ *"i*$ !' !%%$$d &o /!3$ *$$n o(($"$d !nd/o %od$d &/$ (i"'& in(o"!&ion "$#o"& !'in(o"!n& o" o#%!in!n&. T/i' i' !n in(i"i& /i/ i' *ound &o "$(%$& on &/$ "$di*i%i& o( &/$#"o'$u&ion !'$>.

24. In Megha Singh V. State of Haryana 1, - &/$ Cou"&

no&i$d &/$ di'"$#!n in &/$ d$#o'i&ion' o( P:2 !nd

P: !nd !*'$n$ o( ind$#$nd$n& o""o*o"!&ion. ?$ i&

no&$d- &/$ Cou"& !' d$!%in i&/ !n o(($n$ und$" S$&ion

@819 o( &/$ T$""o"i'& !nd Di'"u#&i3$ A&i3i&i$' 8P"$3$n&ion9

20

(1996) 11 SCC 709

20



A&- 16B5. In &/!& on&$;& &/$ Cou"& o*'$"3$d &/!& &/$

&$'&ion o( &/$ '!id i&n$''$' did no& in'#i"$ on(id$n$

!*ou& &/$ "$%i!*i%i& o( &/$ #"o'$u&ion' !'$. P"o$$din

(u"&/$"- &/$ Cou"& /$%d

=.... :$ /!3$ !%'o no&$d !no&/$" di'&u"*in($!&u"$ in &/i' !'$. P: - Si"i C/!nd- H$!dCon'&!*%$ !""$'&$d &/$ !u'$d !nd on '$!"/*$in ondu&$d * /i ! #i'&o% !nd &/$!"&"id$' $"$ "$o3$"$d ("o &/$ !u'$d. I&

!' on /i' o#%!in& ! (o"!% (i"'& in(o"!&ion"$#o"& !' %od$d !nd &/$ !'$ !' ini&i!&$d. H$*$in o#%!in!n& '/ou%d no& /!3$ #"o$$d$di&/ &/$ in3$'&i!&ion o( &/$ !'$. ?u& i& !##$!"'&o u' &/!& /$ !' no& on% &/$ o#%!in!n& in &/$!'$ *u& /$ !""i$d on i&/ &/$ in3$'&i!&ion !nd$;!in$d i&n$''$' und$" S$&ion 1@1 C"PC.Su/ #"!&i$- &o '! &/$ %$!'&- '/ou%d no& *$"$'o"&$d &o 'o &/!& &/$"$ ! no& *$ !n o!'ion

&o 'u'#$& (!i" !nd i#!"&i!% in3$'&i!&ion>.

25. In &/i' "$!"d- i& i' u'$(u% &o "$($" &o &/$

#"onoun$$n& in State 0!. V. "aya/au& 1+ /$"$in &/$

Cou"& #o'$d &/$ ,u$'&ion /$&/$" &/$ Hi/ Cou"& !'

)u'&i(i$d in ,u!'/in &/$ "iin!% #"o$$din' on &/$

"ound &/!& &/$ #o%i$ o((i$"- /o /!d %od$d"$o"d$d &/$

FIR "$!"din &/$ 'u'#$&$d oi''ion o( $"&!in

oni<!*%$ o(($n$ * &/$ "$'#ond$n& '/ou%d no& /!3$

in3$'&i!&$d &/$ !'$. T/$ !'$ !!in'& &/$ !u'$d !'

21

(2004) 5 SCC 223

21



=T/ou/ &/$"$ i' no 'u/ '&!&u&o" *!"- &/$#"$i'$ on /i/ &/$ Hi/ Cou"& ,u!'/$d &/$#"o$$din' !' &/!& &/$ in3$'&i!&ion * &/$'!$ o((i$" /o =%od$d> &/$ FIR ou%d

#"$)udi$ &/$ !u'$d in!'u/ !' &/$in3$'&i!&in o((i$" !nno& *$ $;#$&$d &o !&(!i"% !nd o*)$&i3$%. :$ (ind no #"ini#%$ o"*indin !u&/o"i& &o /o%d &/!& &/$ o$n& &/$o#$&$n& #o%i$ o((i$"- on &/$ *!'i' o( in(o"!&ion "$$i3$d- !+$' ou& !n FIRino"#o"!&in /i' n!$ !' &/$ in(o"!n&- /$(o"($i&' /i' "i/& &o in3$'&i!&$. I( !& !%%- 'u/in3$'&i!&ion ou%d on% *$ !''!i%$d on &/$

"ound o( *i!' o" "$!% %i+$%i/ood o( *i!' on &/$#!"& o( &/$ in3$'&i!&in o((i$". T/$ ,u$'&ion o( *i!' ou%d d$#$nd on &/$ (!&' !ndi"u'&!n$' o( $!/ !'$ !nd i& i' no& #"o#$"&o %! don ! *"o!d !nd un,u!%i(i$d #"o#o'i&ion-in &/$ !nn$" in /i/ i& /!' *$$n don$ * &/$Hi/ Cou"&- &/!& /$n$3$" ! #o%i$ o((i$"#"o$$d' &o in3$'&i!&$ !(&$" "$i'&$"in &/$ FIRon /i' on- &/$ in3$'&i!&ion ou%d n$$''!"i%

*$ un(!i" o" *i!'$d. In &/$ #"$'$n& !'$- &/$#o%i$ o((i$" "$$i3$d $"&!in di'"$$&in(o"!&ion- /i/- !o"din &o /i' !''$''$n&-!""!n&$d ! #"o*$ !nd &/$"$(o"$ !d$ u# /i'ind &o in3$'&i!&$. T/$ (o"!%i& o( #"$#!"in&/$ FIR in /i/ /$ "$o"d' &/$ (!&u o( /!3in"$$i3$d &/$ in(o"!&ion !*ou& &/$ 'u'#$&$doi''ion o( &/$ o(($n$ !nd &/$n &!+in u# &/$in3$'&i!&ion !(&$" "$i'&$"in &/$ "i$- do$' no&-

* !n '$*%!n$ o( "$!'onin- 3i&i!&$ &/$in3$'&i!&ion on &/$ "ound o( *i!' o" &/$ %i+$(!&o". I( &/$ "$!'on /i/ $i/$d i&/ &/$ Hi/Cou"& ou%d *$ ! "ound &o ,u!'/ &/$#"o'$u&ion- &/$ #o$"' o( in3$'&i!&ionon($""$d on &/$ #o%i$ o((i$"' ou%d *$ undu% /!#$"$d (o" no ood "$!'on. :/!& i' $;#$&$d&o *$ don$ * &/$ #o%i$ o((i$"' in &/$ no"!%

23



ou"'$ o( di'/!"$ o( &/$i" o((ii!% du&i$' i%%&/$n *$ 3u%n$"!*%$ &o !&&!+.>

?$ i& no&$d- &/$ Cou"& di'&inui'/$d &/$ d$i'ion' in

hagwant $i!hore "o!hi 8'u#"!9 !nd Megha Singh

8'u#"!9.

