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DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING
Minimum Threshold Value Based Jellyfish Periodic
Drop Attack Detection Algorithm (MTV-JPDADA)
for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)
A Thes is Submit ted in Part ia l Fu l f i l lment of the Requirements
for the Degree o f Master Of Sc iences in Computer Netw orking
and Secur i ty
Dawit Seyifu Woldehanna
Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
JUNE 2011 E.C.
DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Minimum Threshold Value Based Jellyfish Periodic
Drop Attack Detection Algorithm (MTV-JPDADA)
for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)
A Thes is Submit ted in Part ia l Fu l f i l lment of the Requirements
for the Degree o f Master Of Sc iences in Computer Netw orking
and Secur i ty
Dawit Seyifu Woldehanna
Advisor: Samuel Asferaw (Ph.D.)
Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
JUNE 2011 E.C.
Approval Page
T hi s M .S c . t h es i s p r op os a l en t i t l ed w i t h “ Min im um Thr e s ho l d V a l u e
Bas ed J e l l yf i s h Pe r io d i c Dr op At t ack D et ec t i on Algo r i t hm (M T V -
J PD A DA ) fo r M ob i l e Ad Ho c N et wo rks (M A NE Ts ) ” h a s been ap p ro v ed
b y t h e f o l l ow in g ex amin e rs a f t e r t he p r e s en t a t io n f o r t h e d egr ee o f
M as t e r o f S c i en ce in C om put e r N e t w ork in g and S ecu r i t y .
A d v i s o r :
1 . S AM UE L A S F E R AW ( P h . D . ) S i gn _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Da t e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
M e m b e r s o f t h e E x a m i n i n g b o a r d :
1 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ S i g n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Da t e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ S i g n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Da t e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ S i g n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Da t e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Dedicat ion
T hi s Th es i s Wo r k
i s
D ed i ca t ed
t o
M y Fam i l y.
D aw i t Se yi f u
Debre Berhan Universi ty
College of Computing
Department of Information Technology
A Copy right Sta tement
B y m y s i gn a tu r e be l ow , I d ec l a r e and a f f i r m th a t t h i s t h es i s i s
m y w o r k . I h av e fo l l ow ed a l l e t h i ca l p r i n c i p l es o f s ch o l a r s h i p in t he
p r ep ar a t io n , ex p e r im en t an d A l gor i thm d es i gn , s i mul a t io n an a l ys i s an d
co mpl e t io n o f t h i s t h es i s . A l l s cho l a r ly m a t t e r t h a t i s i nc l ud ed in t h e
t h es i s h a s b een g iven r eco gn i t i on t h rou gh c i t a t i on . I a f f i r m t h a t I h av e
c i t ed and re f e r en ced a l l s ou r ces u s ed i n t h i s do cum en t . E v e r y s e r i ous
e f f o r t h as b een m ad e t o av o i d an y p l ag i a r i sm i n t h e p r epa r a t i on o f t h i s
t h es i s .
T h i s t h es i s i s s ubmi t t ed i n pa r t i a l f u l f i l lm en t o f t h e r eq u i r em en t
f o r a d egr ee f r om t h e C o l l ege o f C om pu t in g S c i en ce in D eb r e Be r h an
U n iv e rs i t y . T h e t he s i s i s d epo s i t ed in t h e D eb r e Be rh an Un iv e rs i t y
Li b r a r y an d i s m ad e ava i l ab l e t o bo r r o w er s u nd e r t he r u l e s o f t h e
l i b r a r y. I s e r i ous l y d ec l a r e t h a t t h i s t h e s i s h as n o t b een s u bmi t t ed t o
an y o t h e r i n s t i t u t io n an yw h e r e f o r t h e aw a r d o f an acad emi c d egr ee ,
d ip lom a o r c e r t i f i ca t e .
D ec la red By :
N am e: __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ S i gn : __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ _
D a t e : _ __ __ __ __ ___ _ __ _ _
C onf i rmed by ad v i s o r :
N am e: __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ S i gn : __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ _
D a t e : _ __ __ __ __ ___ _ __ _ _
vi
Abstract
M ob i l e ad h o c ne tw o r k (M A NE T) i s a t yp e o f w i r e l e s s n e t wo r k t ha t
o p e r a t es w i th ou t d ed i ca t ed ne tw o rk i n f r as t r u c tu r e . Th i s k i nd o f
n e tw o rk d o es n o t hav e a m ech an i sm to de t ec t m al i c i ou s u s e r s . Du e t o
h i gh v u ln e r ab i l i t i e s i n mo b i l e ad -h o c n e t w or ks , n od es cou ld be
ex po s ed to a t t acks b y m a l i c i ou s n odes . T h i s r es ea rch s tu d y f o cu s e s
s p ec i f i c a l l y o n d e t ec t i n g J e l l yf i s h p e r i od i c d r op a t t a ck i n M o bi l e Ad
H o c N et wo r k . Th e m ai n p u rp os e o f t he J e l l yf i s h p e r io d ic d r op a t t ack
i s t o d r op th e p ack e t s en t t o t h e d es t in a t io n n od e . T hus , t h e ne tw o rk
p e r f o r man ce w ou l d d egr ad e and w eaken t h e n e t wo rk r eso u r ces su ch as
co mp ut i n g po w er an d b an dw id t h co ns i d er ab l y d ec l in e , w h ich l e ad t he
n e tw o rk t o b e ge t t i n g w o rs e . Th i s t hes i s s tu d y an a l yz ed t h e e f f ec t s o f
t h e J e l l yf i s h p e r iod i c d r op a t t a ck on m ob i l e A d H oc n e tw o r k b a sed on
A d ho c on - dem and d i s t an ce v ec to r ( A O D V ) . Th e s i mul a t io n i s
p e r f o r med on th e b a s i s o f pe r f o r m an ce p a ram et e r s and i t s e f f ec t i s
an a l yz ed a f t e r add in g J e l l yf i s h pe r i od ic d r op a t t a ck n o d es in t h e
n e tw o rk . T h e P e r fo r man ce o f ou r m in i mum th r es ho ld v a l u e b a sed
J e l l yf i s h p e r i od i c d r op a t t a ck d e t ec t io n a l go r i t hm sh ows t h a t 80 .3 3 %
d e t ec t i on r a t e . Hen ce , an o t h er en han cem en t l i ke P ack e t D e l i v e r y
R a t io , Av e r age En d - t o - E nd D el a y, an d N e tw o rk Th r ou gh pu t , a r e
i mp ro v ed b y 1 2 .4 0% , 5 1 . 13 % , and 1 .94 % , r es p ec t i v e l y.
Keyw o rds : Mi nimu m Th r es ho l d V a l u e (M TV ) , At t ack D e tec t io n ,
A O D V, M ob i l e Ad - H o c N et w or ks , J e l l yf i s h P e r i od i c D rop
A t t ack , v u ln e r ab i l i t i e s , m a l i c io us n odes
vii
Acknowledgments
Fi r s t , I w o u ld l i k e to t h an k a lmi gh t y ( G O D) wh o gave m e t h e po w er ,
p a t i en ce , h ea l th , en v i r onm ent , an d peo p l e t o s up po r t m e d ur in g m y
t h es i s s t ud y, and b l e s s ed m e in com pl e t in g t h i s r es ea r ch .
In ad d i t i o n , I w o u ld l i k e to ex pr e s s m y d eep es t g r a t i t ud e t ow ar ds m y
A d v i s o r , D r . S am ue l As f e r aw , f o r a l l h i s ad v i ce , v a l uab l e su pp or t ,
gu i d an ce , co ns t r u c t iv e com ment s , p a t i en ce , k i nd en cou ragem en t , t im e
an d k no wl ed ge , wh i ch h e p ro v i d ed d ur i n g m y s t ud y an d w i t ho u t wh i ch
I w o u l d n ev e r h av e r each ed th i s s t age .
D aw i t Se yi f u
viii
Abbreviations
A C K A ck no wl ed gm ent
A O D V A d h o c On - D em an d D i s t an ce V ec to r
BM T Beh av i o ra l Mo ni t o r i n g T ab l e
C BR C on s t an t B i t Ra t e
D C D r o p C ou n t
D O S D en i a l o f S e rv i ce
D SR D yn am i c So u rce Ro u t in g
D s t D es t in a t io n No d e
D T D T r us t - b as ed D et ec t io n
E 2 E E n d t o end
F IFO F i r s t i n F i r s t Ou t
FJ A D A Fr i end sh i p J e l l yf i sh At t ack D et ec t i on A l go r i t hm
FN R Fa l s e N ega t iv e R a te
FPR Fa l s e P os i t i ve R a t e
FT F r i end sh i p t ab l e
FT P F i l e Tr ans f e r P r o t oco l
G B G i ga Bi t e
G Hz G i gah e r t z
G RP G eo gr aph i c R ou t ing P ro to co l
H T TP H yp e r T ex t T r an spo r t P r o to co l
I / P In t e r n e t P r o t o co l
J F J e l l yf i s h
J PD A DA J e l l yf i s h P e r i od i c d r o p At t ack d e t ec t i on a l go r i thm
M AC M edi a A cces s C on t r o l
M A NE Ts M ob i l e A d ho c N etw o r k
M S M on i t o r in g S tep
M T M a l i c i ous Tab l e
M T V M in imu m Th r es ho ld V a lu e
N S2 N e t wo rk S i mul a to r 2
N S3 N e t wo rk S i mul a to r 3
N S N N ex t S uccess o r Nod e
ix
O t c l O b jec t t c l
P D F P ack e t D e l i v e r y f r ac t i on
P DR P ack e t D e lv e r R a t io n
P FN P ack e t Fo rw ard e r N o d e
Q oS Q u a l i t y- o f - S e r v i ce
R AM R and om A cces s con t ro l
R ERR R ou te E r r o r
R T O R et r ansm iss io n T im eou t
S r c S ou r ce No d e
T C L T o o l Com m an d Lan gu age
T CP T r ansm is s io n Co n t ro l P r o t oco l
T O RA T emp o ra r i l y O r d e r ed R ou t in g P r o to co l
T r 1 T h r es ho ld V a l u e 1
U D P U s e r D a t ag r am P r o t o co l
x
Table of Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................... vi
Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ viii
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... xii
List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Research Background .................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) ...................................................................... 3
1.1.2 Challenge in MANETS ........................................................................................... 4
1.1.3 Types of Attack in MANET Based On Performance .............................................. 6
1.1.4 Jellyfish Attack ........................................................................................................ 7
1.2 Problem Statement ....................................................................................................... 10
1.3 Research Objectives ..................................................................................................... 11
1.3.1 General Objective .................................................................................................. 11
1.3.2 Specific Objectives ................................................................................................ 11
1.4 Scope and Limitation ................................................................................................... 12
1.5 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 12
1.5.1 Literature Review and Related Works .................................................................. 12
1.5.2 Tools and Simulator .............................................................................................. 12
1.5.3 Prototyping ............................................................................................................ 13
1.6 The Significance of the Study ...................................................................................... 13
1.7 Thesis Organization ..................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 2 Related Works ....................................................................................................... 14
2.1 Related Works .............................................................................................................. 14
2.2 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 19
Chapter 3 Minimum Threshold Value Based Jellyfish Periodic Drop Attack Detection
Algorithm (MTV-JPDADA) ................................................................................................. 20
3.1 Drop Count Calculation ............................................................................................... 20
3.2 Minimum Threshold Value (MTV) ............................................................................. 20
3.3 Proposed Model ........................................................................................................... 21
xi
Chapter 4 Implementation and Performance Evaluation ....................................................... 31
4.1 Implementation and Performance Metrics Analysis .................................................... 31
4.1.1 Attack Detection Rate ........................................................................................... 31
4.1.2 False Negative Rate (FNR) ................................................................................... 31
