decolonization - myteachersite.org · decolonization theme historical ... 6 1783‐84, occurred...
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DECOLONIZATION
Non-violence is the
greatest force at the
disposal of mankind.
It is mightier than the
mightiest weapon of
destruction devised
by the ingenuity of
man.
- Mahatma Gandhi
Common Themes Leading to African Decolonization
Theme Historical Example & Date
Self-Determination
Revolution (peaceful or violent) Since World War 2
Cultural Pride
Resentment of Imperial Rule
Influence of US or USSR
Arab-Israeli Conflict Cause and Effect
Use the information found on pp. 440-445 to complete a cause and effect chart of the Arab-Israeli conflict.
UN Declaration of Human Rights
Look through the UN Declaration of Human Rights and find 3 sections you could use to gain your independence. Why were these selections must important to you?
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ACROSS
5 One of the "M&Ms" of Imperialism
6 1783‐84, occurred southern India, famine caused
by drought, popula on impacted (11 M)
8 Former child tex le worker in 1830s, born in
Scotland, turned doctor and missionary, was
posted at the edge of the Kalahari Desert in
southern Africa. Hoped to spread Chris anity &
end slavery, filled in gaps of western knowledge of
Africa, sought the source of the Nile, died in 1873
without finding it.
11 1919, Indian na onalists protest Bri sh gvt
conscrip on of Indian soldiers & heavy war tax,
troops fire on unarmed demonstrators (1K)
13 Britain wanted their land for labor in diamond
fields, destroy autonomous African states, and to
occupy Boer land claims on land held by their
kingdom. They were ul mately defeated by Brits in
1879
15 What all colonies wanted
16 1857, social, poli cal, & technological reforms by
Britain set stage for rebellion in India (Hint: guns)
DOWN
1 Joint‐stock company that conquered India in 1757
2 Leopold II of __was keen on establishing his country as an
imperial power, formed Congo Free State in 1885, was respon‐
sible for widespread atroci es commi ed under his rule
against his colonial subjects.
(20 M dead, thousands maimed)
3 Former O oman states were examples of these
4 1896, shortest war in history, las ng for a grand total of 38
minutes, treaty b/w Britain and Germany in 1890, treaty drew
up spheres of influence b/w imperial powers in East Africa
7 Berlin ___ 1884–85, regulated European coloniza on and
trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, coincided
with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.
Independence in Africa
Read the information about independence movements in Africa in the packet. Write a comparison para-graph that compares the similarities and differences between the independence movements in two of the African states. (Note: “Both states have different leaders” will not suffice as a difference. Think in terms of “GPIRATES”. You may look up information if you need it to write an acceptable paragraph.
Steps of Indian Independence
Step 1: Independence
Step 2: Partition of India
Step 3: India Today
What were the main aspects of the movement?
BRIC‐the countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China, which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly ad‐vanced economic development. A related acronym, BRICS, includes South Africa. The acronym has come into wide‐spread use as a symbol of the apparent shi in global economic power away from the developed G7 economies towards the developing world. Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States make up the G7 countries. The European Union is also represented within the G7.
Thesis that summarizes a similarity
and a difference
One piece of evidence of a similarity
One piece of evidence of a difference
Paragraph MUST have:
Egypt, the Aswan Dam, and the Suez Canal 1. How did Nasser anger the US?
2. What event in 1956 started the Suez Crisis?
What did Israel do after Egypt placed a blockade on Israeli shipping?
Why did the US get involved?
How was Nasser seen at the end of the conflict? Why?
3. What was the goal of pan-Arabism?
4. What was the Arab League?
5. What was an example of how pan-Arabism unified states in the Middle East? (Hint: You should have just read about it.)
6. Why was the union of these two states unstable?
7. What damaged Nasser’s positive image in the Arab world?
8. Who took over after Nasser died in 1970? How were his policies different from those of Nasser?
9. What and when ended his power in Egypt?
INDEPENDENCE
INDIA
AFRICA
MIDDLE EAST SETTING Know these places that were formerly part of British India.
