941W. W. Hay, Exper i ment ing on a Small Planet, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28560-8, © Springer-Ver lag Ber lin Hei del berg 2013

DED I CA TION

Usu ally a ded i ca tion comes at the begin ning of a book. Here it is at the end, where it will mean more, because now you have some idea of who these people are.

First, my men tors and col leagues at the Uni ver sity of Illi nois, George W. White, Har old W. Scott, Ralph Lan gen heim, and George Swenson, who taught me the fine art of scep ti cism.

Then Cesare Emil i ani at the Uni ver sity of Miami. Cesare was a Renais sance Man—a ‘Poly math’—knowl edge able not only about his own area of sci ence, but many other fields as well. Cesare was one of the first sci en tists to real ize that planet Earth has a dis ease—uncon trolled growth of the human pop u la tion.

My col leagues in phys i cal ocean og ra phy and atmo spheric sci ence at RSMAS in Miami: Claes Ro oth and Eric Kraus, who had the audac ity to imag ine wholly dif fer ent modes of atmo spheric and oce anic cir cu la tion.

Earl Ka uff man at the Uni ver sity of Col o rado con vinced me we didn’t really under stand the cli mate of the Cre ta ceous.

I want to espe cially thank Jörn Thi ede, foun der of GE O MAR in Kiel, then Direc tor of the Alfred Wegener Institute in Brem er ha ven. Jörn gave me the oppor­tu nity to spend unfet tered years pur su ing my goal of under stand ing how the Earth’s ‘warm’ cli mate sys tem worked.

My col leagues at GE O MAR (now the Leib nitz Insti tut für Me eres wis sen chaf­ten): Roland von Hu ene, Erwin Su ess, and Wolf Chris tian Dullo. And Michael Sar nth ein at the Uni ver sity of Kiel’s Depart ment of Geo log i cal Sci ences.

942 DEDICATION

Then there my per sonal heroes who worked on under stand ing the symp toms of the dis ease:

Roger Rev elle, who elo quently described the ‘Great Uncon trolled Exper i ment.”

Wally Broec ker, who warned us that if we didn’t make rapid pro gress in under­stand ing the ocean and its role in cli mate sci ence, Mother Nature might get ahead of us.

Bill Rud di man, who real ized that the human influ ence on the planet began not with the Indus trial Rev o lu tion, but back at the begin nings of civ i li za tion.

And those who have metic u lously doc u mented the ongo ing cli mate change of Earths cli mate, but espe cially:

Phil Jones of the Cli mate Research Unit of the Uni ver sity of East Anglia.

Jim Han sen of NASA’s God dard Insti tute of Space Sci ence in New York.

Michael Mann of the Earth Sys tem Sci ence Cen ter of The Penn syl va nia State Uni ver sity

All of them have been sub jects of mali cious vil i fi ca tion for sim ply report ing fac­tual infor ma tion, offer ing sci en tific inter pre ta tion, and sug gest ing pos si ble means of ame lio ra tion to avoid the obvi ous disas ter if trends con tinue.

Finally, Al Gore. The only US pol i ti cian with enough back ground in sci ence to fully under stand the sit u a tion. And the courage to bring it to pub lic atten tion.

943W. W. Hay, Exper i ment ing on a Small Planet, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28560-8, © Springer-Ver lag Ber lin Hei del berg 2013

FIG URE SOURCES

Unfor tu nately I did not always note the original source for fig ures down loaded from Inter net web sites. I have found most of the original sites, but a few may have dis ap peared. Almost all of the fig ures down loaded (almost all por traits of sci en­tists) are avail able at multiple web sites. They can be found by typ ing the per sons name in Go ogle, and then select ing ‘images’ which usu ally brings up sev eral pages of pic tures. Almost none of these have fur ther attri bu tion or notice of copy right.

For each of the pic tures I used I have indi cated the link below. You should be able to find the pic ture by copy ing the link and search ing the page.

Where there is clear evi dence of copy right, I have noted it.I assume that mate rial taken from 100 year­old and older jour nals is no longer under copy right.

Fig. 1.1. Mod i fi ca tion of Soviet era post card. No copy right.

Fig. 1.2. Per sonal photo

Fig. 1.3. From http://earth guide.ucsd.edu/earth guide/ima gel i brary/emil i a nia hux leyi. html, Mod i fied to make grey scale image.

Fig. 2.1. From http://daus rawi thought.blog spot.com/2011/01/cogito­ergo­sum­i­think­there fore­i­am.html. This same pic ture also appears on sev eral other web sites. Not sure of original source. Mod i fied to make gray scale image.

Fig. 2.2. Original

Fig. 2.3. Original

Fig. 2.4. Original

Fig. 2.5. Original (Maps made from our own GE O MAR odsn.de web site.)

Fig. 2.6. Original (Map made from our own GE O MAR odsn.de web site.)

Fig. 2.7. Original (Map made from our own GE O MAR odsn.de web site.)

Fig. 2.8. Original

Fig. 2.9. Original

944

Fig. 2.10. Original

Fig. 2.11. Original

Fig. 2.12. Original

Fig. 3.1. From http://www.pret eri star chive.com/Books/1650_us sher_annals.html. Can also be found at a num ber of other sites on the web.

Fig. 3.2. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Georges_Louis_Lecl erc,_Count_of_ Buf fon. Can also be found at a num ber of other sites on the web.

Fig. 3.3. From http://his tor yofge ol o gy.fiel dof science.com/2010/06/james­hut ton­3­June­1726­26­March­1797.html. Can also be found at a num ber of other sites on the web.

Fig. 3.4. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/James_Hut ton. Cropped. Can also be found at a num ber of other sites on the web.

Fig. 3.5. Prob a bly from http://www.ar tofl eg end in di a.com/georges­cu vier­p­6148.html. But other sources can also be found on the web.

Fig. 3.6. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Charles_Lyell. Con verted to gray scale image.

Fig. 3.7. From the June 12, 1997 issue of Nature (N. S. Hai le, The pid dling school of geol ogy, Nature, v. 387, p. 650.) Con verted to gray scale image and enhanced.

Fig. 3.8. From http://gmcge ol o gy.blog spot.com/2010/04/lous­agas siz­tracy­strauss­irre fut able.html. Fro nis piece of vol ume 1 of “Louis Agas siz—His Life and Cor­re spon dence” by his wife Eliz a beth Carey Agas siz (1885).

Fig. 3.9. From http://per spec tives geo pol i tiques.word press.com/2008/11/16/ple ins­feux­sur­adolf­erik­nor den ski old/Con verted to gray scale and cropped.

Fig. 3.10. From http://www.geol ogy.19thcen tu ry science.org/book­index.html Con­verted to gray scale image.

Fig. 3.11. From We gen er, Die Ent ste hung der Kon ti nent und Oz ean, Geo log i sche Runds chau (Springer) 1912.

Fig. 3.12. From NASA

Fig. 13.13. Original

Fig. 3.14. Original

Fig. 4.1. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Wil liam_Thom son,_1st_Baron_Kel vin Can also be found at a num ber of other sites on the web.

Fig. 4.2. Original.

Fig. 4.3. From http://structu reof a toms.blog spot.com/2010/08/stru cure­of­atoms.html

Fig. 4.4. Original

Fig. 4.5. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Dmi tri_Men de leev

Fig. 4.6. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Dmi tri_Men de leev

Fig. 4.7. From http://www.bpc.edu/math science/chem is try/his tory_of_the_peri odic_ table.html

FIGURE SOURCES

945

Fig. 4.8. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/File:Bec que rel_Henri_pho to graph.jpg

Fig. 4.9. From Fred er ick Soddy’s book ‘Radio­Activ ity’ pub lished in 1904

Fig. 4.10. From http://www.fan pop.com/spots/women­in­his tory/images/29204140/title/marie­curie­photo

Fig. 4.11. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/File:The_Lon don_Uni ver sity_by_ Thomas_Hos mer_Shep herd_1827­28.JPG

Fig. 4.12. From http://tif fa nyjenkinsinfo.word press.com/2011/06/16/jer emy­ben tham­ on­con test ing­human­remains­in­museum­col lec tions/

Fig. 4.13. Left: From http://susanna­mcle od.suite101.com/phys ics­in­can ada­ernest­ruth er ford­a65646 Right: Prob a bly from http://www.vouts ada kis.com/GAL LERY/ALMA NAC/Year2010/Sep2010/09022010/2010sep02.html

Fig. 4.14. Original

Fig. 4.15. From Soddy, 1913, Radio ac tiv ity, Chem i cal Soci ety Annual Reports v. 10, 262–288

Fig. 4.16. Original

Fig. 4.17. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Arthur_Holmes

Fig. 5.1. Original

Fig. 5.2. Original

Fig. 5.3. Original

Fig. 5.4. From http://www.brue der geme ine­nie sky.de/ak tu ell/presse/bub noff.php Photo attrib uted to P Krzonka lla

Fig. 5.5. From http://www.no bel prize.org/nobel_prizes/phys ics/lau re ates/1968/alva rez­ bio.html

Fig.5.6. After Cande, S. C., and Kent, D. V., 1992, A new geo mag netic polar­ity time scale for the late Cre ta ceous and Ceno zoic, Jour nal of Geo phys i cal Research, v. 97, B10, pp. 13,917­13,951 (mod i fied).

Fig. 5.7. Original

Fig. 5.8. Original

Fig. 5.9. Original

Fig. 5.10. Original

Fig. 5.11. Mod i fied, after a fig ure in one of my papers in Geo log i sche Runds chau.

Fig. 6.1. Original

Fig. 6.2. Original

Fig. 6.3. From a National Geo graphic Soci ety Map: Dis cov er ers of the Pacific, 1974—Prob a bly copy righted.

Fig. 6.4. Original

Fig. 6.5. Original

Fig. 6.6. Original

FIGURE SOURCES

946

Fig. 6.7. Original

Fig. 6.8. From http://www.coun ton.org/the sum/issue­17/index.htm

Fig. 6.9. Prob a bly from http://www.john pratt.com/items/docs/lds/merid ian/2004/new ton.html but there are a num ber of other web sites with this pic ture. Image has been right­left reversed.

Fig. 6.10. From http://www­his tory.mcs.st­and.ac.uk/Pict Dis play/Laplace.html

Fig. 6.11. From http://www.ob­ultra sound.net/col la don.html “Image cour tesy of The Marine Group” Sim i lar images avail able at other web sites.

Fig. 6.12. Original (after fig ures in ocean og ra phy texts)

Fig. 6.13. Original

Fig. 7.1. Original

Fig. 7.2. Original

Fig. 7.3. From http://www.mlah anas.de/Greeks/Optics.htm. Can also be found on other web sites.

Fig. 7.4. Frpm http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Johan nes_Kep ler. Con verted to gray scale image.

Fig. 7.5. From http://www.win dows2uni verse.org/people/enlight en ment/cas sini.html . Mod i fied ad cropped.

Fig. 7.6 from http://www.nights kyob serv er.com/ole­ro mer.php

Fig. 7.7. Original

Fig. 7.8. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Chris ti aan_Hu y gens . Cropped.

Fig. 7.9. Original

Fig. 7.10. From Her schel, 1800, Exper i ments on the solar, and on the ter res trial rays that occasion heat … Part II, Philo soph i cal Trans ac tions (Royal Soci ety) p. 437–538 + plates.

Fig. 7.11. Left From http://www.no ta ble bi og raph ies.com/He­Ho/Her schel­Wil liam. html#b image cour tesy Library of Con gress. Right­left reversed. Right: From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Joh ann_Wil helm_Rit ter. Mod i fied.

Fig. 7.12. From http://www.study phys ics.ca/new notes/20/unit04_light/chp1719_light/lesson58.htm. Cropped. Can also be found on other web sites.

Fig. 7.13. From T. Young, A Course of Lec tures on Nat u ral Phi los o phy and the Mechan i cal Arts (Printed for J. John son, Lon don, 1807), Vol. I, Plate XX, Fig. 267.

Fig. 7.14. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/%C3%89ti enne­Louis_Ma lus. Mod i­fied to make square outline.

Fig. 7.15. Original

Fig. 7.16. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Au gu stin­Jean_Fres nel

Fig. 7.17. Prob a bly from http://www.peo ple quiz.com/biog ra phies­36031­James_Max well.html Image source cited as: Pub lic Domain Photo of James Clerk Max well

FIGURE SOURCES

947

Fig. 7.18. Original

Fig. 7.19. Original

Fig. 7.20. Original

Fig. 8.1. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Joseph_von_Fra un ho fer. Co vert ed to gray scale and cropped.

Fig. 8.2. Original

Fig. 8.3. Original

Fig. 8.4. Original

Fig. 8.5. From http://mod ern fizik.net/ku an tum9.html

Fig. 8.6. Original after sketches in the lit er a ture

Fig. 8.7. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Gug li elmo_Mar coni

Fig. 8.8. Original

Fig. From http://www.finda grave.com/cgi­bin/fg.cgi?GRid=12109587&page=gr. Con­verted to gray scale.

Fig. 9.2. From http://www.da vid dar ling.info/ency clo pe dia/R/Rum ford.html

Fig. 9.3. From http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1878.htm

Fig. 9.4. From http://www.sa bur chill.com/his tory/chap ters/IR/018.html

Fig. 9.5. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Nic olas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Car not. Con verted to gray scale.

Fig. 9.6. rom http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Clau sius

Fig. 9.7 From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/James_Pres cott_Joule

Fig. 9.8. From http://en.wi ki source.org/wiki/Men_I_Have_Painted/John_Tyn dall. Co vert ed to gray scale and right­left reversed.

Fig. 9.9. From Tyn dall, 1861, The Bake ri an Lecture: On the Absorp tion and Radi­a tion of Heat by Gases and Vapours, and on the Phys i cal Con nex ion of Radi­a tion, Absorp tion, and Con duc tion. Philo soph i cal Trans ac tions of the Royal Soci ety, v. 151, pp. 1–36, Plate 1.

Fig. 9.10. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Gus tav_Kir ch hoff

Fig. 9.11. Original

Fig. 9.12. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ste fan

Fig. 9.13. From http://www.desy.de/f/hera/engl/chap1.html

Fig. 9.14. Original After illus tra tions in Lum mer & Prings heim. 1897, Die Strah­lung eines “sch war zen” Kör pers zwis chen 100 und 1,300 °C. Ann a len der Phys ik, 299, 395–410.