27. A& &/i' )un&u"$- i& ou%d *$ ("ui&(u% &o "$($" &o

S."ee0anatham V. State (through n!/etor of Po&ie-

8.N.* 13 . In &/$ '!id !'$- &/$ !##$%%!n& !' (ound ui%&

und$" S$&ion B89 "$!d i&/ S$&ion 208*98ii9 o( &/$ N!"o&i

D"u' !nd P'/o&"o#i Su*'&!n$' A&- 16B5. On$ o( &/$

on&$n&ion' &/!& !' !n3!''$d !' &/!& P:B- /o %od$d

&/$ FIR /!d /i'$%( ondu&$d &/$ in3$'&i!&ion !nd /$n$-

&/$ $n&i"$ in3$'&i!&ion !' 3i&i!&$d. T/$ Cou"& "$($""$d &o

&/$ d$i'ion in "aya/au& 8'u#"!9 !nd o#in$d &/u'

=In &/$ in'&!n& !'$- P: B ondu&$d &/$ '$!"/!nd "$o3$"$d &/$ on&"!*!nd !"&i%$ !nd"$i'&$"$d &/$ !'$ !nd &/$ !"&i%$ '$i<$d ("o &/$

!##$%%!n&' !' n!"o&i d"u !nd &/$ oun'$% (o"&/$ !##$%%!n&' ou%d no& #oin& ou& !n i"u'&!n$' * /i/ &/$ in3$'&i!&ion !u'$d#"$)udi$ o" !' *i!'$d !!in'& &/$ !##$%%!n&'.P: B in /i' o((ii!% !#!i& !3$ &/$ in(o"!&ion-"$i'&$"$d &/$ !'$ !nd !' #!"& o( /i' o((ii!% du& %!&$" in3$'&i!&$d &/$ !'$ !nd (i%$d !/!"$'/$$&. H$ !' no& in !n ! #$"'on!%%

23

(2004) 5 SCC 230

24



in&$"$'&$d in &/$ !'$. :$ !"$ un!*%$ &o (ind !n 'o"& o( *i!' in &/$ #"o$'' o( in3$'&i!&ion.>

2B. In &/$ in'&!n& !'$- P:B- /o !' ! $*$" o( &/$

"!idin #!"& /!d '$n& &/$ "$#o"& &o &/$ #o%i$ '&!&ion !nd

&/$"$!(&$" !""i$d &/$ (o"!% in3$'&i!&ion. In (!&- no&/in

/!' *$$n #u& &o /i &o $%ii& &/!& /$ !' !n! #$"'on!%%

in&$"$'&$d &o $& &/$ !##$%%!n& on3i&$d. In ou" on'id$"$d

3i$- &/$ d$i'ion in S. "ee0anatham 8'u#"!9 ou%d *$

',u!"$% !##%i!*%$ &o &/$ #"$'$n& !'$ !nd- !o"din%-

i&/ou& !n "$'$"3!&ion $ "$#$% &/$ 'u*i''ion 'o

!''iduou'% u"$d * M". J!in- %$!"n$d '$nio" oun'$% (o"

&/$ !##$%%!n&.

26. T/$ n$;& !'#$& /i/ "$,ui"$' &o *$ !d3$"&$d &o i'

/$&/$" &$'&ion o( ! /o'&i%$ $3id$n$ &/!& /!' o$ on

"$o"d '/ou%d *$ "$%i$d u#on o" no&. M". J!in- %$!"n$d

'$nio" oun'$% (o" &/$ !##$%%!n& ou%d on&$nd &/!& !'

P:7 /!' &o&!%% "$'i%$d in /i' "o''$;!in!&ion- /i'

$3id$n$ i' &o *$ di'!"d$d in &o&o. On ! #$"u'!% o( &/$

&$'&ion o( &/$ '!id i&n$''- i& i' $3ini*%$ &/!& in

$;!in!&ionin/i$(- /$ /!' 'u##o"&$d &/$ #"o'$u&ion

'&o" in $n&i"$& !nd in &/$ "o''$;!in!&ion /$ /!' &!+$n

25



o( "$$;!in!&ion. A(&$" "$($""in &o S$&ion 1B o( &/$

E3id$n$ A&- &/$ Cou"& /$%d &/u'

=T/$"$ i' !n $""on$ou' i#"$''ion &/!&"$$;!in!&ion '/ou%d *$ on(in$d &o %!"i(i!&iono( !*iui&i$' /i/ /!3$ *$$n *"ou/& don in"o''$;!in!&ion. No dou*&- !*iui&i$' !n *$"$'o%3$d &/"ou/ "$$;!in!&ion. ?u& &/!& i' no&&/$ on% (un&ion o( &/$ "$$;!in$". I( &/$ #!"& /o !%%$d &/$ i&n$'' ($$%' &/!& $;#%!n!&ion i'"$,ui"$d (o" !n !&&$" "$($""$d &o in"o''$;!in!&ion /$ /!' &/$ %i*$"& &o #u& !n

,u$'&ion in "$$;!in!&ion &o $& &/$$;#%!n!&ion. T/$ Pu*%i P"o'$u&o" '/ou%d(o"u%!&$ /i' ,u$'&ion' (o" &/!& #u"#o'$.E;#%!n!&ion ! *$ "$,ui"$d $i&/$" /$n &/$!*iui& "$!in' "$!"din !n !n'$" $%ii&$ddu"in "o''$;!in!&ion o" $3$n o&/$"i'$. I( &/$ Pu*%i P"o'$u&o" ($$%' &/!& $"&!in !n'$"'"$,ui"$ o"$ $%uid!&ion ("o &/$ i&n$'' /$ /!'&/$ ("$$do !nd &/$ "i/& &o #u& 'u/ ,u$'&ion'

!' /$ d$$' n$$''!" (o" &/!& #u"#o'$- 'u*)$&o( ou"'$ &o &/$ on&"o% o( &/$ ou"& in!o"d!n$ i&/ &/$ o&/$" #"o3i'ion'. ?u& &/$ou"& !nno& di"$& /i &o on(in$ /i' ,u$'&ion'&o !*iui&i$' !%on$ /i/ !"o'$ in"o''$;!in!&ion.

E3$n i( &/$ Pu*%i P"o'$u&o" ($$%' &/!& n$!&&$"' '/ou%d *$ $%ii&$d ("o &/$ i&n$'' /$

!n do 'o- in /i/ !'$ &/$ on% "$,ui"$$n& i'&/!& /$ u'& '$u"$ #$"i''ion o( &/$ ou"&. I( &/$ ou"& &/in+' &/!& 'u/ n$ !&&$"' !"$n$$''!" (o" #"o3in !n !&$"i!% (!&- ou"&'u'& *$ %i*$"!% in "!n&in #$"i''ion &o #u&n$$''!" ,u$'&ion'>.

27



1. :$ /!3$ "$#"odu$d &/$ !(o"$'!id #!"!"!#/' &o

/i/%i/& &/!& /$n &/$ #"o'$u&ion /!' 'u/ ! "i/& in &/$

#"o$'' o( "$$;!in!&ion- !' ! n!&u"!% o"o%%!"- &/$

&$'&ion o( ! /o'&i%$ i&n$'' !nno& *$ *"u'/$d !'id$. On

&/$ on&"!"- *o&/ &/$ #"o'$u&ion !nd &/$ d$($n$ !n "$%

(o" &/$i" '&!nd !nd '&!n$. E#/!'i' on "$$;!in!&ion *

&/$ #"o'$u&ion i' no& %ii&$d &o !n !n'$" i3$n in &/$

"o''$;!in!&ion- *u& &/$ Pu*%i P"o'$u&o" /!' &/$

("$$do !nd "i/& &o #u& 'u/ ,u$'&ion' !' i& d$$'

n$$''!" &o $%uid!&$ $"&!in !n'$"' ("o &/$ i&n$''. I&

i' no& on(in$d &o %!"i(i!&ion o( !*iui&i$'- /i/ /!3$

*$$n *"ou/& don in &/$ "o''$;!in!&ion.

