defensive driving manual (english)
TRANSCRIPT
Saudi AramcoTraining & Career Development
Defensive DriversDevelopment Program
Guidebookfor
Defensive Drivers
This training material is the exclusive property of the Saudi Arabian Oil Company(Saudi Aramco). Distribution, reproduction, or any use of this material, without theexpress written consent of Saudi Aramco, is strictly prohibited.
Saudi Aramco • November 2003
Prepared by:
TRAINING & CAREER DEVELOPMENT
©
Contents
Introduction PageDefensive Driving 1Driver Improvement Program 2Driver Improvement Training & Testing Flowchart 3
Vehicle InspectionOutside Your Vehicle 5Under the Hood 6Emergency and Special Equipment 7Final Preparation 8
Traffic RulesSpeed Limits 9Lane Usage 10Pavement Markings 11Traffic Lights 14Traffic Signs 16Intersections 33Are You Too Close? 35Point of No Return at Traffic Signals 35Turns 36Yielding the Right-of-Way 38Following a Vehicle 40Two-Second Rule 41Passing or Overtaking a Vehicle 42
Defensive-Driving TechniquesDriving Errors 45Defensive-Driving Formula 46Space-Cushion Technique 47Perception Time and Distance 51Reaction Time, Braking Distance, & Stopping Distance 51Types of Accidents to Avoid 53Safe-Driving Tips 56
Driving SituationsCity Driving 57Expressway Driving 58General Rules for Highway Driving 59Night Driving 60Safety Tips for Night Driving 61Desert Driving 62Navigation 66Car Breakdown and Other Emergencies 73Before Leaving the Road 74Making a Water Trap 75Emergencies 77Emergency Communication 80Parking 81
Adverse Driving ConditionsDriver Condition 85Vehicle Condition 86Road Condition 87Traffic Condition 88Light Condition 89Weather Condition 90
Saudi Aramco PolicyReporting an Accident 91G.I. 6.030 Summary 92
Introduction
Defensive DrivingDefensive-driving principles and techniques are thecornerstones of the Driver Improvement Program. Defensivedriving is an attitude or approach one adopts when operatinga motor vehicle. It means driving so as to prevent accidents,regardless of the bad driving habits of others.
The defensive driver maintains his vehicle in good runningcondition and is always prepared for the unexpected. He isalways ready to yield the right-of-way to others, even whenthe right-of-way should be yielded to him. He always knowshow to drive in adverse driving conditions, heavy traffic, andduring emergencies.
This handbook is intended as a quick reference of light andmedium categories of 2x4, 4x4 vehicles and trucks. It alsocontains a section on off-road driving related mainly to deepdesert driving focused on light and medium 4x4 trucks to covernavigation techniques with map and compass, GPS receivers,and natural phenomena.
A summary of General Instruction 6.030 is included for thereview of Company employees and others operating assignedor privately owned vehicles in Saudi Aramco communities.
This manual is not the final word on defensive-drivingprinciples and techniques. But in conjuction with the DriverImprovement Program, it hopefully will provide usefulinformation for even the most experienced drivers. Defensivedriving is everyone’s responsibility. Do your part in helpingmake our roads safe.
1
Driver Improvement ProgramAccording to Loss Prevention General Instruction 6.030, theDriver Improvement Program (DIP) is mandatory for allemployees who drive Saudi Aramco vehicles. The programincludes:
• Instruction on driving in the Saudi Arabian environment.
• Instruction on proper vehicle preparation and inspection.
• Defensive-driving principles and techniques.
• A written examination.
• Individual driver counselling during and after an on-the roadevaluation.
The program is divided into two sessions. The first session isa six-hour classroom discussion. The second one-hour sessioncomprises an on-the road evaluation.
DIP provides defensive-driving knowledge for new employeesrequired to drive Saudi Aramco vehicles, Saudi Arabemployees, contractor drivers, and employees involved intraffic violations or motor vehicle accidents (MVA).
1. Porto-clinic test (for heavy Truck Drivers/Operators)
• Peripheral vision.
• Visual acuity.
• Field of vision.
• Depth perception.
• Reaction time.
• Night vision.
• Glare recovery.
This test was discontinued as a pre-requisite requirement forDIP effective 06/01/1999, however, it remains as an integralpart of Heavy Equipment Drivers/Operators tests required fortheir certification program.
2
Saudi Aramco employees who fail DIP may be enrolled in theOn-Road Make Up Driving Evaluation Course.
After completing DIP, each employee must attend the DriverImprovement Refresher Seminar (DIRS) once every threeyears for reevaluating his driving authorization.
Driver Improvement Training &Testing Flowchart
(BASED ON GI.6.030)
3
Vehicle Inspection
Just as safe driving is the responsibility of each driver, so isthe condition of the vehicle (Ref. GI-6.029). If your assignedvehicle is not safe to drive, it doesn’t matter how defensivelyyou drive. You are an accident waiting to happen. If yourvehicle has a mechanical defect, take it to Saudi AramcoInspection immediately.
Most Company vehicles are shared-use (pooled) vehicles.Many drivers operate them. Some drivers may not be asresponsible as they should be. To control vehicle use andestablish responsibility, vehicle log procedures are used. Theseprocedures vary from one location to another, but most requirethe following entries:
• Date.
• Employee name and ID number.
• Destination.
• Time of departure.
• Estimated time of return.
• Mileage.
Odometer readings and other information may be required.Follow your department’s vehicle log procedure carefully.
The Defensive Driver AlwaysTells Someone Where
He is Going And WhenHe Will Return
4
Outside Your VehicleBefore driving anywhere, always do the following:
• Check for and report, as necessary, any physical damage(dents, scratches) found.
• Check that nothing is in front, behind, or under yourvehicle.
• Check the wiper blades for cuts and wear.
• Check that your headlights, signal lights, andtaillightsare clean and work properly.
• Check that your windows are clean and nothing blocksyour vision. Clean the entire windshield.
• Check that side mirrors are clean and not broken. Replaceall defective mirrors.
• Check that the tires are properly inflated.
Proper inflation varies according to vehicle, suspensionsystem, tire specifications, weather, and other factors.
Your area Transportation Division or Loss Prevention Divisioncan give you the correct tire pressure for your vehicle. Alwayskeep your tires inflated to the correct pressure. Improperlyinflated tires are the major cause of tire blowouts. Make it ahabit to check the tires (including the spare) for properinflation.
5
Under the HoodThe defensive driver periodically checks the following itemsunder the hood:
• Engine oil level.
• Radiator coolant level (do not open the radiator cap untilthe engine is cool).
• Drive belts are tight, not worn (they should not flexmore than 1/2” when pressed by your thumb).
• Battery condition.
• Water level in windshield washer.
• Clutch/brake fluid level.
Make a mental checklist of the above items to insure themechanical integrity of your vehicle. Remember: the safecondition of your vehicle is your responsibility.
You Are the Only One WhoKnows If Something Is Wrong
With Your Vehicle
6
Emergency and Special EquipmentEmergencies require immediate action. In an emergencysituation there is no time to search for needed equipment. Thedefensive driver has the right equipment for every emergency.
Before driving, check that you have the following emergencyequipment:
• Spare tire.
• Jack.
• Tire wrench.
• Two warning triangles.
• Fire extinguisher (if it is part of your work equipment).
Before driving on a long trip, check that you have the followingemergency equipment:
• Drinking water.
• Hand tools.
• Extra vehicle supplies (i.e., spark plugs, fan belt, radiatorhoses).
• Shovel.
• Map.
• Compass.
• Oil.
• First aid kit.
When driving in the desert, additional equipment is required.Refer to Desert Driving on page 62 - 64 for additionalinformation and a checklist.
FIRSTAID
Defensive Drivers Keep theCorrect Equipment for
Emergencies
7
Final PreparationAfter getting in your vehicle and firmly shutting the doors, dothe following before you start driving:
• Adjust the seat.
• Check that the gaugeswork properly.
• Test the floor pedals.
• Check the fuel gauge.
• Test the horn.
• Examine the headlights (low and high beams).
• Check the indicator lights (especially the brake andseat belt indicators).
• Check the rearview mirrors. Adjust if necessary.
• Ensure that the windshield wipers work.
• Fasten your seatbelt. Make sure all passengers havefastened their seat belts.
Now that you have checked everything insideand out, you are ready to drive.
• Make certain the parking brake is on.
• Shift into park (automatic trans-mission) or neutral (manual trans-mission).
• Start the engine.
• With your foot on the brake, shift into gear.
• Release the parking brake.
• Drive cautiously.
But before you release your parking brake and merge intotraffic, you must know the traffic rules.
Make Seat Beltsa Habit
8
Traffic rules are guides to safe driving, so they should beobeyed. Disobeying rules is a major cause of trafficaccidents. Defensive drivers obey the rules of the road. Byfollowing them they insure the safety of everyone.
Speed LimitsSpeeding is the major cause of fatal accidents.The defensive driver slows down forconditions and never exceeds speed limits.
Unless otherwise posted, follow establishedspeed limits:
• 50 kph for vehicles within city limits.
• 30 kph maximum speed in school zones.
• 80 kph for heavy trucks outside city limits.
• 100 kph for passenger vehicles outside city limits, or asposted.Note: Crew-cab trucks are not passenger vehicles.
Always drive slower than posted speed limits whenhazardous conditions exist (bad weather, poor visibility, atnight, etc.).
Speeding can result in wrecked vehicles, injuries, disabilities, anddeath. U.S. National Safety Council statistics show that if youare driving at 120 kph (75 mph) and have an accident, you arelikely to suffer serious or even fatal injuries. You have a onein eight chance of being killed in an accident at 120 kph (75mph). At 100 kph (65 mph) you have a one in 20 chance ofbeing killed. At 90 kph (55 mph) your chances are one in 50.
