1. Background to athletic training areas Importance of decisions - strategizing?Reaction time? Research- Learning process- Sensorimotor system- motor response Practical applications/ Further research-can we train?

2. Can train physical skills 50% psychological 50% physiological(Lohr 1982, Silva 1984)reference 2 , 11 Can train Mental skills such as mentaltoughness (Golberg 1998, Williams 1998)reference 2 Can we train decision making??? 3. Decision making: This is defined as theprocess that transforms continuoussensory data into simple categories frominternal and external areas and thusproduces the information for theresponse reference 7 4. Strategizing exert less physical energy Reaction time- improve the speed of aresponse 5. 1) a stage of accumulation of sensory evidence,2) 2) integration sensory signals including reward expectations and cognitive information3) 3) weighing of options/ comparisons4) 4) finally the selection of behavioural responses . reference 5,7 6. Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) Basal Ganglia (in particular the caudatenucleus of the striatum) It is confident due to their location in thebrain that they both work in conjunctionwith one another reference 1, 3,5. 7. Achieve a cognitive state that specifiesa particular alternative even though theovert action that signifies the selection ofthat alternative need not have beenproduced. 8. 1) a stage of accumulation of sensoryevidence 2) integration sensory signals includingreward expectations and cognitiveinformation 3) weighing of options/ comparisons 4) finally the selection of behaviouralresponses.reference 8 9. Retina - Cerebral Cortex- Primary visualarea (V1) Secondary visual area-Tertiary visual area-partial and temporallobes- PFC- FEF- Dorsolateral prefrontalarea Two neural streams- ventral (to theinferior temporal) and the dorsal (partialtemporal). reference 9 10. somatosenory cortex. 3 pathway response, the Primary, Preand Supplementary motor pathways.reference 4 11. Accuracy reference 5 Distracting stimuli Variety (Nuemman + Morgenstern 1992)reference 6 (Bazerman 1990 and Hackman in 1991)reference 9 Focus reference 9 Rewardreference 7 Mistakes Staw 1981reference 10 Group decisions Delbecq 1925 reference 11 12. literature was rather undecided if reaction time canbe improved. From the research I have performed it seems to methat if we can train.I. athletes concentration levels to be highII. Athletes to look for certain cues we could possiblyreduce reaction time.This would result in.I.Our pre saccade movements would be more directto stimuli we need, reducing the pile up ofinformation on the system for processing, thusreducing the time for a decision and the time for thecorresponding response. FURTHER RESEARCH INTRAINING PRE SACCADE MOVEMENTS 13. Thanks for listening Reference 1) Callaway, E. M. (2002). Cell type specificity of local cortical connections. Journal of neurocytology,31(3), 231-237. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1024165824469Reference 2)Cherry, H. L. (2005). Psychometric analysis of an inventory assessing mental toughness. Masters Theses,588. http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1735&context=utk_gradthes&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com.au%2Fscholar%3Fq%3DCherry%252C%2BH.%2BL.%2B%25282005%2529.%2BPsychometric%2Banalysis%2Bof%2Ban%2Binventory%2Bassessing%2Bmental%2Btoughness.%2BMasters%2BTheses%252C%2B588.%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C5%26as_vis%3D1#search=%22Cherry%2C%20H.%20L.%20%282005%29.%20Psychometric%20analysis%20an%20inventory%20assessing%20mental%20toughness.%20Masters%20Theses%2C%20588.%22 Reference 3) Dean, James W., and Mark P. Sharfman. "Does decision process matter? A study of strategic decision-making effectiveness." Academy of management Journal 39.2 (1996): 368-392. http://localhopf.cns.nyu.edu/~tony/vns/readings/callaway-2002.pdf Reference 4) Gold, J. I., & Shadlen, M. N. (2007). The neural basis of decision making. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 30, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17600525 14. Reference 5) Houk, J. C., Bastianen, C., Fansler, D., Fishbach, A., Fraser, D., Reber, P. J., ... & Simo, L. S. (2007). Actionselection and refinement in subcortical loops through basal ganglia and cerebellum. PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362(1485), 1573-1583. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440782/ Reference 6)Jones, G. (2002). What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 205-218. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/uasp/2002/00000014/00000003/art00005 Reference 7) Opris, I., & Bruce, C. J. (2005). Neural circuitry of judgment and decision mechanisms. Brain ResearchReviews, 48(3), 509-526. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165017304001687 Reference 8) Pasupathy, A., & Miller, E. K. (2005). Different time courses of learning-related activity in the prefrontalcortex and striatum. Nature, 433(7028), 873-876. http://depts.washington.edu/shapelab/papers/Nature_PFC_Cd.pdf Reference 9) Roitman, J. D., & Shadlen, M. N. (2002). Response of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area during acombined visual discrimination reaction time task. The Journal of neuroscience, 22(21), 9475-9489. http://www.jneurosci.org/content/22/21/9475.full Reference 10) Schneider, D. W., & Anderson, J. R. (2011). A memory-based model of Hicks law. Cognitivepsychology, 62(3), 193-222. http://act-r.psy.cmu.edu/publications/pubinfo.php?id=910 Reference 11) Van De Ven, A. H., & Delbecq, A. L. (1972). The nominal group as a research instrument for exploratoryhealth studies. 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