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American Psychological Association

Debt, Salaries, & Careers in Psychology:What You Need to Know

Tanya A. Mulvey, MAPPAPA Center for Workforce Studies

Rocky Mountain Psychological Association Annual Convention

April 2011, Salt Lake City

© 2011 APA Center for Workforce Studies


Mission StatementThe APA Center for Workforce Studies collects, analyzes, and

disseminates information relevant to psychology's workforce and

education system.


For Further Information…

www.apa.org/workforce

[email protected]

[email protected]

http://www.apa.org/workforce

mailto:[email protected]




Definitions• (HSP) Health Service Provider: Psychology degree in

subfield focused on providing health/mental health services, usually a clinical, counseling, or school subfield

• Research/Other: Psychology degree in a subfield traditionally seen as research/academic focus area (e.g. cognitive, I/O, educational, personality, or social psychology).

• „Recent‟ Doctorate: Individuals who are 2 years out or lessfrom the time they received their degree.


Doctorate Employment Survey –Capture data on new doctorate workforce and their educational path through the doctorate (including postdoctoral training), debt, starting salaries, and perceptions of education/training.

Salaries in Psychology – distributed bi-ennially to all APA members to collect current salary information at the masters or doctoral level in psychology across all positions and settings.

Faculty Salaries in Graduate Departments of Psychology – sent to chairs of U.S. and Canadian departments that award a graduate degree in psychology.

Graduate Study in Psychology – distributed to chairs of departments that award graduate degrees in psychology or related fields to collect data on student enrollment and support, departmental budget, faculty, enrollment and attrition rates.

APA Employment Update – employment and demographic information which is useful for describing the membership more thoroughly.

Routine Surveys from CWS


Data Available from Other SourcesU.S. Department of Education•Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS)

National Opinion Research Center (NORC)•Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED)

National Science Foundation (NSF)•Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT)•Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR)•Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering•National Survey of Recent College Graduates•Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards

Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC) – www.appic.org

Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology (CPST)

http://www.appic.org/


Overview• Education

• Debt & Financial Support

• Employment

• Salaries

• Career Preparation


Education

• Degrees

• Subfields

• Demographics

92,587

21,431

5,296

0 20 40 60 80 100

BA/BS

MA/MS

Doctorate

Thousands

Number of Psychology Degrees Conferred by Level of Degree: 2008

Source: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS), “Completion” Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies. January 2010.

Note. Doctorate degree includes PsyDs.

Number of PhDs and PsyDs Awarded in Psychology

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

1988 1991 1994 1998 2000 2004 2006 2008

PhD PsyD

Source: Data are from APA’s Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April, 2009Note. Data on PsyDs represent an undercount as several departments did not report number of PsyDs awarded.


Time to Degree for Doctorates by Subfield Type: 2009

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3-4 Years 4-5 Years >5-6 Years >6-7 Years

Percent

HSP

Research/Other

Related

Source: APA Graduate Study in Psychology Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010.Note. Median years to degree by subfield type: HSP=5, R/O=5, Related=5. By degree type: PhD=6, PsyD=5.

American Psychological Association12

Top Fields for Psychology Master‟s Degrees: 2008-09

0

10

20

30

40

Perc

ent

Grad Study

Source: 2010 Graduate Study in Psychology: Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies.April 2009.


Psychology Master‟s Degrees by Fine Field and Sex: 2007

0 20 40 60 80 100

Other

I/O

General

Clinical

Counseling

Educational

Community

School

Percent

WomenMen

Source: Source: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS), “Completion” Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies. January 2010.


Psychology PhDs Awarded by Subfield: 2009

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Other

Human Dev & Family Studies

Cognitive & Psycholinguistics

Developmental & Child

Industrial-Organizational

General

Social

Counseling

Clinical

Percent

Source: NSF/NIH/USED/USDA/NEH/NASA, 2009 Survey of Earned Doctorates. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, January 2011.