EVOLUTION of the INDIAN
INDEPENDENCE
MOVEMENTBRITISH RULE
I.N.CONGRESS
GANDHI
CIVIL RESISTANCE
PARTITION
REPUBLIC OF INDIA WORLD’s LARGEST DEMOCRACY!
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU 1st PRESIDENT OF INDIA GANDHI’s FRIEND SUPPORTED WESTERN
STYLE INDUSTRIALIZATION
ETHNIC/RELIGIOUSCONFLICT CONTINUES
COMMON THEMES SELF-DETERMINATION
o (UN CHARTER) PEACEFUL/VIOLENT
REVOLUTIONS SINCE WWII PRIDE IN AFRICAN
CULTURE RESENTMENT OFIMPERIAL (EUROPEAN)RULE EUROPE LOSES COLONIES
INFLUENCE OFSUPERPOWERS (US/USSR)
EXAMPLES ALGERIA
GHANA
KENYA
SOUTH AFRICA
WAR WITH
FRANCE
VIOLENT STRUGGLE
APARTHEID MANDELA
FALL OF THE MANDATES ESTABLISHED BY THE
LEAGUE OF NATIONS GRANTED INDEP.
AFTER WWII LED TO RELIGIOUS
CONFLICTS
ISRAEL (PALESTINE) EGYPT Prime Minister Golda Meir
Victory in Yom Kippur War
Key AMERICAN ALLY
President Gamel Nasser Won Suez Canal from GB Friends with the USSR Aswan High Dam
Fight for your Rights!
UNITED NATIONS PRESENTS
What you learned from the Boxers, Opium War, and the Sepoy Rebellion
is that fighting does not work. So, you need to fight back with your
strongest weapon: YOUR BRAIN! Look through the UN Declaration of
Human Rights and UNDERLINE/HIGHLIGHT 3 sections you could use to
gain your independence. Let the NON-violence begin!!!!! (Don’t) FIGHT!!!!!!
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and
inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the
foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted
in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of
mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall
enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and
want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the
common people,
Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have
recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and
oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of
law,
Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly
relations between nations,
Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter
reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity
and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men
and women and have determined to promote social progress and
better standards of life in larger freedom,
Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in
co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal
respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental
freedoms,
Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms
is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,
PREAMBLE ARTICLE I All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed
with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of
brotherhood. ARTICLE II Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration,
without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion,
political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political,
jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person
belongs.
ARTICLE III Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
ARTICLE IV
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be
prohibited in all their forms
ARTICLE V No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
or punishment.
ARTICLE XII No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home
or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has
the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
ARTICLE XV
Everyone has the right to a nationality. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his
nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.
ARTICLE XX Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
ARTICLE XXIV Everyone has the right to rest and leisure
BEFORE WE CAN LOOK AT THE
INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS OF
THE 20th
CENTURY, WE HAVE TO
ANSWER THE QUESTION:
INDEPENDENCE FROM WHAT?
INDIA
A
FRIC
A
MID
DLE
EA
ST
CON
QU
EROR
CON
QU
EROR
CON
QU
EROR
YEA
R: 1757
YEA
R: 1870
YEA
R: 1919
WH
Y?
W
HY
?
WH
Y?
JOINT-STOCK COMPANY=
PROFIT$ The BEITCo.’s goal was to make
a profit for its wealthy investors.
NOTABLE EVENTS:
NOTABLE EVENTS:
NOTABLE EVENTS:
IMPERIALISM Post-Industrial search for Raw Materials
and Markets to sell their finished products.
Post-Industrial search for Raw Materials
and Markets to sell their finished products.
MARKETS & MATERIALS
MANDATES Former Ottoman states were to
be administered by different
states on behalf of the League
of Nations.
Bengali Famine (10 Million Dead)
Chalisa Famine (11 Million Dead)
Amritsar Massacre
(1,000 Dead) Sepoy Rebellion
Berlin Conference
(I presume)
Dr. Livingstone Zanzibar War
(15 Minutes Long)
Belgian Congo (20 Million Dead)
Boer War (Br. vs. Dutch)
Zulu Wars (Br. vs. Zulu)
Britain and France came to the
Paris Peace Conference and
“arranged the world to suit
themselves.”