4.1.3 False Positive Rate (FPR)...................................................................................... 31
4.1.4 Average End-to-End Delay ................................................................................... 32
4.1.5 Packet Delivery Ratio (Fraction) ........................................................................... 32
4.1.6 Throughput ............................................................................................................ 32
4.2 Simulation Tools .......................................................................................................... 32
4.2.1 NS2 ........................................................................................................................ 33
4.2.2 Eclipses .................................................................................................................. 34
4.2.3 GNU Plot ............................................................................................................... 35
4.2.4 Aho, Weinberger, and Kernighan Scripts ............................................................. 35
4.2.5 NSG2.1 .................................................................................................................. 36
4.3 Results and Discussions ............................................................................................... 36
4.3.1 Experimental Design and Scenario for Jellyfish Periodic Drop Attack ................ 36
4.3.2 Results and Evaluations against Jellyfish Periodic Drop Attacks ......................... 39
4.3.3 Experimental Design and Scenario for MTV-JPDADA ....................................... 40
4.3.4 Results and Evaluations against Minimum Threshold Value based Jellyfish
Periodic Drop Attack Detection Algorithm (MTV-JPDADA) ............................... 42
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future work ................................................................................. 47
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 47
5.2 Future Work ................................................................................................................. 48
References .............................................................................................................................. 50
Appendix ................................................................................................................................ 54
xii
List of Tables
TABLE 2.1 RELATED WORKS SUMMARY ................................................................................... 19
TABLE 3.1 FRIENDSHIP TABLE (FT) .......................................................................................... 23
TABLE 3.2 MALICIOUS TABLE (MT) .......................................................................................... 23
TABLE 3.3 BEHAVIOR MONITORING TABLE (BMT) .................................................................... 24
TABLE 4.1 SIMULATION PARAMETERS ..................................................................................... 36
TABLE 4.2 ANALYSIS TABLE OF DETECTION RATE ................................................................... 43
xiii
List of Figures
FIGURE 1.1 AD HOC NETWORKS [28] ......................................................................................... 3
FIGURE 1.2 CHALLENGES IN MANET [28] ................................................................................... 6
FIGURE 1.3 JELLYFISH REORDER ATTACK [14] .......................................................................... 8
FIGURE 1.4 JELLYFISH DELAY VARIANCE ATTACK [14] ............................................................. 9
FIGURE 1.5 JELLYFISH PERIODIC DROP ATTACK [14] ............................................................... 10
FIGURE 3.1 PROPOSED MTV-JPDADA FLOW CHART................................................................... 27
FIGURE 4.1 AODV WITH 25 NORMAL NODES ............................................................................ 38
FIGURE 4.2 AODV 25 NODES WITH JPD ATTACK ....................................................................... 38
FIGURE 4.3 AVERAGE THROUGHPUT OF MANETS ..................................................................... 39
FIGURE 4.4 PACKET DELIVERY RATIO ...................................................................................... 40
FIGURE 4.5 AODV WITH ATTACK ............................................................................................. 41
FIGURE 4.6 DETECTION RATE OF MTV-JPDADA ........................................................................ 43
FIGURE 4.7 FALSE NEGATIVE RATE OF MTV-JPDADA ................................................................ 44
FIGURE 4.8 FALSE POSITIVE RATE OF MTV-JPDADA .................................................................. 44
FIGURE 4.9 END TO END DELAY OF MTV-JPDADA ..................................................................... 45
FIGURE 4.10 PACKET DELIVERY RATIO OF MTV-JPDADA .......................................................... 46
FIGURE 4.11 AVERAGE THROUGHPUT ...................................................................................... 46
1
Chapter 1 Introduction
1 .1 Research Background
M ob i l e Ad H o c n e tw o rk s ( MA N ET s ) a r e d i s t i n gu i s h ed b y t h e i r
au to nom ou s n a t u re an d th e l a ck o f a cen t r a l au t ho r i t y . E v e r y d ev ice i s
f r e e t o mo ve s ep a ra t e l y , c au s es d yn a m ic to po lo g y o f t he M A NE T . A
m aj o r d i f f i cu l t y i n M A NE T i s t o m ai n t a i n i n fo r ma t io n n eed ed t o r ou te
t r a f f i c e f f i c i en t l y [ 1 ] .
M ob i l e Ad - Ho c N et w or ks ( MA N ET ) us u a l l y m ad e u se in s ev e ra l a rea s
an d in d i v id u a l s ' l i f e app l i c a t i on s , f o r ex am pl e , e a r th m on i to r i n g ,
d i s a s t ro us even t an t i c ip a t io n , f a rmi n g b io m ed i ca l r e l a t ed ap p l i c a t io ns ,
an d nu mer ou s d i f fe r en t a r ea s . T h e s ecu r i t y t h r ea t i s o ne o f t h e m aj o r
ch a l l en ges i n MA NE T , a s i t i s o n e o f t h e p r im a r y f u n d am ent a l s o f t h e
w i r e l es s s en so r n e t w or k , ye t t h i s i s s u e h as n o t b een s a t i s f ac to r i l y
i nv es t i ga t ed [ 2 ] .
S ecu r i t y i n M ob i l e A d - Ho c N et wo rk i s t h e m os t v e r y i m p o r t an t w o r r y
f o r t h e e s s en t i a l ex i s t en ce o f t h e n e t wo r k . T he acce s s ib i l i t y o f
n e tw o rk s e rv i ce s , co n f id en t i a l i t y , an d i n t eg r i t y o f t h e d a t a c an b e
accom pl i sh ed b y gu a r an t ee i n g s ecu r i t y i s s u es . MA N ET s f requ en t l y
f ami l i a r t h e t h r ea t e f f ec t s o f s ecu r i t y a s s au l t s o n acco un t o f i t s f e a t u r e
l i k e op en m ed i um , ch an g i n g i t s t op o l o g y p o w er f u l l y , t h e ab s en ce o f
f o ca l s u rv e i l l an ce an d adm in i s t r a t i on , s a t i s f yi n g a l go r i thm s and no
c l ea r d e f en s e m echan i sm . T h es e co mpo n en t s h av e ch an ged th e co mb at
zo n e con d i t i o n fo r t h e MA N ET s aga ins t s ecu r i t y t h r ea t s [ 2 ] .
T h e M A NE Ts wo r k n o t i n c l ud i n g a n in t eg r a t ed o r gan iz a t i on wh e r e t he
n o des comm uni ca t e w i t h on e ano the r b a s ed on m utua l t rus t . T h i s
ch a r ac t e r i s t i c m akes M A NE Ts m o re s us cep t i b l e and exp lo i t ed b y an
a t t a ck er i n s id e th e n e t w or k . Wi r e l es s co nn ec t io ns i n t h e s ame w a y
m ak e th e M A NE Ts m o re su s cep t ib l e t o t h e a t t a ck e r , w h i ch m ak e i t l e s s
ch a l l en g i n g f o r t h e a t t a ck e r t o go i ns i d e th e n e t w or k and ga in access
2
t o t h e p r o gr es s ing co r r e sp on d en ce . Becau s e m ob i l e n o des p r e sen t
i n s i d e th e r an ge o f w i r e l e s s co nn ec t io n can ov e rh ea r a n d ev en
p a r t i c ip a t e i n t h e ne t wo r k [ 2 ] .
M A NE Ts mu s t hav e a p ro t ec t ed p a th w ay f o r t r ans mis s i on and
co mmu ni ca t io n an d t h i s i s a r e a l l y h a r d and imp o r t an t ma t t e r a s t h e re
a r e r a i s i n g t h rea t s o f a t t a ck o n mo bi l e n e t wo r ks . Secu r i t y i s t h e
r eq u i r em en t o f t h e d a y. W i t h an un am bi gu ou s en d go a l t o g iv e s ecu re
co mmu ni ca t io n and t r an smi ss i on , t he a r ch i t e c t m us t r e a l i z e un iq ue
k in ds o f a t t a ck s and t h e i r cons equ en ces f o r t h e M AN ET s . S yb i l a t t a ck ,
Wo rm h ol e a t t ack , f l o od i n g a t t a ck , r ou t in g t ab l e o ve r f lo w a t t a ck ,
D en i a l o f S e r v i ce ( D OS ) , i mp e rs ona t i on a t t ack , J e l lyf i s h a t t ack ,
s e l f i s h n od e mi sb eh av i n g , Bl ack ho le a t t a ck a r e t h e k in d o f a t t a cks
t h a t a M AN E T can su f f e r f ro m. A M A NE T i s mo r e o p en to t h ese
ca t ego r i es o f a t t a ck s b ecau se co mmun i ca t i on i s b a s ed on m ut u a l t r us t
b e tw een t h e no d es , t h e r e i s no mi dd le p o in t f o r n e t wo r k m an agem ent ,
n o au th or i z a t i on fac i l i t y , d yn am i ca l ly ch an g i n g t op o l og y an d l i mi t ed
r e s ou r ces [ 1 ] [ 2 ] .
J e l l yf i s h a t t a ck i s o f t h r ee t yp es , nam el y J e l l yf i s h p ack e t d ro pp i n g
a t t a ck ; J e l l yf i s h d e l ay v a r i ance a t t a ck , an d t h e J e l l yf i s h p ack e t
r eo r de r i n g a t t a ck . E ach k i nd o f J e l l yf i sh a t t a ck d egr ades t h e pu b l i c
l oo k o f t h e ne tw or k b y l e av in g ou t o r a l t e r i n g t h e seq u en ce o f t he
p ack e t o r b y d e l a yi n g th e ackn o wl ed gm ent [ 1 ] [ 2 ] .
T h e J e l l yf i s h a t t ack i s a on e t yp e o f t h e den i a l o f s e rv i ce a t t ack th a t
u s es a p as s i v e app ro ach w hi ch i s d i f f i cu l t t o f i nd i t . I t p r o du ces d e l a y
b e f o re t h e t r ansm i t t a l an d r ecep t i on o f d a t a b un d l es i n t h e n e t w or k .
A p p l i c a t io ns su ch a s H TT P, FTP and v id eo co n f e r en c in g a r e p r ov id ed
b y T C P and U DP. J e l l yf i s h a t t a ck d i s tu r bs t h e fu n c t i on in g o f bo th
p r o t oco l s . I t i s t h e s am e a s t h e b l ack h o l e a t t a ck , bu t t he d i f f e r en ce i s
t h a t t h e b l ack h o l e a t t ack e r n od e d r op s a l l t h e d a t a p ack e t s bu t
J e l l yf i s h a t t ack e r n o de p ro du ces de l a y d u r i n g fo r w a rd i n g pack e t s .
3
J e l l yf i s h a t t a ck s a re t a r ge t ed aga in s t c l os ed lo op f lo ws . T CP has w e l l -
k n ow n v u l n er ab i l i t i e s t o d e l a y, d r o p an d d i s o rd e r t h e pack e t s . D u e t o
t h es e n od es can chan ge th e s eq ue n ce o f t h e p acke t s a l s o d r op som e o f
t h e d a t a p ack e t s? T h e J e l l yf i s h a t t a ck e r no d es f u l l y o b e y p r o to co l
r u l e s ; h ence t h i s a t t a ck i s c a l l ed a p a s s iv e a t t a ck [ 4 ] [ 8 ] .
1 .1 .1 Mobile Ad -hoc Netw orks (MANET)
A d - Ho c ne tw o rk s h av e n o in f r as t r u c tu r e wh e r e t he no des a r e f r e e t o
j o i n an d l e f t t h e n e tw o rk . Th e no d es a r e co nn ec t ed wi th each o th er
t h ro u gh a w i r e l e s s l i nk . A no d e can s e r v e as a r ou t e r t o fo r w a rd th e
d a t a t o t h e ne i ghbo r no d es . A s a r e su l t , t h i s k in d o f ne t wo r k i s a l so
k n ow n a s i n f r as t r uc t u r e as f ew er n e tw o r ks . Th es e n e t wo r ks hav e no
cen t r a l i z ed ad min i s t ra t i o n . Ad - H oc ne t wo r ks h av e th e cap ab i l i t i e s t o
h and l e an y m a l fun c t io n i n g in t h e n o des o r an y ch an ges th a t t h e y
ex p e r i en ce d ue t o t op o l o g y ch an ges . Wh en ev e r a n od e in t h e n e t wo rk
i s do wn o r l e av es t h e n e tw o rk th a t c au s es t he l i n k b e t ween o th e r no d es
i s b r ok en . Th e a f fec t ed n od es i n t he n e t wo rk , s im pl y r eq u es t f o r new
r o u t es an d n ew l ink s a r e e s t ab l i s h ed .