Fig. 9.15. Original

Fig. 10.1. From http://www.eo earth.org/arti cle/His tory_of_the_Green house_Effect_and_Anthro po genic_Global_Warm ing_Research

Fig. 10.2. Original

FIGURE SOURCES

948

Fig. 10.3. Original

Fig. 10.4. Original

Fig. 10.5. Original

Fig. 10.6. Original

Fig. 10.7. Original

Fig. 10.8. Original

Fig. 10.9. From Ack er man, 1941, Geo graph i cal Review, 35, 105–111. Copy righted?

Fig. 10.10 Original

Fig. 11.1. Prob a bly from http://www.nrao.edu/what is ra/hist_preh ist.shtml/but many sim i lar ver sions at other web sites

Fig. 11.2. From http://www.my her o.com/go/hero.asp?hero=A_Ein stein_LC_ ali man_US_2011_ul. At trib ted to Ein stein (http://com mons.wi ki me dia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Albert_Ein stein_por trait.jpg&action=his tory)

Fig. 11.3. From http://www.fre einf os o ci ety.com/arti cle.php?id=95 . Cropped.

Fig. 11.4. From Bohr, 1923, Über den Bau der Atom e, Die Na tur wis sens chaf ten, heft 27, pp. 606–624 (Fig. 2) Copy righted?

Fig. 11.5. Original

Fig. 11.6. From http://www.wired.com/sci ence/dis cov er ies/news/2009/02/ day in tech_0227 Photo attrib uted to Cor bis. Can be found also at other web sites

Fig. 11.7. From Bohr, 1923, Über den Bau der Atom e, Die Na tur wis sens chaf ten, heft 27, pp. 606–624 (Fig. 1). Copy righted?

Fig. 11.8. From http://www.no bel prize.org/nobel_prizes/phys ics/lau re ates/1902/zee man­bio.html

Fig. 11.9. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Pi eter_Zee man

Fig. 11.10. Original

Fig. 11.11. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/George_Uh len beck

Fig. 11.12. From http://os u li brary.or e gon state.edu/spe cial col lec tions/coll/paul ing/bond/pic tures/1926i.61­pa u li.html Improved and crop ped

Fig. 11.13. Original

Fig. 11,14. From http://www.aip.org/his tory/news let ter/spring2003/pho tos­larger.htm Improved

Fig. 11.15. From http://www.aip.org/his tory/hei sen berg/p08.htm

Fig. 11.16. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schrö ding er

Fig. 11.17. From http://fi.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Paul_Di rac. Cropped

Fig. 11.18. Original

Fig. 11.19. From Call en dar, 1938, The arti fi cial pro duc tion of car bon diox ide and its influ ence on tem per a ture. Quar terly Joo ur nal of the Royal me te or log i cal Soci ety, v. 64, pp 223–240. Copy righted?

FIGURE SOURCES

949

Fig. 11.20. From Call en dar, 1938, The arti fi cial pro duc tion of car bon diox ide and its influ ence on tem per a ture. Quar terly Joo ur nal of the Royal me te or log i cal Soci ety, v. 64, pp 223–240. Copy righted?

Fig. 12.1 Original

Fig. 12.2. Original

Fig. 12.3. Original

Fig. 12.4. Original

Fig. 12.5. Original

Fig. 12.6. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/James_Croll

Fig. 12.7. From http://rock gla cier.blog spot.com/2010/06/geol ogy­and­cyclic ity.html from Croll’s 1875 pub li ca tion. Con verted to gray scale.

Fig. 12.8. From the 3rd edi tion (1894) of Archi bald Gei ke’s book The Great Ice Age.

Fig. 12.9. From the NOAA (National Ocean o graphic and Atmo spheric Agency) NGDC (National Geo phys i cal Data Cen ter) Pa leo cli mate Archive.

Fig. 12.10. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Louis_Agas siz

Fig. 12.11. Original

Fig. 12.12. From http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Ge ol Sci/micr opal/images/fora/fora005.gif Mod i fied

Fig. 12.13. Original

Fig. 12.14. original

Fig. 12.15. Original

Fig. 12.16. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Nich o las_Shackl eton. Cropped.

Fig. 12.17. Original

Fig. 12.18. Original

Fig. 12.19. Original

Fig. 12.20. Original

Fig. 12.21. Original

Fig. 12.22. Can be found at http://chris tof forr89.ed ub logs.org/plate­tec Fig. 13.3. tonics/ Original is from the Deep Sea Dril ling Pro ject. No copy right

Fig. 12.23. From Fischer, A.G., Hil gen, F.J., and Gar ri son, R.E, 2009, Med i ter ra­nean con tri bu tions to cycl os tra tig ra phy and as tro chro nol o gy. Sed i men tol ogy, v. 56, pp. 63–94

Fig. 12.24. Fig ure from Lou rens, L.J., An ton arakou, A., Hil gen, F.J., Van Hoof, A.A.M., Verg naud­grazz ini, C., and Za chari asse, W.J., 1996, Eval u a tion of the Plio­Pleis to cene astro nom i cal time scale. Pale oce a nog ra phy, v.11, pp. 391–413

Fig. 12.25. Original, based on data from Thi ede mann, 1991, Acht Mil lio nen Jah re Kli mageschichte von Nord west­Afrika und Pal äo­Ozea nog ra phie des

FIGURE SOURCES

950

an gren zen den At lan tiks : ho chauflö sende Zei trei hen von ODP­sites 658–661 = Cli matic his tory of north west Africa dur ing the last 8 mil lion years and pale oce­a nog ra phy of the adja cent Atlan tic. Dis ser ta tion, Uni ver sity of Kiel, 190 pp.

Fig. 13.1. Original

Fig. 13.2. Original

Fig. 13.3. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schuster

Fig. 13.4. From http://www.art­books.com/cgi­bin/art books/view au thor/Pho tog ra­pher.html May be copy righted

Fig. 13.5. From http://con tent.usa to day.com/com mu ni ties/science fair/post/2010/07/stan ford­cli mate­sci en tist­ste phen­schnei der­dies­obituary/1#.T6_kpOtDxDs Con verted to gray scale. Would have come from his wife, who I know.

Fig. 13.6. Original

Fig. 13.7. From http://astro.uchi ca go.edu/people/eugene­parker.shtml

Fig. 13.8. From http://www.aps.org/pub li ca tions/aps news/201004/phys ic shi sto ry.cfm

Fig. 13.9. From http://www.ed geof bri tain.blog spot.com/

Fig. 13.10. From http://www.ast.leeds.ac.uk/Auger/

Fig. 13.11. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Hide ki_Yuk a wa

Fig. 13.12. From http://www.no bel prize.org/nobel_prizes/phys ics/lau re ates/1950/pow ell­bio.html

Fig. 13.13. Original

Fig. 13.14. Original

Fig. 13.15. Left from http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Wil lard_Libby Right From http://www.aip.org/his tory/cli mate/xSu ess.htm From Hans Su ess Papers, MSS 199, Mande ville Spe cial Col lec tions, Library, Uni ver sity of Cal i for nia, San Diego. Cropped

Fig. 13.16. From http://razd.ev cfo rum.net/Age_Dat ing.htm (Image based on cal i bra tion curve from Wi ki pe dia(2)—Both images are in the pub lic domain.) Mod i fied—Right­left reversed and con verted to gray scale

Fig. 13.17. Original

Fig. 14.1. NASA

Fig. 14.2. NASA

Fig. 14.3. Original

Fig. 14.4. Original

Fig. 14.5. Original

Fig. 14.6. NASA

Fig. 14.7. Original

Fig. 14.8. Original—uses data from Crow ley 2000 Causes of cli mate change over the past 10000 years. Sci ence 289, pp.

FIGURE SOURCES

951

Fig. 15.1. OriginalFig. 15.2. OriginalFig. 15.3. From http://www.nndb.com/people/356/000087095/Fig. 15.4. OriginalFig. 15.5. OriginalFig. 15.6. NASAFig. 15.7. OriginalFig. 15.8. OriginalFig. 15.9. OriginalFig. 16.1. OriginalFig. 16.2. OriginalFig. 16.3. OriginalFig. 16.4. OriginalFig. 16.5. OriginalFig. 16.6. OriginalFig. 16.7. OriginalFig. 16.8. OriginalFig. 16.9. OriginalFig. 16.10. OriginalFig. 16.11. OriginalFig. 16.12. OriginalFig. 16.13. Original (after NOAA NCDC)Fig. 16.14. OriginalFig. 16.15. Original compiled from several sourcesFig.16.16. Original Modified from a map produced by BEDMAP, British

1360Antarctic SurveyFig. 16.17. Photo credit: National Ice Core Laboratory ArchiveFig. 16.18. OriginalFig. 17.1. OriginalFig. 17.2. OriginalFig. 17.3. OriginalFig. 17.4. OriginalFig. 17.5. From http://th.physik.uni­frankfurt.de/~jr/physstamps.htmlFig. 17.6. Original, modified after a common figure in textbooksFig. 17.7. OriginalFig. 17.8. OriginalFig. 18.1. OriginalFig. 18.2. OriginalFig. 18.3. OriginalFig. 18.4. OriginalFig. 18.5. OriginalFig. 18.6. OriginalFig. 18.7. OriginalFig. 18.8. OriginalFig. 18.9. Original

FIGURE SOURCES

952

Fig. 18.10. From http://stevengoddard.wordpress.com/2010/10/13/susan­solomon­ on­the­scientific­method/

Fig. 18.11. OriginalFig. 18.12. OriginalFig. 19.1. OriginalFig. 19.2. Original (modification of a figure in Hay, W. W., 1996. Tectonics and

climate. Geologische Rundschau, 85, 409­437.)Fig. 19.3. Original (modification of a figure in Hay, W. W., 1996. Tectonics and

climate. Geologische Rundschau, 85, 409­437.)Fig. 19.4. OriginalFig. 19.5. Original (modification of a figure in Hay, W. W., 1996. Tectonics and

climate. Geologische Rundschau, 85, 409­437.)Fig. 19.6. OriginalFig. 20.1. OriginalFig. 20.2. OriginalFig. 20.3. OriginalFig. 20.4. OriginalFig. 20.5. OriginalFig. 20.6. OriginalFig. 20.7. OriginalFig. 20.8. OriginalFig. 20.9. OriginalFig. 20.10. OriginalFig. 20.11. OriginalFig. 20.12. OriginalFig. 20.13. OriginalFig. 20.14. OriginalFig. 20.15. OriginalFig. 20.16. OriginalFig. 20.17. OriginalFig. 20.18. OriginalFig. 20.19. OriginalFig. 21.1. OriginalFig. 21.2. OriginalFig. 21.3. OriginalFig. 21.4. OriginalFig. 21.5. Original—Using data from the NOAA (National Oceanographic and

Atmospheric Agency) NGDC (National Geophysical Data Center) Paleoclimate Archive

Fig. 21.6. Original—Using data from the NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency) NGDC (National Geophysical Data Center) Paleoclimate Archive

Fig. 21.7. Original—Using data from the NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency) NGDC (National Geophysical Data Center) Paleoclimate Archive

FIGURE SOURCES

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Fig. 21.8. From Kvenvolden, K., 1993, Reviews of Geophysics, v. 31, p. 173­187 (Figure 6)

Fig. 21.9. From http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/clathrate.html Converted to grayscale and modified

Fig. 21.10. OriginalFig. 21.11. OriginalFig. 21.12. OriginalFig. 21.13. Original—Using data from the NOAA (National Oceanographic and

Atmospheric Agency) NGDC (National Geophysical Data Center) Paleoclimate Archive

Fig. 21.14. Original—Using data from the NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency) NGDC (National Geophysical Data Center) Paleoclimate Archive

Fig. 21.15. Original—Using data from the NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency) NGDC (National Geophysical Data Center) Paleoclimate Archive

Fig. 22.1. OriginalFig. 22.2. Modified after figure 2 in Hay, 2009 , Cretaceous oceans and ocean

modeling. In Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds: Stratigraphy, Composition, Origins, and Paleoceanographic and Paleoclimatic Significance. SEPM Special Publication No. 91, Copyright © 2009

Fig. 22.3. OriginalFig. 22.4. OriginalFig. 22.5. OriginalFig. 22.6. OriginalFig. 22.7. OriginalFig. 22.8. After Fig. 5 in Hay, 2010, Can humans force a return to Cretaceous cli­

mate, Sedimentary Geology, 235, 5–26Fig. 22.9. OriginalFig. 22.10. OriginalFig. 22.11. OriginalFig. 22.12. From http://cires.colorado.edu/events/lectures/broecker/Fig. 22.13. OriginalFig. 22.14. Modified after figure 15 in Hay, 2009 , Cretaceous oceans and ocean

modeling. In Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds: Stratigraphy, Composition, Origins, and Paleoceanographic and Paleoclimatic Significance. SEPM Special Publication No. 91, Copyright © 2009

Fig. 22.15. OriginalFig. 22.16. OriginalFig. 22.17. OriginalFig. 22.18. After Fig. 6 in Hay, 2010, Can humans force a return to Cretaceous cli­

mate, Sedimentary Geology, 235, 5–26Fig. 23.1. From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_VernadskyFig. 23.2. OriginalFig. 23.3. From http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/library/readings/science/media/

sounding.html

FIGURE SOURCES

954

Fig. 23.4. OriginalFig. 23.5. Original (similar to figures in several textbooks)Fig. 23.6. OriginalFig. 23.7. OriginalFig. 23.8. OriginalFig. 24.1. OriginalFig. 24.2. OriginalFig. 24.3. NASAFig. 24.4. OriginalFig. 24.5. OriginalFig. 24.6. OriginalFig. 24.7. From http://www.psmsl.org/data/longrecords/Fig. 24.8 .From http://www.psmsl.org/data/longrecords/Fig. 24.9. From http://www.psmsl.org/data/longrecords/Fig. 24.10. Data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its 2007

ReportFig. 25.1. OriginalFig. 25.2. OriginalFig. 25.3. OriginalFig. 25.4. OriginalFig. 25.5. OriginalFig. 25.6. Left: From http://planetforward.ca/blog/climate­change­pioneer­willi­

dansgaard­passes­away­at­age­88/Right: From ??? http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/tylerprize/laureates/tyler1996.html