2. M". J!in- %$!"n$d '$nio" oun'$% /!' #"o#ound$d &/!&

&$'&ion o( P:7 d$'$"3$' &o *$ di'"$di&$d- !nd &/$

%$!"n$d &"i!% Jud$ !' $%% !' &/$ Hi/ Cou"& /!3in no&

ino"$d /!3$ oi&&$d ! "!3$ $""o". :$ i%% *$ d$!%in

i&/ &/$ !'#$& /$&/$" &/$ $3id$n$ o( P:7 '/ou%d *$

&o&!%% ino"$d o" no& /i%$ $ i%% *$ d$%%in u#on &/$

"$di*i%i& !nd !$#&!*i%i& o( /i' &$'&ion.

28



. A' ! on&$n&ion /!' *$$n "!i'$d &/!& on$ &/$

in(o"!n& /!' "$'i%$d &o&!%% ("o /i' $!"%i$" '&!&$$n& no

on3i&ion !n *$ "$o"d$d on &/$ *!'i' o( $3id$n$ o( &/$

&"!# i&n$''$'- i& "$,ui"$d &o *$ !"$(u%% d$%%$d u#on. In

&/i' "$!"d- "$($"$n$ &o &/$ !u&/o"i& in Ha;ari <a& 0.

State ('e&hi #dmini!tration* 17 ou%d *$ !#&. In &/$ '!id

!'$ ! #o%i$ Con'&!*%$ !' on3i&$d und$" S$&ion 5829 o(

&/$ P"$3$n&ion o( Co""u#&ion A&- 1647 on &/$ !%%$!&ion

&/!& /$ /!d d$!nd$d !nd "$$i3$d R'.@0 ("o &/$

in(o"!n& /o !' $;!in$d !' P: !nd /!d "$'i%$d ("o

/i' #"$3iou' '&!&$$n& !nd !' d$%!"$d /o'&i%$ * &/$

#"o'$u&ion. O((ii!% i&n$''$' /!d 'u##o"&$d &/$

#"o'$u&ion 3$"'ion. K$$#in in ind &/$ $3id$n$ o( &/$

o((ii!% i&n$''$' &/$ &"i!% Cou"& /!d on3i&$d &/$

!##$%%!n& &/$"$in /i/ !' !((i"$d * &/$ Hi/ Cou"&. A

on&$n&ion !' "!i'$d &/!& in &/$ !*'$n$ o( !n di"$&

$3id$n$ &o '/o &/!& &/$ #o%i$ on'&!*%$ d$!nd$d o"

!$#&$d *"i*$" no #"$'u#&ion und$" S$&ion 4 o( &/$

A&- 1647 ou%d *$ d"!n $"$% on &/$ '&"$n&/ o(

"$o3$" o( &/$ !"+$d u""$n no&$' ("o &/$ '!id #o%i$

29

(1980) 2 SCC 390

29



on'&!*%$. C/inn!##! R$dd- J. '#$!+in (o" &/$

&oJud$ ?$n/ o*'$"3$d !' (o%%o'

=...I& i' no& n$$''!" &/!& &/$ #!''in o( on$ '/ou%d *$ #"o3$d * di"$& $3id$n$.I& ! !%'o *$ #"o3$d * i"u'&!n&i!%$3id$n$. T/$ $3$n&' /i/ (o%%o$d in ,ui+'u$''ion in &/$ #"$'$n& !'$ %$!d &o &/$on% in($"$n$ &/!& &/$ on$ !' o*&!in$d* &/$ !u'$d ("o P: . Und$" S$&ion114 o( &/$ E3id$n$ A& &/$ ou"& ! #"$'u$ &/$ $;i'&$n$ o( !n (!& /i/ i&

&/in+' %i+$% &o /!3$ /!##$n$d- "$!"d *$in/!d &o &/$ oon ou"'$ o( n!&u"!% $3$n&'-/u!n ondu& !nd #u*%i !nd #"i3!&$*u'in$''- in &/$i" "$%!&ion &o (!&' o( &/$#!"&iu%!" !'$. On$ o( &/$ i%%u'&"!&ion' &oS$&ion 114 o( &/$ E3id$n$ A& i' &/!& &/$ou"& ! #"$'u$ &/!& ! #$"'on /o i' in#o''$''ion o( &/$ '&o%$n ood' 'oon !(&$" &/$&/$(&- i' $i&/$" &/$ &/i$( o" /!' "$$i3$d &/$

ood' +noin &/$ &o *$ '&o%$n- un%$'' /$!n !oun& (o" /i' #o''$''ion. So &oo- in &/$(!&' !nd i"u'&!n$' o( &/$ #"$'$n& !'$&/$ ou"& ! #"$'u$ &/!& &/$ !u'$d /o&oo+ ou& &/$ u""$n no&$' ("o /i' #o+$&!nd (%un &/$ !"o'' &/$ !%% /!d o*&!in$d&/$ ("o P: - /o ! ($ inu&$' $!"%i$"!' '/on &o /!3$ *$$n in #o''$''ion o( &/$no&$'. On$ $ !""i3$ !& &/$ (indin &/!& &/$

!u'$d /!d o*&!in$d &/$ on$ ("o P: -&/$ #"$'u#&ion und$" S$&ion 4819 o( &/$P"$3$n&ion o( Co""u#&ion A& i' i$di!&$% !&&"!&$d.>

30



4. I& i' #$"&in$n& &o no&$ /$"$ &/!& in &/$ !(o"$'!id !'$

&/$ d$i'ion "$nd$"$d in Sita Ram 0. State of

Raja!than 3,

!' #"$''$d in&o '$"3i$. In &/$ !'$ o( Sita

Ram 8'u#"!9 &/$ o#%!in!n& /!d &u"n$d /o'&i%$ in &/$

ou"& o( S#$i!% Jud$. Ho$3$"- &/$ &"i!% Jud$ on3i&$d

&/$ !u'$d /o !' &"i$d !%on i&/ !no&/$" !u'$d-

n!$%- Vi+"! Sin/. T/$ Hi/ ou"& on !##"$i!&ion o(

&/$ $3id$n$ !,ui&&$d Vi+"! Sin/ *u& !in&!in$d &/$

on3i&ion !!in'& Si&! R!. T/i' Cou"& o#in$d &/!& &/$

#"$'u#&ion und$" S$&ion 4819 o( &/$ 1647 A& ou%d no&

*$ d"!n in &/$ (!&' o( &/$ !'$. T/$ ,u$'&ion- /$&/$"

&/$ "$'& o( &/$ $3id$n$ !' 'u((ii$n& &o $'&!*%i'/ &/!& &/$

!u'$d /!d o*&!in$d &/$ on$ ("o &/$ o#%!in& !'

no& on'id$"$d. T/$ Cou"& in Ha;ari <a& 8'u#"!9

di'&inui'/$d &/$ #"onoun$$n& in Sita Ram 8'u#"!9 *

'&!&in &/u'