Traffic Rules
SPEEDKILLS!
9
Lane UsageSpecific rules govern the use of traffic lanes. To avoid havingan accident obey the following rules.
Single-lane roads have one lane in each direction. Alwaysstay in the right lane unless you are overtaking another vehicle.Don’t move out of your lane unless it is safe to do so.
Double-lane roads allow two lanes of traffic in each direction.Slower vehicles and vehicles turning right should drive in theright lane. Faster vehicles and vehicles turning left shouldtravel in the left lane. Do not block the left lane.
Multiple-lane roads allow three or more lanes of traffic ineach direction. Vehicles turning right, or driving slower, usethe right lane. Vehicles driving straight ahead use the middlelane. You may drive in the left lane when passing, making aleft turn, or when traffic is merging from the right.
Do Not Weave from Lane to Lane
The Defensive DriverMakes
Few Lane Changes
10
Pavement MarkingsPavement markings show the following:
• Where you should be on the road.
• Where overtaking is restricted.
• Where to wait to make a right turn.
• Where and how to park (alternating yellow and blacklines on curbing means no parking; alternating white andblack lines on curbing means you can park).
• Where parking is prohibited.
• Where pedestrians may cross.
• Where to stop at an intersection.
Observe Pavement Markings
11
The Centerlineis Your Lifeline
Two white solid lines are used to indicate that you must notovertake another vehicle.
A broken line next to a solid line indicates that the vehicle onthe side of the broken line can overtake a vehicle when it issafe. The vehicle to the right of the solid line must not overtake.
12
Never Cross aNo-Passing Centerline
On some highways a physical barrier divides the roads. Thesebarriers are called median islands or highway dividers. It isillegal to cross a highway divider or median. An open spacecan also be a highway divider. Never cross any highwaydivider.
13
Traffic LightsTraffic lights control traffic at intersections. They are meantfor your safety and the safety of others.Obey them.
When the light is red, STOP behind thecrosswalk or at the intersection. Wait untilthe light is green.
When the light is yellow, SLOW DOWNAND PREPARE TO STOP. The light willturn red in only three to five seconds.
When the light turns green, make sure theintersection is clear. You must first yieldthe right-of-way to traffic and pedestriansthat are still in the intersection, then proceedcautiously.
Go in the direction of the arrow (right orleft). Always yield the right-of-way topedestrians and other vehicles. If there isno arrow you must wait until the red lightchanges to green.
Go straight ahead only. Do not turn left orright.
14
A red flashing light means STOP! Then proceed with extremecaution. Treat it the same as a stop sign.
A yellow flashing light means SLOW DOWN, look both ways,then drive with caution. Treat it the same as a yield sign.
If a traffic light is out of order, treat the intersection as youwould a four-way stop sign (see Intersections, page 33).
You may see flashing red/yellow lights at dangerousintersections.
Learn and Follow TrafficSignals Language
Running a Red Lightis the Quickest
Road to an Accident
15
Help Stop Accidents:Observe Traffic Signs
Traffic SignsInternational traffic signs are used in Saudi Arabia to safelycontrol the flow of traffic. They point out dangers and giveimportant information about directions, destinations, andpoints of interest.
There are three basic traffic signs:
Warning SignsTriangular signs are cautionary andadvisory. They warn of approachingdanger. Black symbols indicate the typeof danger.
Regulatory SignsCircular signs are either prohibitory (red),which inform drivers of restrictions thatmust be obeyed; or mandatory (blue),which regulate traffic movement. Specificdirections are indicated by symbolsagainst a white or blue background.
Informative SignsRectangular signs are informational.Theytell you what you need to know, such astraffic direction, names and distances oftowns, public service stations, hospitals,and telephones.
16
Warning signs are placed beside the road to alert drivers ofpossible dangers ahead. Extreme caution and speed reductionmust be applied upon the appearance of warning signs. Thefollowing are examples of common warning signs:
Left Bend Road Narrows Uneven Road
DangerousBends L-R
Railroad Crossingw/o Gate
DangerousBends R-L
ChildrenCrossing
AnimalCrossing
PedestrianCrossing
Road WorksCrossroads Right Bend
17
Cyclists
Airstrip
RoadIntersection
Traffic Lights
Falling RocksTwo-WayTraffic
Railroad Crossingwith Gate
OverheadPowerlines
Road Narrowson One Side
Intersection ofMain & SideRoads
Side Roadfrom Right
Side Roadfrom Left
18
No Parking
Traffic Rotary(Roundabout)
No Overtaking
Speed Limit60 KPH
Stop
No Stoppingor Waiting
No U Turn
Entry Prohibited
Closed to allVehicles inBothDirections
BusesProhibited
No Left Turn
19
60
STOP
Motor VehiclesProhibited
ParkingAllowed
Detour
Hospital
Priority isyours
Telephone
Bus Stop
Unified TrafficDirection
First-AidCenter
20
DETOUR
P
H
GasStation
Restaurant
Repair Center
CampingGround
Closed Road orDead End
Closed Road orDead End
Closed Road orDead End
InternationalRoad
21
Signs that End Special ProhibitionsImposed on Moving VehiclesThese signs indicate that prohibitory signs do not apply.Examples of these signs would be for ending a speed limit orending prohibition for overtaking.
One-Way SignThis arrow sign indicates streets where traffic is allowed totravel in one direction only.
End ofOvertakingProhibited
Parking isrestrictedduring specifichours or daysindicated on aplaque below thissign.
Restricted SpeedLimit Ends
Parking Prohibited andParking Restricted Signs
Parking andstopping areprohibited atall times.
End ofOvertaking byTrucksProhibited
End of 35-KMSpeed Limit Zone
One-way (R) One-way (L)
22
Pass this Side Pass this Side Pass Either Side
Mandatory Movement SignsMandatory movement signs indicate the direction of trafficmovement to be followed at intersections. Pairs of arrows indicatethat either direction is allowed.
Pass This Side SignPass Either Side SignThese signs are placed on an island or before an obstacle onthe highway and it means that vehicles must pass on the side(s)of the island or obstacle as indicated by the arrow(s).
MandatoryMovement
MandatoryMovement
MandatoryMovement
MandatoryMovement
MandatoryMovement
MandatoryMovement
23
Diagrammatic Signs
24
Route Markers
Distinctive route markers are used on the various categoriesof highways. Route numbers are assigned in accordance withthe functional classification criteria of Highway Design Manual1-1.05.
1. Expressway (Primary System) route markers carry routenumbers imposed on the outline of the Arabian Peninsula,white on green with black Naskh style numerals. Primaryroutes have up to two digit numbers.
Primary Route
2. Secondary highways are numbered in three digits affixedon white on green marker.
Secondary Route
25
3. Feeders are numbered in four digit numerals as per graphicbelow.
Feeders
4. Kilometer Posting
a. Kilometer signs installed on all classes of highways.Numbering runs from west to east and from south tonorth.
b. Kilometer posting also will be used on ring roads(loops).
c. On two-lane roads, a kilometer post is placed along theright shoulder only, but with ascending-descendingkilometers on either side whichever is appropriate.
Kilometer Post
Secondary Route
26
Interchange Informative Signs
1. Interchange Informative signs, in proper sequence, give allnecessary route and destination information throughinterchanges. New destination information is introduced intothe major signs sequence for an interchange.
2. Interchange Informative signs may carry few sets ofinformation, some of which would be:
• Next exit number
• Primary or expressways
• Secondary Highways, above
• Next town name
• Distance to next exit
27
Typical Interchange Numbering forMainline and Ring Routes
28
Cloverleaf Interchange
29
Diamond Interchange
30
23
S (Arabic)
23
N (Arabic)
23
S (Arabic)
23
OR
N (Arabic)
EXIT 22 (Arabic)
TOWN NAME(ARABIC)
TOWN NAME(ENGLISH)
1 km (Arabic)
EXIT 22 (Arabic)
TOWN NAME(ARABIC)
TOWN NAME(ENGLISH)
2 km (Arabic)
EXIT 22 (Arabic)
TOWN NAME(ARABIC)
TOWN NAME(ENGLISH)
36
35
TOWN NAME (ARABIC)TOWN NAME (ARABIC)TOWN NAME (ARABIC)
ARABICENGLISH
ARABIC
ENGLISHARABIC
ENGLISH
36
35
TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)
TOWN NAME (ARABIC)TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)
TOWN NAME (ARABIC)TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)
TOWN NAME (ARABIC)TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)
TOWN NAME (ARABIC)TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)
(Arabic)
EXIT
12
TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)TOWN NAME (ARABIC)
23S (Arabic)
456
456
456
Typical Interchange Numbering WhereExpressway Routes Overlap
31
Series of Closely Spaced InterchangesUsing Sequence Signs and Sign Spreading
32
IntersectionsTraffic moves in many directions at intersections. Moreaccidents occur at intersections than any other place on theroad. These accidents happen because some drivers don't obeytraffic rules.
Intersections may be regulated with signals, rotaries(roundabouts), yield, and stop signs.
The following rules should be obeyed at intersections:
At intersections controlled by stop signs, stop your vehiclecompletely behind the crosswalk. Look left, look right, lookleft again, proceed cautiously.
If there is a stop sign at a blind intersection, come to a completestop at the sign. Stop at the line, and stop again at the edge ofthe barrier which hides the oncoming traffic. If the way isclear, then cross.
Crossing a Blind Intersection
Slow DownBefore
Enteringan
Intersection
STOP
ViewBlocked
33
At intersections controlled by yield signs, the driver shouldslow down, check traffic on both sides, then proceedcautiously if it is safe. Stop for cross traffic.