Figure 1.1 Ad Hoc Networks [28]
4
1 .1 .2 Chal lenge in MANETS
M A NE Ts a r e v e r y f l ex ib l e , i . e . n odes can f r ee l y j o i n an d l e av e t h e
n e tw o rk . T he r e i s n o cen t r a l i z ed bo d y t h a t keeps wa t ch in g o n the
n o des en t e r in g an d l e av in g t h e n e t w or k [ 28 ] . A l l t h es e w eak ness e s o f
M A NE Ts m ak e i t vu ln e r ab l e t o a t t a cks an d th es e a re
i . N o n S ecur e Bou nd ar i es
i i . C om pr omi s ed N od e
i i i . P ro b l em o f S ca l ab i l i t y
i) Non Secure Boundaries
M A NE T i s v u l n erab l e t o d i v e r s e k in d s o f a t t a cks d ue to n o c l ea r
s ecu re bo un d ar y. T h e n a tu r e o f M A NET , n od es h as t h e f re ed om t o jo in
an d l e av e i ns i d e the n e t w or k . A n od e can j o i n a n e t wo rk au tom a t i ca l l y
i f t h e n e t wo r k i s i n t h e r ad io r an ge o f t h e no d e , t hu s i t c an
c o mmu ni ca t e w i t h o t h er n od es in t h e n e tw o rk . Du e t o no s ecu re
b o un da r i e s , M AN ET i s mo r e d i s po s ed to a t t a ck s . Th e a t t a cks m ay b e
p a ss iv e o r a c t iv e , l e akage o f i n fo rm at io n , f a l s e m es sage r ep l y, d en i a l
o f s e r v i ce o r ch ang i n g t he d a t a i n t egr i t y . T h e l i n ks a r e c o mp ro mis ed
an d a r e op en t o va r io us l i nk a t t a ck s . A t t ack s on th e l i nk in t e r f e re
b e tw een th e no d es an d t h en i nv ad i n g th e l i n k , d es t r o yi n g t h e l i nk a f t e r
p e r f o r min g m a l i c i ou s b eh av io r . T h e re i s no p ro t ec t io n aga i n s t a t t a cks
l i k e f i r ew al l s o r acce s s co n t ro l , w h ich r e su l t i n t h e vu ln e r ab i l i t y o f
M A NE T t o a t t a cks . S po o f i n g o f no d e ’s i d en t i t y , d a t a t a mp er i n g ,
co n f id en t i a l i n f o rm at io n l e ak age an d i mp e rs on a t in g n o d e a r e t he
r e s u l t s o f s u ch a t t ack s w hen s ecu r i t y i s co mp ro mis ed [ 22 ] .
ii) Compromised Node
S om e o f t he a t t ac ks a r e t o ge t acce ss i n s i d e th e n e t wo rk i n o rd e r t o ge t
co n t ro l ov e r t h e no d e in t h e n e t w or k u s in g u n f a i r means t o c a r r y o u t
t h e i r m al i c io us ac t i v i t i e s . M obi l e n odes in M AN ET a r e f r e e t o mo v e ,
j o i n o r l e av e t h e n e tw o rk i n o th e r w o rd s th e mo b i l e no d es a re
5
a u to nom ou s [ 2 3 ] . D u e t o t h i s au to nom ou s f ac t o r f o r mob i l e n od es , i t i s
v e r y d i f f i cu l t f o r t h e n od es t o p rev en t m al i c i ou s ac t i v i t y i t i s
co mmu ni ca t in g w i th . Ad - ho c n e t wo rk m ob i l i t y m ak es i t e a s i e r f o r a
co mp ro mis ed n od e t o ch an ge i t s po s i t i o n s o f r eq u en t l y m ak in g i t m ore
d i f f i cu l t and t ro ub l e som e t o t r a ck the m al i c i ou s ac t iv i ty . I t c an b e
s een t ha t t h e s e th r ea t s f r om co mp r omis ed n od es in s i d e the n e tw o rk a r e
m o re d an ge r ou s t h an a t t a ck i n g th r ea t s f r om o u t s id e t he n e t w or k .
iii) Problem of Scalability
In t r ad i t i o na l n e t wo r ks , w h e re th e n e t w or k i s bu i l t an d each m ach in e
i s co nn ec t ed to t h e o th e r m ach in e wi th th e h e lp o f a wi re . Th e n e t wo rk
t op o l o g y an d th e sca l e o f t h e ne tw o rk , wh i l e d e s i gn i n g i t i s d e f in ed
an d i t do e s no t ch an ge m uch d u r in g i t s l i f e . In o th e r wo rd s , w e can s a y
t h a t t h e s ca l ab i l i t y o f t h e ne tw o rk i s d e f i n ed i n t h e b eg in n i n g ph as e o f
t h e d es i gn in g o f t h e n e t wo rk . T h e ca s e i s qu i t e o pp os i t e i n M AN ET s
b ecaus e th e no d es a r e m ob i l e and due t o t h e i r mo b i l i t y i n M AN E Ts ,
t h e sca l e o f t h e M A NE Ts i s ch an gi n g . I t i s t oo h a rd t o kn ow and
p r ed i c t t h e nu mb ers o f no d es i n t h e M A NE Ts i n t he fu tu r e . T he no des
a r e f r e e t o mo v e in an d ou t o f t h e Ad - H oc n e t w or k , w h i ch m ak es th e
A d - Ho c n e t w or k v e r y m u ch s ca l ab le and s h r in k ab le . K eep in g th i s
p r op e r t y o f t h e MA N E T, t he p r o t o co l s an d a l l t h e s e r v i ce s t h a t a
M A NE T p ro v i d es m us t be ad ap t ab l e t o s u ch ch an ges .
6
Figure 1.2 Challenges in MANET [28]
1 .1 .3 Ty pes of At tack in MANET Based On Per formance
A t t acks a r e c l as s i f i ed i n t o tw o g r o ups acco rd in g t o p e r f o rm an ce and
t h e n a tu r e o f t h e a t t a ck : P a ss i v e a t t a ck an d A ct iv e a t t a ck .
i. Passive Attacks
T h e a im o f t h i s a t t a ck i s t o op e r a t e s i l en t l y an d s t ea l s i gn i f i c an t
i n fo rm at io n f r om th e t a r ge t ed n e tw o rk . Usu a l l y, t h e a t t a ck e r d o es no t
d i s t u rb t h e n o rm a l n e t w or k ac t iv i t i e s s uch a s d ro pp in g p ack e t s [ 2 5 ] .
A cco rd in g l y, t h e a t t a cke r b ecom es p a r t o f t h e n e t wo rk and l i s t ens an d
m on i to r s t h e n e t wo r k t r a f f i c , wh i ch v io l a t es m es s age co n f i den t i a l i t y .
D e t ec t i n g t h i s k i nd o f a t t a ck i s v e r y ch a l l en g i n g as t h e ac t i v i t i e s and
o p e r a t i on s o f t he n e t wo r k a r e un af f ec t ed and n o new t r a f f i c i s
i n t ro du ced .
7
ii. Active Attack
T h e a t t a ck e r , an un au t ho r i z ed p ar t y, d i s t u rb s n e t wo r k op e r a t io ns and
m od i f i es o r f ab r i ca t es m ess ages . The a t t a ck e r d i s t u r bs t h e no rm al
a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e n e t w or k . In ad d i t i o n , t h e i n t ru d e r can in s e r t , mo d i f y,
d e l e t e , r ep l y, o r d r o p p ack e t s u s i n g th i s a t t a ck . Al th ou gh i t i s pos s i b l e
t o d e t ec t t h es e a t t a cks qu i ck l y co m p a r ed t o a p as s ive a t t a ck , t h ey
can no t be p r ev en t ed [ 2 4 ] .
1 .1 .4 Je l ly f i sh At tack
T h e J e l l yf i s h a t t a ck i s o n e t yp e o f D en i a l o f S e rv i ce ( DO S ) a t t a ck t h a t
u su a l l y o ccu r s a t t h e t r an sp or t l a ye r o f t h e M AN E T s t ack . D ur in g t h i s
a t t a ck , a m al i c io us n o d e can r em ain ac t i v e i n p ack e t f o r w a r d i n g and
ev en r ou t e , d i s cove r in g t o i n h i b i t i t f r o m d i agno s i s an d d e t ec t i on .
H o w ev e r , t h e ma l i c i ou s n od e ma y a f f ec t t h e t r a f f i c b y i t s e l f v i a
d r op p i n g p ack e t s p e r io d i ca l l y , r eo r d e r i n g p ack e t s , o r o t h e r su ch
j i t t e r s . T hu s , J e l l yf i sh a t t a cks a r e cons id e r ed ha r mf u l t o T CP t r a f f i c as
co op e r a t iv e n od es can r a r e l y d i f f e r en t i a t e t h e a t t a ck f r om t h e n o rmal
n e tw o rk co n ges t ion . T he J e l l yf i s h a t t a ck i s c l a s s i f i ed a s ( J F -R eor d e r
A t t ack , J F - De l ay V a r i an ce At t ack an d J F Pe r i o d i c D ro p At t ack ) t he
m ai n o b j ec t i v e o f j e l l yf i s h a t t a ck i s t o r ed u ce th e th r ou gh p u t o f a l l t he
f l ow s b y e i th e r r e - o r d er in g t h e packe t s , i n c r eas i n g t h e en d to end
d e l ay o f t h e d a t a pack e t s , d r op p i n g a s m al l f r a c t io n o f pack e t s o r d rop
a l l t he d a t a p acke t s i t r e ce iv es . J e l l yf i s h a t t a cks ge t ex p lo i t ed
m al i c io us l y i n l au n ch in g lo w - r a t e T CP t a r ge t ed d en ia l o f s e rv i ce
a t t a ck ( D OS ) . A l s o a t yp e o f p a s s i v e a t t a ck b ecaus e i t do e s no t v i o l a t e
t h e ru l es o f r ou t in g and p ack e t f o r w a rd in g p ro t o co l s d i r ec t l y .
8
T ransp o rt L ay er
A t r ans po r t - l a ye r p r o to co l p ro v id e s f o r l o g i ca l comm un i ca t i on b e tw een
ap p l i c a t io n p ro ces se s ru nn i n g o n d i f f e r en t h os t s . B y l o g ica l
co mmu ni ca t io n , w e m ean th a t f rom an ap p l i c a t io n ’s p e r s pec t i v e , i t i s
a s i f t h e h os t s r un n i n g t he p r o cess e s we r e d i r ec t l y co nn ec t ed ; i n
r e a l i t y , t h e ho s t s ma y b e o n op po s i t e s i d es o f t h e p l an e t , co nn ec t ed v i a
an y l i n k t yp es .
i . J e l l y f i sh R eo rd er A t t a ck
In J F -R eo r d er a t t ack , t h e m a l i c io us n o de d o es no t p u rs u e t h e b a s i c
f u n c t i on o f t h e F IFO I / P qu eu e fo r d a t a fo r wa r d i n g , an d i t r an dom l y
s e l ec t s t h e p ack e t s b e f o r e f o r w a rd in g t h em t o i t s su cce ss o r , a s sh own
i n F i gu r e 2 .3 . C umu l a t i v e s eq u en ce nu mb ers a r e us ed in T CP p r o t oco l s
t o i d en t i f y e ach byt e o f t h e p a yl o ad . Up on th e rece i p t o f an o u t - o f -
o r d e r m ess age b y t h e r ece i v e r , i t a ck n ow led ges th e s en d e r ab ou t t he
l a s t m ess age r ece i ved i n t h e co r rec t o rd e r . Th i s f o r ces t he v i c t im n od e
( i . e . So u rce no de) t o r e t r an smi t t h e m ess age wh ich i s n o t - ye t -
ack no wl ed ged . D ue t o p e r s i s t en t r eo r de r i n g o f p ack e t s b y an
i n t e rm ed i a t e no d e , t h e s end e r wi l l en t e r i n to a s low s t a r t s t a t e ,
t h ro u gh r e t r ansm iss io n o f t h e s egm en t , ov e r an d o v er aga i n , f o r t h e
n o t - ye t - a ckn o wl edged s egm en t sh ow ed th a t n e t w o rk p e r fo rm an ce
b ecom es wo rs e i n t h e p r e sen ce o f J F -R eor d e r a t t a ck [ 14] .