=...T/$ ,u$'&ion /$&/$" &/$ "$'& o( &/$$3id$n$ !' 'u((ii$n& &o $'&!*%i'/ &/!& &/$!u'$d /!d o*&!in$d &/$ on$ ("o &/$o#%!in!n& !' no& on'id$"$d. A%% &/!& !'&!+$n !' $'&!*%i'/$d !' &/$ "$o3$" o(

30

(1975) 2 SCC 227

31



$"&!in on$ ("o &/$ #$"'on o( &/$ !u'$d!nd i& !' /$%d &/!& $"$ "$o3$" o( on$ !' no& $nou/ &o $n&i&%$ &/$ d"!in o( &/$#"$'u#&ion und$" S$&ion 4819 o( &/$

P"$3$n&ion o( Co""u#&ion A&. T/$ Cou"& didno& on'id$" &/$ (u"&/$" ,u$'&ion /$&/$""$o3$" o( &/$ on$ !%on i&/ o&/$"i"u'&!n$' ou%d $'&!*%i'/ &/!& &/$!u'$d /!d o*&!in$d "!&i(i!&ion ("o !n #$"'on. In &/$ #"$'$n& !'$ $ /!3$ (ound&/!& &/$ i"u'&!n$' $'&!*%i'/$d * &/$#"o'$u&ion $n&i&%$d &/$ ou"& &o /o%d &/!& &/$!u'$d "$$i3$d &/$ "!&i(i!&ion ("o P: .

In Suraj Mal 3. State 8Delhi Admn .91

- !%'o i&!' '!id $"$ "$o3$" o( on$ di3o"$d("o &/$ i"u'&!n$' und$" /i/ i& !'#!id !' no& 'u((ii$n& /$n &/$ 'u*'&!n&i3$$3id$n$ in &/$ !'$ !' no& "$%i!*%$ &o #"o3$#!$n& o( *"i*$ o" &o '/o &/!& &/$ !u'$d3o%un&!"i% !$#&$d &/$ on$. T/$"$ !n *$no ,u!""$% i&/ &/!& #"o#o'i&ion *u& /$"$&/$ "$o3$" o( &/$ on$ ou#%$d i&/ o&/$"

i"u'&!n$' %$!d' &o &/$ on%u'ion &/!&&/$ !u'$d "$$i3$d "!&i(i!&ion ("o 'o$#$"'on &/$ ou"& ou%d $"&!in% *$ $n&i&%$d &od"! &/$ #"$'u#&ion und$" S$&ion 4819 o( &/$ P"$3$n&ion o( Co""u#&ion A&. In ou" 3i$*o&/ &/$ d$i'ion' !"$ o( no !3!i% &o &/$!##$%%!n& !nd !' !%"$!d o*'$"3$d * u'on%u'ion' o( (!& u'& *$ d"!n on &/$(!&' o( $!/ !'$ !nd no& on &/$ (!&' o(

o&/$" !'$'.>

5. In &/i' on&$;& i& ou%d *$ $"!n$ &o und$"'&!nd

/!& /!' *$$n '&!&$d in M. Nar!inga Rao 0. State of

#.P 31 . In &/$ '!id !'$- !%%$!&ion' !!in'& &/$ !u'$d

31 (1979) 4 SCC 72532

(2001) 1 SCC 691

32



!##$%%!n& $"$ &/!& on$ S!&! P"!'!d- P:1 &/$"$in !' &o

$& 'o$ !oun& ("o And/"! P"!d$'/ D!i" D$3$%o#$n&

Coo#$"!&i3$ F$d$"!&ion (o" &"!n'#o"&in i%+ &o o" ("o &/$

i%+ /i%%in $n&"$ !& Lu;$&&i#$& 8Adi%!*!d Di'&"i&9. H$

/!d !##"o!/$d &/$ !##$%%!n& (o" &!+in '&$#' &o $n!*%$

/i &o $& on$ di'*u"'$d. T/$ !##$%%!n& d$!nd$d

R'.5000 (o" '$ndin &/$ "$o$nd!&ion in (!3ou" o(

#!$n& o( &/$ !oun& du$ &o P:1. A' &/$ !##$%%!n&

#$"'i'&$d i&/ /i' d$!nd P:1 i$%d$d &o &/$ '!$. ?u&

*$(o"$ /!ndin o3$" &/$ on$ &o /i /$ %od$d !

o#%!in& i&/ DSP o( An&iCo""u#&ion ?u"$!u. On &/$

*!'i' o( &/$ '!id o#%!in& !%% !""!n$$n&' $"$ !d$ (o"

! &"!# &o !&/ &/$ o""u#& #u*%i '$"3!n& "$d/!nd$d.

T/$"$!(&$" &/$ Cou"& !d3$"&$d /o &/$ &"!# /!d &!+$n

#%!$. T/$ ou"& &oo+ no&$ o( &/$ (!& &/!& P:1 !nd P:2

!d$ ! 3o%&$(!$ in &/$ &"i!% ou"& !nd d$ni$d /!3in #!id

!n *"i*$" &o &/$ !##$%%!n& !nd !%'o d$ni$d &/!& &/$

!##$%%!n& d$!nd$d &/$ *"i*$ !oun&. T/$ '&!nd o( &/$

!u'$d *$(o"$ &/$ &"i!% ou"& und$" S$&ion 1 o( C"PC

!' &/!& on$ D". K"i'/n! R!o *o"$ "ud$ !nd /!d

33



o"/$'&"!&$d ! (!%'$ &"!# !!in'& /i * $#%oin P:1

!nd P:2. ?$ i& '&!&$d- in /i' d$#o'i&ion P:1 /!d '&!&$d

&/!& /$ /!d !&$d on &/$ *$/$'& o( on$ D". K"i'/n! R!o. I&

!' (u"&/$" &/$ '&!nd o( &/$ !u'$d!##$%%!n& &/!& &/$

&!in&$d u""$n no&$' $"$ (o"i*% '&u(($d in&o /i' #o+$&.

T/$ &"i!% ou"& !nd &/$ Hi/ Cou"& /!d di'*$%i$3$d &/$

d$($n$ $3id$n$ !nd (ound &/!& P:1 !nd P:2 $"$ on

o3$" * &/$ !##$%%!n& !nd &/!& i' / &/$ &u"n$d /o'&i%$

!!in'& &/$i" on 3$"'ion "$o"d$d * &/$ in3$'&i!&in

o((i$" !nd 'u*'$,u$n&% * ! M!i'&"!&$ und$" S$&ion 1@4

o( C"PC. T/$ S#$i!% Jud$ o"d$"$d &/$ i&n$''$' &o *$

#"o'$u&$d (o" #$")u" !nd &/$ '!id ou"'$ 'u$'&$d *

&/$ &"i!% Jud$ (ound !##"o3!% o( &/$ Hi/ Cou"& !%'o.