At intersections controlled by a policeman, always obey hiscommands. A policeman’s directions overrule traffic signs andsignals.
An uncontrolled intersection has neither traffic signs nor lights.To safely drive through, apply the following four-point rule:
• KNOW your course.
• SLOW down; be ready to react to anysituation.
• SHOW others your intentions.
• GO cautiously.
At a four-way stop intersection, follow the rule, “first stop,first go.” When two vehicles stop at the same time, the driveron the left must be ready to yield to the driver on the right.
At a Four-Way Stop Intersection
STOPSTOP
STOP
STOP
When FourVehicles Stop atthe Same Timeat a Four-wayIntersection,Courtesy and
Communication isthe Rule
34
Are You Too Close?
Slow down gradually when you approach intersectionsregulated by traffic signals. Be aware of:
• Stale Green Light: A stale green light is one which has beengreen for an unknown length of time. If it remains greenwhile you approach the intersection, slow down more; thelight will soon turn yellow.
• Point of No Return: A marginal distance, six to ten metersfrom the stop line at an intersection. When the light turnsyellow, you must decide whether to stop or proceed. Ifstopping will cause a collision with the vehicle behind, youshould go through the intersection if it is clear of traffic.
Point of No Return at Traffic Signals
You are at a safe stopping distance behind a vehicle at a trafficlight if you can see that vehicle's rear tires.
35
TurnsTurns enable a driver to change direction at intersections,junctions, detours, or roundabouts. Drivers must prepare toturn ahead of time to avoid accidents resulting from last-seconddecisions.
The following procedure is recom-mended to perform a safe turn:
1. Position your vehicle in theappropriate lane a block ahead of the turn.
• For right turns, stay in the right lane, 50 cm away fromthe curb.
• For left turns on multi-lane roads, stay in the left lane.
• On single-lane roads, stay close to the centerline.
2. Signal your intention to turn 35 meters in advance.Signalling may be done either by electric turn signals or byhand.
3. Slow down and check the blind spot on the turning side.
4. Turn cautiously at a comfortable radius; do notcut corners.
5. Finish the turn in the same lane that you started in.
Study the following diagrams. They show the proper lanes touse when making turns.
Right TurnLeft Turn onOne-Way Street
Left Turn onTwo-Way Street
Don’t Take a Turnfor the Worse:Drive Safely
36
When signal devices do not work, use the following handsignals.
Right TurnPalm and ArmCurved to the Right
Left TurnPalm Down, ArmExtended
StopForearmVertical
Missinga Turn
is BetterThan
Missing theRest of Your
Life
37
Yielding the Right-of-WayThe defensive driver always yields the right-of-way to others.
To yield means to slow down or stop to allow other drivers tocontinue. You yield to avoid an accident.
When making a left turn, yield the right-of-way to any vehicleapproaching or already in the intersection.
Yield the Right-of-Way to Vehicleson Your Right
TheDefensive
DriverYields
to ArriveAlive
This Vehicle has theRight-Of-Way
38
Always yield the right-of-way to emergency vehicles whenthey sound their sirens or flash their lights. Emergencyvehicles include ambulances, fire trucks, and police cars. Pulloff to the right side of the road. If you are in the middle lane,wait until it is safe to pull off the road.
When backing up, always yield to other vehicles andpedestrians.
Pedestrians always have the right-of-way at intersections. Theyhave the right-of-way even if the intersection is unmarked.
Always Yield toEmergency
Vehicles
39
TailgatingFollowing another vehicle too closely is called tailgating.Tailgaters usually want to pass because they are in a hurry.Stopping suddenly in front of a tailgater can cause an accident.To avoid tailgating accidents, do the following:
• Don't tailgate.
• Allow a safe following distance between you and the carahead using the two-second rule (see the next page).
• Be aware of your surroundings.
If you are being tailgated, do the following:
• Slow down gradually.
• Communicate your intentions to move right or left.
• Tap your brake.
• Look in blind spot
• Move to the right.
There should be one car length (6 meters) between you andthe vehicle ahead for each 16 kilometers per hour speed youare travelling.
This rule only applies in ideal conditions. If the road is wet, orvision is poor, increase the distance between you and thevehicle ahead.
Watch Your Back forTailgaters
40
Two-Second RuleThe best way to determine if you are following a vehicle at asafe distance under normal driving conditions is to apply thetwo-second rule.
Watch the vehicle ahead of you. When itpasses a fixed reference point, say a telephonepole or a road sign, start counting, “onethousand one, one thousand two.”
If your vehicle reaches the same fixed pointbefore you finish counting “one thousandtwo,” you are following the other vehicle tooclosely.
Slow down. Use the two-second rule again, until you arefollowing at a safe distance.
The two-second rule only applies under ideal conditions andwhen you are travelling at a moderate speed. If the road iswet, or visibility is poor, increase your distance by countingfor three, four, or more seconds.
Application of the Two-Second Rule
Two Secondsof Awareness
is all itTakes to Avoidon Accident
41
Passing or Overtaking a VehiclePassing or overtaking a vehicle is a normal part of driving, butit can be dangerous. A misjudgment can cost you your life.Learn and apply the following rules.
When passing or overtaking a vehicle always:
• Ask yourself if there is any reason for the driver next toyou to turn left or move into your lane.
• Stay back, using the two-second rule.
• Check the traffic ahead. The left lane must be clear.
• Turn on your left signal to show your intention.
• Check the traffic behind. Use your mirrors.
• Turn your head to check your blind spot to the left (onmultilane roads).
• Move into the left lane. Leave enough room for thevehicle you are passing.
• Accelerate, but do not exceed the posted speed limit.
• Warn the driver ahead by tapping your horn lightly, orflash your headlights at night (if needed).
• Switch on your right turn signal. Do not return to theright lane until the vehicle you passed is visible in yourrearview mirror.
• After moving to the right lane, stop your turn signal.
• Resume your normal driving speed.
Before Passing, CheckYour Blind Spot
42
Never Pass onHills
or Curves
When being passed:
• Decrease your speed.
• Move as far to the right as you safely can to allowothers to pass.
Never pass a vehicle in the following situations:
Do not pass on hilltops.
Do not pass on curves when yourview is obstructed.
NEVER pass at intersections.
43
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Never Passat
Intersections
Do not pass where there aredouble lines or a “No Passing” sign.
Never pass where there is a solidline in your lane.
Never pass within 30 meters of arailroad crossing.
Never pass a long row of vehicles.
44
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Defensive-Driving Techniques
Driving ErrorsDriving errors are the major cause of traffic accidents. Thereare four common categories of driving error: traffic violations,vehicle abuse, poor planning, and discourtesy.
Traffic violations are the worst kind of driving error. Thedefensive driver always obeys all traffic rules. Driving is aprivilege, not a right. You will lose your driving privilege ifyou break the rules.
Vehicle abuse includes driving aggressively, speeding, andoverloading the vehicle. It also includes using companyvehicles for personal business. Always use company vehicleswith respect and care.
Poor planning often results in accidents. The defensive driveralways considers distance, speed limits, weather, and roadconditions when planning a trip. By planning your trip aheadof time you avoid having to hurry.
Discourtesy is a lack of respect for other drivers andpedestrians. The safe driver is always courteous to others. Healways gives other drivers the right-of-way, even when itshould be given to him. The safe driver is like a public relationsman. He projects a positive image. He does this by beingcourteous.
Avoid these common driving errors. Obey all traffic rules.Never abuse your vehicle or your driving privilege. Alwaysplan your trips well ahead of time. Allow enough time tocomplete your trip safely. And always be courteous to others.In addition to avoiding common driving errors, use thefollowing defensive-driving techniques. By applying thesetechniques with the traffic rules you have learned, you greatlyreduce the risk of having a traffic accident.
45
Defensive-Driving FormulaThe defensive-driving formula consists of three simple steps:
1. See Danger Before it Happens
Develop the ability to see potential danger on the road beforeit happens. Constantly be on the lookout for accidentswaiting to happen. Never assume that all is safe. Never assumethat everything is all right. Never drop your guard. Stay alert!
2. Know What to do When a Dangerous Situation Arises
Each dangerous situation requires a specific response. Thedefensive driver learns the specific response for eachsituation so he can apply it when the time comes.
3. Take Corrective Action in Time
Never assume the attitude that “maybe the other driver willchange his mind and do the right thing.” Never assume that“maybe nothing bad will happen.” Assume the worst scenarioand then act in time, before it’s too late!
Take corrective action:
• See danger before it happens.
• Know what to do.
• Act quickly and decisively.
The Defensive DriverPlans Trips Ahead
Never Drop YourGuard: Stay Alert
46
Space-Cushion TechniqueThe space-cushion technique consists of five key points:
1. Aim High in Steering.
2. Get the BigPicture.
3. Keep Your EyesMoving.
4. Leave Yourself anOut.
5. Make Sure OthersSee You.
1. Aim High: Look far ahead while driving. Train your eyesto see where your vehicle will be 15 seconds from now. In thecity look one block ahead. On highways look 400 meters ahead.
Look Far Ahead While Driving
Keep a Space-CushionAround Your Vehicle
Scan Aheadto Stay Alive
47
2. Get the Big Picture: See more than just what’s in front ofyour eyes. See the potential accident that lurks behind everycorner and ahead of every vehicle.
To get the big picture, first establish a safe following distanceby using the two-second rule. A safe driving distance isthe key to good visibility. Slow down in dense traffic.Concentrate on driving, not talking.