Figure 1.3 Jellyfish Reorder Attack [14]
9
ii. JF-Delay Variance Attack
In J F - D e l ay v a r i ance a t t a ck , t h e m a l i c i ou s no de p r es e rv e s t h e b a s i c
o p e r a t i on o f t he F IFO I / P qu eu e w hi l e f o r w a rd i n g th e d a t a p ack e t s , bu t
i t d e l ays t h e p ack e t s f o r a r and om t im e b e fo r e f o rw a r d in g th em t o i t s
s u ccess o r as s ho w n i n F i g u r e 2 .4 In t h i s a t t a ck , m al i c io us no d es de l ay
t h e p ack e t s f o r a r an do m t i m e t o s end t he d a t a t r a f f i c i n b u rs t s l a t e r
[ 1 4 ] . Th i s s cen ar io u l t i m at e l y r e s u l t s i n m or e co l l i s i on s an d l os se s i n
t h e n e t w or k . F in a l l y , t h i s a t t a ck caus e s v e r y h i gh R TO b ecau s e o f
m ul t ip l e p ack e t l o s s e s . TCP has ve r y f i n e m ech an i sm s to h an d l e
n e tw o rk co n ges t i on , bu t t h e r e i s no wa y t o d e t e rm in e whe t h er t h e lo s t
p ack e t s a r e du e t o n e tw o rk con ges t io n o r J F - At t ack . H ence , i t i s v e r y
d i f f i cu l t t o d e t ec t an d mi t i ga t e t he d i f fe r en t v a r i an t s o f J F - A t t ack s .
Figure 1.4 Jellyfish Delay Variance Attack [14]
iii. JF-Periodic Drop Attack
In J F - Pe r io d i c D ro p a t t a ck , t he mal i c io us n od e r an do ml y d i sca r ds
e i t h e r a f r a c t i on o f p acke t s o r d i sca r d s a l l t h e p ack e t s f o r a sm al l
f r a c t io n o f t i m e dur i n g t h e on - go in g co mmu ni ca t io n p roce s s a s sh o wn
i n F i gu r e 2 . 5 . Th e t im e p a t t e r n i s d ec i d ed b y t h e a t t ack er . Th i s a t t a ck
ex p l o i t s t h e w eak nes s o f TCP , wh ich m eans th a t i f an ack n ow led gm ent
( A CK ) fo r an ou t s t and i n g s egm en t ha s no t b een rece ived b ef o r e t h e
ex p i r a t i on o f R e t ran smi ss io n T im eou t ( RT O ) v a l ue , t hen t h e s end e r
t ak es t h i s t im e ou t a s an in d i ca t i on o f s ev e re co n ges t io n an d en t e r s t h e
s lo w s t a r t p has e . E v e r y t i m e th e R T O v a l ue i s d o ub l ed wi t h
r e t r an smi ss i on o f s egm en t s ( no t - ye t - ack no wl ed ged) u n t i l r e ach i n g a
t h re sh o l d RT O v a lu e , an d th e r ea f t e r t h e TCP co nn ec t io n i s t e rm in a t ed
[ 1 4] . F i n a l l y , t he en d - t o - end t h ro u ghpu t i n t h e p re s en ce o f J F -P e r i od ic
10
a t t a ck o f t h e n e t wor k d egr ad es v e r y b ad l y.
Figure 1.5 Jellyfish Periodic Drop Attack [14]
1 .2 Problem Statement
A m on g m an y co n ce r n s i n m ob i l e ad - ho c n e t wo r ks , s ecu r i t y i s a
p r omi n en t on e . So f a r , d i f f e r en t s tud i es h av e b een con d uc t ed t o f i l l
t h i s s ecu r i t y h o l e i n su ch n e tw o rk s . Fo r ex am pl e , i n mo b i l e ad - ho c
n e tw o rk s , v a r io us a t t a cks h av e b een d e t ec t ed us i n g d i r ec t t r us t - b as ed
d e t ec t i on and i t i s o n e co mmon s o lu t io n t o i d en t i f y an d
co un t e r m easu r e t he J e l l yf i s h - a t t a ck er s i n sm al l a s w e l l a s l a r ge
M A NE T s cen a r io s [ 1 2 ] . H ow ev er , i n t h i s d e t ec t i on m echan i sm , a l o t o f
i nn o cen t n od es a r e d e t ec t ed as m a l i c i ou s n od es b ecau s e o f
i n ap pr o pr i a t e o v erh ea r i n g o f d a t a pack e t s d u r in g t h e p r omi s cu ous
m od e , du e t o i n t e r f e r en ces , r ad io t r ans mis s i on e r ro r s , n e t w o rk
co n ges t i on o r p ack e t co l l i s i on s an d n od e m ob i l i t y . T o in c r eas e th e
accu r acy o f t h i s d e t ec t i on m ech an i s m to an o th e r app r o ach ca l l ed
i nd i r ec t m on i to r i n g m e th od s w as p ro po s ed [ 11 ] . In t h i s m et ho d , a l l t h e
n e i ghb o rs o f a n od e wi l l m on i to r an d s h a re t h e i r ob se r v a t io ns wi th
each o t he r . T h i s ap p ro ach d ec r eas es t h e fa l s e J e l l yf i s h p e r i od i c d r op
a t t a ck , b u t n o t accu r a t e an d app rop r i a t e . J e l l yf i s h Pe r io d i c Dr op
A t t ack can a l s o be d e t ec t ed b y a F r i en ds h i p Bas ed J e l l yf i s h A t t ack
D e t ec t i on Al go r i t hm ( FJ A D A) [ 1 4] . I t i s p r es en t ed fo r M ob i l e A d H oc
N e t wo rk s , w h e re th e b as i c co n cep t o f f r i en ds h i p m ech an i s m i s ad ded
t o t h e ex i s t i n g D i rec t T ru s t - ba s ed D et ec t io n ( DT D ) a l gor i t hm to keep
t h e i mp or t an t r e s ou r ce s o f a n od e in o bs e rv in g t h e ac t i v i t i e s o f i t s
11
o n e -h op n e i ghb o rs , t h ro u gh p ro mis cuou s m od e . In t h i s mech an i s m, t he
d e t ec t i on i s mo r e r o bu s t t h an t h e DT D . Bu t t h e ma l i c i ou s n od e an d
b en i gn n od e t h r es ho ld va lu e a r e equ a l t o 10 , 1 0 , r es pec t iv e l y t h e v a l ue
i s ha r d co d ed . To se t t h e t h r e sh o ld v a l u e s t a t i c , w e d o no t kn ow h ow
m an y p ack e t s a r e d r op p ed b y t h e ma l i c io us no d es to d ec id e i t i s a
m al i c io us no d e . So , we n eed t o s e t t h e b en i gn and m al i c io us no d e
t h re sh o l d v a lu e dyn am i ca l l y t o i n c r ea s e th e accur acy o f J e l l yf i s h
p e r i od i c d ro p a t t a ck d e t ec t i on r a t e . H en ce , t h i s r e s ea r ch wo rk
a t t empt s t o ans w er t h e fo l l ow in g r es ea r ch q u es t io ns :
Wh at a r e t h e p e r fo r m an ce m et r i c s us ed t o ev a l u a t e t h e de t ec t io n
m echan i sm w i th re s p ec t t o t h e J e l lyf i s h p e r io d i c d rop a t t ack
u n de r t he AO D V p ro to co l?
H o w to s e t t h e m in im um th r es ho ld va l u e t o com pa r e wi th t h e
D r o p co un t v a l u e th a t c an in c r eas e t he accu r acy l ev e l o f M T V-
J PD A DA?
H o w to d es i gn an a l go r i thm th a t c an i n c r ea s e t h e accu r ac y l ev e l
o f J e l l yf i s h p e r i od ic d ro p a t t ack d e t ec t io n r a t e?
1 .3 Research Object ives
1 .3 .1 Genera l O bjec t ive
T h e gen e r a l o b j ec t i v e o f t h i s s tu d y i s t o an a l yz e t he i mp ac t s o f a
J e l l yf i s h p e r i od ic d r o p a t t ack on t h e pe r f o r m an ce o f t he A O D V
p r o t oco l on M A NET an d t h en d es i gn an a l go r i t hm th a t c an en han ce
d e t ec t i on o f J e l l yf i s h p e r io d i c d ro p a t t a cks w h en com p ared aga i ns t t h e
ex i s t i n g wo r k .
1 .3 .2 Speci f i c Objec t ives
T h e sp ec i f i c o b j ec t i v es o f t h i s s t ud y a r e :
T o id en t i f y p e r f o r m an ce m et r i c s us ed f o r ev a l u a t i on o f t he
A O D V r ou t in g p ro to co l w i th aga ins t t h e p r op os ed ap p ro ac h .
12
T o i mpl emen t t h e J e l l yf i s h p e r io d i c d r op a t t ack i n t h e A O DV
r o u t i n g p r o t oco l .
T o d ev e lo p an a l go r i th m th a t c an enh an ce d e t ec t i on o f J e l l yf i s h
p e r i od i c d r op .
T o imp l em en t t he p r o pos ed m in i mu m - th r e sh o ld v a l ue b a s ed
J e l l yf i s h p e r i od i c d r o p a t t a ck d e t ec t ion un de r A O D V a l go r i th m.
T o ev a lu a t e t h e p e r f o rm ance im p ac t o f t h e p ro po sed a lgo r i t hm
w i t h t h e ex i s t i n g o n e , wi th r es p ec t t o t h e J e l l yf i s h pe r iod i c d r op
a t t a ck .
1 .4 Scope and Limitat ion
T hi s s tu d y h a s i m pl em en t ed a mi n i mum th r es ho ld v a l u e b a s ed J e l l yf i sh
p e r i od i c d r op a t t a ck an d i t s d e t ec t io n a l go r i thm ( M TV -J PD A D A ) .
T h e s t ud y h a s t h e fo l l ow in g l imi t a t i on :
Becau s e o f t im e co ns t ra in t , t h i s s t ud y d i d n o t co ns id er a l l J e l l yf i sh
a t t a ck v ar i an t s ex cep t J e l l yf i s h p e r i od i c d r op a t t a ck and a l so d i d no t
co mp a r e to o t h e r wo r ks .
1 .5 Methodology
W e us e th e fo l lo win g m eth od o l o g y t o p u t fo r w ar d th e p rop os ed
ap p ro ach an d th es e a r e :
1 .5 .1 Literature Review and Re lated Works
In t h i s t h es i s wo r k , a n umb er o f p ub l i sh ed re s ea r ch p ape r s , com pl e t e
r e s ea r ch wo r ks , bo o ks an d w eb s i t e s i n t h e a r ea o f M A NE Ts w e re
o bs e r v ed .
1 .5 .2 Tools and S imulator
Ex plo r i n g t h e r equ i red to o l s an d t e ch no lo g y w i th t he h e l p i n t he
D e t ec t i on o f M ob i l e Ad H o c N et w or ks At t ack , t h e t o o l s and
t e chn o lo g y w e h av e u s ed i n t h e r es ea r ch w e r e p re s en ted i n Ch ap t e r 4
o f t h i s d o cu ment a t io n .
