decoherence in the brain
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Faculty of Physics University of Vienna, Austria. Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Austrian Academy of Sciences. Decoherence in the Brain. Johannes Kofler. Seminar “Quantum Physics and Biology” University of Vienna June 16 th , 2008. Motivation. Mainstream biophysics - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Decoherence in the Brain
Faculty of PhysicsUniversity of Vienna, Austria
Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum InformationAustrian Academy of Sciences
Seminar “Quantum Physics and Biology”
University of Vienna
June 16th, 2008
Johannes Kofler
Motivation
Mainstream biophysicsBrain is modeled as a neural network obeying classical physics
ConjectureSufficiently complex network can explain consciousness
Consciousness as a quantum effect?Wigner, Stapp, Penrose, …
Arguments that decoherence destroys superpositions in the brainZeh, Zurek, Hawking, Hepp, …
Settle the issue by detailed calculationsTegmark
[Refs.] M. Tegmark, Phys. Rev. E 61, 4194 (2000)M. Tegmark, Inf. Sci. 128, 155 (2000)
Introduction
System is decomposed into subsystem 1 and subsystem 2
Effects of interactions Hamiltonian:
1.Fluctuation (e.g. Brownian motion)2.Dissipation (e.g. friction)3.Communication (increase of mutual information)4.Decoherence (pure quantum effect)
exchange of energyexchange of information
( )
Example:
Spatial superposition of colloid of mass M (system 1) in water molecules of mass m (system 2)
dec coll single collision leads to decoherencediss coll M/m dec many collisions are necessary for dissipation
Classification of systems
dyn dec quantum system
dyn diss not independent
dec dyn diss familiar classical system
dec ~ diss microsystem (never classical)
dec diss macrosystem (can be quantum)
diss/dec
dyn
/de
c
Subject, object, environment
1. Subject: degrees of freedom of subjective perceptions of the observer; not other degrees of freedom of the brain
2. Object: the degrees of freedom the observer is studying
3. Environment: everything else
Hse causes decoherence directly in the subject system, e.g. finalizing a “quantum decision”
Superpositions of neuron states?
1. Brain consists of 1011 neurons
2. Nonlinear coupling via synapses (in average 103 per neuron)
3. Linked to subjective perceptions
4. If Hs or Hso puts subject into superposition of two mental states, then some neurons are in superposition of firing and not firing
5. How fast does such a superposition of neuron states decohere?
Neuron “resting state”: U0 –0.07 V across axon membrane (pos. outside)
If the potential becomes slightly less negative, sodium channels open: Na+ ions come in and make the potential even less negative chain reaction propagates with up to 100 m/s
changing potential difference to U1 +0.03 V
the neuron recovers quickly (it can fire over 1000 times per second)
Neuron, myelinated axon, axon membrane
h thickness of axon membrane surface charge densityL,d length and diameter of axonf fraction of bare areaA active surface area
106
Number of Na+ ions migrating in:
Neuron decoherence mechanisms
In superposition of firing and not firing we have N 106 ions in superposition of being inside and outside the axon membrane, separated by h 10 nm.
Sources of decoherence:
1.Collisions with other ions
2.Collisions with water molecules
3.Coulomb interaction with distant ions
4.…
If then the density matrix for the position r1 = x of a single Na+ ion evolves to
where f depends only on Hint.
Ion-ion collisions
Environmental particles (Na+ ions) at 37°C have de Broglie wavelength
The density matrix becomes with
Scattering rate
Density of scatterers n, cross section , velocity v (thermal distribution)
Since (i.e. h ) a spatial superposition decays exponentially on the time scale –1.
For N 106 ions a superposition gets destroyed on a time scale
Coulomb scattering between two ions of unit charge has a cross section
with v the relative velocity and
In thermal equilibrium:
Ion density: where
Ion-ion collisions thus destroy the superposition on the time scale
Similar time scales for ion-water collisions and Coulomb interactions with nearby ions.
Microtubules
• Component of the cytoskeleton, hollow cylinders (diameter D = 24 nm), made of 13 filaments out of tubulin dimers
• Dimers can make transitions between two states corresponding to different electric dipole moments along the tube axis.
– Penrose/Hameroff: microtubules are quantum computers
Calculation of decoherence rate:
Coordinate along the tube axis: x
Tubulin dimer x-component of electric dipole moment: p(x)
Propagating kink like excitations (kink location x0):
Total charge around the kink:
Thus, (18 Ca2+ ions in each filament contributing to p0)
Suppose: kink is in superposition of two different places, separated by |r’–r|, where |r’–r| D = 24 nm
Decoherence (due to Coulomb interaction with nearby ions) takes place on a time scale
12 orders of magnitude smaller than reported by Hameroff (screening effects?)
Decoherence summary (conservative estimates)
Classical nature of brain processes
Cognitive processes: dyn ~ 10–2 s – 1 s
Neuron firing: dyn ~ 10–4 s – 10–3 s
Microtuble excitation: dyn ~ 10–6 s
The brain is a (hyper)classical system
(diss ~ dyn)
Subject-object-environment decomposition
Subject states:
Object states:
Joint system:
dec ~ 10–20 s – 10–13 s
Ho
Hoe
Hso
Hse
Reducing object decoherence would not help, since decoherence takes place before the input through sensory nerves is completed.
Hs
dec dyn
1. Assumption: Consciousness is synonymous to brain processes (Hobbes, 17th century).
2. Subject degrees of freedom constitute a “world model”.
3. Hso keeps correlations with outside world; produces mutual information between subject and surrounding.
4. “Binding problem”: Consciousness does not seem to be localized, but feels like a coherent entity (holisitc effect).
5. Can be explained in classical physics: e.g. oscillation in guitar string or water waves (Fourier space).
6. Decoherence calculations indicate that there is nothing fundamentally quantum mechanical about cognitive processes.
7. The brain seems to be a classical (dissipative) computer.
Conclusion