Get the Big Picture
Daydreamingand DrivingDon’t Mix:
Keep Your EyesMoving
to Get the BigPicture
48
3. Keep Your Eyes Moving: This helps you get and keep thebig picture. Because traffic is constantly moving, your eyesshould too. Glance continuously to the right and left, near andfar. Glance at your mirrors every five to eight seconds.Occasionally glance at the instrument panel.
Avoid “fixed stare”: visually concentrating too long on oneobject. To avoid affecting your peripheral vision, do not stareat any fixed object for more than two seconds.
Avoid“Fixed Stare”
KeepYour EyesMoving
Look in the Rearview Mirrors Every five to eight Seconds
49
4. Leave Yourself an Out: Have an escape path availableshould an emergency arise. Always keep an open area of space,a “space-cushion,” around your vehicle.
Leave Yourself an Out
5. Make Sure Others See You: Use your lights, horn, vehicleposition, hand signals, body movements, and eye contact. Letother drivers know what you intend to do.
By letting others know what you intend to do, you can avoidaccidents. For example, tap your horn to let inattentive pedestriansknow you are turning.
Make Sure Others See You
Don’t beCorneredinto an
Accident:Leave
Yourselfan Out
50
Perception, Reaction, Braking, and TotalStopping DistanceThe time required to identify a situation is called perceptiontime. Perception time can vary according to visibility, theintensity of the situation, and the driver's condition. Thedistance covered by a vehicle during this time is calledperception distance.
Reaction Time is the amount of time a driver needs to reactto an emergency situation. The average reaction time is 3/4 ofa second. The distance covered during reaction time is calledthe reaction distance.
Braking Distance is the ground a vehicle covers between thetime the brakes are applied until it stops. Factors affectingbraking distance include speed, the condition of brakes andtires, road surface, weather, vehicle load, etc.
Stopping Distance is the total of reaction and brakingdistances. Reaction, braking, and stopping distances increasewith an increase in speed. See chart on page 52.
Stopping distance involves three steps:
1. Identify the situation.
2. React safely.
3. Stop your vehicle.
Each step takes adequate time. You’ll besurprised how much distance you cover.
TheHigher the
Speedthe Longer
theBrakingDistance
See chart (2) on page 52
51
Total stopping distance is the ground a vehicle covers from theinstant that the driver perceives a danger until the vehicle is totallystopped. The perception, reaction, braking, and total stoppingdistance will be adversely affected by speed. See the chart below.
Chart (1): Reaction, Braking, and Stopping Distance
SPEED REACTION DISTANCE BREAKING DISTANCE(2) (2)
STOPPING DISTANCE(1+2)
KPH MPH Meter Foot Meter Foot Meter Foot
35 20 7 22 6-7 18-22 12-13 40-44
40 25 9 28 8-9 25-31 16-18 53-59
50 30 10 33 11-14 36-45 21-24 69-78
60 35 12 39 14-18 47-58 26-30 86-97
65 40 13 66 20-24 64-80 33-38 108-124
75 45 15 50 25-31 82-103 40-47 132-153
85 50 17 55 32-40 105-131 46-54 160-186
90 55 19 61 40-50 132-165 59-69 193-226
100 60 20 66 49-62 162-202 69-82 228-268
110 65 22 72 60-75 196-245 82-97 286-317
120 70 24 77 72-90 237-295 97-113 314-372
Defensive Driving is Everyone’s Responsibility: Including Yours!123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567
KMPERHR
MPERSEC
35
50
65
85
100
120
10
16
20
25
29
34
7
10
16
18
22
26
8
18
32
45
72
97
15
28
48
63
94
123
Speed and Stopping DistancesTotal Stopping Distances with Perfect
Brakes on Best Road and UnderFavorable Conditions.
ReactionDistance
BrakingDistance
Stopping DistanceReaction Distance + Braking Distance
Remember: These distances are for good brakes and good roadsurfaces. Increase your distance if roads are wet or slippery.
Chart (2): Stopping Distance
52
Types of Accidents to AvoidSix common situations hold the potential for vehicleaccidents:
• Vehicles ahead of you.
• Vehicles behind you.
• Passing a vehicle.
• When being passed.
• Oncoming vehicles.
• Vehicles at intersections.
Vehicles Ahead of You: The defensive driver doesn’t tailgate.Always allow a safe following distance between you and thevehicle ahead by applying the two-second rule. Refer to theTwo-Second Rule section on page 41.
Vehicles Behind You: A tailgating driver could cause anaccident that involves you. To avoid this:
• Signal early when turning or changing lanes.
• Flash your brake lights ahead of time to warn otherdrivers that you may have to slow down or stop.
• Carefully move to the right to let him pass.
Passing a Vehicle: Overtaking and passing can be done safelywhen conditions are ideal. To pass safely, ensure that:
• Passing is legal.
• Conditions are good.
• There are no oncoming vehicles.
• There is enough room to pass safely.
• No vehicle is trying to pass you.
Avoidthe Six
CommonAccident
Situations
53
When Being Passed: The defensive driver should alwaysexpect others to pass him. To reduce the possibility of anaccident in this situation, the driver should:
• Stay to the right side of his lane.
• Travel at moderate speeds.
• Frequently glance in the rearview mirrors.
• Check the blind spots before turning or changing lanes.
• Allow the passing vehicle to return to the right lane.
Oncoming Vehicles: Collisions with oncoming vehicles areparticularly deadly. Do the following to avoid head-oncollisions:
• Slow down for better control.
• Always watch the traffic condition at a good distanceahead.
• Use your lights and horn as necessary to warn dozers.
• If they show no response, glance over your right shoulder,and go off the right side of the road. Never drive off tothe left.
Vehicles at Intersections: More accidents occur atintersections than anywhere else. Avoid this accident situationby doing the following:
When turning right:
• Get in the far right of the road or get inthe right lane well in advance.
• Flash the right turn signal at least 30meters before the turn.
• Allow 50 cm between your vehicle andthe curb. This will discourage otherdrivers from squeezing between youand the curb.
AccidentsHappen at
IntersectionsDue to
Driver’s Errors
54
• Be sure you have the right-of-way and there isno cross traffic.
• Check both ways and any blind spots.
When going straight through intersections:
• Be sure you have the right-of-way.
• Slow down and prepare to stop.
• Count two seconds before moving when the light turnsgreen.
• Look left (traffic coming from the left is closest), lookright, and then look left again.
• Accelerate through the intersection when it is safe.
When turning left:
• Get in the left lane well in advance.
• Turn on the left signal at least 35 meters beforethe turn.
• Stop and yield the right-of-way to cross traffic andoncoming vehicles.
• Turn when it is safe.
Passing and Overtakingis a Normal Part of Driving,
but It Must be DoneCarefully.
55
Safe-Driving TipsA defensive driver is always prepared for the unexpected. Hedevelops skills in avoiding accidents. He is always expectedto do the following:
• Fasten his seat belt and encourage passengers to do thesame.
• Plan his route before driving anywhere.
• Anticipate all turns.
• Avoid unnecessary lane changes.
• Adjust his speed according to the flow of traffic andthe road conditions.
• Yield the right-of-way to others.
• Constantly show others his intentions and communicateas situations arise.
• Maintain a space-cushion.
• Slow down before driving into acurve.
• Keep both hands on the steeringwheel and steer high.
• Make courtesy a habit.
To avoid rear-end collisions, the defensive driver shouldroutinely do the following:
• Check that his tail lights are working properly.
• Frequently glance at his rearview mirrors.
• Always signal well in advance.
• Never stop suddenly. Slow down gradually.
• Avoid driving too slowly. Go with the flow of traffic.
Gowith the
Flow
56
City driving requires different skills than those used whendriving in the desert or on a highway. So keep the following inmind:
• Always watch for vehicles coming out of side streets.
• Always watch for vehicle doors opening.
• Be patient when driving in slow-moving traffic.
• Always watch for pedestrians and children.
• Always plan your trip ahead of time.
• Do not concentrate on non-traffic related objects.
Driving Situations
City Driving
If You Don'tNotice Drivers inParked Vehicles,It Doesn't Mean
thereare None
57
Expressway DrivingMost expressways provide acceleration and deceleration lanes.These lanes allow drivers to adjust their speed to match theflow of traffic. When exiting an expressway:
• Signal your intention.
• Move to the lane nearest the off-ramp.
• Pull into the exit before slowingdown.
When entering an expressway:
• If the outer lane is clear, increase yourspeed gradually.
• Use your signal.
• Watch for an opening in expressway traffic.
• Yield the right-of-way.
• Pick up your speed to match the flow of traffic.
• Do not stop at the end of the acceleration lane unlesstraffic is heavy.
• Merge with traffic through the outer lane.
• If you need to get in the inner lane, signal, view yourmirrors, look into the blind spot, then change lanes.
Backing upon an
Expresswayis
Suicidal
58
General Rules for Highway Driving• Always fasten your seat belt.
• Plan your trip in advance so you willknow where you want to get on andoff.
• Go with the flow of traffic.
• Do not follow vehicles too closely.Always leave yourself an out in caseof an emergency.
• Drive in the right lanes and pass on the left.
• Use your rearview mirrors to check the traffic be-hind you.
• Pull over to the right shoulder to stop. Never stop onthe road.
• Allow enough room when passing.
• Never try to flag or stop traffic. If you do, you maybe hit by a passing vehicle.
• Stay out of blind spots.
• Constantly check your speed and fuel supply.
• Be prepared for merging traffic.
If You Can’tReach
Your ExitSafely,
Drive on tothe
Next One
59
Night DrivingAt night your vision is reduced. The average range of yourheadlights is limited to 150 meters. Because of this you mustreduce your speed to avoid an accident. There is also theproblem of the blinding glare. Don’t look directly intooncoming headlights. Look to the right side of the road.Defensive drivers use the low beam to avoid blinding otherdrivers.