13
1 .5 .3 Prototyp ing
T he p r op os ed app ro ach d emo ns t r a t e d i n t h i s t h es i s w o rk , w e u sed a
m od e l as a m eans o f ex p r es s t h e con cep t i on .
1 .6 The Signif icance of the Study
T h e s t ud y h a s t h e fo l l ow in g s i gn i f i c ance
W e d ev e l op ed a b e t t e r a l go r i th m t h a t i n c r eas e s t h e d e t ec t i on r a t e
o f t he J e l l yf i s h p e r i od ic d r op a t t a ck .
W e a l so r ecomm en d ed a d e f en s e m echan i sm in th e A O D V
M A NE T r ou t i n g p ro to co l w i th r es pec t t o t h e J e l l yf i s h p e r i od i c
d r op a t t a ck .
I t w i l l b e u sed a s a r e f e r en ce f o r fu tu re r e sea r ch wo r k .
1 .7 Thesis Organizat ion
T h e r em a in i n g pa r t o f t h i s t h e s i s i s o r gan iz ed a s fo l l ow s . C h ap te r 2
d ea l s wi th t h e l i t e r a tu r e r ev i ew and d e s c r i b e s t h e - s t a t e - o f - t he - a r t i n
r e l a t i on t o MA N ET a t t a ck sp ec i f i c a l l y J e l l yf i s h A t t ack . Ch ap t e r 3
P r es en t ou r M in i mu m -T hr e sh o l d V a l ue Bas ed J e l l yf i s h P e r i od i c Drop
A t t ack D e tec t io n A l go r i t hm (M T V -JP D AD A ) t h a t i s h i gh l y r e l ev an t
an d m or e r e l a t ed to imp l em en t a t i on i s su e s o f t he J e l l yf i sh a t t a ck and
i t s d e t ec t i on a l go r i t hm . C hap t e r 4 p r es en t s im pl em en t a t io n r es u l t an d
d i s cuss io n p a r t F i na l l y , C h ap t e r 5 p re s en t s t h e su mm ary , c o n c l us ion ,
an d f u t u r e w o rk .
14
Chapter 2 Related Works
2 .1 Related Works
Fr i end sh i p Bas ed J e l l yf i s h At t ack De t ec t io n Al go r i thm ( FJ AD A ) i s
p r e s en t ed f o r M obi l e Ad H o c N et wor k s wh e r e th e b a s i c co ncep t o f
f r i en ds h i p m ech an i s m i s ap p en de d t o t h e ex i s t i n g D i r ec t T ru s t -b a s ed
D e t ec t i on ( DT D ) a l go r i thm i n o r de r t o k eep t he ene r g y r e s ou r ces o f a
n o de b y n o t o b se rv in g t h e ac t iv i t i e s o f i t s f r i en d n od es [ 1 4 ] . FJ AD A
r ed u ce s th e p os s ib i l i t y o f b l ack l i s t i n g th e i nn o cen t n od es b y g i v i n g a
s econ d o pp or tu n i t y t o t h e s us p ec t ed no d es a f t e r b l o ck in g t he i r s e r v i ces
f o r a f i x ed du r a t i on o f t im e . Th e p e r f o rm an ce o f t h e p r op os ed
a l go r i thm i s ev a lu a t ed i n t e rms o f t h e p ack e t d e l i ve r y r a t i o , t he
av e r age en d - to - en d d e l ay, n e t w o rk th r o u ghp u t , t h e d e t ec t i on r a t e an d
f a l s e p os i t i v e r a t e w i t h i n c r eas i n g t h e J F - D el ay V a r i an ce , J F - Reo rd er
an d J F -P er io d i c Dr o p a t t ack e r no des i n t h e n e t w or k . Th e s i mu la t i on
r e s u l t s , ev i d en t l y s ho w th a t t h e p ro po s ed a l go r i t hm i s v i go ro us , and
a l so sh o w i t s e f fec t i v en ess and d e t ec t io n e f f i c i en c y i n t e r ms o f
d e t ec t i on ra t e and f a l s e p os i t i v e r a t e m et r i c s . Th e p r op os ed a l g o r i thm
h as q u i ck l y an d accu r a t e c ap ab i l i t y t o d e t ec t t h e J e l l yf i s h a t t a ck e r
n o des i n t h e n e t wor k . Fu r th e rm o r e , i t a l so r e s t r i c t s t h e ab i l i t y o f t h e
m al i c io us no d es t o c au se f u r th e r d amage t o t h e n e t wo r k . Bu t Ben i gn
an d M al i c i ou s no d e T hr e sh o l d va lu e i s s t a t i c .
H en ce S ecur i t y o f M A N ET i s o n e o f t h e imp o r t an t f ea t u r e s fo r i t s
d ep l o ym en t . In t h i s t h es i s , t h ey h av e an a l yz ed t h e b eh av io r and
ch a l l en ges o f s ecur i t y t h r ea t s i n MA N E T wi t h so lu t io ns . A l th ou gh
m an y s o l u t i on s h av e b een p r op os ed s t i l l t h os e a r e n o t i mm acu l a t e as
f a r a s v i ab i l i t y an d p r o f i c i en c y . O n th e o f f ch ance t ha t an y
a r r an gement f un c t io ns adm i r ab l y w i t h i n t h e s i gh t o f a s in g l e m al i c i ous
n o de , i t m ay n o t b e r e l ev an t i f t h e re s ho u l d a r i s e an o ccu r r en ce o f
d i f f e r en t ma l i c i ous n od es? To w r ap th in gs u p t h ey o v e r f l o wed th e
b u nd l e t o a d i f fe r en t no d e an d edu ca ted t hem abo u t J e l lyf i s h A t t ack i s
15
h app en i n g p r em is e a t t h e t o p o f h igh en d to end de l a y an d J i t t e r
p a r am e te r s , so t h a t t h e en t i r e n od e b reak s t he cu r ren t p a t h an d f in d t h e
a l t e r n a t e r ou t e f o r d a t a t r ans mis s io n . U s in g t h i s m e tho d t h ey m a y
r ed u ce t h e e f f ec t o f a J e l l yf i s h a t t a ck .
S ecu r i t y co m es f rom a t t a ck s . J e l l yf i s h a t t a ck i s d e l aye d d a t a p ack e t s
f o r so me amo un t o f t im e , w h i ch r esu l t s i n h i gh en d - to - end d e l a y i n t h e
n e tw o rk . T h e P r opo s ed app ro ach d e t ec t an d p r even t a J e l l yf i s h a t t a ck
b y co n s id e r i n g s en d i n g t im e and rece iv in g t i m e o f t h e p ack e t ,
t h re sh o l d t i me o f t h e p ack e t and t h e l o ad o f t h e ne tw o rk . Us i n g th i s
ap p ro ach th e y d e r iv e th a t d e l ay o ccu r s du e t o co n ges t io n o r J e l l yf i s h
n o de . Th i s w ay d e t ec t s an d p r ev en t s J e l l yf i s h a t t a ck an d i mp r ov es th e
p e r f o r man ce o f t h e n e tw o rk b y r ed u c in g t h e co n ges t i on an d J e l l yf i s h
n o de [ 13] . Bu t t h e pr op os ed s ys t em co n s id e r s o n l y J e l l yf i s h d e l ay
A t t ack .
IO T i s , b as i ca l l y i t i s v a lu e - ad d ed se r v i ce s w h i ch co nn ec t d i f fe r en t
d ev i ces w i th d i f fe r en t p l aces and w i t h d i f f e r en t p u rp os e s . W hi l e
co nn ec t in g t o t h e in t e r n e t i t i s h i gh l y v u ln e r ab l e t o v a r io us k in ds o f
a t t a cks . O n e i s a Syb i l a t t a ck an d an o t h er i s a J e l l yf i s h a t t a ck . I f an y
o f t h e a t t a cks in t he n e tw o rk , t hen t h e p e r f o r m an ce wi l l b e d ec l i n ed to
l o w. T o p ro t ec t t he n e t wo r k f ro m such s i t u a t io ns , t rus t v a l u e b as ed
t e chn i qu e i s u s ed . Wh er e each n od e m ark s t h e t r us t v a lu e o f h i s n ex t
n e i ghb o r . I f t h e n e i gh bo r no d e fo r wa r d s t h e pack e t s , t h en th e t ru s t
v a lu e wi l l b e ma r ked a s i n c r em en t ed e l se w i l l b e d ec r em en t ed o f t he
t r us t v a lu e d r ops b e yo n d t h e th r es ho ld v a lu e , t h en t he n od e w i l l b e
m a rk ed as a m a l i c i ou s n od e i s ma r k ed a s a t ru s t ed n od e . T h e
d i f f e r en ces be tw een S yb i l an d J e l l yf i s h At t a ck a f t e r d e t ec t i on
p e r f o r man ce an a l ys i s r es u l t s . I t g i v e s rem ar k ab l e d i f f e ren ce and
e f f i c i en t r es u l t s a f t e r d e t ec t an d r emo v e th e m al i c i ou s n o des and d a t a
t r an s f e r en d to en d co mmu ni ca t io n .
16
T h e pe r f o r m an ce o f t h e n e t w or k u nd er a d i f f e r en t n um ber o f a t t ack e rs
h a s b een t es t ed . In a l l t h e c as es t h e p e r f o r man ce p a r ame t e r s l i k e t h e
en d t o end d e l ay a n d t h r ou gh p u t h a ve b een enh an ced . T h us , t h e t r us t
v a lu e b as ed t e chn i qu e w i l l b e u se fu l i n a l l s i t u a t i ons . IO T u n d e r
d i f f e r en t t yp es o f a t t a cks i s b e i n g h an d l ed u s i n g t ru s t -ba s ed s ch em es .
In a l l t h e scen a r io s t h e pe r f o r m an ce i s up gr ad ed . In f u tu r e va r io us
o th e r t yp es o f a t t a ck s can a l so be t e s t ed wi t h t he s am e t r us t - b as ed
s ch em e [ 27 ] .
I t h a s b een con c lu d ed th a t du e t o t h e d ecen t r a l i z ed n a tu r e o f t h e
m ob i l e Ad - Ho c n e t w or k , m al i c i ou s n o des en t e r t h e ne t wo r k w hi ch
t r i gge r s v a r i ou s typ es o f a c t iv e and p a ss i v e a t t acks . S ecu r e and
e f f i c i en t r ou t in g t ech n i qu es h av e b een w o rk ed o n t h i s p ap e r . In f u t u re
t e chn i qu e wi l l b e p r o po s ed wh i ch d e t ec t ed and i s o l a t e m al i c io us no des
f r om t h e ne tw o rk [ 1 ] .
T h e a t t a ck in wi r e l e s s n e t wo r ks wh ich i s v e r y d i f f i cu l t t o d e t ec t a s i t
f o l lo w s a l l t he r u l e s o f T r an smi ss ion C on t r o l P r o t oco l ( TCP ) . Th e
s t ro n g n ov e l m ech an i s m i s t h e n eed o f t h e h ou r t o d eve lop i n o rd e r t o
o v e r com e th i s a t t a ck i n t h e n e t w or k . Th e y u s ed a G en e t i c A l go r i thm a s
a t ech n iq u e to comb a t t h e a t t a ck an d o p t imiz e th e n e t w or k an d p ro v id e
a d e fens e fo r Mo bi l e A d Ho c N e tw o rk s aga i ns t t h i s t e ch n iq u e [ 1 ] .