Psychology PhDs Awarded by Subfield and Sex: 2009

0 20 40 60 80 100

Other

Cognitive & Psycholinguistics

Industrial-Organizational

Social

General

Counseling

Clinical

Human Development & Family Studies

Developmental & Child

PercentWomen Men

Source: NSF/NIH/USED/USDA/NEH/NASA, 2009 Survey of Earned Doctorates. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, January 2011.


Race Ethnicity of Psychology Degree Recipients and Workforce

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Associates

Bachelors

Masters

Doctoral

ECP

Workforce

Other American Indian/Alaska Native Asian/Pacific Islander Hispanic Black White

US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS), “Completion” Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies. June 2010.

* Workforce and ECP data from the 2009 APA Directory. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies. June 2010.


Debt and Financial Support

• Tuition Costs

• Levels of Debt

• Sources of Financial Support

• Debt Repayment


Resident Tuition Cost in U.S. Doctoral Departments by Type of Department: 2008-2009

$0 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000

Other

Education

Human Devel.

School Psych

Professional School

Counseling Psych

Educ. Psych

Psychology

Dollars

Source: 2010 Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010. Note. Includes PhD and PsyD programs and both public and private institution types.


Debt Related to Graduate Education by Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009

No Debt21.9%

Debt78.1%

Health Service Provider Subfields

Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.

Note. Includes PsyDs.

Median $80,000

Mean $88,610

SD $57,749

Median $32,000

Mean $49,440

SD $44,871

No Debt51.6%

Debt48.4%

Research/Other Subfields


Level of Debt by Type of Degree for Recent Doctorates: 2009

0

5

10

15

20

25

<10K 10-20K 20-40K 40-60K 60-80K 80-100K

100-120K

120-140K

140-160K

>160K

Perc

ent

Amount of DebtPhD (N=577) PsyD (N=272)

Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.


Primary Sources of Financial Support by Broad Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology:

2007

Health Service Provider Fields

Not Specified1.6%

Loans37.2%

Grants2.6%

Other6.1% Own Earnings/Family

Support24.4%

Univ. RA/TA28.1%

Research/Other Fields

Other7.0%Not Specified

0.8%

Own Earnings/Family

Support10.0%

Univ. RA/TA60.5%

Loans13.0%

Grants8.7%

Source: 2007 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, June 2009.Note. Includes PsyDs.


Availability of Assistance to First-Year Doctoral-level Psychology Students by Degree Type and Type of Assistance:

2008-2009

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Teaching Research Fellowship/Schol. Traineeship

Type of Assistance

Perc

ent

PhD

PsyD

EdD

Source: 2010 Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, March 2010.


Full-time Students Receiving Financial Assistance in U.S. Doctoral Departments of Psychology by Type of

Department: 2008-2009

0

10

20

30

4050

60

70

80

90

100

Traditional Academic Professional School

Department Type

Perc

ent

Source: 2010 Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, March 2010.


Loan Repayment/Forgiveness Programs

• National Health Service Corps• U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs• National Center on Minority Health and Health

Disparities• National Institutes of Health• Federal Student Loan Forgiveness Program• Army Reserve Medical Corps


Employment

• Workforce Perceptions

• Employment Status

• Work Settings and Activities


Recent Doctorates‟ Perceptions of the Psychology Job Market: 2001-2009

05

1015202530354045

Perc

ent

BleakPoor

FairGood

Excellent

Not Specifie

d

Rating

20012003200520072009

Source: APA Doctorate Employment Survey, selected years. American Psychological Association, Center for Workforce Studies, June 2010.Note. 2009 data are preliminary and from online survey participants only. Data reflect all survey participants and are not limited to those in HSP subfields.


Perceived Underemployment of Recent Doctorate Recipients in Psychology by Subfield

Source: APA Doctorate Employment Survey (selected years). Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.

% Underemployed

Year of Doctorate HSP Subfields Other Subfields

1993 28 32

1997 25 25

1999 22 222001 22 222005 24 242007 27 232009 24 23


Time to Current Job: Recent Doctorates in Psychology, 2009

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

In job when began program

Before completing program

Within 3 months 4-6 months More than 6 months Not specified

Percent

HSP (N=402) Not HSP (N=455)

Source: 2009Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.Note. Includes PsyDs.