Always dim your headlights:
• When an oncoming vehicle comes within 150 meters.
• When you are 90 meters behind a vehicle.
Always:
• Turn your headlights on half an hourbefore sunset.
• Use your lights until half an hourafter sunrise.
• Apply the four second rule to ensure stoppingcapability within the lighted span.
Use High Beam Only When Driving in Open AreasWithout Other Cars Near
Always Use Low Beam When Approaching Other Carsso as Not to Blind the Driver
Slow Downat Night
60
Safety Tips for Night Driving• When you begin to feel tired or sleepy, park on the side
of the road to rest.
• Keep your eyes moving to avoid dangerous “fixed stare.”
• Never wear sunglasses at night.
• Use your headlights, not your parking lights.
• Use your high beam only when you are driving outsidecities and there are no oncoming vehicles or vehiclesahead of you.
• Even with your high beam on, drive slower than youwould during the day.
If an oncoming driver has high beams on, take these actions toavoid being blinded by the glare of those headlights:
• If the car is far enough away, flick your high beams onbriefly to remind the oncoming driver to dim his lights.
• If the oncoming driver continues to use high-beamlights, slow down and glance at the right edge of theroad as a guide for your lane position.
• Glance ahead frequently to check the position ofoncoming traffic. Do not look directly at the brightheadlights.
61
Desert DrivingDesert driving is extremely dangerous. The smallest mistakecan lead to disaster. You must know preparation proceduresand safety guidelines. Inexperienced drivers should know ofthe dangers before leaving and take necessary precautions.Remember: safety is a personal responsibility.
Vehicle ChecklistWhen driving in the desert use a four-wheel drive. Never drivealone. Always travel with two or more vehicles.
Preparation for desert driving requires a thorough vehiclecheck:
• Fuel: Make sure you have enough fuel to reach and returnfrom your destination. Carry extra fuel in a vapor-tight metalcan. Never fill it completely. Leave room for the fuel toexpand. Ensure that vehicles have extra fuel tanks.
• Sand Tires: Check for cuts and wear. Check for properinflation. Before driving in soft sand, lower the pressure12 to 16 psi. Always use a pressure gauge.
• Oil : Check the oil level; check for oil leaks (filter, gaskets,oil pan, etc.).
• Cooling System: Check the radiator waterlevel. Make sure the cap is tight. Check forleaks in the radiator, hoses, and engineblock. Also check that the fan belts are tightand not cracked.
• Electrical System: Check the followingitems: battery electrolyte level, batterycables, lights, starter, horn, and dashboardgauges. Make sure the engine runs smoothly.
• Undercarriage: Inspect for broken springs or loose parts.
A Mistakein theDesertCan beFatal
62
Supply ChecklistAfter inspecting the vehicle, run through a checklist ofsupplies. The amount of supplies you will need is determinedby the length of your trip. Following is a partial list:
• Compass for map reading, GPS, or cell phone if available.
• Map or a guide.
• Water (five gallons or 30 liters in summer, and 15 liters inwinter per day, per person, with a minimum of a three-dayextra supply per person for emergencies).
• Food (canned or dried, not fresh; omit salty food items).
• Can opener, salt, plastic or glass container for drinking.
• First-aid kit with appropriate medicines.
• Pressure bandages, antiseptic lotion, and other suitablemedicines.
• Iodine or bleach to disinfect water (five drops of iodine foreach quart of clear water, 10 drops for dirty water, and letis stand for 30 minutes; 10 drops of bleach for each quartof clear water, 20 drops for dirty water, and let it stand for30 minutes).
• Two spare tires.
• Lug wrench for changingtires.
• Hydraulic and bumperjacks.
• Air and fuel pumps.
• Low-pressure tire gauge.
• Fan belt, radiator hoses, and band clamps.
• Tool box containing basic tools.
• Electrical wire and jumper cables.
• Water pump, carburetor, distributor (including breakerpoints) for older vehicles.
Driving in the Desert?Don’t Forget Your Compass
and Map
63
• Condenser.
• Spark plugs and wrench.
• Hose 1/4” x 8 meters long.
• Hand pump for blowing out gas lines.
• Friction tape to repair hose leaks.
• CO2 fire extinguisher.
• Shovel.
• Sand grates (two minimum).
• Nylon tow rope 20-meter x 1” diameter shackles.
• One liter of engine oil.
• Wooden blocks (to put under vehicle frame and on sand tojack it out of a hole in the sand).
• Sunglasses, hat or helmet, tie ropes or twine.
• Signal flares.
• Cotton shirt (long-sleeved) and trousers.
• Comfortable shoes.
• Sleeping bag for overnight travel.
• Large-mouthed containers (four plastic buckets).
• Clothespins (wooden).
• Tarpaulin for protection from the sun (bright color).
• Four large plastic sheets and 1/4” nylon hose, 2 meters long.
Driving ondeflated tires in
sand will shortentheir life service.
Desert driving increasesfuel consumption by 64%
compared withon-road driving.
A Trip to the DesertBegins By Signing Out
at the Main Gate
Loading the vehicle topwill increase the possibility
to over turn it.
64
Do Not Drive in the DesertWithout a Compass
TOKYO COMPASS JAPAN
0 cm
0 in0.5
11.5
22.5
4
12
34
56
10
30
60120
150210
240
300
330
65
NavigationHow to Use a Map-Reading Compass forNavigationA map-reading compass has a special function for using itwith a map. It provides higher accuracy than a conventionalpocket, wrist, or dashboard compass.
General Knowledge for Using a CompassGeographical North (Map North), Magnetic North andVariation (Declination)
Ordinarily we use the words "north," "south," etc.,unconcernedly. However, we must realize there are two kindsof north; i.e., geographical north and magnetic north.
Geographical north is established geographically. The circlesof longitude of a map are drawn in correlation to thegeographical poles, and the lines show the direction of thegeographical north. The direction of these lines is differentfrom the direction the magnetic needle points to. On anordinary map, up is the direction of geographical north and
Figure 1
66
The lines of equal variation are veryirregular; however, an areatopographical map gives the localvariation. (Refer to Figure 2)
To get the geographically correctdegree of a direction, you must eithersubtract or add the local variation,depending on which side of the zerodeclination line you are on. To obtaina true map bearing, read the bearingon your compass. If the localvariation is western, subtract thevariation from the reading; if it is
eastern, add it to the reading. However, it is more practical foryou to use the bearing you get when you set the magneticnorth as 0°.
Figure 2
down is geographical south. The right and left sides of themap are east and west, respectively. The magnetic poles areclose to the geographical poles, but are not coincidental. Theangle between the straight lines pointing from the place ofobservation to the geographical poles and magnetic North Poleis called variation or declination of the place. The variationdiffers from place to place in the world.
67
How to Use a Map Reading CompassHow to Maintain the Direction of an Object
Suppose you can see an object like a communication pole. Ifyou can see the pole while you are walking, there is no problem.However, on the way to the pole you may have to go throughwadis or high hills where you cannot see the pole. In suchcases, you may lose the direction of the pole and need yourcompass to find it.
1. Before you start walking, hold your compass as level aspossible and point the arrow on the scale to the direction ofthe pole.
2. Turn the rotating ring and put N (0°) in the direction of theN end (the luminous end) of the magnetic needle.
3. Read the bearing at the index line. This is the bearing of thepole. Keep this bearing until you reach a place from whereyou can clearly see the pole again.
For instance, in Figure 3 thedirection of the object is320°. (To express it exactly,you must adjust the localvariations as explained.However, as long as youunderstand the meaning ofvariation, you can say thedirection of the object is320° from magnetic north.)
Figure 3
320
68
How to Reach the Destination Shown ona MapFind your present location, the direction of the destination, andmagnetic north.
1. First, spread the map and draw directional lines of mag-netic north according to the variation given on the map. Fordrawing lines, use the sides of the compass or a ruler. If thevariation of the place is 5° western, subtract 5° from 360°and set the bearing graduation 355° to the index line. Thenmake the arrows in the compass capsule parallel to the north-
south line of the map (longitudeline or up-down frame lines ofthe map) without moving the ro-tating ring, and draw a line asshown in Figure 4.
2. Find your present locationand your destination on themap and draw a straight linebetween these two places.Place your compass on theline so the index line (arrowmark) points to thedestination.
3. Then, turn the rotating ringand make the arrows in thecompass capsule parallel tothe magnetic north lines youdrew in step 1. (At this stageyou do not have to mind theposition of the magneticneedle.)
Next, hold your compass and turn yourself slowly until thenorth end (the luminous end) of the magnetic needle isparallel to the arrows in the compass capsule.
Figure 4
Draw several lines parallel tothe first magnetic north line you
drew.
69
Now proceed in the direction the arrow of the travel line points.Keep the magnetic needle parallel to the arrows of the compasscapsule. Go in this direction until you reach the destination.
When you arrive at the first destination, repeat the sameprocedure. Repeat the procedure until you reach your finaldestination.
While you are proceeding toward the destination, you have tomake sure of the direction by looking at your compass. Go asstraight as possible. If the deviation to the right or left of thecorrect course is large, the error at your goal becomes evenlarger.
Figure 5
70
Plan Your Trip Carefullyso You do Not Get Lost in
the Desert
Finding your Location on the MapLocate yourself on a high point from where any two distinctivefeatures of the landscape are visible. The two distinctivefeatures must be shown on the map.
Suppose you can see mountain A on the left andcommunication pole B on the right side.
