defendants. ) this matter is beforethe courton two setsof ......v. ) caseno. 1:14-cv-01043-gbl.idd)...

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA ALEXANDRIA DIVISION PRO-FOOTBALL, INC., ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) V. ) Case No. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD ) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., ) ) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER is before the Court on two sets of cross-motions for summary judgment. First, Plaintiff Pro-Football, Inc. ("PFI"), Defendants Amanda Blackhorse, Marcus Briggs- Cloud, Phillip Cover, Jillian Pappan, and Courtney Tsotigh ("Blackhorse Defendants"), and the United States of America filed cross-motions for summary judgment on PFI's claims challenging the constitutionality of Section 2(a) of the Lanham Act (Counts III-VI) (Docs. 54, 105, and 108). Second, Blackhorse Defendants and PFI filed cross-motions for summary judgment on PFI's claims contesting the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board's ("TTAB") Order cancelling the registrations of six of PFI's trademarks on the grounds that they consisted of matter that "may disparage" Native Americans and bring them into contempt or disrepute, and that the defense of laches does not bar the claims (Counts I, II, and VII) (Docs. 69 and 79). This case concerns Blackhorse Defendants' petition to cancel the registration of six trademarks owned by PFI on the grounds that the marks consisted of matter that "may disparage" a substantial composite of Native Americans and bring them into contempt or disrepute under Section 2(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1052(a), at the time of their registrations (1967, 1974, 1978, and 1990). Case 1:14-cv-01043-GBL-IDD Document 161 Filed 07/08/15 Page 1 of 70 PageID# 6097

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Page 1: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

EASTERN DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA

ALEXANDRIA DIVISION

PRO-FOOTBALL, INC., )

)Plaintiff, )

)V. ) Case No. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD

)AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )

)Defendants. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

THIS MATTER is before the Court on two sets of cross-motions for summary judgment.

First, Plaintiff Pro-Football, Inc. ("PFI"), Defendants Amanda Blackhorse, Marcus Briggs-

Cloud, Phillip Cover, Jillian Pappan, and Courtney Tsotigh ("Blackhorse Defendants"), and the

United States of America filed cross-motions for summary judgment on PFI's claims challenging

the constitutionality of Section 2(a) of the Lanham Act (Counts III-VI) (Docs. 54, 105, and 108).

Second, Blackhorse Defendants and PFI filed cross-motions for summary judgment on PFI's

claims contesting the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board's ("TTAB") Order cancelling the

registrations of six of PFI's trademarks on the grounds that they consisted of matter that "may

disparage" Native Americans and bring them into contempt or disrepute, and that the defense of

laches does not bar the claims (Counts I, II, and VII) (Docs. 69 and 79). This case concerns

Blackhorse Defendants' petition to cancel the registration of six trademarks owned by PFI on the

grounds that the marks consisted of matter that "may disparage" a substantial composite of

Native Americans and bring them into contempt or disrepute under Section 2(a) of the Lanham

Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1052(a), at the time of their registrations (1967, 1974, 1978, and 1990).

Case 1:14-cv-01043-GBL-IDD Document 161 Filed 07/08/15 Page 1 of 70 PageID# 6097

Page 2: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 3: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 4: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 5: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 6: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 7: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 8: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 9: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 10: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 11: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 12: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 13: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 14: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 15: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 16: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 18: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 19: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 20: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 21: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 22: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 23: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 24: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 26: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 29: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 31: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 32: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 33: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 34: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 35: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 36: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 37: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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Page 38: Defendants. ) THIS MATTER is beforethe Courton two setsof ......V. ) CaseNo. 1:14-cv-01043-GBL.IDD) AMANDA BLACKHORSE, et al., )) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER THIS MATTER

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