:/i%$ d$!%in i&/ &/$ on&"o3$"' &/i' ou"& &oo+ no&$ o(

&/$ (!& &/!& &/$ Hi/ Cou"& /!d o*'$"3$d &/!& &/ou/

&/$"$ !' no di"$& $3id$n$ &o '/o &/!& &/$ !u'$d /!d

d$!nd$d !nd !$#&$d &/$ on$- $& &/$ "$'& o( &/$

$3id$n$ !nd &/$ i"u'&!n$' $"$ 'u((ii$n& &o $'&!*%i'/

&/!& &/$ !u'$d /!d !$#&$d &/$ !oun& !nd &/!& !3$

"i'$ &o ! #"$'u#&ion und$" S$&ion 20 o( &/$ P"$3$n&ion o(

34



Co""u#&ion A& &/!& /$ !$#&$d &/$ '!$ !' i%%$!%

"!&i(i!&ion- #!"&iu%!"% 'o- /$n &/$ d$($n$ &/$o" #u&

(o"&/ !' no& !$#&$d. I& !' on&$nd$d *$(o"$ &/i' ou"&

&/!& #"$'u#&ion und$" S$&ion 20 o( &/$ A& !n *$ d"!n

on% /$n &/$ #"o'$u&ion 'u$$d$d in $'&!*%i'/in i&/

di"$& $3id$n$ &/!& &/$ d$%in,u$n& #u*%i '$"3!n& /!d

!$#&$d o" o*&!in$d "!&i(i!&ion. I& !' (u"&/$" u"$d

&/!& i& !' no& $nou/ &/!& 'o$ u""$n no&$' $"$

/!nd$d o3$" &o &/$ #u*i '$"3!n& &o !+$ i& !$#&!n$ o(

"!&i(i!&ion !nd i& !' inu*$n& on &/$ #!"& o( &/$

#"o'$u&ion &o (u"&/$" #"o3$ &/!& /!& !' #!id !oun&$d

&o "!&i(i!&ion. In 'u##o"& o( &/$ '!id on&$n&ion "$%i!n$

!' #%!$d on Sita Ram 8'u#"!9 !nd Suraj Ma& 0. State

('e&hi #dmn.* 33 . T/$ &/"$$Jud$ ?$n/ "$($""$d &o

S$&ion 20819 o( &/$ A&- &/$ #"onoun$$n&' in Hawkin!

0. Powe&&! 8i&&ery Steam )oa& )o. <td 34 !nd Sure!h

udharma& $a&ani 0. State of Mahara!htra 3: !nd

!d3$"&$d &o &/$ (!&' !nd !$ &o /o%d !' (o%%o'

33 (1979) 4 SCC 72534 (1911) 1 KB 988 : 1911 WN 5335

(1998) 7 SCC 337

35



=F"o &/o'$ #"o3$d (!&' &/$ ou"& !n%$i&i!&$% d"! ! #"$'u#&ion &/!& &/$!##$%%!n& "$$i3$d o" !$#&$d &/$ '!id u""$n no&$' on /i' on 3o%i&ion. O( ou"'$- &/$ '!id

#"$'u#&ion i' no& !n in3io%!*%$ on$- !' &/$!##$%%!n& ou%d "$*u& i& $i&/$" &/"ou/"o''$;!in!&ion o( &/$ i&n$''$' i&$d !!in'&/i o" * !dduin "$%i!*%$ $3id$n$. ?u& i( &/$!##$%%!n& (!i%' &o di'#"o3$ &/$ #"$'u#&ion &/$'!$ ou%d '&i+ !nd &/$n i& !n *$ /$%d * &/$ou"& &/!& &/$ #"o'$u&ion /!' #"o3$d &/!& &/$!##$%%!n& "$$i3$d &/$ '!id !oun&.”

@. I& i' !#& &o no&$ /$"$ &/$ &/"$$Jud$ ?$n/ "$($""$d

&o &/$ o*'$"3!&ion' in Ha;ari <a& 8'u#"!9 !nd o#in$d

&/u'

=T/$ !(o"$'!id o*'$"3!&ion i' in on'on!n$i&/ &/$ %in$ o( !##"o!/ /i/ $ /!3$!do#&$d no. :$ ! '! i&/ "$!& "$'#$&

&o &/$ %$!"n$d Jud$' o( &/$ &oJud$ ?$n/&/!& &/$ %$!% #"ini#%$ on &/i' !'#$& /!'*$$n o""$&% #"o#ound$d &/$"$in.>

7. In &/i' "$!"d M". J!in /!' #%!$d "$%i!n$ on &/$

!u&/o"i& . "ayaraj 8'u#"!9. In &/$ '!id !'$ &/$

o#%!in!n& did no& 'u##o"& &/$ #"o'$u&ion 3$"'ion !nd

/!d '&!&$d in /i' d$#o'i&ion &/!& &/$ !oun& &/!& !' #!id

* /i &o &/$ !u'$d !' i&/ ! "$,u$'& &/!& i& ! *$

d$#o'i&$d in &/$ *!n+ !' ($$ (o" "$n$!% o( /i' %i$n$ (o"

36



&/$ (!i" #"i$ '/o#. T/$ ou"& "$($""$d &o S$&ion 7 o( &/$

A& !nd o*'$"3$d !' (o%%o'

=In'o(!" !' &/$ o(($n$ und$" S$&ion 7 i'on$"n$d- i& i' ! '$&&%$d #o'i&ion in %!&/!& d$!nd o( i%%$!% "!&i(i!&ion i' sine qua non &o on'&i&u&$ &/$ '!id o(($n$ !nd$"$ "$o3$" o( u""$n no&$' !nno&on'&i&u&$ &/$ o(($n$ und$" S$&ion 7un%$'' i& i' #"o3$d *$ond !%% "$!'on!*%$dou*& &/!& &/$ !u'$d 3o%un&!"i% !$#&$d &/$ on$ +noin i& &o *$ !

*"i*$. T/$ !*o3$ #o'i&ion /!' *$$n'uin&% %!id don in '$3$"!% )ud$n&o( &/i' Cou"&. ? ! o( i%%u'&"!&ion"$($"$n$ ! *$ !d$ &o &/$ d$i'ion inC.M. Sharma v. State o A.P.!" !nd C.M.#irish $abu v. C.$.%.!& '

A(&$" 'o o*'$"3in- &/$ ou"& #"o$$d$d &o '&!&$ &/u'

=In &/$ #"$'$n& !'$- &/$ o#%!in!n& didno& 'u##o"& &/$ #"o'$u&ion !'$ in'o(!"!' d$!nd * &/$ !u'$d i' on$"n$d. T/$ #"o'$u&ion /!' no& $;!in$d !n o&/$" i&n$''- #"$'$n& !& &/$ &i$ /$n&/$ on$ !' !%%$$d% /!nd$d o3$" &o&/$ !u'$d * &/$ o#%!in!n&- &o #"o3$&/!& &/$ '!$ !' #u"'u!n& &o !n d$!nd !d$ * &/$ !u'$d. :/$n &/$

o#%!in!n& /i'$%( /!' di'on$d /!&/$ /!d '&!&$d in &/$ ini&i!% o#%!in&8$;*&. P119 *$(o"$ L:6- !nd &/$"$ i' noo&/$" $3id$n$ &o #"o3$ &/!& &/$ !u'$d/!d !d$ !n d$!nd- &/$ $3id$n$ o( P:1 !nd on&$n&' o( E;*&. P11 !nno&*$ "$%i$d u#on &o o$ &o &/$ on%u'ion&/!& &/$ !*o3$ !&$"i!% (u"ni'/$' #"oo( o(

36 (2010) 15 SCC 137

(2009) 3 SCC 779

37



$!"%i$"- /!d "$($""$d &o '$&ion 20819 o( &/$ A& !nd o#in$d

&/!& ("o &/$ #"o3$n (!&' &/$ ou"& !n %$i&i!&$% d"! !