Point the index line (arrow) toward mountain A. Then, turnthe rotating ring and set "N" of the dial to the north end of thecompass needle. Place the compass on the map and adjust themap so that the magnetic north line on the map becomesparallel to the magnetic needle and the NS lines in the compasscapsule. Keeping that state, slide the compass on the map untilone side of the scale points to the mountain A on the map.Then, draw a line as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6
71
Then, turn towards communication pole B and repeat the sameprocedure. The point of intersection of these two straight linesis your present location on the map (Figure 7).
Flashlights or Flares areHandy to Signal with
at Night
Mirages or Shamals mayHide Important
Geographical Features
Figure 7
72
Ground-To-Air Signal Code
Car Breakdown and OtherEmergencies
If your car breaks down or is stuck in sand or subkha, stayclose by it. It is a large object that can be easily located bysearch teams.
Signalling to Rescuers
Some of the signals used to attract the attention of rescuersare:
• Lighting a fire by using a mixture of engine oil and 20%gasoline.
• Burning a tire or bushes.
• Using the internal rearview mirror of the car to signal toaircraft, other distant motorists, or beduins.
• Spreading the colored (bright) tarpaulin 2 meters from thecar.
• Make sure the airplane pilot sees you before you start sig-nalling the following:
73
Before Leaving the RoadBefore leaving the road and driving into the desert, alwaysestablish your location. Look for landmarks (such as jebels orpipelines). Mark them down on your map or in a notebook asyou pass them. Also note the sun and wind direction. The desertwind usually blows from the north. Always check weatherconditions before beginning your trip. Never travel in windyor wet weather. Never drive off-road at night. This is thequickest way to get lost or have an accident.
When stuck in the sand:
• Engage second gear low rangebefore leaving the road.
• Take everybody out of the vehicle if your vehicle getsstuck in sand, and make them push.
• Have the driver (the lightest person) apply power slowly.Be careful not to spin the wheels.
• Determine which direction has firmer ground (forwardor backward).
If the vehicle remains stuck:• Lower tire pressure to 15 psi. (Use automatic tire
deflators.)
• Dig sand away from front, back, and sides of tires (don’tdig too deep).
• Stuff material (bushes, boards, or sand mat) underthe wheels in the direction you will go.
• Lighten the load by removing cargo.
• It is always preferred to back up if the sand is softerahead.
Another method, if you are travelling with a second vehicle,is to use a tow line. Be careful the second vehicle doesn’ttravel too closely. You don’t want it to get stuck too!
Never DriveOff-Roadat Night
74
When Lost in the DesertThe first thing you should do is park on high ground. Don’tcontinue driving. Don’t panic. Do not abandon the vehicleand walk away. Vehicles are easier to spot in the desert than awalking person. Soak the spare tire in kerosene and light it.(Don’t use gasoline only; mix it with oil because gasoline isdangerous.) The black smoke will alert the search team ofyour location.
Drink plenty of water and rest in the shade. Remain fullyclothed to minimize sweating. If you are stuck overnight, makewater traps to collect extra drinking water (four traps perperson).
Making a Water Trap
• Dig a hole 12 to 18 inches deep.
• Place a wide-mouthed recep-tacle in the hole.
• Stretch a plastic sheet across the hole, staking it downwith rocks or sand. Make sure it is taut.
• Place a small rock over the receptacle to create a slightsag in the plastic sheet.
• Place one end of a hose in the bottom of the bucket.Fasten it to the bucket side with a clothes-pin. Keep theother end of the hose closed to prevent entry of dust andinsects.
During the night, condensation will create drops of water thatfall in the receptacle. Make several water traps.
Lost in the Desert?Don’t Walk Awayfrom Your Vehicle
75
Checking Before Leaving and After ReturningBefore beginning a desert trip, all Saudi Aramco employeesmust notify their supervisor(s) of their destination, theirestimated time of arrival and return.
For work trips you must sign out in the Industrial Security logat the nearest main gate. Sign in the same log upon returning.
For recreational trips, inform the main gate and a good friend.Provide both with a map of where you intend to go and thetime you expect to return.
When you leave the desert and return to the road:
• Disengage the front-wheel drive.
• Remove the automatic deflators, if any.
• Reinflate the tires to the designated psi.
• Report to the main gate.
• Notify your supervisor and friends.
• Fill out designated Saudi Aramco forms if vehiculardamages occurred.
• Take the vehicle to the repair shop and use a replacementvehicle temporarily.
Never DrinkWaterfrom a
Radiator:Coolant isPoisonous
76
EmergenciesAn emergency situation can occur at any time. As a defensivedriver, you must know what to do in an emergency.
• Accelerator Sticks
Concentrate on your steering. Slap the pedal with your foot.If it remains stuck, shift to neutral and turn off the engine.Pull off the road and brake to a stop.
• Brakes Fail
Pump the pedal several times to see if the pressure builds up.If it doesn’t, coast in gear and use the parking brake. Shiftinto a lower gear. If you are on a hill, look for somethingto sideswipe, like a guardrail. Honk your horn to warnpedestrians and other vehicles.
• Wet Brakes
After driving through deep water, test the brakes lightly. Ifthey are wet, they will pull to one side or not work at all.Drive slowly in low gear.Apply your brakes lightly todry them.
• Tire Blowout
If your tire blows out, keep afirm grip on the steering wheel. Don’t brake! Concentrate onsteering. Slow down gradually and pull off the road.
• Wheels Go Off the Pavement
Take your foot off the gas pedal. Hold the steering wheelfirmly. Apply the brakes softly. Wait until there is no traffic,then turn both front wheels onto the pavement slowly.
• Skidding
Skidding occurs when the tires lose their grip on the road.When your vehicle skids, turn the steering wheel in thedirection of the skid. Do not apply the brake or clutch pedal.Reduce speed gradually.
If Your Tire Blows Out,Don’t Brake…
Decelerate Gradually
77
• Rollovers
Rollovers may occur when vehicles are forced off the roadinto the sand. The vehicle rolls over when the driver tries todrive back onto the road without slowing down. If you findyourself off the road, take your foot off the accelerator. Let thevehicle coast. Do not brake! Steer straight.
• Hydroplaning
Hydroplaning occurs when water builds up on the tires. Thevehicle is lifted off the road on a film of water. The driverdoes not have complete control of the vehicle. Drive slowlyin heavy rain to avoid hydroplaning.
At speeds above 90 kph, awater wedge may increaseand the tire loses complete
contact with the road,causing total
hydroplaning.
At speeds above 50 kph, awater wedge may penetrate
tire-road contact andpartial hydroplaning
occurs.
At low speeds, a tire cutsthrough water at tire-roadjuncture, and remains in
complete contactwith the road.
Steer Clear of Accidents:Learn What to do in an
Emergency
78
• Vehicle Approaching in Your Lane
Steer to the right side of the road. Give the entire lane to theoncoming car. Sound your horn and flash your headlights. Ifyou cannot leave your lane, brake sharply. This will lessen theimpact if there is a collision.
• Fire
If your vehicle catches fire, there is probably a short circuit.Try to extinguish the fire with your fire extinguisher. Use ajack handle or other tool to rip out burning wires. If you don’thave a tool, try to smother the fire with sand or a blanket.
If the fire gets out of control, get away from the vehicle quickly.The gas tank may explode. Use good judgment. Personalsafety comes first.
79
• Emergency Communication
If your vehicle breaks down, use the emergency flashing lightsto signal other drivers. Emergency flashing lights tell otherdrivers that you can't move, or if you can, you are movingvery slowly.
It is not safe to open the hood or trunk cover. Instead, turn onyour four-way or emergency flashers.
In fog or heavy rain, if visibility is so poor that driving isdangerous, pull off the road and park. Turn on your four-wayflashers to warn others that your vehicle is not moving.
When you think a tire is punctured, or the dashboard indicatorssignal engine failure, turn on your four-way flashers, reduceyour speed gradually, and firmly move out of traffic towardthe right shoulder of the road. Keep the flashers on after placingthe warning triangles.
80
A Vehicle Doesn’t Haveto be Moving to
Cause an Accident
ParkingA vehicle doesn’t have to be moving to cause an accident.Improperly parked vehicles can cause accidents and evendeath. When parking, do the following:
• Bring your vehicle to acomplete stop.
• Set the parking brake.• Turn your wheels toward the
sidewalk shoulder if you areparking downhill, and awayfrom it if you are parking uphill.
• Switch off the ignition.
• Shift into park (automatic transmission) or first gear orreverse (manual transmission).
• Remove your keys.• Lock the doors.
Emergency Parking
In addition to following the above steps during an emergencyparking situation, you must do the following:
On two-way roads:
• Move your vehicle at least 2 meters away from the road.
• Place one warning triangle 50 meters in front of thevehicle.
• Place another warning triangle 100 meters behind thevehicle.
On multi-lane roads:
• Place two warning triangles behind the vehicle: one at10 meters, and another at 100 meters.
• Don’t forget to retrieve the rear triangles on the roadbefore moving your vehicle.
81
Parallel ParkingContrary to what some people think, parallel parking is easy.Practice the following steps.
• Stop even with the vehicle ahead (about 60 cm away).
• Turn the wheels sharply to the right and back slowlytoward the vehicle behind.
Never Leave Your VehicleWithout Setting the
Parking Brake
82
• When your front door passes the back bumper of thevehicle ahead, straighten the wheels and continue straightback.
• When clear of the vehicle ahead, turn the wheels sharplyto the left and back up slowly.
• Turn the wheels sharply to the right and pull toward thecurb.
83
Never Park:
• Next to any vehicle parked along a curb. (double park)
• On a sidewalk.
• In an intersection.