Fig. 25.7. OriginalFig. 25.8. OriginalFig. 25.9. OriginalFig. 25.10. OriginalFig. 25.11. OriginalFig. 25.12. OriginalFig. 25.13. OriginalFig. 25.14. OriginalFig. 25.15. OriginalFig. 26.1. OriginalFig. 26.2. OriginalFig. 26.3. OriginalFig. 26.4. OriginalFig. 26.5. OriginalFig. 27.1. From http://inventors.about.com/od/fstartinventions/a/Fahrenheit.htmFig. 27.2. From http://www.astro.uu.se/history/Celsius_eng.html. Converted to

grayscaleFig. 27.3. OriginalFig. 27.4. OriginalFig. 27.5. Original

FIGURE SOURCES

955

Fig. 27.6. OriginalFig. 27.7. OriginalFig. 27.8. OriginalFig. 27.9. OriginalFig. 27.10. OriginalFig. 27.11. OriginalFig. 27.12. OriginalFig. 27.13. OriginalFig. 27.14. OriginalFig. 27.15. OriginalFig. 27.16. OriginalFig. 27.17. OriginalFig. 27.18. OriginalFig. 27.19. OriginalFig. 27.20. OriginalFig. 27.21. OriginalFig. 27.22. OriginalFig. 27.23. OriginalFig. 28.1. OriginalFig. 28.2. OriginalFig. 28.3. OriginalFig. 28.4. OriginalFig. 28.5. OriginalFig. 28.6. OriginalFig. 28.7. OriginalFig. 28.8. Original—highly modified after http://www.coolmelbourne.org/images/

greenland­seasonal­ice­melt2.jpgFig. 28.9. OriginalFig. 28.10. OriginalFig. 28.11. Original

FIGURE SOURCES

957W. W. Hay, Exper i ment ing on a Small Planet, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28560-8, © Springer-Ver lag Ber lin Hei del berg 2013

AbOUT ThE AUThOR

William W. hay began his academic career at University of Illinois in Urbana in 1960. From 1968 to 1974 he was Professor at both Illinois and the University of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences. After serving as Dean of the Rosenstiel School he moved to Washington, D.C. to work on ensur­ing future scientific drilling in the ocean. In 1982 he moved to the University of Colorado, investigating ancient climates with colleagues at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Since 1988, he has also served as Guest and/or Professor at the Universities of Munich, Kiel, and Greifswald in Germany, the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, and the University of Vienna in Austria. He retired from the University of Kiel in 2002. He now lives in the Rocky Mountains, but returns to Europe frequently to teach intensive short courses.

959W. W. Hay, Exper i ment ing on a Small Planet, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28560-8, © Springer-Ver lag Ber lin Hei del berg 2013

959

bBach, Johann Sebastian, 20, 21, 852, 853Bader, Henri, 551, 552Baez, Albert, 93Baez, Joan, 93Bahcall, John, 443Balfe, Alex, 579Ballot, Buys, 194, 290Balmer, Johann Josef, 243Balukhovskiy, Alexander Nikolaievitch, 735Barberini, Maffeo, 829Bard, Edouard, 458Barnard, Tom, 112, 372Barrell, Joseph, 128Barron, Eric, 473, 511, 634, 635, 731Bartholinus, Erasmus, 216, 233Bartlett, Albert, 44, 935Barton, Joe, 654, 655, 827Beacham, Hans, 135Becher, Johann Joachim, 262, 493Becquerel, Henri, 107, 110, 112, 444, 462Beiersdorf, Helmut, 647, 894Bellarmine, Roberto, 827, 828Benson, Bill, 333, 429, 431, 465Bentham, Jeremy, 112, 113, 131Bergengren, Jon, 612, 635Berger, Andre, 385, 419, 421, 846Berner, Robert, 591Berner, Ulrich, 641Bernoulli, Daniel, 43Bernoulli, Jacob, 43Berra, Yogi, 850, 897Beyrich, Heinrich von, 72, 73, 644Black, Joseph, 66, 67, 493

AAbbott, Monica, 397Abramovitz, Max, 598, 600Ackerman, Edward, 311, 312Adams, Douglas, 39Adhemar, Joseph, 387, 425Agassiz, Louis, 76, 141, 173, 392, 807Ahmed, Mustafa, 767Aldrich, L. Thomas, 157Alighieri, Dante, 261, 285Allen, Woody, 897Alpher, Ralph, 120, 132Alvarez, Luis, 89, 139, 156Alvarez, Walter, 83Amati, Nicolo, 190, 201Amontons, Guillaume, 270, 561, 577Amundsen, Roald, 805, 909Anderson, Carl David, 446, 449, 462Andersen, Stephen O., 597Anderson, Roger, 72, 89, 139Andres, Bob, 662Angstrom, Anders Jonas, 244, 252, 365Angstrom, Knut, 365Appleton, Edward, 444Archer, David, 668, 940Arduino, Giovanni, 73, 87Aristotle, 191, 201, 262Arrhenius, Gustav, 398, 418Arrhenius, Svante, 112, 131, 293, 294, 510,

608, 827, 861, 890Auger, Pierre Victor, 447, 448Augustine of Hippo (St Augustine), 261, 285,

611, 615Avogadro, Amadeo, 50, 131, 103, 570

Author Index

960960

Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart, 158Blanchon, Paul, 789Boden, Tom, 662Bogdanov, Nikita, 797, 798Bohr, Niels, 123, 332–336, 340, 348, 349, 355,

357, 359, 362, 367, 897Boltwood, Bertram, 118, 119, 128Boltzmann, Ludwig, 378Bond, Gerard, 822Bonet, Grace Wing, 579Bonnert, Oliver, 599, 600Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, 195Born, Max, 357Boyle, Robert, 190, 561Brackett, Frederick Sumner, 336, 337Bradbury, Ray, 585Bradley, Ray, 823, 826Bramlette, Milton, 176Brass, Gary, 642Broecker, Wallace (Wally), 6, 400, 414, 511,

716, 717, 737, 817, 824, 899, 938Brown, Dan, 446Brown, George, 698Brown, Robert, 363, 367Bruckner, Anton, 595Brunelleschi, Fillipo, 599Bruno, Giordano, 827Brunot, Kem, 465Bubnoff, Sergei von, 100, 154, 160, 163, 893Buchsbaum, Ralph, 394Buckland, William, 71, 76Budel, Julius, 389, 390Budyko, Mkhail, 511, 614Buffon, Comte de, 64, 65Bulow, Werner von, 782Bumpers, Dale, 939Bunsen, Robert, 104, 240, 271Burbridge, Margaret, 120, 132Burckhardt, Jacob, 203, 831Burgess, Ebeneser, 264Burkhardt, Johann Jakob, 91, 92Burns, Robert, 67, 508Burri, Conrad, 49Bush, George H. W., 853, 854Butler, Clifford Charles, 451

CCaccini, Tommaso, 828Caillon, Nicolar, 654Callender, George, 365, 366, 369, 359, 667Campbell, Alexander, 508Cande, Steven C., 161Cannizzaro, Stanislao, 103

Carnot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi, 265Carozzi, Albert, 145Carringotn, Richard Christopher, 442Carroll, Lewis, 181, 182, 327, 355Carter, Jimmy, 67, 617Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, 214, 215Catherine the Great, 5, 416Cavelier, Claude, 644Cazenave, A., 796Celcius, Anders, 556, 859, 887, 890Čepek, Pavel, 59, 206, 797Chadwick, James, 122, 125, 339, 340, 451,

462Chamberlin, Thomas Chrowder, 14, 144, 365,

388, 424, 510, 608, 636Chapman, Sydney, 565Charles, Jaques, 561, 577Charpentier, Jean de, 76Christensen, Eigil Friis, 459Cita, Maria Bianca, 317Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel, 266, 267,

284Clerk, John, of Eldin, 227Clotworthy, John, 670, 731Clouseau, Jacques, 690Colladon, Jean­Daniel, 197, 198Collins, William, 480Columbus, Christopher, 215, 233Compton, Arthur, 446Confucius, 897Copernicus, Nicolas, 827Coriolis, Gaspard Gustave de, 703Cowan, Clyde, 452Coward, Noel, 7, 615Cranfill, Tom, 56, 58, 90, 94, 135, 137Creager, Joe, 465Crick, Francis, 358Crutzen, Paul, 166, 174, 592, 594Cullen, William, 493Curie, Marie Sklodowska, 111Curie, Pierre, 108, 112Cuvier, Georges, 68, 107

Dda Vinci, Leonardo, 189, 262, 290Dalton, John, 49, 101, 271, 332, 515, 561Dana, James Dwight, 73, 79Dansgaard, Willi, 811d'Archiac, Etienne, 177Darwin, Charles, 12, 67, 76, 99, 769Darwin, Sir George, 111, 132Davis, Raymond, 443de Boer, Poppe, 938

AUTHOR INDEX

961961

de Bort, Leon Philippe Teisserenc, 561de Broglie, Louis, 355, 356de Geer, Gerard, 77, 130, 155de la Beche, Henry, 71, 72, 76, 153de Rossi, Michele Stefano Conte, 40Debierne, Andre­Louis, 115DeConto, Robert, 611, 635, 646, 903, 926Dennison, John, 431Desaga, Peter, 241Descartes, Rene, 25, 26, 54, 212, 226, 229Dewar, James, 342Dickens, Charles, 862Dickens, Gerald, 849Diesel, Rudolf, 266Dietz, Robert, 160, 370Dirac, Paul, 360, 361, 376, 446Dittmar, Wilhelm (William), 747–750Dobereiner, Johann, 103Dodson Charles Lutwidge, 182Donath, Fred, 372Doppller, Christian, 194Dorini, Niccolo, 828Douglass, Andrew Ellicott, 456Du Fresne, Marc­Joseph Marion, 418Dubcek, Alexander, 290, 322, 854Dulong, Pierre Louis, 276, 278, 285Dutch, Steven, 523Dyson, Freeman, 897

EEagle Plume, Charles, 931Eco, Umberto, 14, 261Eddington, Sir Arthur, 119, 132, 278Edgar, Terence, 465, 466, 491Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried, 204Ehrenfest, Paul, 347Einstein, Albert, 119, 132, 232, 242, 330, 331,

338, 344, 350, 355, 359, 361, 366, 368, 369, 509, 864, 897

Ekart, Douglas, 641, 668Ekman, Vagn Walfrid, 708, 730Eliot, T. S., 250Ellis, Henry, 415Elsaesser, Hugh, 483Emery, Kenneth O., 370, 371Emiliani, Cesare, 12, 17, 25, 43, 50, 55, 145,

151, 213, 237, 278, 356, 362, 372, 393–397, 402, 409, 415–417, 424, 426, 429, 430, 443, 463, 504, 566, 740, 767, 835, 849, 864, 884, 934, 941

Epstein, Sam, 362, 394, 395, 849Erasmus of Rotterdam, 203Eratosthenes, 215, 880

Eric the Red, 909, 918, 919Euclid, 209, 233Euler, Leonhard, 43, 203Everest, George, 783Ewing, Maurice, 159, 371, 398, 429, 465, 467,

491, 617

FFairbanks, Richard, 789Fajans, Kazimierz, 123Faraday, Michael, 293Ferguson, Adam, 508Fermi, Enrico, 361, 362, 393, 451, 452, 455,

462, 897Ferrell, William, 703, 704, 730Firestone, Richard, 86, 89Fischer, Alfred, 100, 146, 155, 371, 418, 427,

761Fizeau, Armand­Hippolyte­Louis, 277, 234Fleming, James Rodger, 18, 570, 939Flohn, Hermann, 7, 18Flyorov, Georgy, 362Forel, Francois­Alphonse, 40Foscarini, Paolo Antolio, 828Foucault, Bernard Leon, 228, 234Fournier, Jean Batiste Joseph, 264, 265, 285,

570, 577Frakes, Larry, 146, 147, 174Framan, Joseph, 593, 597Francis, Jane, 149Frankland, Edward, 104, 131Fraunhofer, Joseph, 240, 241, 252Freeman, Kathyrin, 641, 668Fresnel, Augustin­Jean, 226Friedman, Tom, 7, 18Fuller, Buckminster, 34, 546, 627, 685Fuqua, Don, 698Fye, Paul, 491

GGalilei, Galileo, 212, 230, 501, 577, 827Ganopolski, Andrey, 813, 817Gard, Gunilla, 236, 848Gardiner, Brian, 593, 597Garrels, Bob, 511, 636, 668Gassendi, Pierre, 195, 201Gay­Lussac, Joseph­Louis, 103, 515, 556,

561, 577Geiger, Hans, 122, 332, 368, 447, 462Geiss, Johannes, 398–401, 406, 426Geisser, ThomasGenscher, Hans­Dietrich, 853

AUTHOR INDEX

962962

Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 285Gibbons, Jim, 557, 558, 579Gilbert, Grove Karl, 418Godwin, Harry, 401Godwin, Mary, 482Goebbels, Josef, 192, 202Gold, Thomas, 566, 577Golden, Dan, 768Gorbachev, Mikhail, 324, 852Gore, Albert, 660, 867, 891, 898Goudsmit, Samuel, 347–349, 369Gradstein, F., 238, 158Graham, Joseph J., 93, 94Green, Larry, 175, 176Grimaldi, Francesco Maria, 223Guarneri, Bartolomeo Giuseppe, 190, 201Guilluly, Jim, 84, 633, 667Gutowsky, Herbert, 257

hHadley, George, 703–706, 713, 727, 730, 891,

930Hagn, Herbert, 206Hahn, Otto, 361Halbouty, Michael T., 671Hall, Sir James, 64, 87Hammett, Dillard, 669Hanks, Thomas C., 41, 55Hanlon, Roger, 471Hansen, James, 879, 885, 891Hanzlikova, Eva, 287Harff, Jan, 781, 782, 892Harrison, John, 828, 860, 890Harting, Pieter, 836Hasegawa, Hitoshi, 930Haussmann, Georges­Eugene, 317, 318Hauy, Rene Just, 218Havel, Vaclav, 854Hay, P. B., 4, 19, 20Hayes, Jim, 403, 426, 641, 668Hearty, Paul J., 841Heaviside, Oliver, 249, 253, 444Hedberg, Hollis, 617Heezen, Bruce, 159Heinrich, Hartmut, 818Heirtzler, Jim, 160Heisenberg, Werner, 349, 356–359, 369, 864Helmholtz, Hermann von, 246Herm, Dieter, 852Herman, Robert, 120, 132Herschel, Sir Frederick William, 219, 221,