Employment Characteristics of Psychology PhDs: 2006

Psychology PhDs100%

Employed89.4%

Part-time20.6%

Full-time68.8%

Not Employed10.6%

Retired7.8%

Unemployed,Seeking

employment0.8%

Unemployed, not seeking

2.0%

Source: NSF/NIH; 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009Notes. Postdoctorate information is not included in this chart, but is reported separately. The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.


Unemployment Rates for Doctoral Level Social Scientists by Field: 2003 and 2006

0123456

Economics

Political S

cience

Psych

ology

SociologyOther

Unem

ploy

men

t Rat

e

20032006

Source: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2003, 2006.Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009.

Work Settings for PsychologyDegree Recipients: 2006

0 10 20 30 40 50

Other Educational Institutions

Federal Government

Self-Employed

Universities & 4-Year Colleges

Not-For-Profit Organizations

State or Local Government

For Profit Companies

Percent

PhD MA/MS BA/BSSource: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Various Surveys (2006). Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, January 2010. Notes. Psychologists earning PsyDs are not included here but are most often located in practice settings (self-employed and organized health care settings). The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.


Primary Full-time Employment Settings by Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Bus./Gov't/Other

Other Human Service

Independent Practice

Managed Care

Hospitals

School/Other Educ. Setting

Academia

Percent

Health Service Provider (N=472)Research/Other (N=267)




Primary Employment Settings for Recent Doctorate Recipients in Psychology by Degree Type: 2009


Note. Table includes survey respondents with full- and part-time employment. Statistics are not included for settings where the total N is less than 20.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Business/Govt. & Other

Managed Care

Other Human Service

Hospital

Indep. Practice

Schools & Other Educ Settings

Other Acad. Settings

Medical School

Four-year Colleges

Univ. Settings

Percent

PhD

PsyD

Primary and Secondary Work Activities of Psychology PhDs: 2006

Source: NSF/NIH/USED/NEH/USDA/NASA, 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009.Note. The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.

0 10 20 30 40

Other

Professional Services

Mgmt. & Admin.

Teaching

Research & Development

Percent

Primary

Secondary


Salaries in Psychology

• Salaries by Degree Level

• Starting Salaries

• Salaries by Position Type

• Faculty Salaries

Median Annual Full-time Salaries in Psychology By Degree Type: 2006

$30

$40

$70

$0$10$20$30$40$50$60$70$80

BA/BS MA/MS PhD

Thou

sand

s

Degree Type

Source: Data derived from National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, 2006 National Survey of Recent College Graduates, and 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009.

Note. The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.

$0 $10 $20 $30 $40 $50 $60 $70 $80

Other type of position (N=18)

Direct human svcs (N=113)

Faculty position* (N=26)

Research (N=11)

Educational admin (N=8)

Admin of research (N=9)

Admin of human svcs (N=113)

Other admin position (N=18)

Applied psych (N=84)

All settings (N=308)

Median Annual Full-time Salaries by Employment Position for Master‟s-Level APA Members in Psychology: 2009

Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, June 2010.

*Faculty position is for all higher education, including undergraduate and community college. Salary is reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate 11-12 month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.

Thousands

Starting Salaries for Full-time Employment Positions of Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2007

$0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100

Educational Admin (N=10)

Direct human svcs (N=265)

Admin of human svcs (N=20)

Research positions (N=50)

Applied (N=64)

Lecturer/Instructor* (N=13)

Adjunct/Visiting faculty* (N=12)

Asst professor* (N=142)

Source: 2007 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, June 2009.

Note. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs.

* Faculty salaries are for all higher education, including undergraduate and community college. Salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate 11-12 month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.

Thousands

Full-time Salaries of Doctoral-Level Psychologists by Employment Position and Median Years Work

Experience: 2009

$0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 $180

Research position (9 yrs.)