• Where you obstruct traffic or entrances of garages.
• On a bridge or overpass.
• In a tunnel.
• On railroad tracks.
• Where signs prohibit parking.
• Within 5 meters of a fire hydrant.
• Within 6 meters of a fire station driveway.
• Within 10 meters of a stop sign.
• Near street excavation.
• On highways. Move your vehicle off the road.
It is Against the Lawto Double Park
Sidewalksare for
Pedestrians, NotVehicles: Don’t
Park onSidewalks
84
Most accidents are caused by driver error. This is particularlytrue when driving under adverse conditions. But even underthe most adverse conditions (rain, fog, shamal, etc.), it ispossible to drive safely.
Driver ConditionThe most important factors affecting safe driving are thephysical, mental, and emotional condition of the driver. Analert and physically fit driver is able to respond to any situation.Never drive when you are tired or sleepy. If you are sleepy,pull off the side of the road and rest.
Never drive when you are taking prescription drugs that causedrowsiness. Read instructions regarding possible side effects.
Adverse Driving Conditions
85
Always take into consideration any physical impairments youmay have. These include old age, poor vision, and disease. Ifyou suffer from a physical impairment, consult your physicianbefore driving.
Vehicle ConditionThe condition of your vehicle affects your ability to controlit. It also affects your ability to see other drivers andpedestrians. Like the driver, the vehicle should be in excellentcondition. When your vehicle has a mechanical defect, take itto a mechanic immediately.
Never drive a vehicle that has faulty brakes.
Never drive in the rain or fog if your windshield wipers arenot working properly.
Never drive if you have a defective muffler. It could causeyour vehicle to fill with carbon monoxide, which will kill you.
Make sure your tires are properly inflated and not worn.Defective tires cause skidding and blowouts.
TheCondition
of YourVehicle
Affects YourAbility toControl it
86
Make sure your turn signal and headlights work properly. Theyaffect both your vision and your ability to signal other driversof your intentions.
Make sure your horn works. In an emergency situation, youmay need to sound a warning.
Make sure the seat belts are in good condition. Thedefensive driver always fastens seat belts and enforces theiruse.
Road ConditionThe condition of the road affects your ability to steer thevehicle. It also affects your ability to stop. Poor weather is thebiggest factor affecting road condition.
The defensive driver always adjusts his speed to the roadsurface condition. When the road surface is wet and slippery,decrease your speed. Posted speed limits are for idealconditions only.
Watch out for potholes and dips in the road surface. If you hita pothole or dip too hard, you could misalign your front wheelsor even lose control of your vehicle.
Speed must be reduced when roads are:
• Curved (bends, detours, and cloverleaf interchanges).
• Undergoing maintenence or repair.
• Uneven, rocky, or sandy.
• About to become narrow.
• Intersecting with railroads or bridges.
• Fitted with speed bumps or rumble strips.
Don’t Become Another Statistic:Keep Your Vehicle in Excellent
Condition
87
Traffic ConditionTraffic condition is determined by the number of other driverson the road. It is also determined by the number of pedestrians.
The amount of traffic depends on the time of day and the dayof the week. Traffic is heavier during the morning andafternoon when people are going to and coming from work.When possible, avoid rush traffic. Remember: the more traffic,the greater the risk of an accident.
If you are unable to avoid driving during rush traffic, planyour route to avoid heavily congested streets (feeders).
When in heavy traffic, go with the flow. This meansconforming to the pace of the traffic around you. If you drivefaster or slower than thevehicles around you, you causeadditional passing. Additionalpassing increases the chance ofan accident.
The Defensive DriverAvoids Rush Traffic
In Heavy Traffic Go with the Flow
STOP
STOP
88
Light ConditionThe light condition affects your ability to see and be seen.
Night driving is particularly dangerous. See Night Driving onpage 60 for safe-driving techniques for nighttime driving.
When driving in too much light, such as driving directly inthe morning sun, wear sunglasses or use your sun visor.
Also remember that when you have difficulty seeing otherdrivers, they have difficulty seeing you. So take extraprecautions. Take care so others can see you. Switch yourheadlights on at dusk and at dawn.
AlwaysReduce
Your Speedat Night
89
Weather ConditionBad weather includes rain, fog, and sandstorms. When yourvision is reduced to 300 meters or less during the daytimebecause of bad weather, you should turn on your low-beamheadlights.
Slow Down in Bad WeatherWhen the weather is very bad, it is best not to drive at all. Ifyou must drive, reduce your speed. Always be prepared tomake an emergency stop. Always watch for red taillights.
Do not drive with your flashers on. Turn your low-beam lightson in fog. If you are on the road and the weather gets worse,pull over and wait.
Never DriveFaster Than is
Safe UnderExisting
Conditions
90
Reporting an AccidentIf you are involved in, or become aware of, a traffic accident,contact the nearest main gate. Use the telephone numbers listedbelow. If you do not have access to a telephone, send someonein person to the main gate.
Dhahran 874-2055
Abqaiq 572-5291
Ras Tanura 673-5231
Safaniya 378-3301
‘Udhailiyah 577-8212
Yanbu’ 321-4500
Abu’Ali 678-2228
Berri 678-7226
Ju’aymah 678-9227
Mubarraz 577-2344
Tanajib 378-3274
Riyadh 285-1812, 1816
Jiddah 427-5555
Do not leave the scene of the accident. If you must takesomeone to the hospital, return as soon as possible. Also, donot move your vehicle until you have been told to do so by theinvestigating traffic officer.
Cooperate with the investigating officer. He is there to helpyou.
Saudi Aramco Policy
Dial 110for
Emergency Service
91
G.I. 6.030Loss Prevention General Instruction 6.030, states that all SaudiAramco licensed driver employees and contractor employeesassigned to drive company vehicles must satisfactorilycomplete the Driver Improvement Program. Unassigned SaudiAramco drivers are also included. Following is a briefsummary of important points:
1. Requirements to Drive a Company Vehicle:
• Hold a valid driver’s license recognized by theGovernment.
• Complete DIP.
• Take supervisor’s road test.
• Off-road vehicles and heavy trucks drivers must passthe related *T&CD tests.
• Authorized drivers should take a **DIRS every threeyears.
2. Motor Vehicle Accidents resulting in damage to Companyvehicles must be reported on Saudi Aramco form 1193,according to G.I. 6.029.
3. Criteria Determining Safe-Driving Incentives:
• Number of kilometers driven (refer to G.I. 50.007).
• Number of days driven without MVA/violations.
• Criteria of employee’s department.
4. Citations for Unsafe Driving Practice:
• Industrial Security is responsible for issuing citations fortraffic violations using SA-2412 "Notice ForUnauthorized Parking and Unsafe Driving Practice"
• Department head takes corrective action.
• A copy is kept in the employee’s file.Whether employees are assigned to drive Saudi Aramco vehiclesor not, must complete DIP and take DIRS*T&CD**Driver Improvement Program Refresher Seminar
92
Note:
5. Penalty points will be issued to the drivers involved in theinfraction. Penalty point categories are listed below. Pen-alty points assigned should reflect such factors as whetheran *MVA or violation involved personal injury, damage toproperty, or repeated infractions.
