DECEMBER 2012

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN TURKEY

Population of Turkey: 72,561,312◦ The 0-25 age group constitutes 49% of the country population Unemployment rate: 9,5% in (2011-12).

◦ Non-agricultural unemployment: 13,8%

◦ Youth unemployment: 19,8% The labour force participation rate: 48.5% (70.6% for males and 27.2% for females) Net school enrolment in secondary education in the 2010-2011 educational years was

69.33%. Gender inequality in access to secondary education as a fundamental problem.

◦ Net school enrolment rate for girls 66.14% and 72.35% for boys In the 2010-2011 educational years, out of 4,748,610 students in secondary education,

only 32.06% of them were in vocational education. Lack of effective orientation and vocational guidance, insufficient education-employment relation, lack of capacity of vocational schools and the difficulty for finding jobs after graduation lead to the low rate of attendance of the students to vocational secondary schools.

Ministry of National Education (MoNE) is responsible with educational system in Turkey in accordance with National Education Basic Law no1739. The general goals of National Education are defined in this law as follows:To raise people as constructive, creative and productive persons who are physically, mentally, morally, spiritually and emotionally balanced, have a sound personality and character, with the ability to think freely and scientifically and have a broad worldview, that are respectful for human rights, value personality and enterprise, and feel responsibility towards society;To prepare them for life by developing their interests, talents and capabilities and providing them with the necessary knowledge, skills and attitudes and the habit of working with others and to ensure that they acquire a profession which shall make them happy and contribute to the happiness of society;

General Structure of Turkish National Education System

GENERAL PRINCIPLES REGULATING THE TURKISH NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

Source: Basic National Education Act No 1739

GENERAL PURPOSES All the individuals of Turkish Nation, 1. Shall be devoted to Atatürk’s reforms and principles

and Atatürk nationalism as defined in the Constitution; Shall accept, develop and protect the national, humanitarian, moral, emotional and cultural values of Turkish Nation,

Shall be individuals with love of family, country, and nation and shall continuously try to improve those,

Shall know the responsibilities and duties against the democratic, social, secular, legal Turkish Republic based on human rights and basic principles defined in the Constitution, and shall turn these into behaviors.

2. To raise them as individuals With character and personality to have physical, mental, moral, spiritual and emotional stability and health,

Creative, constructive and productive individuals with free and scientific thought, a broad world understanding, respect to human rights, who value personality and attempts, with responsibility against the society.

3. To prepare them for life by developing their interests, capabilities and abilities so that they acquire necessary knowledge, behaviors and skills, To provide the individuals with a profession they like that shall contribute to the happiness of the society as well.

To increase the welfare and happiness of Turkish citizens and Turkish society on one hand,

To support and accelerate economic, social and cultural development within national solidarity and cooperation on the other hand,

Finally, to make the Turkish Nation a selected, creative, constructive partner of contemporary civilization.

SPECIFIC PURPOSES

The Turkish national education and training system shall be arranged so as to realize the general purposes. The specific purposes of various education institutions of different types and levels shall be in accordance with the basic principles and general purposes.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

Democracy Education

Generality and Equality

Necessities of Individual&Society

Orientation

Right to Education

Equality of Oportunity

Continuity

Reforms and Principles of Atatürk and Atatürk Nationalism

Secularism

Scientific Approach

Planning

Co-Education

School Family Cooperation

Education Everywhere

 

1918171615

14

6

5

3

KAYNAK : MEB - APK, 1999

PRE-PRIMARY EDUCATION ( KINDERGARTEN AND NURSERY )

PRIMARY EDUCATION AND LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION

IV

GENERAL AND VOCATIONAL - TECHNICAL UPPER SECONDARY EDUCATION

PrepatoryIXX

XI

IXXXIXII

XII

AGE Yıl

Apprenticeship T

raining

Non

-Form

al Education

IXXXI

XII

III

III

VVIVII

VIII

Turkish education system consists of;• Pre-primary education (for 3-6 year olds at kindergartens, nursery

schools, foreign schools, minority schools etc.), • Primary education(4 years), • Lower secondary education (4 years), • Upper secondary education and• Higher education (including 2 year post secondary education)

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF TURKISH NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

TURKISH EDUCATION SYSTEM FORMAL AND NON-FORMAL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The Law N°. 1739 has arranged the Turkish National education system under two main categories, namely formal education and non-formal education.FORMAL EDUCATION: Formal education is the regular education conducted within a school for individuals in a certain age group and at the same level, under programs developed in accordance with the purpose. Formal education includes pre-primary education, primary education, secondary education and higher education institutions. NON-FORMAL EDUCATION: Besides the formal education provided by public and private schools at all levels of education, there are numerous opportunities for studies within the non-formal education sector, especially in the fields of adult education, open education and continuous education.