#"$'u#&ion &/!& &/$ d$%in,u$n& o((i$" /!d "$$i3$d !nd

!$#&$d on$. A' $ no&i$- &/$ !u&/o"i&i$' in .

"ayaraj ( 'u#"!9 !nd M.R. Puru!hotam 8'u#"!9 do no& %!

don !' ! #"o#o'i&ion o( %! &/!& /$n &/$ o#%!in!n&

&u"n' /o'&i%$ !nd do$' no& 'u##o"& &/$ !'$ o( &/$

#"o'$u&ion- &/$ #"o'$u&ion !nno& #"o3$ i&' !'$

o&/$"i'$ !nd &/$ ou"& !nno& %$i&i!&$% d"! &/$

#"$'u#&ion und$" S$&ion 20 o( &/$ A&. T/$"$(o"$ &/$

#"o#o'i&ion- &/ou/ indu'&"iou'%- #"$'$n&$d * M". J!in

&/!& /$n ?!) Sin/- P:5- &/$ o#%!in!n&- /!d &u"n$d

/o'&i%$ &/$ /o%$ !'$ o( &/$ #"o'$u&ion ou%d o%%!#'$ i'

no& !$#&!*%$ !nd !o"din% /$"$* "$)$&$d.

6. P"$'$n&%- $ '/!%% "$($" &o &/$ $3id$n$ o( P:@- !

%$"+ in &/$ o((i$ o( T$/'i%d!"- R!)#u"!. H$ /!' d$#o'$d

&/!& on 25.1.1665- on &/$ d! o( &/$ "!id- /$ )oin$d &/$

#o%i$ #!"& /$!d$d * N!"ind$" P!% K!u'/!%- DSP- on &/$

in'&"u&ion o( T$/'i%d!". H$ !' in&"odu$d &o ?!) Sin/-

&/$ o#%!in!n& !nd J!di'/ V$"!- ! '/!do i&n$''.

39



T/$"$!(&$"- &/$ o#%!in!n& !nd &/$ '/!do i&n$''-

J!di'/ V$"!- $"$ '$n& &o &/$ o&"oi #o'& !nd /$ '&o##$d

!& 'o$ di'&!n$ !%on i&/ N!"ind$" P!% K!u'/!% /o !'

!i&in (o" 'in!% !nd on "$$i3in 'in!% &/$ $n& in'id$

&/$ o&"oi #o'&. A' #$" /i' &$'&ion N!"ind$" P!% K!u'/!%

in&"odu$d /i'$%( !' DSP !nd &/$"$!(&$" ! %!'' o( !&$"

!' #"ou"$d !nd 'odiu !' !dd$d &o i&. ?o&/ &/$ /!nd'

o( &/$ !u'$d $"$ di##$d in &/$ %!'' o( !&$" !nd &/$

!&$" &u"n$d #in+. On '$!"/ o( &/$ !u'$d R'.500 in

&/$ d$noin!&ion o( R'.100 $"$ "$o3$"$d. T/$

nu*$"' &!%%i$d i&/ &/$ nu*$"' $n&ion$d in &/$ $o-

E;. PE. T/$ no&$' $"$ &!+$n in&o #o''$''ion 3id$ E;. PH.

A' i' !ni($'& &/!& &/$ '!id i&n$'' /!' 'u##o"&$d &/$

'&o" o( &/$ #"o'$u&ion in &o&o. T/$ 'u*i''ion o( M".

J!in i' &/!& /$ i' $"$% ! i&n$'' &o "$o3$" !nd 'o%$% on

&/$ *!'i' o( "$o3$" no on3i&ion !n *$ "$o"d$d. T/$"$

!n *$ no ,u!""$% o3$" &/$ #"o#o'i&ion &/!& on &/$ *!'i' o(

$"$ "$o3$" !n !u'$d !nno& *$ (ound ui%&. I& i' &/$

'$&&%$d #"ini#%$ o( %! &/!& $"$ "$o3$" o( &/$ &!in&$d

on$ i' no& 'u((ii$n& &o "$o"d ! on3i&ion un%$'' &/$"$

40



i' $3id$n$ &/!& *"i*$ /!d *$$n d$!nd$d o" on$ !'

#!id 3o%un&!"i% !' *"i*$. In &/$ !*'$n$ o( !n $3id$n$

o( d$!nd !nd !$#&!n$ o( &/$ !oun& !' i%%$!%

"!&i(i!&ion- "$o3$" ou%d no& !%on$ *$ ! "ound &o

on3i& &/$ !u'$d. T/i' /!' *$$n 'o /$%d in 8.

Subramanian 0. 8he State of 8ami& Nadu 37 - Madhukar

ha!karrao "o!hi 0. State of Mahara!htra 4, - Raj

Rajendra Singh Seth 0. State of "harkhand and #nr.4+-

State of Mahara!htra 0. 'nyane!hwar <a=man Rao

>ankhede 41 - ).M. Giri!h abu 0. )...- )ohin 43 - $. S.

Panduranga 0. State of $arnataka 44 !nd Sat0ir Singh

0. State of 'e&hi 4:

. T/$ (!& "$!in' &/!& P:@ /!'

'u##o"&$d &/$ "$o3$" in $n&i"$&. H$ /!' '&ood (i" !nd

"$!in$d un'/!+$n in &/$ "o''$;!in!&ion !nd no&/in

/!' *$$n $%ii&$d &o di'%od$ /i' &$'&ion. Hi' $3id$n$

/!' &o *$ !##"$i!&$d "$!"d *$in /!d &o /!& /!' *$$n

d$#o'$d * J!di'/ V$"!- P:7. In $;!in!&ionin/i$(

/$ /!' d$#o'$d &/!& /$ /!d $& &/$ DSP- N!"ind$" P!%

39 AIR 2006 SC 83640 (2000) 8 SCC 57141 AIR 2008 SC 321742 (2009) 15 SCC 20043 AIR 2009 SC 201144 (2012) 3 SCC 72145

(2014) 13 SCC 143

41



K!u'/!% /o /!d in&"odu$d /i &o S/$" Sin/- P:@. H$

/!' (u"&/$" '&!&$d &/!& /$ !nd P:5- ?!) Sin/- $n& in'id$

&/$ o&"oi #o'& /$"$ Vinod Ku!" d$!nd$d *"i*$ ("o

?!) Sin/ /$"$u#on ?!) Sin/ !3$ R'.500 &o /i- !nd

!& &/!& )un&u"$- /$ !3$ &/$ 'in!% &o &/$ 3ii%!n$ #!"& &o

o$ in'id$ /$"$ !(&$" !nd &/$ !$ !nd !##"$/$nd$d

&/$ !u'$d. A#!"& ("o '&!&in !*ou& &/$ d$!nd !nd

!$#&!n$ /$ /!d !%'o '&!&$d &/!& &/$ /!nd' o( &/$

!u'$d $"$ di##$d in &/!& !&$" !nd &/$ o%ou" o( &/$

!&$" /!d &u"n$d %i/& #in+. I& !' &"!n'($""$d in&o !