M os t o f t h e ex i s t i n g p ro to co l s an d so lu t io ns a re a t t a ck - o r i en t ed t h a t ,
a r e t h e y f o cus in g o n p a r t i cu l a r a t t a ck and n eg l ec t o the r a t t a ck s o r
co l l ap s e in t h e p r es en ce o f u n i d en t i f i ed and un an t i c i p a t ed a t t a ck s . Th e
s ecu r i t y s o lu t io n m us t en com p as s a w i de r p e r sp ec t i v e i nv o l v in g b o th
k n ow n and u nk now n a t t a ck s . So dev e lo p in g m ul t i - f en ce s e cu r i t y
s o l u t i on i s an a r ea o f f u t u r e r e sea rch . Th e r e i s a t r ad e - o f f b e t w een
s ecu r i t y an d n e tw or k p e r fo r man ce . The n eed o f t h e ho u r i s t o i n t eg r a t e
s ecu r i t y w i th QoS ( Q u a l i t y - o f - S e rv i ce ) so t h a t o p t i miz ed s ecu r i t y
s o l u t i on s a r e d ev e lo p ed fo r M AN E T [ 3 ] .
17
I f go o d t i m e s e r v i ce s an d no l os s o f i n f o rm at i on needs , t h en th e y h ave
ch os en T OR A and i f t h e y w an t a l ow d e l ay p r o d u ced du r i n g
t r an smi ss io n and recep t io n o f i n f o rma t i on and da t a t h en th e y go f o r
A O D V. G RP i s u s ed a s op t io n a l i n t h e p l ace o f A O DV . As com p ared to
t h e o th e r t h r ee p ro to co l s t h e p e r f o rm an ce o f DSR i s p o or . I f t h e y
i n c r ea s e no d e d en s i t y , t h e fo r w ar d i n g r a t e o f p ack e t s , u s e a d i f f e r en t
p r o t oco l an d in t ro d uced J e l l yf i s h p e r i od i c d r op p in g a t t a ck t he
p e r f o r man ce m a y v a r y. T h i s wo r k can b e f u r t h e r ex t end ed t o c a l cu la t e
t h e p e r f o r m an ce o f M ob i l e ad -h oc ne tw o r ks [ 4 ] .
T h ey d i d a com p ar a t i v e an a l ys i s o f t h ree k in ds o f J e l lyf i s h At t acks
w i t h s e l f i s h b eh av i o r At t ack un d e r t h e AO D V r ou t in g p ro to co l and
p r e s en t ed th e i r f i nd in gs . T h ey d i d an a l ys i s wi th r es p ec t t o d i f f e r en t
n e tw o rk s i z e s and un de r t h e p r e sen ce o f a d i f fe r en t nu mb er o f
a t t a ck er s i n t he ne tw o r k . T h ey d i d a l o t o f s im ul a t io n and an a l ys i s an d
a r r iv ed a t s i gn i f i can t and in t e rp r e t ab l e r e su l t s . T he y m eas u r ed t h e
i mp ac t o f t h e a t t a ck s wi th su i t ab l e m et r i c s an d ex p l a in ed t h e n a tu r e o f
d i f f e r en t a t t a ck s i n t h e i r wo r k . Wi th r esp ec t t o t he in c r eas e o f
m al i c io us no d es in t h e n e tw o rk , t h e p e r f o r man ce i s ge t t i n g d ec r eas ed
w i t h r es p ec t t o mo s t o f t h e me t r i cs t h a t t h e y co n s id er ed . Th e m ain
s cop e o f t h i s p ap er i s t o co mp a r e the Se l f i s h Beh av io r A t t ack w i th
d i f f e r en t J e l l yf i s h A t t acks . T he y s u cce s s fu l l y d i d th a t an d t h e r e su l t s
a r e mo r e i n t e re s t i ng . A cco rd i n g to t he i r o bs e rv a t io ns and th e y a r r i ved
r e s u l t s , t h e S e l f i sh Beh av i o r A t t ack i s mu ch w o rs e t h an a l l t yp es o f
J e l l yf i s h At t acks w i t h r e sp ec t t o mo s t o f t h e me t r i cs [ 8 ] . Bu t O n l y
P e r fo rm an ce eva lua t i on , d o es n o t i n c lu d e d e t ec t i on o r p r ev en t io n
m echan i sm.
M A NE T can b e dep lo yed ea s i l y i n a s i t u a t i on w h e re a t r ad i t i o na l
n e tw o rk i s no t pos s i b l e d ue t o i t s s p ec i a l ch a r ac t e r i s t i c s s uch as
f l ex ib i l i t y an d d yn ami c n a t u r e . T h e a i m b eh in d t h i s r e sea r ch pap e r i s
t o ana l yz e t h e e f fec t o f m an y a t t a cks u nd e r C BR t r a f f i c i n d i f f e r en t
s cen ar io s f o r DSR M A NE T r ou t in g p r o to co l . Based o n i nv es t i ga t i on s
18
an d d a t a an a l ys i s o f s im ul a t i on r e su l t s , i t i s con c lu ded th a t wi th ou t
t h e p r es en ce o f any r o u t in g a t t a ck DSR p e r f o rm w el l i n l i gh t l y l o ad ed
n e tw o rk s . Bu t t h e p r e s en ce o f a b l ack h o l e , g r a y h o l e , an d ru sh in g
a t t a ck a t t h e t im e o f ro u t i n g e f f ec t s o n th e o v er a l l p e r fo r man ce o f t he
D SR p r o to co l b y d ec r eas in g th e p ack e t d e l i v e r y r a t i o and av e r age
t h ro u ghp u t bu t b y t h e i n c r ea s in g av er age en d to end d e l ay [ 9 ] .
19
2 .2 Summary
Table 2.1 Related works Summary Y e a r T i t l e A i ms M e t h o d s C o n c l u s i o n D r a wb a c k s
2 0 1 6 D i r e c t
T r u s t -
b a s e d
D e t e c t i o n
A n d
R e c o v e r y
P r o c e s s Of
J e l l y f i s h
A t t a c k In
M AN E T
T h e p r o p o s e d wo r k
M o n i t o r , De t e c t ,
R e h a b i l i t a t e
( M r DR) t e c h n i q u e
i s c a r r i e d o u t .
N S 2 T h e p r o p o s e d
a p p r o a c h
d e c r e a s e s t h e
f a l s e J F -
a t t a c ke r
d e t e c t i o n s
c a u s e d b y t h e
i mp r o p e r
o v e r h e a r i n g o f
d a t a p a c ke t s a n d
d i s c a r d t h e
a t t a c ke r n o d e .
I t d e c r e a s e s
t h e f a l s e J F
a t t a c ke r
n o d e , b u t i t
d o e s n o t
s t o p J F
a t t a c ke r .
2 0 1 7 A n
E v a l u a t i o n
O n S e l f i s h
B e h a v i o r
A t t a c k
A n d
J e l l y f i s h
A t t a c k s
U n d e r
A O DV
R o u t i n g
P r o t o c o l
C o mp a r a t i ve
a n a l ys i s o f t h r e e
k i n d s o f J e l l y f i s h
A t t a c k s w i t h
S e l f i s h Be h a v i o r
A t t a c k u n d e r
A O DV r o u t i n g
p r o t o c o l .
N S 2 T h e S e l f i s h
B e h a v i o r A t t a c k
i s mu c h w o r s e
t h a n a l l t yp e s o f
J e l l y f i s h
A t t a c k s w i t h
r e s p e c t t o mo s t
o f t h e me t r i c s .
O n l y
P e r f o r ma n c e
e v a l u a t i o n
d o e s n o t
i n c l u d e
D e t e c t i o n o r
p r e ve n t i o n
me c h a n i s m.
2 0 1 7 J e l l y f i s h
A t t a c k
D e t e c t i o n
a n d
P r e ve n t i o n
i n M A N E T
T h e P r o p o s e d
a p p r o a c h d e t e c t s
a n d p r e ve n t s
j e l l y f i s h a t t a c k b y
c o n s i d e r i n g
s e n d i n g t i me a n d
r e c e i v i n g t i me o f
t h e p a c ke t .
N S 2 T h e p r o p o s e d
S y s t e m
I mp r o ve s
p e r f o r ma n c e o f
n e t w o r k b y
r e d u c i n g t h e
c o n ge s t i o n a n d
j e l l y f i s h
a t t a c ke r n o d e .
T h e p r o p o s e d
s y s t e m
c o n s i d e r s
o n l y
J e l l y f i s h
d e l a y A t t a c k .
2 0 1 8 F r i e n d s h i p
B a s e d
J e l l y f i s h
A t t a c k
D e t e c t i o n
A l go r i t h m
f o r M o b i l e
A d H o c
N e t wo r ks
In c r e a s i n g a t t a c k
d e t e c t i o n & s a ve
t h e va l u a b l e
r e s o u r c e s a n d
mi n i mi ze s t h e
p o s s i b i l i t y o f
o v e r e s t i ma t i n g t h e
ma l i c i o u s b e h a v i o r .
M AT L A B T h e p r o p o s e d
s y s t e m q u i c k l y
a n d a c c u r a t e
c a p a b i l i t y t o
d e t e c t t h e
J e l l y f i s h
a t t a c ke r n o d e i n
t h e n e t wo r k .
B e n i g n a n d
M a l i c i o u s
n o d e
T h r e s h o l d
v a l u e i s
s t a t i c .
20
Chapter 3 Minimum Threshold Value Based Jellyfish
Periodic Drop Attack Detection Algorithm (MTV-
JPDADA)
W e h av e th e fo l lo wi n g s t age s t o i mpl em en t ou r M T V -J P DA D a l go r i t hm .
3 .1 Drop Count Calculat ion
D r o p co un t i s c a l cu l a t ed o n a p e r cen t v a l u e b y co u n t ing t h e d r op p ed
p ack e t s o f e ach no d e d iv id e b y t h e f o r w a rd ed p ack e t s o f e ach n od e
co un t and mu l t i p l y b y h u n dr ed .
100*)(
unttForwardCoTotalPacke
ountTotalDropCDCDropCount _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1.3
3 .2 Minimum Threshold Value (MTV)
T h e min imu m t h r es ho ld v a l u e (M TV) i s i so l a t i n g a g iv en no d e i s a
m al i c io us o r i n nocen t . B y co m p ar ing t h e mi n i mum t h r e s ho l d v a lu e
w i t h th e d r op co un t . I t i s n o t r e commen d ed t ak in g a n a rb i t r a r i l y v a l ue
a s a t h r es ho l d v a lu e i n r e l a t ed w or k m ay c l a s s i f y n o r m al no de as a
m al i c io us n od e and v i ce - v e rs a . To av o i d th i s w e us e d a mi n im um
t h re sh o l d v a l u e . Th i s t h r es ho l d v a l u e i s ob t a in ed f r om th e s im ul a t ion
s cen ar io wh i ch i s co nd u c t ed to an Ad H oc n e t wo rk to po lo g y an d b y
t ak in g a m ax i mum p ack e t d ro p co un t i n a n o rm al A d H o c n e t w or k
s cen ar io , wi t ho u t a J e l l yf i s h p e r i od ic d r o p a t t a ck . Th e p ack e t d r op i s
o ccu r r in g in an y n o r ma l A d H o c n e t wo r k b y co n ges t io n , co l l i s io n , and
i n t e r fe r en ce as we cou ld s ee f r om th e S cen a r i os . T h e M TV i s
c a l cu l a t ed b y e x ami n i n g and m oni to r in g t h e d ro p p in g p ack e t f rom t he
n o rm al n e t wo r k and t ak in g th e m ax imu m p ack e t d r op coun t o ccur r ed in
t h e n o rm al a rb i t r a ry n e t w o r k wi t ho u t J e l l yf i s h p e r io d a t t a ck ) d i v i d ed
b y t o t a l t r ansm i t t ed p ack e t s an d mu l t i p l i ed b y 1 0 0 a s s ho wn i n
eq u a t i on 3 . 2 . W h er e , t h e m ax im um p ack e t d r op cou n t i n o u r n o rm al
u n i n fec t ed n e t wo r k s im ul a t io n i s 19 Pack e t s .
21
G iv en : M ax imum Pack e t D ro pC ou n t = 1 9 .