230, 233, 240, 264, 285Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf, 182, 229, 246, 247,

252, 330, 338, 367

Hess, Harry, 159, 160Hess, Victor, 445, 462Hevesy, George, 334Hilgen, Frits, 419, 425, 427Hipparchus, 32, 383, 425Hitler, Adolf, 56, 58Hmailton, Gertrude, 832Hoffmann, Paul, 256, 630Hoggan, James, 939Holland, Dick, 211, 511Holmes, Arthur, 81, 126–128, 141, 155, 159,

429Holser Bill, 511Honecker, Egon, 853Honjo, Susumu, 756Hooke, Robert, 190, 221, 493, 498, 508Hoyle, Fred, 120, 132Hubble, Edwin, 119, 132, 335Hudson, Henry, 909Hughes, Howard, 670, 797Hughes, Malcom, 823Humboldt, Alexander von, 87, 138, 387, 425,

892Hume, David, 66, 67, 494, 508Humphreys, Curtis J., 369Humphreys, William Jackson, 365, 368Hutcheson, Francis, 67, 509Hutton, James, 64, 66, 67, 87, 227,

494, 508Huxley, Thomas Henry, 12Huygens, Christian, 214, 216, 218, 233, 857,

890

IImbrie, John, 403, 426Inchofer, Melchior, 828Inhofe, James, 828

JJames VI of Scotland, 493Janssen, Pierre Jules, 114, 131, 243, 252Jaruzelski, Woiciech, 853Jeans, Sir James, 282, 284, 286Jefferson, Thomas, 7, 8, 17, 612, 662, 741,

832Johnson, Lyndon, 175, 206, 315, 320Jolly, Philipp von, 328Joly, John, 99, 111, 129, 132, 475Jonas, Jiri, 256, 257, 797Jones Philip, 878, 879Jordan, David Starr, 392, 426Joule, James Prescott, 268Just, Heinz, 9, 56

AUTHOR INDEX

963963

KKamen, Martin, 455, 462Kamerlingh­Onnes, Heike, 342, 345, 368Kamptner, Erwin, 12Kanamori, Hiroo, 41, 55Kapitsa, Sergei, 798Karl Theodor, 263, 416Karman, Theodore von, 309, 495, 562Kassens, Heidi, 806Kasting, Jim, 627, 668, 677Kazan­Komarek, Vladimir, 289Keeling, Charles David, 661, 667Kelvin, Lord. See Lord KelvinKennedy, John F., 206, 315Kennedy, Robert F., 320Kennelly, Arthur Edwin, 253, 444Kennett, Jim, 644, 848, 849Kent, Dennis V., 161Kepler, Johannes, 63, 213, 214, 233, 384, 386,

425Khain, Victor, 145Kidder, David, 148, 642, 761, 935, 936King, Marin Luther, 315, 320, 579, 898Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert, 239, 240, 252, 273,

274, 284, 285Kirshvink, Joseph, 174Knauss, John, 619Knoblauch, Hermann, 271Knopf, Adolph, 129, 446Koczy, Fritz, 370Kohlrausch, Rudolf, 227, 234Koppen, Vladimir, 311, 312, 389, 424, 426,

861, 890Koschinsky, Andrea, 523Koshiba, Masatoshi, 443, 463Kothavala, Zavareth, 668Kraus, Eric, 511, 600, 929Krenz, Egon, 853Kriechgauer, Damien, 80Kruzenshtern, Ivan Fedorovich, 416Kuhn­Schnyder, Emil, 91Kullenberg, Borje, 398, 426Kunzig, Robert, 938Kurlbaum, Ferdinand, 329Kurschner, Wolfram, 640, 649Kvenvolden Kieth, 586, 684, 688

LLachner, Klaus, 938Lambert, Johann Heinrich, 270, 860, 890Lamont, Thomas W., 159, 426, 491, 598Langley, Samuel Pierpont, 278, 285, 294Laplace, Pierre­Simon, 196, 202, 225, 271LaRouche, Lyndon, 192

Lasaga, Tony, 636, 668Laskar, Jacques, 414, 420, 421, 427l'Avocat, Abbe, 206Lavoisier, Antoine, 49, 262, 263, 271, 284,

285, 494, 509Lawrence, E. N., 437, 463Leclerc, Georges­Louis, 64, 65, 87Lemaitre, Abbe George, 120, 412L'Enfant, Pierre, 873Lewis, Gilbert N., 355, 501Libbrecht, kenneth G., 539Libby, Willard, 362, 455, 463Liddle, Alice, 182Liddle, Henry, 182Lidz, Louis, 401Lightfoot, John, 63, 87Lipetz, Milton, 732Lloyd, Mary Ann, 466, 467Lockyer, Norman, 114, 131, 243, 252Loeblich, Al, 175, 177Lom, Herbert, 690Lord Byron, 482Lord Kelvin (William Thomson), 98–100, 112,

119, 128, 131, 132, 266, 271, 285, 327, 368, 388, 416, 516, 859, 890

Lord Rayleigh, 282, 284, 286, 328, 368, 503, 509

Lorenz, Edward, 301Lorenz, Giovanni, 204Lorenz, Hendrick, 344, 345, 367, 388Lorenzi, Marco, 355Louis XVI, 32, 262Lourens, Lucas, 420, 425, 427Loutre, Marie­France, 404, 412, 419, 427, 846Lovelock, James, 590, 593, 597, 736, 832Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus), 524, 602Ludwing IV of Bavaria, 14Lummer, Otto, 282, 286Luther, Martin, 203, 315, 320, 329Lyell, Charles, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 79,

88, 89, 97, 98, 128, 131, 141, 173, 254, 388, 414, 425, 644, 725

Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich, 256

MMacDonald, Gordon, 386, 427Malfait, Bruce, 490Malthus, Thomas Robert, 43Malus, Etienne­Louis, 224, 233Mangel, Marc, 332Mann, Michael E., 823Mansart, Francois, 314Marconi, Guglielmo, 248, 249, 252Marinus of Tyre, 31

AUTHOR INDEX

964964

Marland, Greg, 662Marsden, Ernst, 122, 332, 368Marsigli, Luigi, 915, 916Martini, Hans Joachim, 323Marx, Graucho, 897Matthews, Drummond, 160Maxwell, Art, 465, 490Maxwell, James Clerk, 227, 229, 232, 234,

246, 252, 278, 330May, Robert, 302, 314McDuffie, Arthur, 619McIntyre, Stephen, 826, 828, 829McKitrick, Ross, 826, 828, 829McLaren, Digby, 83, 89Medici, Ferdinando II de', 857, 890Meitner, Lisa, 361Melville, Thomas, 240, 252, 285Mendel, Gregor, 256Mendeleyev, Dimitri, 104, 105, 131,

252, 367Mercalli, Giuseppe, 40, 55Mercator, Gerardus, 32, 908Mercer, John, 925Mersenne, Marin, 195, 201Meulenkamp, Johan, 419Meyer, Julius Lothar, 104, 131Michelson, Albert Abraham, 231Michurin, Ivan Vladimirovich, 257Migdisov, Areg, 735Mikhaltsev, Igor, 491, 798Milankovitch, Milutun, 389, 391, 424, 426,

472Miller, H. L., 696Millero, Frank, 531, 556Milliken, Robert Andrews, 445Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr, 865Mohammed, 767, 768Mohler, Hans, 12Molina, Mario J., 593, 597Mollweide, Karl Brandan, 32Monin, Andrei, 491, 797Monnin, E., 654Monsour, Mohammed, 767Moore, Raymond C., 159Morley, Edward, 231, 234Muff, Bill, 557, 558Muir, John, 929Muller, Klaus, 236Muller, Richard, 386, 427Mulliken, Robert, 346, 369Munk, Walter, 428Murchison, Roderick impey, 74,

76, 88Mussolini, Benito, 362

NNagaoka, Hantaro, 335Nagy, Imre, 853Nansen, Fritjof, 805, 919Napoleon Bonaparte, 224Napoleon III, 317Neddermayer, Seth, 449, 462Newton, Isaac, 62, 103, 127, 182, 196, 219,

221, 224, 230, 251, 252, 355, 387, 440, 498, 864

Nier, Alfred, 129, 155, 157Nierenberg, WilliamNiggli, Paul, 49, 55, 552Noddack, Ida, 361Nordenskiold, Adolf Erik, 78, 88, 909

OOckham, William of, 14, 17Oeschger, Hans, 811, 812, 814, 819, 839Ogg, J. G., 128Oscar II, 301, 314

PPagani, Mark, 640, 641, 668Palmer, Allison R., 767Palmer, Martin, 640, 641, 668Paracelsus, 203Parker, Eugene, 440, 441, 456, 463Pascal, Blaise, 561, 577Paschen, Friedrich, 348, 368Patterson, Claire, 363Pauli, Wolfgang, 335, 347–349, 361, 369, 451,

462Pavlov, Alexander, 677Pearson, Paul, 640, 641, 668Peltier, Dick, 784Perkins, Bob, 90Peterson, Melvin, 465Peterson, Tom, 879Petit, Alexis­Therese, 276, 285Petit, J. R., 655Petrzhak, Konstantin, 362Pfund, August Herman, 339, 369Picard, Jean, 215, 233Pichel,George, 618Pierrehumbert, Raymond, 495, 509, 577Planck, Max, 122, 157, 242, 328, 329, 331,

350, 355, 366–368Playfair, John, 65, 67, 87, 89, 98, 131, 508Poincare, Henri, 301, 304, 314, 344, 368Pokorny, Vladimir, 206, 254Polidori, John, 482

AUTHOR INDEX

965965

Rooth, Claes, 511Ropes, Lev, 618, 732Rosenstiel, Blanka, 578Rosenstiel, Lewis, 372, 578, 598Rossi, Bruno, 447Roth, Peter, 323Rowland, Frank Sherwood, 593Rowland, Sherry, 594, 597Royer, Dana, 463, 640, 668Ruben, Sam, 455, 462Rubens, Heinrich, 329Rumford, Count. See Thompson, benjaminRumsfeld, Donald, 429Russel, A. S., 123, 125, 250Rutherford, Daniel, 50, 494Rutherford, Ernest, 114, 115, 132, 156, 332,

339, 347, 369Rydberg, Johannes Robert, 244, 245, 252, 345

SSagan, Carl, 769Saint Augustine. See Augustine of HippoSalaj, Josef, 288Sandberg, Phil, 510Sarnthein, Micahel, 422, 941Schabowski, Gunter, 854Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 263, 285, 494, 509Schiff, Gerry, 598–600Schmidt, Gavin, 674Schmidt, Gerhard C., 110Schneider, Stephen, 437, 438, 463Schopenhauer, Arthus, 357Schrag, Dan, 411, 427Schrodinger, Erwin, 358, 360, 369Schuiling, RD, 938Schuster, Franz Arthur, 436, 439, 462Schwabe, Heinrich, 435, 462Schwarzacher, Walter, 418, 427Scott, Harold, 90Shackleton, Sir NicholasShanklin, Johnathan, 593, 597Sharp, Jim, 669Shaub, HansShaviv, Nir, 460, 463Shaw, John, 789Shelly, Percy, 482Shinn, Gene, 476Siebold, Eugen, 732, 892Sillen, Lars Gunnar, 510Silver Tongue, Ray, 831Skinner, Brian, 901Slaughter, John, 698Smith, Adam, 66, 67, 494, 508

Pollard, Dave, 646, 903, 926Pomerol, Charles, 320Pope John XXII, 14Pope Urban II, 203Pope Urban VIII, 827Poston, Bill, 598Pouillet, Claude Matthias, 278, 285Powell, Cecil, 450, 451, 462, 463Powell, John Wesley, 669Press, Frank, 617–619Prevost, Pierre, 263Priestley, Joseph, 263, 285, 509Pringsheim, Ernst, 282, 286Prospero, Joe, 476Prout, William, 103, 121, 125, 131Ptolemy, Claudius, 31, 209, 211Pythagoras, 28, 880

RRabi, isidor Isaac, 449Rahmstorf, Stefan, 463, 813, 816, 817Rainalducci, Pietro, 14Raman, Chandrasekhara Venkata, 505, 509Ramanathan, Veerabhadran, 480Ramsay, Sir William, 114, 116, 117, 131, 243,

253Ramsey, Scott, 447Rattray, Maurice, 491Raymo, Maureen, 678Reagan, Ronald, 3, 671, 698, 731, 797, 798,

934Reichel, Manfred, 175, 176, 204Reid Thomas, 508Reines, Frederick, 451, 463Reiss, Zeev, 320, 321Renz, H. H., 204Revelle, Roger, 456, 660, 667, 864, 889, 891Richer,Jean, 214Richter, Charles, 40, 55Riedel, Bill, 465Rignot, Eric, 927Rittenhouse, David, 860, 890Ritter, Johann Wilhem, 220, 221, 223, 240Ritz, Walter, 245, 253Robertson, Pat, 798, 934Robins, Dick, 557Rochester, George Dixon, 451, 463Rohling, Eelco, 844Rona, Elizabeth, 400Ronov, Alexander Borisovitch, 417, 633, 634,

667, 735Rontgen, Wilhelm, 108, 109, 131, 230, 368Rood, Anthony, 372

AUTHOR INDEX

966966

Smith, Ed, 467Smith, F. G. Walton, 467, 578Smith, Phil, 618Smith, William, 73, 74, 372Snellius, Willebrord, 211, 212, 233Sobel, Dava, 28Soddy, Frederick, 115–117, 132, 339Soding, Emanuel, 646Soloman, Susan, 593, 594, 597, 732Sommerfeld, ArthurSorge, Ernst, 551, 556Sorgel, Hermann, 787Southam, John, 371, 759Spencer, Percy, 250, 253Spitalny, Evelyn, 578Spitalny, Phil, 578Stahl, Georg Ernst, 498, 508Stalin, Joseph, 257Stanford, Henry King, 898Steele, Michael, 918Stefan, Josef, 277, 278, 284, 285, 314, 378Stenzyl, Henryk, 315Stetson, Harland True, 437, 462Stille, Hans, 84Stommel, Henry, 713Stoney, George Johnston, 114, 131Stott, Lowell, 849Stradivari, Antonio, 190, 201Strassmann, Fritz, 361StruttJohn William (Lord Rayleigh), 282Sturm, Charles­Francois, 197, 198, 202Suess, Eduard, 455Suess, Erwin, 687Suess, Hans, 455, 456, 463, 660, 864Svensmark, Henrik, 459, 460, 463, 477Swallow, John, 717Swenson, George W., 912Syktus, Jozef, 146Szilard, Leo, 360