Direct human services (17 yrs.)

Other position (18 yrs.)

Admin of human svcs (20 yrs.)

Research admin (19 yrs.)

Other admin (22 yrs.)

Applied psych./I-O (15 yrs.)

Education admin (25 yrs.)

Thousands

Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey, Preliminary Data. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, July 2009. Note. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs.Faculty salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate 11-12 month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.


Salaries for Full-time Faculty in U.S. Doctoral Departments of Psychology by Rank and Years in

Rank: 2010-2011

$0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160

< 3 yrs (619)

3+ yrs (727)

< 3 yrs (492)

3-5 yrs (396)

6+ yrs (626)

< 3 yrs (280)

3-5 yrs (298)

6-11 yrs (466)

12+ yrs (1,075)

Thousands of Dollars

Source: 2010-2011 Faculty Salaries in Graduate Departments of Psychology. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011. Note. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs.Faculty salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate 11-12 month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.

Full Professor

Associate Professor

Assistant Professor

Adjunct Faculty: U.S. Graduate Departments of Psychology, 2010-2011

Average Fees Per Course

Doctoral Departments$3,830

Master‟s Departments$2,575

Source: 2010-2011 APA Faculty Salaries in Graduate Departments of Psychology Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011. Note. Includes PsyDs. Faculty salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate 11-12 month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.


Career Preparation

• Work Skills

• Job Search Methods

• Areas of Need

Now That I Have a Doctorate in Psychology,What Skills are Most Useful?

What New Doctorates Have to Say.All Subfields• Collaborate with colleagues from other disciplines/fields• Communicate comprehensibly to non-psychologists via

workshops/ public speaking/ writing• Previous work experience (before & during graduate education),

internships for I/O, practica• Administrative skills, budgeting, management, program planning• Quantitative skills - applied statistics, methods, field research• Networking• Teaching skills• Bilingual - able to work in more than one language• Technology - what it is, how to use it to do your work• Communicate how psychology applies/self-promotion• Proactive/forward thinking

Now That I Have a Doctorate in Psychology,What Skills are Most Useful?

What New Doctorates Have to Say.

Health Service Provider Subfield• Business & Management: e.g., starting a practice and keeping it going• Marketing & Selling Oneself/proactive• Short-term/ brief therapy knowledge skills• Working/ communicating with MCOs, insurance companies: knowing

how to get on panels, time efficiency, insurance, documentation, taxes• Knowledge of health care delivery systems: A system-level

understanding of how it works and where it might be going• What careers are possible? A more realistic view of the profession and

the applications of psychology. What are emerging areas of practice?• Understanding of and knowledge about medical system/medical

outcomes. Communicating with Primary Care Providers• Practical experiences (MCOs and elsewhere)• Knowledge about integrated community service provisions/ cross-

disciplinary work/ multiple wraparound services/ how to work with multidisciplinary teams


Most Successful Job Search Methods for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009

Informal channels 39% Informal channels 33%Electronic resource 16% Electronic resource 16%Postdoc became permanent 8% Chronicle/prof newsletter 9%Met emp thru former job 8% Faculty advisors 8%Civil service application 3% APA Monitor ads 5%

Conventions placement serv. 0% Professional journals 0%Employment agency 0% Employment agency <1%

Bottom Professional journals 0% Met emp thru former job <1%APS Observer ads 0% Conventions placement serv. <1%

Health Services Other Positions

Top



Areas of Need/Opportunities for Those in the Field: Research and Practice

Underserved populations Individuals in correctional facilities Chronically mentally Ill (Axis I diagnosis) Veterans/military/families of veterans Youth/children Elderly/geriatric population Retiring/Aging “baby boomer” generations psychology

Opportunities for prevention vs. intervention Health Care Reform-medical “teams” Holistic care teams


For Further Information…

www.apa.org/workforce

[email protected]

[email protected]

http://www.apa.org/workforce




debt, salaries, & careers in psychology: what you … psychological association debt, salaries,...

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