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF TURKISH NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

To teach citizens to read and write and to provide them with the possibility of continuous education so that they may complete their deficiencies in education;

To provide them with the opportunity of education that shall help them in adaptation to scientific, technological, economic, social and cultural developments;

To provide education that serves to protect, develop, promote and internalize the values of our national culture;

To ensure that an understanding and habits for living together, solidarity, mutual assistance, working together and getting organized are acquired and internalized;

BASIC OBJECTIVES OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION (1)

To provide opportunities for citizens in non-formal education to gain a profession in accordance with the employment policies and in line with the development of the economy;

To promote a healthy way of life and healthy nutritional habits;

To provide people engaged in various professions with the necessary knowledge and skills for further professional development;

To establish the habit of spending and using spare time productively.

BASIC OBJECTIVES OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION (2)

Anadolu marine vocational *Anadolu Marine and Water Products vocational high school*Technical high school*Construction technical high school*Anadolu technical hs*Vocational high school for girls*Technical high school for girls*Anadolu vocational HS. for girls*Anadolu technical HS for girls*Trade vocational HS*Anadolu Local Administrations vocational HS*Anadolu trade vocational HS.*Anadolu foreign trade voc HS.*Anadolu secretarial voc HS*Anadolu hotel and tourism vocational HS.*Anadolu communication vocational HS.*Anadolu culinary voc. HS*İmam Hatip HS*Anadolu İmam Hatip HS*Hearing Impaired MPHS*Orth. Impaired Voc. HS*Anadolu Health Voc. HS.*MultiProgram HS

*University*Faculty*Institute*Post Secondary *Education*Conservatoire*Application and Research Center

FORMAL EDUCATION

NON-FORMALEDUCATION

INSTITUTIONS

NON-FORMALEDUCATION

COURSES

• Vocational Training Center

• Technical Training Center for Adults

• Public /Adult Training Center

• Maturity Institute of Technical Training for Girls

• Work Training Center• Science and Art Center• Guidance Research Center • Private Education• Private Course Institutions

• Literacy courses• Vocational courses• Social cultural courses

Low attendance in VET (32.06% )

Low image of VET

Low quality due to lack of functional QAS

insufficient education-employment relations despite established

mechanisms and long social dialogue tradition

Lack of effective vocational and career guidance

Low flexibility (Due to broad based VET delivery; lack of modularized

curriculum, partial qualification etc.)

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

Lack of fully functional NQS (ongoing developing process)

…

Turkey, since being formally recognized as a candidate for EU membership at the Helsinki European Council in December 1999, has been engaged in the accession process, preparing itself to fulfill all the conditions of the membership known as the «Copenhagen Criteria». For this reason the education sector, VET in particular, is one of the important areas that Turkey has been working on.The Turkish Ministry of National Education, the responsible body for coordinating and managing these reforms. Reforms were mainly achieved through some EU funded projects (via MEDA and IPA programs) under the administration of the Ministry of National Education, in close cooperation with social partners.

Establishment of the Vocational Qualifications Authority (VQA)

Comprehensive labour market analysis

Occupational standards/vocational qualifications and respective training

standards

Development of modular VET curricula based on competences

Introduction of an educational year (grade 9) between primary and

secondary schools, which allows students to have an extra year to

decide whether to proceed with academic education or VET

Competence building for teachers and managers (further training,

study visits, twinning programs etc.)

Grants for projects implemented by social partners in order to improve

social dialogue and build competences

Introduction of a lifelong learning approach in all its aspects

Formal education curricula comprises optional entrepreneurship subject in general secondary education institutions and vocational/technical secondary education institutions

Lessons are given a weekly one hour in the 9th class.

On the other hand risk taking, fighting spirit and determination gaining personal development related issues also take place in the curricula.

Apart from the formal education institutions, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization (KOSGEB), Turkish Employment Agency (İŞKUR), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), professional organizations and private companies also organize entrepreneurship training courses (*)

(*) These courses should be under KOSGEB’s coordination for public incentives (grant and soft credit)

ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAININGENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING BY OTHER BY OTHER ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS

*Besides, modules of e-trade, foreign trade, etc. can be added in accordance with the needs at sectorial and local level

STANDARD PRACTICAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP COURSE PROGRAM BY KOSGEB

THANK YOU…THANK YOU…

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