Decolonization and Independence

Independence struggles, 1919-1960s

• Post World War I nationalisms

• Post world war colonial order

• British Commonwealth (1926)

• Colonial subjects and nationalist sentiment

• Post World War II colonial order

• Routes to independence:

– 1) negotiated independence 2) civil war

– 3) incomplete independence

Nationalist movements: India, 1915-1960s (Pattern 1: negotiated independence)

• Gandhi and satyagraha

• Amritsar massacre (1919)

• Boycott and swaraj

• Salt March

• internal divides

• Pakistan and partition

• post-independence challenges

Nationalist movements: China and the Communist Revolution

(Pattern 2: civil war)

• 1911: end of the Qing: Sun Yat-sen and the Guomindang Party

• post World War I issues and May Fourth Movement and the 1920s

• Chiang Kai-shek

• Mao Zedong and the rise of the Communist Party

Mao Zedong

Middle East: PalestinePattern 3: incomplete independence

• Balfour Declaration, 1917

• Mandate system• UN vote for partition• 1948 war and refugee

problem

Nationalist movements: African patterns

• Differences between British and French colonial policies

• Early nationalist movements– Julius Nyerere (Tanzani)– Nkrumah (Ghana)

• Post-World War II patterns

• Negritude movement

South Africa

• Native Land Act, 1913• 1948 self-governing• Apartheid• African National

Congress