I. Motor Vehicle Accidents
1. Preventable MVAs:
— Vehicle a total loss 14— $1,000 or more damage 9— Less than $1,000 damage 4
2. Reckless driving which results in injury 14
3. Non-preventable or non-recordable MVAs 0
II. Moving Traffic Violations
1. Reckless driving (combination of movingviolations) 10
2. Speeding: Exceeding speed limit by— 10 kph or less 3— 10 to 20 kph 6— 21 to 30 kph 8— Over 30 kph 10
3. Driving on the wrong side of a divided roadway 10
4. Passing in a "No Passing" zone 6
5. Failure to obey a traffic signal or stop sign 8
6. Not using seat belts (drivers or passengers) 8
7. More than 3 people in front seat 5
8. Passengers in back of open pickup truck 4
* Motor Vehicle Accident
93
III. Parking Offenses
1. Parking in an emergency route or emergencyvehicle space 4
2. Parking in a posted Handicapped Parking area 4
3. Parking on the wrong side of the street (againstthe traffic flow) 3
4. Parking in a posted "No Parking" zone 2
5. Parking in a posted "Reserved" area 1
MultipleViolations
Could Leadto the
End of YourDrivingPrivilege
Drivingis a
Privilege,Not aRight
94
Notes
Notes
Notes
Notes
END 60-KM SPEEDLIMIT ZONE
END OFOVERTAKINGPROHIBITION
END OF OVERTAKINGBY TRUCKS
PROHIBITION
PASS THISSIDE
MANDATORYMOVEMENT
ROTARY TRAFFIC(ROUND ABOUT)
PASS THISSIDE
PASS EITHERSIDE
MANDATORYMOVEMENT
RESTRICTEDSPEED LIMIT ENDS
MANDATORYMOVEMENT
MANDATORYMOVEMENT
PEDESTRIANSPERMITTED
GO CAUTIOUSLY
BUS STOP
THIS ROAD ISFOR CARS ONLY
TELEPHONEAHEAD
CITY LIMITS
DIRECTION SIGNS
STOP
PREPARE TOSTOP
FLASHINGYELLOW (YIELD)
DIRECTION SIGNS
END COMPULSORYMINIMUM SPEED
COMPULSORYMINIMUM
FLASHINGRED (STOP)
TRAFFIC SIGNALS
CROSSROADS TWO-WAYTRAFFIC
ROAD BENDSTO THE RIGHT
RIGHT LANEENDS MERGE LEFT
DIVIDEDHIGHWAY
ENDS
ROADNARROWS
DANGEROUS BENDSLEFT - RIGHT
RIGHTENTERINGTRAFFIC
ROAD BENDSTO THE LEFT
DANGEROUS BENDSRIGHT - LEFT
WINDINGROAD
LEFT ENTERINGTRAFFIC
ONE WAYRIGHT
ONE WAY
ONE WAY
ONE WAYLEFT
MANDATORYMOVEMENT
RESTAURANT
SERVICESTATION
PETROL STATIONAHEAD
FIRST AIDSTATION
THIS SIDE ROADIS CLOSED
THIS SIDE ROADIS CLOSED
INTERNATIONALHIGHWAY
HOSPITAL
PARKING
PRIORITYIS YOURS
UNIFIED DIRECTIONOF TRAVEL
INFORMATION SIGNS
ROAD WITHPRIORITY
END OF THERIGHT OF WAY
PARKING/STOPPINGTIME-RESTRICTED
P
PARKING/STOPPINGPROHIBITED
P
NO BUSESPERMITTED
NO RIGHTTURN
MAXIMUMSPEED LIMIT
60 KPH
10-TON LIMITNO LEFT
TURNNO TRUCKSPERMITTED
NO TANDEMTRUCKS
PERMITTED
NO WAITINGPERMITTED
NOU-TURN
3-TON LIMITEACH AXLE
VERTICALCLEARANCE5.5 METERS
PRIORITY FORINCOMING TRAFFIC
NO TRAILERSPERMITED
NO STOPPING/WAITING
PERMITTED
NO WAITINGON ODD DAYS
OVERTAKINGPROHIBITTED
DO NOTSOUND HORN
HORIZONTALCLEARANCE2-METERS
DO NOTPASS FARM
ANIMALS
50-METERSBETWEENVEHICLES
NO TRUCKSPASSING AHEAD
NO WAITINGON EVEN DAYS
REGULATORY
APPROCHINGTRAFFIC CIRCLE
SIDE ROADCROSSES THE MAIN
ROAD
YIELD THERIGHT OF WAY
STOP
ENTRYPROHIBITED FOR
ALL VEHICLES
NO CARSPERMITTED
ðIUÞl Þd‚ vKŽ dOÝ WIDM�
5¼U&≈
ðIUÞl Þd¹o —zO�v
�l �dŽv
�MFDn �KOL5 «�Dd¹o ¹COo �s
«�OL5
«&UÁ ��²b¹d
�MFDn �KO�U— «�Dd¹o ¹COo �s
«'U½³5
—Ëd*« WOKC�√ jŽ√
‰öš ·u�u�« —uD��
tMOF� ÂU¹«Ë UŽUÝ
2MuŸ �dË— «(U�ö
2MuŸ «�u�u· �v
łLOl «ôË�U
2MuŸ �dË— «�AUŠMU
2MuŸ «ô½²EU— 2MuŸ �dË— «*d�³U
–« «*IDu—Á
2MuŸ «ô&UÁ �KOL5 √�Bv Šb �K�dŽt ∞∂
�KrØ”
2MuŸ «ô&UÁ ¹�U—«Î
2MuŸ «�bË—«Ê �K�Kn «�Bv ŠLu�t �KL×u—
«�u«Šb ≥ Þs
«�Bv ŠLu�t ∞±
Þs
½NU¹W �MDIt %b¹b
«��dŽt ∞∂ �KrØ”
«�e «�OL5 «�U�p œË—«Ê ≈ł³U—È
�KOL5 Ë«�O�U—
½NU¹W 2MuŸ «�²−UË“ «�e «�O�U— «&UÁ ��²b¹d
½NU¹t 2MuŸ &UË“
«�AUŠMU
«��Od ŽKv √Šb łU½³v
«�Dd¹o
√œ½v ÝdŽt ≈ł³U—¹t
�DFr
«&UÁ �uŠb �d�e ≈�öÕ �u�n ŠU�Kt
�×DW �×dË�U
≈½²NU¡ √�CKOt «*dË— Þd¹It –È √�CKOt
«*dË—
�p √�CKOt «*dË— ŽKv
«��OU—… «*IUÐKt
Þd¹o ��Bh
�K�OU—« �Ij
®√šCd© Ýd Ð×c—
®√ŠLd© �n
®«�Hd© ≈ݲFb �Ku�u·
�d�e ≈ÝFU· ¼Uðn ®«�Hd �²IDl© ¼bÈ¡
«��dŽt
��²AHv ŠbËœ «*b¹MW √ŠLd �²IDl �n
�u�n ÝOU—« ≈ýU—« «ô&UÁ Žö�W «ô&UÁ
«&UÁ √ł³U—È �KO�U— ½NU¹t √œ½v ÝdŽt
≈ł³U—¹t
«&UÁ «ł³U—È �KOL5 Þd¹o «ł³U—È �KLAUÁ
«&UÁ «ł³U—È �KO�U— «&UÁ ÝOd «ł³U—È
Þd¹o žOd ½U�c
Þd¹o žOd ½U�c
Þd¹o œË�v
«ô�CKOt �K�OU—«
«�IUœ�t
√ŽKv «—ðHUŸ µ\µ �²d ½NU¹t �MDIt %b¹b
«��dŽt
2MuŸ «Ý²FLU‰ «*M³t 2MuŸ �dË— «��OU—« «�²?v
¹e¹b Žd{NU Žs ≤ �²d
«&UÁ Ë«Šb �KOL5
«&UÁ Ë«Šb �KO�U—2MuŸ �dË— «(Ou«½U √�q ��U�t Ð5 ÝOU—ð5
∞µ �²d
n� 2MuŸ «�u�u· Ë«ô½²EU— 2MuŸ �dË— «*IDu—«
2MuŸ «�bšu‰ 2MuŸ «ô½²EU— �v
«ô¹U «�Hdœ¹t
2MuŸ «�²−UË“ �K�OU—«
2MuŸ «�²−UË“
�KAUŠMU
2MuŸ �dË— «��OU—« 2MuŸ «ô½²EU— �v
«ô¹U «�eËłOt
�M×MOU šDdÁ √Ë�NU
�KOL5
½NU¹W «�Dd¹o «*eœËÃ
�M×MOU šDdÁ √Ë�NU
�KO�U—
Þd¹o �dŽv �s «�OL5
ÝK�Kt �M×MOU šDdÁ Þd¹o �dŽv �s «�O�U—
HH
P
«�d¹U÷
;
;
«�ENd«Ê
«)³d
«�b�UÂ
OVERTAKINGIS ALLOWED
OVERTAKINGIS ALLOWEDFROM RIGHT
CENTEROF ROAD LINE
WARNINGLINES
OVERTAKINGIS ALLOWEDFROM LEFT
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
OVERTAKING ISPROHIBITED
¹�L` ÐU�²−UË“
2MuŸ «�²−UË“ �DFOUÎ
¹�L` ÐU�²−UË“ �K�OU—Á
�v «*�d» «_1s
¹�L` ÐU�²−UË“ �K�OU—Á
�v «*�d» «ô¹�d
šj �M²Bn «�Dd¹o
šDu◊ %c¹d¹t
LANEDETERMINATION
LINE
MAINROADINTERSECTION
AHEAD
STOP LINE ATTRAFFIC SIGNAL
STOP LINEAT "STOP" SIGN
STOP, ROAD WITHYIELD IS AHEAD
SIDEROADINTERSECTION
AHEAD
PREPARE TO CROSS(ON FLASHING
GREEN)
STOP
BENDINGOF THE ROAD
OVERTAKING ISPROHIBITED
WAIT(ON RED)
CROSSCAUTIOUSLY(ON GREEN)
PEDESTRIAN SIGNALS
šj %b¹b «*�d» �n
≈�²IU¡ «�Dd¹o ÐQšd
�dŽv
®√ŠLd© «½²Ed
√�²IU¡ «�Dd¹o ÐQšd
—zO�v
®√šCd �²IDl© ðNOQ
�KF³u—
šj «�u�u· ŽMb «ýU—Á
{uzOt
®√šCd© √Ž³d Ð×c—
šj «�u�u· ŽMb ≈ýU—Á
�n
2MuŸ «�²−UË“
�n √�U�p Þd¹o
√�CKOt
«�Dd¹o ¹M×Mv
DRAWBRIDGE
RAILROADCROSSING
WITHOUT GATES
RAILROADCROSSING WITH
GATE
PEDESTRIANCROSSING ZONE
FALLINGROCKS
ELECTRICALWIRES
UPHILL INCLINE(8:1 RATIO)
DOWNHILLINCLINE
(7:1 RATIO)
CAUTION
ANIMALCROSSING
ROADWORK
UNEVENROAD
TRAFFIC SIGNALSAHEAD
SLIPPERY ROAD
AIR STRIP
150 METERS
100 METERS
50 METERS
WARNING
ðIUÞl ÝJW Šb¹b
®ÐbËÊ Ðu«Ðt©
ł�d �²×d„ ÁUA*« —u³Ž
ðIUÞl ÝJW Šb¹b
®Ð³u«Ðt©
«Ýö„ �NdÐUzOt ŽKu¹t �dðHl šDd
�N³j ÞUzd« ��u— �²�U�Dt �M×b— šDd
Þd¹o žOd ��²uÈ
Þd¹o “�o
√�U�p «ýU—Á �dË—
{uzOt
∞µ �²d√ŽLU‰ ÐU�Dd¹o
�F³d �K×Ou«½U
≈Šc—
∞µ± �²d
∞∞± �²d
RA
ILR
OA
D T
RA
CK
S A
HE
AD
�R
ýd«
«
*�U
�t
�
s
šj
«
��
JW
Š
b¹
b