TTalwani, Manik, 467Tappan, Helen, 175Thalmann, Hans, 10, 90, 93, 139, 175Thiede, Jorn, 735, 892, 894Thiedemann, Ralf, 422Thompson, Benjamin, 263, 284, 285, 415, 416Thomson, John Joseph (JJ), 114Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 98, 99, 131Todd, Margaret, 117Torricelli, Evangilista, 190Towe, Ken, 510Trencher, Ruth, 370

Twain, Mark, 101, 897Tyndall, John, 229, 271, 272, 284, 285

UUhlenbeck, George, 347, 348, 369Ulfsson, Gunnbjorn, 918, 919Urey, Harold, 362, 393, 394, 849Ussher, James, 63, 64, 87

VVan Helmont, Jan Baptista, 493, 508Vasari, Giorgio, 599Veizer, Jan, 460Veliky, Al, 578Venerable Bede, 63, 87Verdi, Giuseppe, 192, 202Verhulst, Pierre Francois, 44Verne, Jules, 441, 462Vernetz, Ignace, 76, 88Very, Frank Washington, 294Villard, Paul, 115, 131Vine, fred, 160Vinnikov, Konstantin, 879Viviani, Vicenzo, 195, 201von Humboldt, Alexander, 87, 138, 144, 387,

425, 892Vonderschmitt, Louis, 175, 177

WWagner, Richard, 22, 852Wahl, Mike, 767Walesa, Lech, 853Walker, James, 591Walker, Sir Gilbert, 706, 723, 730Wallmann, Klaus, 638, 641, 668Washington, Warren, 473, 635, 667Watson­Watt, Sir Robert Alexander, 568, 577Watt, James, 131, 266, 284, 516, 568Webber, Andrew Lloyd, 250Weber, Bill, 732Weber, Wilhelm, 227Webster, Noah, 7Wegener, Alfred, 9, 80, 81, 89, 425, 861, 919Wegman, Edward, 828Weizsacker, Carl friedrich von, 153Wells, H. G., 123, 270Went, Frits, 479Whewell, William, 71, 88White, George, 90, 93, 175, 206, 237, 370White, Robert, 619Whitfield, Ed, 827

AUTHOR INDEX

967967

Wick, Gian­Carlo, 156Wien, Wilhelm, 276, 284, 286, 368Wilkinson, Bruce, 165, 174Willett, Hurd C., 864Williams, Charles D. H., 522, 556Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees, 446Wilson, J Tuzo, 355, 732Wingfield, Clyde, 558, 578Winterer, Jerry, 490Wisby, Warren, 557, 558, 601Wise, Woody, 848Wold, Chris, 852Wollaston, William Hyde, 240Wood, Robert Muir, 15, 18Wooster, Warren, 372, 557, 598Worsley, Thomas, 174Worzel, Joe, 371, 465, 683

Wray, Greg, 22Wulf, Theodor, 444, 462

YYanshin, Aleksandr Leonidovich, 254Yeltsin, Boris, 852Young, Thomas, 221–223, 225, 231, 233Yukawa, Hideki, 445, 448, 451, 462, 463

ZZakevitch, Eloise, 397Zeeman, Pieter, 344, 345, 368Zindani, Sheik Abdul Majeed, 767

AUTHOR INDEX

969W. W. Hay, Exper i ment ing on a Small Planet, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28560-8, © Springer-Ver lag Ber lin Hei del berg 2013

969

α­particles (rays), 115–117, 126, 339, 409, 441, 446, 452

β­particles (rays), 157, 455γ­rays, 115

AA blast of gas in the latest Paleocene: Simulat-

ing first-order effects of massive dis-sociation of oceanic methane hydrate, 849

A History of the Thermometer and Its Use in Meteorology, 891

A kinetic model for the composition of seawa-ter, 511

A Tale of Two Cities, 862A treatment of complex ions in seawater, 332A View of the Sea—A Discussion between a

Chief Engineer and an Oceanographer about the Machinery of Ocean Circula-tion, 730

Absinthe, 37, 38, 55Absolute zero, 51, 98, 270, 271, 469, 498Absorption spectrum, 242, 251, 336, 509, 595ACD. See Aragonite compensation depthAcropora palmata, 746, 788, 789, 843Actinium, 115, 123, 354, 400Adiabats, 607, 930Aegean sea, 916Aether, 213, 226, 229, 230–234, 262, 278,

327, 496Ahermatypic, 746Air vital, 495, 509Aleutian islands, 481Alfred Wegener Institute, 735, 894, 941Alice in wonderland, 181, 202, 367Aliens from inner space, 471

Subject Index

AllerødAlmagest, 383, 425Alps, 10, 13, 59, 73, 75, 77, 91, 162, 163, 176,

254, 389, 447, 540, 632, 741, 801, 868Altamira, 165, 741Altitude, 308, 411, 440, 453, 475, 480,

561–566, 702, 886, 928American bison, 742American Indians, 742, 831American Miscellaneous Society (AMSOC),

426, 428Amersfoort, 194, 323, 792, 858Ames Research Center, 684Ammonia, 519, 691–693Ammonium ion, 691Ammonium nitrate, 691, 692, 763AMSOC. See American Miscellaneous

SocietyAmsterdam, 194, 323, 792, 858An account of further discoveries in air, 494An inconvenient truth, 823, 898, 905Andrea doria, 92Angels and demons, 446Angstrom (unit), 244, 365, 368, 495Animals without backbones, 394Antarctic circle, 380, 382Antarctic circumpolar current, 540, 709Antarctic coastal current, 709Antarctic deep water, 715Antarctic peninsula, 924, 926, 927Anthropocene, 166, 173, 174, 658, 836,

838–840Anthropogenic source, 662, 674, 675, 692, 695Antineutrino, 453Appolinaris, 632Aquitanian, 178Arabian sea, 642, 679, 680, 715, 929

970970

Aragonite, 395, 628, 632, 750–755, 757, 758, 788

Aragonite compensation depth (ACD), 751Aragonite needles, 751, 753, 754Aramco, 768Arctic circle, 379, 380, 382, 386, 410, 678Arctic corring expedition (ACEX), 912Arctic Ocean, 4, 5, 7, 71, 75, 78, 148, 151,

164, 206, 306, 379, 386, 410, 512, 540–545, 613–616, 648, 710, 713, 804–810, 847, 899, 908–915, 918, 928, 931, 938

Argon, 118, 156–158, 307, 308, 342, 495, 497, 520, 570, 649

Arkhangelsk, 908Armospheric CO2 concentrations over the last

glacial termination, 655, 663, 678, 928Ash, 156–158, 204, 410, 481–484, 489, 505,

553, 662, 826Asthenosphere, 777–780Astronomical dating, 162, 425Astronomical unit, 214, 377, 576, 588Atlantic plate, 844Atmospheric co2 during the past decadesATOC, 200, 202Atomic mass, 48, 49, 103Atomic volume, 104, 105, 350Atom ­ plum pudding model, 118, 122, 132Atom ­ shell model, 118, 132Atom ­ solar system model, 118, 132, 156,

332, 343Auger observatory, 452Augusta raurica, 203Austin chalk, 630Australia, 77, 81, 86, 141, 144, 164, 173, 415,

474, 485, 549, 635, 785, 920, 924Australian bureau of meteorology, 682Avery island, 548Avogadro's number, 50, 55, 496Azores, 164, 723, 786, 929Azores low, 929Azote, 495

bBab­el­mendab, 787Babylon, 28, 34, 43, 194, 383, 769Babylonian mathematics, 34, 55Baffin bay, 540, 807, 818, 917, 920Baffin island, 540, 807Bahama banks, 745, 754, 755Bahamas, 237, 371, 393, 400, 430, 520, 621,

753, 842, 843

Balloon construction, 665Balloon framing, 665Balmer series, 244, 335, 336, 337, 339Bangladesh, 783, 932Barbados, 400, 782, 783, 788, 789, 842, 844Barents sea, 809Barents shelf, 790, 804–806, 847Barometer, 53, 190, 191, 217, 577Basel, 10, 34, 43, 175, 203, 204, 214, 235,

682, 852Beach rock, 756Beijing, 30, 33, 853, 869, 895Benguela, 720Ben nevis, 446, 447, 462Benthic foraminifera, 151, 152, 402, 405, 411,

422, 554, 836–838, 841Bering sea, 541Bermuda, 611, 615, 842Bermuda grass, 611, 615Bernoullianum, 43, 203Beryllium­10, 162, 163, 439, 458, 461, 507Bible, 19, 25, 63, 708Biblical flood, 68, 75Bicarbonate ion, 395, 431, 530, 628, 664, 753Big bang, 120, 132, 257, 412Biome, 740Biosphere, 443, 524, 585, 586, 664, 736, 772Birefringence, 216, 217, 219Black body, 239, 240, 252, 273–276,

278, 279, 281–286, 296, 298, 327, 331, 366, 378, 469, 498, 502, 503, 592

Black plague, 261, 285, 934Black sea, 765, 915–917, 920Bleaching, 760Bogs, 143, 457, 625, 663, 675, 678, 689, 740,

797, 801, 822, 931Bohr model, 337, 338Bolling, 803, 808, 816Bordeaux, 177–179, 493, 939Boreal, 741, 803, 907, 919, 931Bosporus, 915–917Bottom simulating reflector (BSR), 684Boyle's law, 196, 561Bp deepwater horizon, 697Breadfruit, 78, 141British National Oceanography Centre, 844Brocken specter, 446, 447, 462Bsr. See Bottom simulating reflectorBubnoff (unit), 100, 155Buffering, 758Bunsen burner, 242, 252Burdigalian, 177, 178

SUBJECT INDEX

971971

By high­flying aircraftByrd core, 808

CCaCO3, 216, 395, 530, 622, 626, 628, 631,

662, 746, 747, 750–759Calcareous nannoplankton, 11, 371, 431, 621,

647, 727, 744, 848Calcite, 216, 217, 232, 395, 530, 628, 632,

750, 751–755, 757–759Calcite compensation depth (CCD), 751Calcium, 104, 126, 157, 351, 530, 627, 628,

631, 639, 747, 748, 755, 953Calcium carbonate compensation depth

(CCCD), 431, 510, 622, 751California Institute of Technology, 446, 474Callendar effect, 660, 865, 891Caloric, 263, 264, 266, 269, 284, 285, 385,

386, 416Caloric summer, 385, 386Calorie, 51, 52, 278, 583Cam. See Climate anomaly metodCambridge University, 73, 89, 114, 132, 174,

360Camp century, 811Campo de' fiori, 827Canadian shield, 169, 775Canary current, 709, 717, 806Canyon diablo meteorite, 363Cape grim, 681, 682, 693, 694Capillary wave, 183, 184Carbon, 48, 439, 455, 457, 461–463, 627, 639Carbon cycle, 11, 457, 624, 627, 639, 661,

673, 746, 756, 760Carbon dioxide exchange between stmosphere

and ocean and the question of an increase in atmospheric CO2 during the past decades, 667

Carbon dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), 662

Carbon monoxide, 695Carbon­14, 162, 391, 424, 455–457, 462,

463, 507Carbonate ion, 626, 664, 749, 751, 752, 756,

758Carboniferous, 73, 74, 88, 128, 148, 150, 414,

419, 591, 637, 638, 644Carcasonne, 179, 228, 591, 934Cariaco trench, 761Caribbean plate, 844Carnot engine, 266Carolina bays, 742

Carrington flare, 442, 461Cartesian coordinates, 26, 27, 212Catastrophic sea­level rise event (CRE),

789, 845Catastrophism, 69, 71, 72, 76, 83, 139Catching the light: the entwined history of

light and mind, 234Causes of climate change over the past 1,000

years, 482, 487Cayenne, 214, 233CCCD. See Calcium carbonate compensation

depthCCD. See Calcite compensation depthCDIAC. See Carbon dioxide information

analysis centerCelestial driver of phanerozoic climate, 463Celsius temperature scale, 99, 434Cenozoic climatic deterioration, 151, 152Center for population studies, 660Chacaltaya, 458Challenger ezpedition, 747Chaos, 56, 138, 204, 292, 302, 304, 305, 314,

341, 906, 939Charles' law, 561, 577Chauvet, 165Chemical rays, 220, 230, 233Chicago construction, 665Chicago great fire, 665Chikyu, 647Chinook, 546Chloroflourocarbons, 593, 597, 695,

926, 953Chopin foundation of the united states, 579Cichlids, 691CIMAS. See Cooperative Institute for Marine

and Atmospheric ScienceCIRES. See Cooperative Institute for Research

in Environmental ScienceClathrate, 687, 688Clathrate ridge, 687, 688Cleavage, 750, 751, 755CLIMAP, 401Climate (defined), 142Climate and atmospheric history of the past

420,000 years from the vostok ice core, Antarctica, 655

Climate and time, in their geological relations, 388, 425

Climate anomaly method (CAM), 882Climate change 2007: the physical science

basis, 18, 696, 796Climate classification, 81, 311, 861Climate cover-up, 939, 940

SUBJECT INDEX

972972

Climate modes of the phanerozoic, 174Climate over the past two millenia, 826CME. See Coronal mass ejection eventCO2, 4, 6, 67, 171, 172, 272, 293, 307, 364,

414, 455, 463, 479, 494, 500, 508, 571, 572, 585, 609, 611, 621, 623, 625, 627, 628, 649, 655, 660, 662, 667, 673, 675, 678, 749, 827, 861, 953