100*
unttForwardCoTotalPacke
ntketDropCouMaximumPacMTV _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ _ __ __ __ __ _ 2.3
3 .3 Proposed Model
T h e P r op os ed A p p ro ach o f Min im um -T h r es ho l d Bas ed J e l l yf i s h
P e r i od i c D ro p At t ack D et ec t io n A l go r i t hm ( M TV -J PD A DA ) i s
d e s c r ib ed in t h i s s ec t io n . M T V -J PDA D A i s p r im a r i l y an ex t en ded
v e r s io n o f FJ A DA [ 1 2] , b y a s s embl ing u s e o f t h e con cep t o f f r i en ds h i p
i n ad d i t i on to t h e b a s i c fu nc t i on a l i t y o f t h e FJ A D A. A F r i en ds h ip
T ab l e i s m ai n t a i n ed b y ev e r y n o d e , co n t a i n i n g th e ID s o f n od es , wh i ch
a r e e i t h e r d i r ec t f r i en ds o f t h e n od e o r i nd i r ec t f r i en ds ( f r i en ds o f
d i rec t f r i end s ) o f t h e no d e . In ad d i t i on to t h e F r i en dsh ip T ab l e , ev er y
n o de a l s o m ai n t a i ns M al i c io us T ab le an d Beh av i o r M oni to r i n g T ab le
f o r i t s ne i ghb o rs . A P ack e t f o r w a rd e r no d e add s t o t h e Beh av io r
M on i t o r in g T ab l e i t s o n e - ho p n e i ghb or n od es . P acke t For w ar d er N od e
m ak e f r i end s a f t e r b ecomi n g aw ar e o f t h e i r goo d b ehav io r o v e r a
p e r i od o f t i m e . F r i en d no d es a r e t hose n o d es w h i ch a r e co ns id e r ed a s
t h e mo s t t ru s t ed n o des in t h e n e tw o r k and can b e co ns i d e r e d i n
f o r w a rd i n g th e pack e t s . O n t h e p ro pos ed a p p ro ach , e ach n o de sh a r es
t h e d e t a i l s ab o u t i t s f r i end n od es p re s en t i n t he f r i en ds h i p t ab l e and
m al i c io u s n od es p re s en t i n t h e m al i c io us t ab l e t o a ccu r a t e l y j u d ge t h e
b eh av io r o f n od es . T h i s con cep t o f sh a r i n g th e d e t a i l s o f f r i end no d es
an d ma l i c i ou s n od es amo n g t h e f r i en d n o d es w ou ld h e l p i n m in imiz i n g
t h e p os s ib i l i t y o f b l ack l i s t i n g th e inn o cen t n od es du e to t r ans mis s i on
e r r o r s , n e t w or k con ges t io n o r p ack e t co l l i s io ns on th e ad ho c n e t wo r k .
M T V -J PD AD A b lack l i s t s an d i s o l a t e s t ho s e mo b i l e n o des w h i ch
i n t en t i on a l l y p e r f o r m m a l i c i ou s ac t iv i t i e s f rom th e no rma l f un c t i o n in g
n e tw o rk . M T V -J PD A D A i s m o r e s t r on g an d r ed u ces t h e n ega t iv e
i mp ac t o f h i gh m ob i l i t y o f n o d es o n t h e d e t ec t io n accu r acy b y
22
d i s t r i b u t i n g th e de t a i l o f f r i en d n od es an d m a l i c i ous n odes amo n g t he
f r i en d no d es . Th i s app r o ach s up po r t s t h e m an agem en t o f f a i rn es s b y
a l l o win g n o d es to p u b l i c l y d ec l a r e t he d e t a i l o f t h e i r f r i en d no d es and
b l ack l i s t ed ( m al i c i ou s ) no d es . T h e m aj o r n o t a t i on s u s ed i n t he
ap p ro ach o f Mi n imu m -T hr e sh o l d V a lue Bas ed J e l l yf i s h P e r i od i c D r op
A t t ack D et ec t i on A l go r i t hm ( M TV -JP D AD A ) a r e d es c r i b ed in T ab l e
3 . 1 . T h e o p er a t iv e p r o cedu r e o f p r o po s ed a l go r i thm MTV -J P D AD A i s
b a s ed o n th e f o l l ow i n g a s s um pt i on s :
1 . T h e s ou r ce n od e an d d e s t i n a t i on no de a r e con s id e r ed as t r us t ed
n o des . An d ev er y n od e m ai n t a i ns t h e F r i end sh i p T ab l e ( FT ) ,
M a l i c i ous Tab l e (M T ) and Beh av i o r M o n i t o r in g T ab l e (BM T ) .
In M T V -J P D A DA , e ach no d e p e r i od i ca l l y s en d s v e r y s h o r t ‘ H E LLO ’
m ess ages , t o d i s cov e r i t s o n e -h op n e igh b o r i n g no d e . A l l t h e no d es a r e
i n i t i a l l y p l aced in p ro mis cuo us mo d e . P r om is cu ou s m od es a r e a
s ecu r i t y p o l i c y t h a t en ab l es no d es to l i s t en t o im medi a t e no de
ac t i v i t i e s i n o rd e r t o m o n i t o r t he en t i r e n e t wo rk t r a f f i c . S o t o mo n i t o r
t h e comm un i ca t i on ac t i v i t i e s o f t he i r o n e -h op n e i ghb ors . E v e r y n o d e
m on i to r s t h e co r r ec t pack e t f o r wa r d i n g b eh av i o r o f i t s d i r ec t
n e i ghb o rs t h ro u gh p r omi s cu ou s mo d e . E ach n od e ma in t a in s F r i ends h ip
T ab l e , M a l i c i ou s T ab l e an d Beh av io r Mo ni t o r i n g T ab l e , fo r i t s
n e i ghb o rs .
F r i end sh i p T ab l e a t P ack e t Fo r w ar de r N od e co n t a i ns t h e d e t a i l s o f
f r i en ds ’ n od es ( t ru s t ed no d es ) o f Pack e t Fo rw ard e r N o d e to w hom
P ack e t Fo rw ar d er N od e can fo r wa r d t h e d a t a p ack e t s w i t ho u t
m on i to r i n g th e i r co mmu ni ca t io n ac t iv i t i e s . F r i en ds h ip T ab le ( FT)
co n t a i ns t h e ID s o f n od es , w h i ch a r e f r i en ds (e i t he r d i rec t f r i en ds o r
i nd i r ec t f r i en ds ) o f a n o d e . T h e da t a Fe l id s o f F r i endsh ip T ab l e ( FT )
a r e N OD E_ ID , F LA G S . ( i . e . D i r ec t o r i nd i r ec t f r i en ds ) .
23
Table 3.1 Friendship Table (FT)
N O D E _ ID
F L AG S
M al i c i ous T ab l e (M T ) a t p acke t fo r wa r d e r no d e co n t a i ns t he m al i c io us
n o des (b l ack l i s t ed n od e ) de t ec t ed ( b a s ed o n p ack e t s , fo r w ar d i n g
b eh av io r ) b y p ack e t f o r w a rd e r no de t o wh om p ack e t fo r w a r d er no de
n e i th e r f o rw a r ds th e r o u t i n g and d a t a p ack e t s t h ro u gh t h em no r f rom
t h em. M al i c io us Tab l e ( MT ) s im pl y c o n t a i ns t h e ID s o f n od es w h ich
a r e b l ack l i s t ed b y t h e p ack e t f o r w a rd er no d e i t s e l f .
Table 3.2 Malicious Table (MT)
N O D E _ ID
Beh av i o r Mo ni t o r in g T ab l e ( BM T) a t p ack e t f o r wa r d er no d e co n t a ins
t h e ID s o f o n e - ho p n e i ghb o rs o f p ack e t f o r w ar d e r n o de w h os e b eh av i o r
a s f r i en ds ’ no d es o r m a l i c i ou s no des a r e s t i l l no t co nf i rm ed b y p ack e t
f o r w a rd e r n od e , and th e i r com mu ni ca t i on ac t iv i t i e s a r e s t i l l mo n i t o red
b y p ack e t f o r w a rd er no d e to co n f i rm t h e i r b eh av io r e i t he r a s a f r i end
o r as ma l i c i ou s no d es . Beh av io r Mo ni to r i n g Tab l e (BM T ) s imp l y
co n t a i ns t h e ID s o f n od es ( wh ich a r e n o t f r i en d ’s n od es ) t o k eep th e
r e co rd s o f t h e i r co r r ec t p ack e t s f o rw a r d i n g b eh av io r u s i n g a D rop
co un t e r ( D C) . Th e S econ d f i e lds i n BM T a r e M oni to r in g S t ep ( MS )
w h ich d e t e rmi n es th e s t age o f m on i t o r i n g n od e in a cco rd an ce wi t h the
v a lu e o f MS = 0 ( f i r s t t h e t im e ) and MS = 1 ( s econ d t h e t i me ) .
24
Table 3.3 Behavior Monitoring Table (BMT)
N O D E _ ID
D r o p c o u n t e r
M o n i t o r i n g S t e p
In o r d e r t o h av e a c l e a r un d e rs t and in g o f t h e b as i c f un c t io n a l i t y o f
M in imu m Th r es ho l d V a l u e b as ed J e l l yf i s h P er io d i c D r o p At t ack
D e t ec t i on A l go r i t hm , th e app r oach i s d i v i ded in t o th e fo l l ow in g t h r ee
p h as e s .
Ph a s e1 : In t h i s p h as e , e ach no d e p e r i od i ca l l y s en d s v e r y s h or t
‘ H E LLO ’ m ess ages , t o d i s co v er i t s o ne - h op n e i ghb or in g n o de , and a l so
i n i t i a l i z es i t s f r i end sh ip t ab l e emp t y , m a l i c i ou s t ab l e em pt y , an d add
a l l on e -h op no de to t h e b eh av i o r m on i t o r in g t ab l es acco r d in g l y. A
r o u t e i s a l so es t ab l i sh ed b e t w een a so u r ce no d e and d es t in a t io n n od e
t o t r ans f e r t h e d a t a p ack e t s as p e r ba s i c r o u t e d i s cov er y p r o ce ss o f
A O D V r ou t in g p ro to co l . Th en ,
Fr i end sh i p T ab l e ( FT ) i s i n i t i a l i z ed . FT i s empt y u n l e s s t he
p ack e t s , fo r wa r d i ng p r o ces s i s s t a r t ed and fo r w ar d th e d a t a
p ack e t t o t h e n ex t r e ce iv e r n od e (N ex t S u ccess o r no d e) w i t ho u t
h a rm . A nd t h e Behav io r mo n i t o r i n g t ab l e ( BMT ) i s i n i t i a l i z ed b y
ad d i n g a l l i t s on e - h op no d es t o mon i t o r t h e i r b eh av io r us i n g
p r omi s cu ou s m od e an d ju d ge th e n od e i s m a l i c i ou s o r i nno cen t .
A t ev e r y p e r i o d i c i n t e rv a l , e ach n od e ch ecks t h e b eh av io r o f i t s on e -
h o p no des , an d d i s t r i bu t e T A BLE S - STA T E, wi t h t h e f o l l ow i n g f i e ld s :
T ABL ES –ST ATE [ PFN , f r i ends o f PFN , ma l i c i ous n odes o f PFN ]
Wh er e P ack e t F o rw ar d e r No d e i s t h e n od e Id o f T A B LE S -S TA TE
o r i g i n a t o r no de , f r i en ds o f P ack e t Fo r w ard e r N od e i s t h e l i s t o f
f r i en ds ’ n od es o f P ack e t Fo r war d er N o d e av a i l ab l e i n i t s f r i en ds h ip
t ab l e , an d m al i c iou s n od es o f P ack e t For w ard e r N od e a r e t h e l i s t o f
25
m al i c io us no d es ava i l ab l e i n t h e m al i c i ou s t ab l e o f P ack e t Fo r w ard er
N o d e .