,u!"&$" *o&&%$ !nd !' '$!%$d !nd !' &!+$n in&o

#o''$''ion 3id$ "$o3$" $o E;.P /i/ !' !&&$'&$d

* /i !nd ?!) Sin/. T/$ !oun& o( R'.500 !'

"$o3$"$d ("o "i/& 'id$ #!n& #o+$& o( &/$ !u'$d. A(&$"

!+in &/$ !""!n$$n& (o" &/$ #!n& o( &/$ !u'$d- &/$

"i/& 'id$ #o+$& o( &/$ #!n& o( &/$ !u'$d !' di##$d in

&/$ i;&u"$ o( !&$" !nd 'odiu !nd i&' o%ou" &u"n$d %i/&

#in+. I& !' !%'o &"!n'($""$d in&o ! ,u!"&$" *o&&%$ /i/

!' du% '$!%$d !nd !' &!+$n in&o #o''$''ion 3id$

"$o3$" $o E;.PJ. T/$ #!n& !' !%'o &!+$n in&o

42



#o''$''ion 3id$ "$o3$" $o E;.PJ. T/$ no&$' "$o3$"$d

("o &/$ !u'$d $"$ o#!"$d i&/ &/$ nu*$"'

$n&ion$d in &/$ $o !nd &/o'$ &!%%i$d. T/$ no&$' $"$

&!+$n in&o #o''$''ion 3id$ "$o3$" $o E;.PF. A 'u o(

R'.10 !' "$o3$"$d ("o &/$ (u"&/$" '$!"/ o( &/$

!u'$d /i/ !' &!+$n in&o #o''$''ion 3id$ "$o3$"

$o E;.PK. T/u'- ("o &/$ !(o"$'!id &$'&ion i& i'

!*'o%u&$% %$!" &/!& /$ /!' 'u##o"&$d in $n&i"$& !*ou& &/$

d$!nd- !$#&!n$ !nd "$o3$" o( on$. I& i'

n$$''!"- &/ou/ #!in(u%- &o no&$ &/!& P:7 !'

$;!in$din/i$( on 0.6.1666 !nd !' "o''$;!in$d

on 25.5.2001- !%o'& !(&$" 1 $!" !nd B on&/'. T/$ d$%!

in '!id "o''$;!in!&ion- !' $ /!3$ '&!&$d $!"%i$" /!d

i3$n $nou/ &i$ (o" #"$3!"i!&ion du$ &o !n ! "$!'on.

A (!i" &"i!% i' &o *$ (!i" *o&/ &o &/$ d$($n$ !nd &/$

#"o'$u&ion !' $%% !' &o &/$ 3i&i. An o(($n$ "$i'&$"$d

und$" &/$ P"$3$n&ion o( Co""u#&ion A& i' &o *$ &"i$d i&/

!%% '$"iou'n$''. :$ (!i% &o !##"$i!&$ /o &/$ %$!"n$d &"i!%

Jud$ ou%d $;/i*i& 'u/ %!;i& in "!n&in 'o u/ &i$

(o" "o''$;!in!&ion in ! !'$ o( &/i' n!&u"$. I& ou%d

43



/!3$ *$$n !*'o%u&$% !##"o#"i!&$ on &/$ #!"& o( &/$ %$!"n$d

&"i!% Jud$ &o (ini'/ &/$ "o''$;!in!&ion on &/$ d! &/$

'!id i&n$'' !' $;!in$d. A' i' $3id$n&- (o" no "$!'on

/!&'o$3$" i& !' d$($""$d !nd &/$ "o''$;!in!&ion &oo+

#%!$ !(&$" 20 on&/'. T/$ i&n$'' /!d !%% &/$ &i$ in &/$

o"%d &o *$ !in$d o3$". :$ /!3$ !%"$!d o#in$d &/!& /$

!' d$%!"$d /o'&i%$ !nd "$$;!in$d. I& i' '$&&%$d in %!

&/!& &/$ &$'&ion o( ! /o'&i%$ i&n$'' !n *$ "$%i$d u#on

* &/$ #"o'$u&ion !' $%% !' &/$ d$($n$. In

"$$;!in!&ion * &/$ #u*%i #"o'$u&o" &/i' i&n$'' /!'

!$#&$d !*ou& &/$ o""$&n$'' o( /i' '&!&$$n& in &/$

ou"& on 1.6.1666. H$ /!' !%'o !$#&$d &/!& /$ /!d no&

!d$ !n o#%!in& &o &/$ P"$'idin O((i$" o( &/$ Cou"& in

"i&in o" 3$"*!%% &/!& &/$ In'#$&o" !' &/"$!&$nin /i

&o !+$ ! (!%'$ '&!&$$n& in &/$ Cou"&. I& /!' !%'o *$$n

!$#&$d * /i &/!& /$ /!d i3$n &/$ '&!&$$n& in &/$

Cou"& on !oun& o( ($!" o( (!%'$ i#%i!&ion * &/$

In'#$&o". H$ /!' !"$$d &o /!3$ 'in$d /i' '&!&$$n&

d!&$d 1.6.66 !(&$" oin &/"ou/ !nd !di&&in i& &o *$

o""$&. I& /!' o$ in &/$ "$$;!in!&ion &/!& /$ /!d no&

44



'&!&$d in /i' '&!&$$n& d!&$d 1.6.66 in &/$ Cou"& &/!&

"$o3$" o( &!in&$d on$ !' no& $(($&$d in /i' #"$'$n$

("o &/$ !u'$d o" &/!& /$ /!d *$$n &o%d * &/$ In'#$&o"

&/!& !oun& /!' *$$n "$o3$"$d ("o &/$ !u'$d. H$ /!d

!%'o no& '&!&$d in /i' '!id '&!&$$n& &/!& &/$ !u'$d !nd

i&n$''$' $"$ &!+$n &o &/$ T$/'i% !nd i& !' &/$"$ &/!& /$

/!d 'in$d !%% &/$ $o'.

40. R$!din &/$ $3id$n$ in $n&i"$&- /i' $3id$n$ !nno&

*$ *"u'/$d !'id$. T/$ d$%! in "o''$;!in!&ion /!'

"$'u%&$d in /i' #"$3!"i!&ion ("o &/$

$;!in!&ionin/i$(. ?u&- ! 'ini(i!n& on$- /i'

$;!in!&ionin/i$( !nd &/$ "$$;!in!&ion i#$%' u' &o

!$#& &/$ &$'&ion &/!& /$ /!d on$ in&o &/$ o&"oi #o'&

!nd /!d i&n$''$d !*ou& &/$ d$!nd !nd !$#&!n$ o(

on$ * &/$ !u'$d. In /i' "o''$;!in!&ion /$ /!'

'&!&$d &/!& /$ /!d no& on$ i&/ ?!) Sin/ &o &/$ 3ii%!n$

d$#!"&$n& !& !n &i$ !nd no "$o3$" !' !d$ in /i'

#"$'$n$. T/$ '!id #!"& o( &/$ &$'&ionin ou" on'id$"$d

3i$- do$' no& o$nd !$#&!n$ in &/$ *!+d"o# o(

$n&i"$ $3id$n$ in $;!in!&ionin/i$( !nd &/$

45



"$$;!in!&ion. T/$ $3id$n$ o( P:@ !nd P:7 /!3$ o&

o""o*o"!&ion ("o P:B. H$ in !%% !&$"i!% #!"&iu%!"' /!'