Coal, 73, 88, 586, 597CO2 as the primary driver of phanerozoic

climate, 463Coccolithophores, 639, 729, 747, 753, 754,

756, 757, 844, 847, 847, 912Coevolution of climate and life, 437–438Columbia glacier, 790Columbia University, 159, 362, 398, 449, 940Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Re­

search Organisation (CSIRO), 682Continental drift, 9, 10, 81, 82, 141, 144, 159,

312, 393, 415, 919Continental shelf, 159, 394, 551, 745, 783,

846Continental slope, 761, 807, 932Contrails, 297, 477, 481, 488, 489, 613, 884Continent and ocean basin evolution by

spreading of the sea floor, 429Convent of minerva, 828Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmos­

pheric Science (CIMAS), 600Cooperative Institute for Research in Environ­

mental Science (CIRES), 12, 593, 600Copenhagen interpretation, 359Copepods, 756Coral gables, 578, 599Core, 411, 553, 836–838Coriolis accleration, 703, 730Coriolis force, 706, 705, 709, 730, 786, 807,

917, 920Corona, 252, 377, 440, 441, 453, 461, 565Coronal mass ejection event, 441Coronation mass (mozart), 190Corpuscules, 114, 117, 131, 219, 327Cosine (cos), 29, 30, 225, 880Cosmic rays, 162, 440, 450, 461, 463, 613Cosmic rays and particle physicsCosmic rays, carbon dioxide and climate, 463Cosmos club, 669Council of basel, 203Cre. See Catastrophic sea­level rise eventCretaceous, 10, 12, 70, 72, 74, 75, 78, 83, 84,

86, 88, 89, 94, 129, 141, 147, 150, 151, 165, 177, 289, 392, 395, 418, 430, 473, 510, 511, 611, 634–644, 647, 725–728, 732, 850, 933

Critical point, 521–523Cromwell countercurrent, 709Crust, 70, 83, 100, 163, 239, 362, 391, 398,

417, 428, 430, 627, 777, 779, 798CSIRO. See Commonwealth Scientific and

Industrial Research Organisation

DDana's system of mineralogy, 79Dansgaard­oeschger events, 811–814, 819,

839Danube, 916Danzig, 858Dardanelles, 916Dead sea, 321, 775Decay constant, 45, 117Deciduous forest, 741Deep sea drilling project, 11, 12, 145, 151,

371, 393, 417, 418, 424, 428–430, 465, 490, 510, 621, 644, 683, 797

Deep water, 720, 808, 815Deep water wave, 185, 186, 218Deforestation, 662, 663, 665, 695, 818, 930,

933, 935Deglaciation, 86, 130, 150, 165–167, 174,

400, 552, 655–658, 739–742, 788, 791, 801, 802, 829, 933

Dendroctonus ponderosae, 868Denmark strait, 806, 807, 809Density, 46, 306, 519, 526, 527, 532De revolutionibur orbium coelestiium, 425,

827Deterministic nonperiodic flow, 301, 314Deuterium, 49, 121, 410, 458, 554, 693Deuterium/Hydrogen (DH), 811Deuterium/Hydrogen ratio, 410, 411Deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft, 893Devil's hole, 408, 408, 427DH. See Deuterium/HydrogenDiamictites, 143Dinoflagellates, 760Discours sur la méthode pour bien conduire

sa raison, 212Discours sur les révolutions de la surface du

globe, 69Displacement rule, 123, 125District of columbia, 873Dnieper, 916Dome C, 547, 655, 656, 659, 692, 693, 820,

821Don (river), 916Doppler effect, 194, 505, 508Double refraction, 216, 217, 219, 225

SUBJECT INDEX

973973

Dryas, 169, 802, 803, 807–811, 838, 840, 903, 928

Dryas octopetalia, 169Dropstone, 143, 474Dry valley, 543, 847DSDP. See Deep sea drilling projectDulong­petit law, 278Dust, 476, 484–486, 488, 489DV caldrill, 429DV submarex, 429

Ee, 39, 43–45Early eocene climatic optimum, 152Earthquake, 39, 136, 187, 202Earth's climate: past and futureEast African rift valley, 530, 775East Antarctica, 523, 548, 549, 653, 654, 656,

924, 926, 927East Germany, 13, 57, 155, 781, 852–854,

892, 893East Greenland current, 809, 839, 915, 918Eclipse, 114, 119, 214, 215, 243, 252, 377,

415, 440, 445, 828, 860ECOD. See European Science Foundation

Consortium for Ocean DrillingEcole polytechnique, 276Edinburgh, 19, 64–67, 124, 128, 266, 388,

403, 493, 494Eemian, 657, 813, 836–845, 847, 912, 925Eem river, 836Eirík's saga, 919Ekman transport, 708, 720El abra limestone, 94Electron, 156, 367, 440, 444, 510, 569Elkhorn coral, 746, 788, 843El nino, 142, 707, 721–723, 729, 786, 817,

824–826, 929El nino/Southern oscillation (ENSO), 721Emiliania huxleyi, 11, 12, 177, 744, 753, 759,

847Emission spectru, 242, 245, 252, 334–337Empedocles, 305, 314Emperor seamount train, 625ENSO EL Nino/southern oscillation, 721Entropy, 194, 269, 270EPICA. See European consotium for ice cor­

ing in antarcticaEpitaxial growth, 754Equation of state, 531, 532, 534, 556Equator, 34, 382, 680, 702, 709, 724, 728,

779, 786, 819, 908, 929, 930Equatorial current, 709, 714

Equidistant cylindrical projection, 31Equilibrium vegetation ecology model (EVE),

612Equinox, 28, 377, 378, 384, 385, 471, 537,

555Equipotential surface, 779Equirectangular projection, 31Era of smog, 884Ernst­Moritz­Arndt University, 893Escape velocity, 440, 562Essay on the principle of population, 43Estonia, 853Estuarine circulation, 713, 714Estuary, 177, 316, 920Euler number, 43, 44European Consortium for Research Ocean

Drilling (ECORD), 894European Consotium for Ice Coring in Antarc­

tica (EPICA), 547, 655, 812European science foundation, 731, 894European Science Foundation Consortium for

Ocean Drilling (ECOD), 731European Union, 892, 895Evaporite, 143, 511, 531EVE. See Equilibrium vegetation ecology

modelExclusion principle, 347–349, 369Exobase, 566Exponent, 36, 42, 349Extinction, 10, 72, 83, 85–87, 164–166, 254,

304, 392, 530, 442, 850

FFaculae, 434, 460Faero islands, 804, 806, 807Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel, 556, 857Fahrenheit temperature scale, 52, 556, 858,

859Faint young sun paradox, 375, 376Fasnacht, 204Fecal pellets, 756, 757Feedback, 53, 172, 907Fens, 801Ferrel cell, 704, 706Fidelio, 91Firn, 546, 553, 693Fission, 162, 163, 357, 361, 362Fission track dating, 162, 362Fixing climate, 938Fixing the sky, 939Flinders mountains, 474Florida keys, 400, 842, 871Florida reef tract, 746

SUBJECT INDEX

974974

Flurocarbons, 695Fohn, 546Fram, 805, 806, 847Franz josef land, 540Freemasons, 858French Revolution, 33, 67, 87, 262, 862, 881Freshwater balance, 713, 715Frigoric, 263From earth to the moon, 440, 462Front, 546, 605, 647, 711, 715Front range, 546, 605Frost, 540, 906

GGamma ray, 115, 230, 251, 447, 453, 454Ganges delta, 783Gaussian distribution, 275Geissler tube, 243Geoid, 779, 781, 785Geological society (London), 67, 69, 74, 84,

127, 159, 460, 372, 632, 639, 935Geological time scale, 72, 130GEOMAR, 13, 18, 145, 638, 646, 648, 687,

892, 941, 943GEOSECS (geochemical sections), 717Geothermal heat flux, 53, 100, 548, 818, 926German democratic republic (DDR), 155, 852German hydrographic office, 818Gerolstein, 632GIN sea, 715, 738, 804, 806–809, 812, 826,

904, 920, 933GISP 2, 553, 556, 811, 812, 819, 838GISS. See Goddard institute for space scienceGjøa, 909Glacial, 143, 167, 412, 472, 655, 774, 934Glasgow, 76, 98, 117, 119, 123, 240, 252, 388,

493, 494, 516, 556Glasnost, 852Glessberg cycleGlobal dimming, 480Global marine deveopment, Inc., 670, 731Global warming, 6–8, 18, 940Glomar challenger, 417, 418, 430, 466, 490,

617, 622, 669, 798Goddard Institute for Space S,cience (GISS),

674, 879, 891, 942Gold foil experiment, 122, 332Gondwana, 81, 150, 415, 638, 667Gonyaulax noctiluca, 901Good bye lenin, 854Grand pile, 802Gravity recovery and climate experiment

(GRACE), 922

Gravity wave, 184Great barrier reef, 746Great conveyor, 714–716, 729, 738, 756, 803,

804, 807, 810, 813, 897, 904, 907, 920Great dying, 86Great lakes, 169, 371, 388, 407, 529, 531,

543, 775Great salinity anomaly, 809, 810Grebenka river, 611Greenhouse, 294, 572, 642, 760, 766, 899, 905Greenhouse gas, 271, 274, 594, 603, 623, 673,

899Greenland ice project. See GRIPGRIP (Greenland ice project), 802, 811GRIP summit, 802, 812, 814Groenlending saga, 919Gulf of Mexico, 134, 169, 187, 429, 465, 511,

548, 621, 697, 741, 783, 871Gulf stream, 371, 396, 709, 717, 725, 744,

806, 861, 871, 875Gustrow, 892Gyre water, 711, 712

hH2S, 529, 530, 765Hadley cell, 704–706, 713, 727–730, 817,

899, 930Hadley centre, 879, 881Hale cycle, 439Haler­Bosch process, 694Half­life, 45, 116, 117, 119, 126, 129, 163,

406, 410, 507, 810Hallstadt cycle, 439Harmonic oscillator, 281, 283, 329, 498Harrison, Abramovitz, and Kingsland, 600,

970Harvard University, 76, 117, 411Hawaii, 428, 490, 557, 625, 661, 670, 831,

842, 872Heaviside layer, 249, 250, 253Hebrew University, 12, 17, 321, 460Heidelberg, 104, 240, 252, 273, 285Heinrich events, 811, 818, 819, 846Helium, 48, 107, 114, 116, 117, 119, 120, 126,

162, 252, 342, 351, 361, 375, 409, 442, 446, 452, 496, 546, 577

Hermatypic corals, 746, 754Hesperium, 361Hilo, 872Himalaya, 152, 163, 642, 679, 724, 774, 783,

784Historical perspectives on climate change,

18, 570

SUBJECT INDEX

975975

History of ocean basins, 429History of the earth's atmosphere, 4Hoarfrost, 540HOH, 515, 516, 520–523, 525, 555, 574Holocene, 149, 169, 170, 173, 174, 455, 552,

791, 801, 803, 807, 816, 820, 826, 836, 839, 844, 921

Holomictic, 529Homestake mine, 443Hothouse, 148, 149, 642, 760, 766Huascaran, 820, 821Hudson bay, 168, 407, 541, 593, 717, 741,

780, 781, 784, 818, 917Hudson strait, 818, 846Humanism, 203Humboldt current, 720, 721Huon Peninsula, 844Hydrogen, 48, 342, 496, 515, 554, 811, 954Hydrologic cycle, 524, 609, 611, 713, 900Hydrosphere, 142, 305, 309, 736Hypsithermal, 400

IIce, 310, 411, 518, 520, 523, 528, 542, 543,

552, 614, 647, 655, 703, 911Ice age, 54, 76, 141, 168–170, 173, 174, 294,

382, 387, 424, 434, 459, 657, 665, 820, 830, 862, 884, 889, 897, 903

Ice ages: solving the mysteryIce cap, 77, 81, 89, 334, 405, 407, 411, 540,

551, 730, 785, 795, 811, 820, 835Icebergs, 75, 143, 437, 474, 790, 809, 811,

818, 819, 823, 846, 847Icehouse, 146, 147, 149, 151, 171, 172, 540,

640, 642, 760, 763–766, 936Ice ic, 539Ice ih, 539, 546Iceland, 160, 167, 216–218, 224, 232, 379,

430, 481, 540, 624, 717, 723, 804, 806, 809, 909, 919, 929

Iceland high, 929Iceland spar, 216–218, 224, 225, 232, 750, 751Iceland­scotland ridge, 806, 807, 809, 815Ice rings, 528, 529Ice sheet, 540, 742, 784, 811, 818, 842, 845,

846, 918–920, 924–927Ice shelf, 551, 926Illustrations of the huttonian theory of the

earth, 67, 88India, 77, 80, 80, 141, 144, 150, 152, 173, 415,

638, 642, 706, 724, 763, 783, 909, 929Indian ocean, 164, 187, 202, 403, 408, 679,

709, 729, 776, 779, 787

Industrial revolution, 43, 74, 101, 114, 166, 170, 174, 265, 284, 455, 476, 487, 660, 663, 673, 694, 696, 757, 759, 835, 842, 922, 938

Intermediate water, 710, 714, 715, 729Inland, 169, 187, 475, 790, 843, 845, 846, 878,

901, 925Inquisition, 827, 828Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research, 925Insolation, 375, 382, 399, 656Institute fur Ostseeforschung, 893Institute for Baltic Sea Research, 13, 781, 893Institute for Nuclear Studies, 362, 393, 455Integrated ocean drilling program (IODP),

894Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (In­

SAR), 927Interglacial, 173, 813, 814, 836Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC), 696, 794, 796, 823, 899, 902International Meteorological Organization

(WMO), 861, 862, 888, 890Interstadial, 801–803, 816, 836Intertropical covergence zone (ITCZ), 702,

705, 713, 738Inversion (temperature), 411, 563, 576, 587,

596Ion, 338, 530, 660, 748, 755, 757, 765IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

ChangeIreland, 63, 64, 447, 493, 731, 809, 823, 862Irrational number, 39, 42, 43Islamabad, 768Isopycnal, 532, 714, 715Isotope, 117, 399, 836–838, 840–842Italia, 175ITCZ. See Intertropical covergence zoneIxtoc I, 697

JJedda, 767, 768JOI. See Joint Oceanographic InstitutionsJOIDES, 429, 465–467, 490, 617, 647, 689,