British Raj Republic of India
1947
British Raj
Indian National Congress (INC)
Mohandas Gandhi
Non-Violent Resistance & Civil Disobedience
Partition of India
1947
1848-1947
1885- PRESENT
1869-1948
STEP ONE: INDEPENDENCE
STEP TWO: PARTITION OF INDIA
STEP THREE: INDIA TODAY
Promised Self-Rule for fighting with
the British in WWI
Never happened
INC formed to push for Independ.
Gandhi leads NONVIOLENT push for
Independence
o Salt March, Boycott, Cloth
Independence granted post-WWII (’47)
Religious conflict led to a Partition (Split)
o Muslims vs. Hindus
o Pakistan vs. India
President Nehru= 1st President
o Built Western-Style Federal Democracy
o Rapid Industrialization/Modernization
One million died in the conflict (including Gandhi)
Ethnic conflicts continue…
India= World’s Largest Democracy (1.2 B-2011)
One of the world’s fastest growing economies
BRIC-Brazil, Russia, India, China
AFRICA With basically all of Africa getting conquered in the late 19th century/early 20th century, and Africa being totally independent today; below is the story of how that happened.
UNITED NATIONS
ARTICLE 73
Members of the United Nations which have…responsibilities for the administration of territories whose peoples have not yet attained a
full measure of self-government recognize the principle that the interests of the inhabitants of these territories are paramount:
to ensure, with due respect for the culture of the peoples concerned, their political, economic, social, and
educational advancement, their just treatment, and their protection against abuses;
to develop self-government, to take due account of the political aspirations of the peoples, and to assist
them in the progressive development of their free political institutions
GHANA “SELF GOVERNMENT NOW!”
Led by Kwame Nkrumah
Fought for Independence
o NONVIOLENTLY
“Positive Action”
o Strikes, Protest, etc.
1957: 1st Sub Saharan
African Nation to gain
INDEPENDENCE! MVP: KWAME NKRUMAH
“Peace does not include a vendetta; there will be
neither winners nor losers”.
ALGERIA Largest Country in Africa
France’s Primary Colony
9M Muslim Arabs/1 M French
1954: FLN (Algerian National
Liberation Front) announced
that they would fight forfreedom
Bloody War followed
France realized that
it could not be held
by force
July 1962=
INDEPENDENCE
KENYA “Where there has been racial hatred, it must be ended. Where there
has been tribal animosity, it will be finished. Let us not dwell upon the bitterness of the past.”
British settlers took the best
farmland
Jomo Kenyatta worked non-
violently for Indep.
Mau Mau- Fought the British
settlers violently
1963= INDEPENDENCE JK= 1st President MVP: JOMO KENYATTA
SOUTH AFRICA “FREE MANDELA! END APARTHEID!”
MVP: NELSON MANDELA
APARTHEID: Legal separation of the races in South
Africa
Nelson Mandela protested Apart.
o Spent 27 Years in Prison
Released; Negotiated for end of Apartheid
Elected President in first full election
MIDDLEE
The MANDATE SYSTEM
established after WWI, was
phased out after WWII. With the
end of the British/French
controlled MANDATES, new
states were created in the Middle
East. Below are the stories of two of these nations.
EAST
EGYPT
ASWAN HIGH DAM
ISRAEL
NASSER
Led Revolution in 1952
o Against the Egyptian King
o Against the Imperial British
Been there since 1882
Took control of the SUEZ CANAL
o European control since 1875
Modernized/Industrialized Egypt
Established ties with USSR
Built ASWAN DAMo Control the “Miracle of the Nile”
BACKGROUND
GOLDA MEIR
ZIONISM (n)- Jewish Nationalism that supports a Jewish nation in the Land of Israel
UN voted for creation of Israel in Palestine
o (Former League of Nations Mandate)
May 1948: Palestine becomes Israel Led to regional conflicts that continue today
GOLDA MEIR “Iron Lady” of Israel
“strong-willed, straight-
talking, grey-bunned
grandmother of the
Jewish people”
Won Yom Kippur War
o Holiest Day in Judaism
o 4th Arab-Israeli War!
o Could no longer
depend on Europe for
supporto Turned to the USA!!!!!!