'&!&$d !*ou& &/$ "$o3$" !nd #"o3$n &/$ n$$''!"

dou$n&' #$"&!inin &o &/$ &$'& !""i$d i&/

#/$no%#/&/!%$in #od$". T/$ (!& "$!in' &/!& &/$

!##$%%!n&' #o+$& on&!in$d #/$no%#/&/!%$in '$!"$d

u""$n no&$' /$n /$ !' '$!"/$d. I& i' !#& &o &!+$

no&$ o( &/$ (!& &/!& &/$ u""$n no&$' &/!& /!3$ *$$n

"$o3$"$d ("o &/$ "i/& 'id$ o( &/$ #!n& #o+$& $"$

!&u!%% #"$#!"$d * P:B * '$!"in &/$ i&/

#/$no%#/&/!%$in #od$". T/$ !##$%%!n& !' !u/&

"$d/!nd$d i&/ &/o'$ u""$n no&$'. In i' '&!&$$n&

"$o"d$d und$" S$&ion 1 o( C"PC /$ /!' &!+$n &/$ #%$!

&/!& /$ i' inno$n& !nd /!' *$$n (!%'$% i#%i!&$d du$ &o

!nio'i&. No $;#%!n!&ion /!' *$$n i3$n !' "$!"d' &/$

"$o3$". T/$"$(o"$- ("o &/$ !*o3$ (!&'- %$i&i!&$% !

#"$'u#&ion !n *$ d"!n &/!& &/$ !u'$d!##$%%!n& /!d

"$$i3$d o" !$#&$d &/$ '!id u""$n no&$' on /i' on

3o%i&ion. T/$ (!&u o( #"$'u#&ion !nd &/$ &$'&ion o(

P:@ !nd 7 o ! %on ! &o '/o &/!& &/$ #"o'$u&ion /!'

46



*$ "$o"d$d (o" "!n& o( &i$ *u& &/$ '!$ i' no& &!+$n no&$

o(. A' /!' *$$n no&i$d $!"%i$"- in &/$ in'&!n& !'$ &/$

"o''$;!in!&ion /!' &!+$n #%!$ !(&$" ! $!" !nd B

on&/' !%%oin !#%$ &i$ &o #"$''u"i<$ &/$ i&n$'' !nd

&o !in o3$" /i * !do#&in !%% +ind' o( &!&i'. T/$"$ i'

no !3i% o3$" &/$ #"o#o'i&ion &/!& &/$"$ /!' &o *$ ! (!i" !nd

#"o#$" &"i!% *u& &/$ du& o( &/$ ou"& /i%$ ondu&in &/$

&"i!% &o *$ uid$d * &/$ !nd!&$ o( &/$ %!- &/$ on$#&u!%

(!i"n$'' !nd !*o3$ !%% *$!"in in ind i&' '!"o'!n& du&

&o !""i3$ !& &/$ &"u&/ on &/$ *!'i' o( &/$ !&$"i!% *"ou/&

on "$o"d. I( !n !u'$d (o" /i' *$n$(i& &!+$' &/$ &"i!% on

&/$ #!&/ o( &o&!% o+$"- i& !nno& *$ oun&$n!n$d. T/$

Cou"& /!' ! '!"$d du& &o '$$ &/!& &/$ &"i!% i' ondu&$d

!' #$" %!. I( !d)ou"n$n&' !"$ "!n&$d in &/i' !nn$" i&

ou%d &!n&!oun& &o 3io%!&ion o( "u%$ o( %! !nd $3$n&u!%%

&u"n 'u/ &"i!%' &o ! (!"$. I& i' %$!%% i#$"i''i*%$ !nd

)u"i'#"ud$n&i!%% !*oin!*%$. T/$ &"i!% ou"&' !"$ $;#$&$d

in %! &o (o%%o &/$ o!nd o( &/$ #"o$du"$ "$%!&in &o

&"i!% !nd no& i$%d &o &/$ "$,u$'& o( &/$ oun'$% &o "!n&

!d)ou"n$n& (o" non!$#&!*%$ "$!'on'. In (!&- i& i' no&

48



!%% !##"$i!*%$ &o !%% ! i&n$'' (o" "o''$;!in!&ion !(&$"

'u/ ! %on '#!n o( &i$. I& i' i#$"!&i3$ i( &/$

$;!in!&ionin/i$( i' o3$"- &/$ "o''$;!in!&ion '/ou%d

*$ o#%$&$d on &/$ '!$ d!. I( &/$ $;!in!&ion o( !

i&n$'' on&inu$' &i%% %!&$ /ou"' &/$ &"i!% !n *$ !d)ou"n$d

&o &/$ n$;& d! (o" "o''$;!in!&ion. I& i' inon$i3!*%$ in

%! &/!& &/$ "o''$;!in!&ion '/ou%d *$ d$($""$d (o" 'u/

! %on &i$. I& i' !n!&/$! &o &/$ on$#& o( #"o#$" !nd

(!i" &"i!%. T/$ du& o( &/$ ou"& i' &o '$$ &/!& no& on% &/$

in&$"$'& o( &/$ !u'$d !' #$" %! i' #"o&$&$d *u& !%'o &/$

'oi$&!% !nd o%%$&i3$ in&$"$'& i' '!($u!"d$d. I& i'

di'&"$''in &o no&$ &/!& d$'#i&$ '$"i$' o( )ud$n&' o( &/i'

Cou"&- &/$ /!*i& o( "!n&in !d)ou"n$n&- "$!%% !n

!i%$n&- on&inu$'. Ho %on '/!%% $ '!- =A!+$ A"i'$>.

T/$"$ i' ! on'&!n& di'o(o"&. T/$"$(o"$- $ &/in+ i&

!##"o#"i!&$ &/!& &/$ o#i$' o( &/$ )ud$n& *$ '$n& &o &/$

%$!"n$d C/i$( Ju'&i$' o( !%% &/$ Hi/ Cou"&' (o" i"u%!&in

&/$ '!$ !on &/$ %$!"n$d &"i!% Jud$' i&/ ! o!nd

&o (o%%o &/$ #"ini#%$' "$%!&in &o &"i!% in ! "$,ui'i&$

!nn$" !nd no& &o d$($" &/$ "o''$;!in!&ion o( ! i&n$''

49



!& &/$i" #%$!'u"$ o" !& &/$ %$i'u"$ o( &/$ d$($n$ oun'$%- (o"

i& $3$n&u!%% !+$' &/$ &"i!% !n !#o%o (o" &"i!% !nd

o#$%' &/$ /o%$ 'oi$& &o 'u(($" /i!n$". L$& i& *$

"$$*$"$d &/!& %! !nno& !%%o$d &o *$ %on$% !

d$'&i&u&$.

42. In &/$ u%&i!&$ !n!%'i'- $ #$"$i3$ no $"i& in &/$

!##$!% !nd on'$,u$n&% &/$ '!$ '&!nd' di'i''$d. A'

&/$ !##$%%!n& i' on *!i%- /i' *!i% *ond' !"$ !n$%%$d. H$ *$

&!+$n in&o u'&od (o"&/i&/ &o 'u(($" &/$ '$n&$n$.

........................................J.

DIPAK MISRA

........................................J. ROHINTON FALINARIMANNE: DELHI JANUAR 21- 2015.

50

deferring cross examination for a long time is anathema

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