894Joint Oceanographic Institutions, 17, 429, 467Joint Oceanographic Institutions for deep

earth sampling, 429Joule, 50, 52, 268, 269, 614Junfraujoch, 450Jupiter, 83, 214, 215, 300, 301, 523, 827, 828,

860Jurassic, 72, 74, 84, 85, 87, 128, 148, 177,

392, 639, 642, 725

SUBJECT INDEX

976976

Leopoldina, 852Level­of­no­motion, 917LGM. See Last glacial maximumLIA. See Little ice ageLiberté, 175Liberty city, 669LIPS. See Lage igneous provincesLithosphere, 305, 736, 777–780, 797Lithuania, 853Little ice age (LIA), 824Lives of the most excellent painters, sculptors,

and architects, 599Loess plateau, 165, 485Logarithm, 36, 38–43, 45, 748, 749, 758Lomonosov ridge, 648, 847, 912London, 14, 27, 30, 34, 67, 69, 70, 73, 74, 92,

103, 104, 112, 158, 243, 248, 372, 434, 476, 487, 540, 644, 703, 717, 897

Long island, 780Longitude, 27–30, 33, 214, 541, 828, 860,

864, 880, 882, 890Longitude act, 860, 890Longitude: the true story of a lone genius who

solved the greatest scientific problem of his time

Longshore drift, 188Lorenz transformations, 344, 368Lost maples, 169Ludwig­Maximillian's University (munich),

852Luminosity, 375, 433, 436, 439, 459, 639, 666Luna I, 440Luxembourg palace, 224

MMagnetic field reversalsMalus' law, 225Manchester, 101, 114, 122, 131, 268, 333, 436Manchester University, 267, 451, 463Mangroves, 745Marburg, 81, 240, 271Maria laach, 632Marine biological laboratory, 471Marion dufresne, 418, 427Mass spectrometer, 121, 157, 394, 401, 418,

424, 426Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 301Maud rise, 848–849Mauna loa, 661, 667, 743Maunder sunspot minimumMauretania, 92, 93, 175Má vlast, 225

KKamchatka, 185, 481Kaon, 451, 453, 454, 461Karman line, 309, 313, 495, 562Kazan cathedral, 910Kazan­Komarek affair, 289Kelp, 582, 745Kelvin temperature scale, 51, 434Kepler's laws, 213, 214Key biscayne, 371, 558, 599, 669Kilimanjaro, 554Kinetic energy, 51, 187, 475, 497, 505, 702, 729Kirchhoff's law, 273, 377Kola super deep borehole, 798Krakatau, 481, 483Kyoto treaty, 829

LLaboratory of tree­ring research, 456Labrador, 248, 877, 919Labrador sea, 715, 804, 807, 809, 815, 818,

846, 920Labrador sea water, 807, 809Lagoonal circulation, 714Lake Agassiz, 807, 808Lake Baikal, 775Lake Malawi, 775Lake Tanganyika, 775Lake Vida, 847Landsat, 908La nina, 721, 723, 786, 824–826, 929Lapse rate, 197, 478, 605, 607, 608, 610Large igneous provinces (LIPs), 643Lascaux, 165, 741Last glacial maximum, 167–169, 173, 174,

391, 411–413, 423, 424, 472, 488, 550, 551, 655, 656, 739, 740, 776, 803, 820, 840, 846

Latent energy, 51, 268Latent heat of fusion, 51, 543Latent heat of vaporization, 51, 52, 519, 555,

606, 607Latvia, 583Laughing gas, 690Law dome, 657, 659, 665, 681Law of constant composition of seawater, 747Law of large numbers, 882Laws of thermodynamics, 268, 271, 278,

284–286Le monde ou traité de la lumière, 213, 233Leningrad, 3, 6, 18, 472, 511, 614, 621, 634,

797, 865, 869, 910

SUBJECT INDEX

977977

Mcgill University, 114Mcmurdo sound, 543, 847Mecca, 767Mechanical energy, 51, 269Medieval climate optimum, 170, 174, 261,

820, 824, 909Medina, 767Mediterranean, 205, 235, 261, 419, 420, 715,

787, 804, 807, 916Mediterranean outflow water, 807Meltwater pulse 1A, 788–790, 846Meltwater pulse 1B, 788–789Mercator projection, 31, 908Meromictic, 529, 530Meson, 448, 462, 463Mesopause, 565, 574, 576Mesosphere, 565, 568, 576, 577, 587Methane, 49, 500, 517, 519, 575, 626, 673,

676, 686, 687, 689, 849, 937Metric system, 32–34, 46, 53, 192, 233, 262,

859, 881Mexico, 8, 19, 94, 133, 134, 392, 465, 504,

723, 741, 832Mexico city, 94, 135–139, 697Miami, 12, 290, 370, 371, 393, 465, 511, 557,

578, 579, 598, 599, 619, 634, 669, 910Michelson­morley experiment, 246, 327, 344,

367Micrographia, 498, 508Mid­atlantic ridge, 160, 164, 430, 523, 621,

622, 624Middle ages, 91, 153, 213, 218, 665Mid­ocean ridge, 40, 159, 164, 430, 523, 637,

752, 772, 785, 843Milankovitch parameters, 172, 414Minamata bay, 901Missouri botanical garden, 476Mixed layer, 199, 309, 310, 526, 938Mohorovicic discontinuity, 417, 426, 428Moldau, 255Mole, 50, 53, 104, 585Mollweide projection, 31, 32Molotov­ribbentrop pact, 853Momentum, 47, 334, 356, 395, 451, 462, 499Monsoon, 679, 680, 706, 929Montreal protocol, 593, 594, 596, 695, 954Moon, 47, 103, 120, 279, 280, 371, 375, 415,

445, 470, 566, 586, 675, 684, 701Moosehorn coral, 746, 788, 843Moscow, 4, 145, 362, 633, 634, 735, 797, 798,

869, 910Motion of the solar system in space, 230Mount pelee, 483

Mount pinatubeMullet, 753Munich, 9, 14, 56–60, 192, 236, 328, 357,

416, 852, 868, 892Muon, 443, 444, 449, 507Murmansk, 908Musee d'histoire naturelle, 68, 177, 206Music, 20–22, 57, 60, 190–192, 195, 288, 598

NNaCl, 49, 475, 519, 531, 548, 858Nannofossils, 177, 204, 254, 315, 372, 431,

465, 622, 623, 647, 848NASA, 463, 477, 507, 586, 674, 879, 885NASA/GISS, 863, 881, 883, 884, 886–888National Center for Atmospheric Research,

438, 473, 611, 627, 634, 731, 866National Science Foundation, 175, 333, 417,

428, 429, 465, 490, 557, 731, 798National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC),

911Native Americans, 487, 831Natural logarithm, 42, 43, 45NCAR. See National Center for Atmospheirc

ResearchNCDC. See US National Climate Data CenterNekton, 744Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, 847Neon, 121, 126, 243, 351, 364, 496Netherlands School of Sedimentary Geology

(NSG), 893Neutrino, 442, 443, 451, 452, 463Neutron, 49, 157, 158, 340, 449, 451, 454,

455, 462, 507Nevsky prospect, 910New orleans, 465, 630, 677, 783Newfoundland, 919Newton's rings, 221–223Nitrate, 487, 691, 692, 763, 764, 900, 901Nitrite, 691Nitrous oxide, 499, 500, 571, 573, 592, 597,

690Nobel prize, 109, 112, 114, 156, 331, 340,

344, 345, 360, 367–369, 443, 445, 446, 447, 451, 463, 594, 597

Noosphere, 736North Atlantic deep water, 533, 715, 804, 805,

807, 809, 920North Atlantic drift, 717, 806, 807, 809, 815,

819, 861North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), 721, 723,

786, 793, 817, 929

SUBJECT INDEX

978978

PPaleocene­eocene thermal maximum (PETM),

642, 848–850, 932, 933Paleoclimatology, reconstructing climates of

the quaternary, 823Pan­Arctic ice ocean modeling and assimila­

tion system (PIOMAS), 912Pan­european picnic, 853Pangaea, 81, 630, 637, 638Papua new guinea, 844Paris, 31, 67, 68, 87, 107, 108, 115, 176, 177,

206, 214, 224, 233, 315, 317, 445, 717, 818

Pea­soup fog, 476, 486Penicillus, 754Pennsylvanian, 414, 415Pennsylvania state University, 646, 677, 823,

826Perestroika, 852Periodic table, 105, 106, 131, 157, 244,

338–340, 345Perkins trading post, 831, 832Permafrost, 687, 689, 907, 931, 932, 938PETM. See Paleocene­eocene thermal maxi­

mumPhlogiston, 262, 263, 285, 494, 495Photic zone, 752, 756Photon, 350, 355, 364, 365, 449, 501, 502,

508, 586, 587Photosynthesis, 504, 575, 582–585, 591, 596,

609, 610, 650, 736, 752–754, 847Physics of air, 365Physics of climatePhysikalish­technische reichsanstalt, 122, 276,

282, 284Pic du midi, 450Pine forest, 741, 868Pion, 451Piston core, 398, 418, 426, 427Plague, 45, 261, 285, 665, 934Planetary wave, 706Plankton, 72, 256, 648, 653, 725, 744, 753,

901, 904Planktonic foraminifera, 72, 139, 175, 204,

315, 396, 401, 402, 430, 431, 622, 639, 647, 753–755

Plantation of ulster, 493Plasma, 440, 576, 592Plate tectonics, 82, 83, 100, 163, 429, 430,

484, 618, 622, 630, 633, 635, 641, 777, 779, 827

Pleistocene temperatures, 398, 426Poker club, 494Polar cell, 704, 706, 730

Northeast passage, 909Northwest passage, 78, 713, 909North woods, 407, 741Norway current, 717, 738, 806–808,

917, 918Norwegian fjords, 746Northwestern University, 636, 668Novaya zemlya, 540, 805Nuclide, 126Nugssuaq peninsula, 88Nummulite, 176

OOahu, 842Oak ridge national laboratory, 662Obliquity, 383, 384, 386, 398, 399, 403, 414,

419Observations: climate change and sea levelOccam's razor, 14, 17Ocean circulation, 418, 511, 642, 723, 726,

727, 765, 904, 930Octaves, 104, 105, 131, 192, 222Office of Science and Technology Policy

(OSTP), 617Ohio University, 148, 642, 761Ohm, 520Oh­my­god particle, 453Old possum's book of practical cats, 250Older dryas, 803, 820Oldest dryas, 802On physical lines of force, 227, 228, 234On the influence of carbonic acid in the air

upon the temperature of the ground, 112, 131, 293, 314, 368, 890

On the photochemistry of ozone in the stratosphere and troposphere and pollution of the stratosphere, 593

On the smallness of sinking regions in the ocean, 713

Open UniversityOpticks, 209, 226, 233, 857Orbital magnetic quantum number, 347Orbital quantum number, 346, 347Orbitals, 343, 346, 347, 363, 367Orca basin, 761OSTP. See Office of Science and Technology

PolicyOwens college, 114, 436Oxford University, 76Oxygen, 263, 285, 351, 400, 494, 520, 585,

634, 649, 802, 821, 838Oxygen minimum, 756

SUBJECT INDEX

979979

Polar easterly winds, 706, 707Polar front, 647, 711, 712, 729Polar orthographic projection, 31, 32Polar regions, 12, 70, 78, 151, 173, 295, 381,

382, 401, 415, 510, 511, 512, 540, 541, 554, 563, 606, 635, 636, 642, 648, 725, 726, 729, 899, 907, 908

Pollen, 169, 740, 801, 820, 822, 839Polonium, 111, 112, 327, 354, 368Pontus euxinis, 765Positron, 360, 376, 446, 454, 462Potassium, 118, 132, 156, 157, 351, 691, 694Potassium–argon dating, 156–157Potemkin village, 892Potential energy, 51, 187, 563, 689, 702, 705Potential temperature, 535Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Re­

search, 813Pozzuoli, 783Preboreal, 802Precession of the equinoxes, 383–386, 425Princiles of quantum mechanics, 360Principle quantum numberPrinciples of geology, 69, 71, 88Principles of physical geology, 128, 159, 429Project LOCO, 426, 429Project LOCOProton, 125, 342, 376, 410, 449, 454, 455, 567

QQuantum mechanics, 157, 327, 355, 357–360,

369, 864Quantum physics, 122, 123, 232, 331, 355,

357, 864Queen mary, 394

RRadiance, 277, 284, 433, 434, 575, 576, 817Radioactivity, 45, 110, 112, 116, 119, 132,

156, 327, 368, 444, 462Red sea, 322, 643, 715, 723, 787, 844Red sea outflow, 715Réflexions sur le phlogistique, 263Refugia, 740, 746Remarques generales sur les températures du

globe terrestre et des espaces plané-taires, 264, 285, 570, 577

Remote sensing, 187, 239, 240, 784, 908, 922Residence time, 524, 585, 626Reykjanes ridge, 160Rinnen, 782Rioni, 916

Rocks and mineral deposits, 49, 55Rodinia, 630Rogue wave, 183Ronne­filchner ice shelf, 551Rosenstiel school of marine and atmospheric

sciences, 12, 17, 372, 473, 531, 578, 898

Ross ice shelf, 551Ross sea, 551, 645, 924, 927Rostock, 781, 893Royal astronomical observatory, 860Royal society, 65, 212, 219, 220, 221, 223,

228, 263, 498RSMAS. See Rosenstiel School of Marine and

Atmospheric SciencesRue d’enfer, 224Rydberg constant, 245

SSagitta, 744Sahara, 170, 174, 296, 705, 830, 930Salinity, 198, 408, 531, 534, 776, 809, 810Salinity oscillator, 818Salt, 49, 99, 110, 129, 143, 293, 321, 430, 475,

511, 519, 520, 522, 531, 536, 544, 548, 628, 711, 712, 776, 805, 817, 914

Sangamonian interglacial, 836San pellegrino, 632Santa maria, 483Sat. See Surface air temperatureSaudi arabia, 767, 768Savannah river research center, 451Scattering of light, 272, 503, 504, 509Schrodinger equation, 357Schrodinger's cat, 359Schwerin, 782, 892Science et méthode, 302Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 176, 370,

398, 428, 466, 480, 660, 731, 864Sea fans, 755Sea­floor spreading, 89, 145, 160, 164, 371,

510, 622, 624, 633, 637, 653, 763, 764, 779

Seafood, 315, 745, 901Sea frontiers, 578Sea level, 169, 412, 637, 724, 771, 772, 775,

779, 791, 795, 796, 924, 931Sea level change, 144, 306, 412, 413, 415,

427, 623, 660, 746, 772–775, 781, 782, 788, 791, 795, 841, 844

Sea of marmora, 915–917Sea of okhotsk, 715Sea urchin, 235, 755

SUBJECT INDEX

980980

Southern Methodist University (SMU), 8, 17, 19, 56, 90

Southern ocean, 542, 545, 551, 709, 715, 754, 756, 759

Southern oscillation, 721, 723, 817, 907, 929South florida, 476, 741, 745, 780, 793, 932Southwest monsoon, 706, 929Southwest passage, 909Specific heat, 52, 67, 264, 306–308, 310, 516,

519, 526, 556, 701Spectrocope, 240, 241, 243Spectroscopy, 121, 239, 240, 242, 243, 252,

285, 348, 367, 505Spectrum, 114, 131, 210–222, 224, 229, 232,

233, 239, 240, 242–244, 248, 250–252, 342, 363, 377, 452, 505, 584, 594, 603, 623, 690, 884

Spicules, 755Spin magnetic quantum number, 349Spitsbergen, 206, 539, 305, 909Sporer sunspot minimum, 437, 463Spreading center, 164Stadial, 801–803Stanford University, 17, 90, 392St. Augustine grass, 611, 615St. Lawrence, 308St. Mark's (school of Texas), 56Starfish, 755Steady­state, 170, 295Steam engine, 74, 101, 131, 166, 174, 265,

266, 284, 365, 516, 556, 659, 863Stefan­boltzmann constant, 278, 378Stefan's law, 278, 279, 281, 293Stick map, 185Stomata, 584, 609, 610, 613, 640, 641, 649,

650, 668Storegga slides, 933Stratopause, 565, 574, 576, 674Stratosphere, 298, 309, 310, 444, 469, 477,

481, 482, 488, 489, 499, 504, 561, 564, 565, 568, 572, 575–577, 587, 593, 595, 613, 623, 675, 695, 826, 884

Subatlantic subboreal, 803Subduction zone, 164, 626, 632, 639, 779,

788, 844Subshells, 343, 346, 347, 349, 350, 367Subtropical front, 711, 715, 7158Suess effect, 456, 457, 463, 660, 865Summit ice core, 681, 814Sun, 3, 7, 28, 53, 54, 99, 114, 119, 120, 213,

214, 230, 231, 239, 252, 264, 278, 282, 333, 375, 376–387, 410, 439–444, 445, 460, 461, 471, 472, 474, 484, 502–504, 506, 520, 537, 554, 564, 566, 573, 575,

Seesaw effect, 809, 816Seismic profile, 683, 684, 688, 689Selma chalk, 630Sensible heat, 299, 308, 563, 603, 604, 606,

607, 610, 702, 706, 729, 906Shallow water wave, 185, 186Shelf break, 550, 551, 725Shell (electron), 157, 335, 337, 338, 340,

341–343, 346, 349, 367Shengen agreementShetland islands, 804Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, 491Shishi­odoshi, 818Shoemaker­levy comet, 83, 89Siberia, 4, 104, 296, 404, 541, 544,

611, 635, 648, 682, 684, 687, 689, 710, 713, 742, 765, 775, 806, 915, 931, 938

Siberian traps, 765Siccar point, 64, 66, 67, 84, 88, 89, 98, 131,

418Siemens, 520Sigsbee scarp, 548Silica tetrahedra, 581, 627Simple mathematical models with very compli-

cated dynamics, 303, 314Sine (sin), 29SIPRE. See Snow, Ice and Permafrost Re­

search EstablishemntSkralings, 919SMU. See Southern Methodist UniversitySnell's law, 211, 233Snow, 12, 54, 77, 142, 167, 382, 389, 411,

424, 472, 474, 482, 545, 554, 652, 689, 740, 838, 839, 856, 857, 897, 911, 917, 920

Snowball earth, 77, 147–150, 174, 433, 630, 668, 677, 760, 766

Snowflakes, 410, 539, 540, 546, 553, 809Snow, ice and permafrost research establish­

ment, 552SOFAR, 200Soft corals, 755SOHO, 442, 463Solar constant, 53, 278–281, 285, 375, 377,

381, 387, 469, 474, 639Solar flare, 381, 440, 442, 444, 462Solar wind, 440, 441, 453, 457, 461, 463, 565,

566, 577, 646Solidarity, 853Soufriere, 483Sound, speed of, 192–202, 532, 684, 910Sound waves, 189, 190–194, 201, 239, 428,

568, 683, 688

SUBJECT INDEX

981981

576, 588, 591, 592, 613, 624, 675, 676, 688, 736, 767, 789, 827, 829, 832, 931, 954

Sunda shelf, 782Sunspot, 434, 435, 436, 453Supernova, 120, 126, 132, 335, 375, 443Sur la combustion en général, 494, 509Sur les équations du mouvement relatif des

systèmes de corps, 703, 730Surface air temperature (SAT), 863Svalbard, 540Švejk, 255, 257Sverdrup (unit), 709, 718, 787, 805Swallow float, 717Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 10, 17,

91, 93, 320, 552Symbiotic algae, 746, 754, 760

TTabasco sauce, 548Tambora, 482, 489, 862Tangent (tan), 29Tasmania, 681, 682, 693, 694Taylor dome, 655, 657, 659Temple of serapis, 783Terminal moraine, 388, 780, 803Termination I, 655, 839, 840, 845, 853Termination II, 656, 657, 838, 840Termination III, 654, 655Termination IV, 657, 658, 840Terra del fuego, 926Terra pinguis, 262, 285, 493, 508Texas A & M University, 490, 660, 671, 731The age of the earth, 63, 98, 99, 117, 119,

126–130, 132, 271, 362, 409, 475The atmosphere and ocean, 163, 284, 512,

660, 701, 702, 727, 759, 766, 865The biosphere, 443, 586, 664, 736, 766The charterhouse of parma, 204The chilling stars: a new theory of climate

change, 460, 463The cosmos of arthur holly compton, 446The day after tomorrow, 308, 810, 897The divine comedy, 261, 285The global carbon cycle, 457The good soldier švejk, 255The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy, 39The last man, 483The netherlands, 13, 18, 206, 342, 344, 345,

419, 640, 649, 682, 731, 738, 781, 792, 801, 836, 843, 858, 859, 892, 893, 898, 905

The origin of species, 72, 769

Theory of the earth, 65–67, 87, 88, 227The persistence of memory, 829The pink panther strikes again, 690The scientific companion, 43, 55, 372The simpsons: i am furious (yellow), 332, 369The surface history of the earth, 129The theoretical biologist's toolbox, 332The vanishing face of gaia - A final warning,

940The world set free, 123Thermal neutron, 454, 455, 595, 507Thermocline, 199, 200, 309, 710, 721, 723,

729, 761, 928, 929Thermocline water, 711, 712, 714Thermodynamics, 265–268, 270, 271, 278,

284–286, 327, 328, 367, 859Thermometer, 7, 143, 200, 219, 264, 271, 276,

277, 307, 308, 434, 515, 516, 535, 561, 563, 565, 577, 604, 702, 857, 860, 861, 863, 888, 890

Thermopause, 566, 577Thermoscope, 561, 577, 857, 890Thermosphere, 565, 566, 568, 577, 623Thorium, 100, 110, 115, 116, 123, 129, 130,

155, 306, 354, 400, 409, 788Three­body problem, 301Tibetan plateau, 149, 311, 485, 605, 679, 680,

706, 724, 774, 775, 929Tide, 81, 182, 186, 187, 201, 300,

334, 372, 745, 771, 791, 792, 793, 794, 843, 901

Timing of armospheric CO2 and antarctic temperature changes across termina-tion III

Towards the edge of the universeTracers in the sea, 810Trade winds, 702–705, 707, 720, 721, 723,

727, 729, 730, 817, 825Traité de la lumiere, 213, 216, 233Transantarctic mountains, 549Transform fault, 40, 164Treaty of westphalia, 829Triads, 104, 131Triassic, 72, 74, 85, 86, 88, 91, 128, 148, 150,

419, 637, 639Tridacna, 754Triple point, 521–523, 555, 859Tritium, 49, 162, 163, 410, 810Tropic of cancer, 379, 380, 382, 886Tropic of capricorn, 379, 380, 382, 871, 886Tropopause, 309, 562, 564, 574, 576, 926Troposphere, 308, 309, 444, 475, 477–481,

484, 487, 488, 499, 563, 568, 572, 574–577, 587, 593, 595, 605, 606–608,

SUBJECT INDEX

982982

University of Leiden, 211, 342, 344University of Massachusetts, 646, 823, 926University of Miami, 12, 17, 237, 370,

393, 473, 578, 579, 598, 599, 601, 898, 941

University of Michigan, 165, 371, 463, 627, 849

University of Minnesota, 129, 155, 157University of Munich, 56, 57, 59, 328, 356,

367, 852University of Padua, 73, 447University of Stockholm, 592, 848University of Tokyo, 488, 930University of Utrecht, 18, 419, 422, 425, 567,

640, 649, 836, 893, 898, 938University of Vienna, 18, 277, 893University of Virginia, 19, 656University of Washington, 465, 912University of Zurich, 10, 17, 90, 91, 132, 389Upwelling, 100, 159, 715, 719–721, 723, 727,

729, 730, 763, 764, 786, 929Uranium, 36, 45, 100, 106, 110, 111, 114,

116–120, 123, 124, 127–131, 155, 156, 243, 340, 343, 344, 349, 354, 361, 362, 400, 409, 788, 901

Urea, 691USHCN. See U.S. Historical climate networkU.S. Historical climate network (USHCN),

874USSR academy of sciences, 633, 797US National Climate Data Center (NCDC),

874US standard atmosphere, 309, 314, 563

VValence, 104, 105, 116Valency, 104Vapor pressure, 522Variation in cosmic ray flux and global cloud

coverage, 459, 463Variations in the earth's orbit: pacemaker of

the ice ages, 403, 426Veen, 801Vega, 909Vela supernova remnant, 335Velasco formation, 94, 254Vernadsky Institute, 4, 633, 634, 735Vikings, 768, 893, 909, 919Virginia key, 601Vltava, 255Volcano, 135, 157, 158, 205, 481, 483, 484,

488, 504, 530, 624–630, 632, 643, 661, 826

613, 623, 673, 675, 705, 713, 884, 900, 926

Tsunami, 40, 41, 55, 184, 186–188, 202, 687, 689, 932, 933, 937

Tundra, 169, 311, 407, 740, 741, 801–803, 907, 931

Tunguska event, 742Turnover, 529, 747Two slit experiment, 223, 231, 233

UÜber den bau der atome, 335, 369Ultraviolet, 54, 210, 221, 222, 230, 233,

242–246, 250, 252, 274, 282, 286, 296, 299, 309, 330, 336, 338, 339, 363, 364, 366–368, 434, 444, 460, 469, 470, 590, 593

Uncertainty principle, 357, 369, 864Uniformitarianism, 10, 71, 72, 84, 88, 97, 130United states (ship), 3, 16, 17, 19, 30, 32, 36,

52, 56, 76, 80, 82, 107, 139, 150, 169, 175, 192, 206, 257, 264, 299, 311, 321, 362, 370, 388, 390, 393, 415, 429, 467, 471, 480, 485

Universite catholque de louvain, 419University of Alberta, 789University of Arizona, 371, 456, 823University of Basel, 10, 17, 175, 203, 393University of Berlin, 73, 274University of Bern, 81University of Breslau, 273University of Bristol, 50, 462University of California at berkeley, 660University of Chicago, 14, 71, 144, 145, 145,

362, 393, 440, 456, 495, 509, 510, 577, 660, 864

University of Colorado, 12, 13, 17, 18, 44, 579, 593, 600, 611, 677, 732, 762, 797, 832, 866, 892, 894, 911, 925, 935, 941, 951

University of East anglia, 878, 879, 881, 891, 942

University of Glasgow, 98, 117, 240, 265, 493, 509

University of Gottingen, 245University of Graz, 861University of Greifswald, 13, 18, 155University of Hamburg, 347University of Illinois ­ Urbana, 10, 17, 90, 93,

160, 370, 390, 598, 767, 951University of Kansas, 892University of Karlsruhe, 246, 330University of Konigsberg, 240, 273

SUBJECT INDEX

983983

Wien's displacement law, 276, 282Wien's distribution law, 282, 328Will o' the wisp, 530Windemere, 802, 803WMO. See World Meterological OrganiztionWolf sunspot minimum, 783World Bank, 783, 932World Meterological Organiztion (WMO),

142, 861, 863, 879, 890WWR. See World weather records

XX­ra, 91, 109, 110, 115, 131, 209, 230, 347,

368, 568

YYale University, 73, 128Year without a summer, 482, 489, 862Yellow river, 165, 485Younger dryas, 169, 174, 678, 803, 807–809,

811, 819, 820, 838, 897, 903, 928Yucatan, 97, 164, 644, 745

ZZeeman effect, 344, 345

Vostok, 410, 411, 425, 427, 485, 486, 521, 523, 554, 652–656, 659, 680, 811, 812, 839

WWalker circulation, 706, 707, 720, 721, 729Warnemunde, 13, 781, 893Washngton UniversityWater waves, 181–189, 201, 209, 216–218,

224, 232, 347, 503Wave, 129, 159, 181–189, 192, 194, 201, 216,

234, 245, 328, 331, 334, 347, 359, 372, 460, 471, 475, 503, 520, 526, 536, 683, 706, 729, 768, 771, 906, 913, 914

Wave group, 183, 186Waves, tides, and shallow water processesWayne state University, 9, 17, 59Wealth of nations, 67, 87Weddel sea, 541, 551, 715, 729, 809, 848, 924,

926, 927Weichselian, 802, 836Weslyan University, 640West Antarctica, 548, 549, 790, 924, 925Westerly winds, 546, 706, 707–709, 711, 712,

719, 723, 727, 729, 914, 915, 928, 929Western boundary current, 709, 721Western pacifc warm pool, 721, 786West wind drift, 709What is life?, 358

SUBJECT INDEX