U p on rece i v i n g t he ,
T ABL ES - ST ATE [A ny on e N od e , f r i end s o f any on e nod e , ma l i c i ous
n od es o f an yon e no d e]
C on t r o l m es s age f ro m A n yo n e N od e (a f r i end n od e o f p ack e t f o r w a rd e r
n o de ) a t p ack e t f o rw a r d e r no d e , t h e pack e t fo r w a rd e r n od e up da t es i t s
FT , M T and BM T acco r d in g l y.
U s i n g Eq . 3 . 3 , w h i ch i s b as i ca l l y t h e l i s t o f t ho s e nod es w h i ch a r e
f r i en d no des o f a A n yo n e N o d e bu t P ack e t Fo r w ard e r Nod e h as a l r e ad y
co ns id e r ed th em as m al i c i ou s n od es . T h e en t r i es o f t he s e no d es a r e
ad d ed aga i n i n t h e b eh av io r a l m on i to r i n g t ab l e o f P acke t Fo r w ar d er
N o d e b y r em ov in g t h e i r en t r i e s f r om t h e M al i c io us T ab l e o f P ack e t
Fo r w ard e r N od e . T h e en t r i e s o f t h e s e no d es a r e ad d ed t o t h e
b eh av io r a l mo n i t o r i n g t ab l e o f P ack e t Fo r w ar d er N o de w i th th e i r DC,
M S eq u a l t o 0 , 0 .
Malicious PFN Node Anyone of Friends =ceAcquaintan _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3.3
U si n g Eq . 3 .4 s how s t h e f o r mu la used i n u pd a t in g the FT a t no d e
P ack e t Fo r w ar d e r N o d e . I f an y n o de i n t h e Beh av io ra l Mo ni t o r in g
T ab l e o f P ack e t Fo r w ard e r No d e an d f r i en ds o f P ack e t Fo r w ard er
N o d e , t h en th e en t r y o f t h e r e sp ec t ive n o d e wo u l d r emo v e f ro m th e
Beh a v i o ra l M o ni t o r i n g T ab l e o f no d e P ack e t Fo rw ard e r N o d e .
ceAcquaintan
Node Anyone PFN of FriendsPFN of Friends
_ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ _ __ __ 4.3
Ph a s e2 : In t h i s phas e , ev e r y i n t e rm ed i a t e n od e ch ecks t h a t t h e N ex t
S u ccess o r N o de ( N S N) i s p r es en t i n i t s FT in o rd e r t o fo r w a rd th e
D a t a P ack e t s . I f i t i s p r es en t t h e r e ( i n t h e FT ) , t h e d a t a i s f o r wa r d ed
t o NS N w i th ou t m on i to r i n g t h e ac t i v i t i e s o f t h e n o de t h ro u gh
p r omi s cu ou s m od e . I f N S N i s p r es en t i n t h e M T t ab l e , t h en a R ou te
26
e r r o r mess age wi l l b e s en t t o t he s ou r ce no d e .
Ph a s e3 : Th i s p h ase co m es in t o t h e p i c t u r e o n l y w h en N ex t Su cces so r
N o d e) N SN i s n o t p r e s en t i n t h e FT an d MT t ab l e s . T h e f o l l ow in g
s t ep s a r e p e r fo r med in t h i s p has e . Th e NS N i s s ea r ch ed in i t s BMT
( i . e . w h e th e r i t i s p r e s en t t h e r e o r n o t ) .
I f N S N i s f ou nd i n i t s BMT , i t c h ecks M on i t o r in g S tep ( MS ) v a l u e o f
N S N an d th e v a l u e m us t be l e s s t h an to 1 .
IF M S > 1 S en d R ou t e E r r o r t o t h e S our ce N od e . IF M S <= 1 th en ch eck
D r o p C ou n t e r v a lu e i s l e s s t h an t h e Min im um th r es ho ld va l u e .
IF t h e D r o p C ou n t e r v a lu e i s g r ea t e r t h an th e MT V , t h en i n c r em en t t h e
v a lu e o f M oni to r i ng S t ep s (MS ) b y 1 an d co n t in ue f o rw ar d in g t he d a t a
p ack e t s . A ga in , check D r op Co un t e r v a lu e i s g r ea t e r t h an t h e MT V
t h en S en d R ou t e Er r o r m es s age f o r t h e s eco nd t i me t o t h e s o u r ce n od e
an d A dd N ex t S u cces so r N od e ( NSN) to t h e M T o f pack e t f o r w a rd
n o de . Ot h e rw i s e , s en d th e D a t a P ack e t t o N ex t S u ccess o r N od e ( NS N ) .
IF t h e Dr op C oun t ( DC ) to a sma l l e r ex t en t t h an th e m in i mum
t h re sh o l d v a lu e f o r w a rd t he D a t a p ack e t s and r em ov e t he Nex t
S u ccess o r No d e f rom BM T o f i t s e l f add t o i t s F r i en ds h i p T ab l e .
I f N ex t S u ccess o r N o d e i s no t p r es en t i n i t s BMT , t h en ad d t h e Nex t
S u ccess o r N od e to t h e BMT o f p acke t f o rw a rd e r no d e w i t h t h e v a l u e
D r o p C ou n t e r = 0 an d MS = 0 .
In gen e r a l , t h e p r oce d u re s fo l lo w ed in ou r MT V -J PD AD A l go r i t hm i s
i l l u s t r a t ed i n F l o w C h ar t 3 .1 an d ps eud o co d e 3 .1 :
27
Figure 3.1 Proposed MTV-JPDADA flow chart
28
Algorithm 3.1: MTV-JPDAD Algorithm
A l g o r i t h m 1 : M i n i m u m t h r e s h o l d V a l u e B a s e d J e l l y f i s h P e r i o d i c Dr o p
A t t a c k De t e c t i o n A l g o r i t h m ( M T V - J P DA D A)
R e q u i r e s :
S r c : S o u r c e No d e
D s t : De s t i n a t i o n No d e
P F N : P a c k e t F o r wa r d e r No d e
M TV: M i n i mu m T h r e s h o l d V a l u e
N S N : Ne x t S u c c e s s o r N o d e
T r 1 : T h r e s h o l d V a l u e 1
M S : M o n i t o r i n g S t e p
D C : D r o p Co u n t
F T: F r i e n d s h i p T a b l e
M T : M a l i c i o u s T a b l e
B M T : Be h a v i o r a l M o n i t o r i n g T a b l e
B e g i n
F o r a l l n o d e s i n t h e n e t w o r k D o
I n i t i a l i z e BM T wi t h n o d e s l i ke a s u s p e c t e d p e r s o n i n t h e r e a l wo r l d .
I n i t i a l i z e F T , M T a n d BM T t a b l e f o r a l l n o d e s i n t h e n e t wo r k .
S h a r d F T a n d M T w i t h n o d e s ma i n t a i n e d i n t h e i r F T a n d M T a n d U p d a t e
a c c o r d i n g l y .
E n d f o r
F o r e a c h p a c k e t p f o r wa r d e d b y a n o d e , P F N d o
I F NS N e l e me n t o f f r i e n d s o f a P F N ( i . e . N S N i s p r e s e n t i n F T P F N) t h e n
29
P F N f o r w a r d s t h e p a c ke t d i r e c t l y t o t h e N S N t o b e f o r wa r d e d f u r t h e r
E l s e I f t h e NS N e l e me n t o f P F N a s a ma l i c i o u s n o d e ( i . e . T h e N S N i s p r e s e n t
i n M T P F N) t h e n
P F N s e n d Ro u t e E r r o r M e s s a ge ( R E R R) t o t h e S R C a n d D i s c a r d t h e
p a c ke t .
S R C i n i t i a l i ze a r e - r o u t i n g d i s c o ve r y p r o c e s s u s i n g t h e d e f a u l t A O DV
r o u t e d i s c o v e r y P r o c e s s .
E l s e
I f N S N n o t a n e l e me n t o f P F N . BM T ( i . e . N S N n e w t o t h e B M T o f n o d e
P F N) t h e n
I n s e r t Ne x t S u c c e s s o r N o d e t o P F N o f BM T
In i t i a l i ze D C = 0 , M S = 0 i n BM T o f P a c k e t F o r wa r d e r N o d e
An d F o r wa r d t h e Da t a P a c k e t
E l s e
T h e N S N e l e me n t o f P F N. BM T ( i . e . T h e NS N i s a l r e a d y p r e s e n t i n
B M T o f n o d e P F N)
I f M o n i t o r i n g S t e p > 1 t h e n
Ad d N e x t S u c c e s s o r No d e t o M T o f P F N
P F N s e n d Ro u t e E r r o r M e s s a ge ( R E R R) t o t h e S r c a n d
D i s c a r d t h e p a c ke t .
E l s e
I f ( Dr o p Co u n t e r v a l u e > M i n i mu m T h r e s h o l d V a l u e ) t h e n
30
M S = M S + 1
F o r wa r d t h e Da t a P a c k e t
E l s e
Re mo ve N S N. BM T a n d a d d t o NS N. F T
F o r wa r d t h e Da t a P a c k e t
En d i f
En d I f
En d i f
E n d i f
E n d f o r
E n d
31
Chapter 4 Implementation and Performance
Evaluation
4 .1 Implementat ion and Performance Metrics Analys is
W e h av e i d en t i f i ed p e r fo rm an ce m et r i c s us e fu l t o co mp a re th e se l ec t ed
r o u t i n g p ro t o co l s by e v a l u a t i n g n o rm al A OD V n e t wo rk scen a r i os wi th
J e l l yf i s h p e r i od i c d r op At t ack an d M in imu m J e l l yf i s h p e r i od i c d r op
a t t a ck d e t ec t i on a lgo r i t hm im pl em en ted i n A OD V n e t wor k s cena r i o .
4 .1 .1 Attack Detect ion Rate
I t i s d e f i n ed a s t h e r a t i o o f t h e nu mb er o f m al i c io us n odes d e t ec t ed to
t h e t o t a l n um b er o f ex i s t i n g m al i c io us n od es i n t h e n e t wor k .
100*usNoderOfMalicioTotalNumbe
odeMaliciousN DetectedctionRateAttackDete
% _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.3
4 .1 .2 False Negat ive Rate (FN R)
I t i s d e f i n ed a s t h e r a t i o o f t he nu mb er o f m al i c i ous o nes b e in g
d e t ec t ed a s no rm a l n o d es to t he t o t a l n u mb e r o f n o rm al n o d es in t he
n e tw o rk .
100*oderOfNormalNTotalNumbe
esNormalNodeDetectedAliciousNodNumberOfMaiveRateFalseNegat
% _ _ _ 6.3
4 .1 .3 False Pos i t ive Rate (F PR)
I t i s d e f in ed as t h e r a t i o o f t he n um ber o f no r ma l on es b e in g d e t ec t ed
a s m al i c io us n od es t o t h e t o t a l n um b er o f m al i c io us n o d es in t he
n e tw o rk . In t h i s d e t ec t io n a l go r i th m, t h e Fa l s e Po s i t i v e ra t e i s n ea r t o
z e ro b ecau s e t h e p ack e t d r op p ed b e l o w t h e mi n im um th r esh o l d v a lu e i s
a l l o w ed and co ns ide r ed a s a s us p ec t ed n od e , n o t an a t t a ck e r N od e .
100*usNoderOfMalicioTotalNumbe
eliciousNodtectedAsMarmalNodeDeNumberOfNoiveRateFalseNegat
% _ _ 7.3
32
4 .1 .4 Average End - to -End De lay
I t i s d e f i n ed a s t h e t im e t ak en f o r a d a t a p acke t t o b e t r ans mi t t ed
ac r o ss a M A NE T f ro m so u rce t o d es t i na t i on [ 1 2] .
ondsecReceivedPacket No.
TimeSent - Time ReceivingDelay End To End _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8.3
4 .1 .5 Packet Del ivery Rat io (Frac t ion)
I t i s c a l cu l a t ed b y d i v i d in g t h e n um b er o f p ack e t s r e ce iv ed b y
d e s t i n a t i on i n t h e nu mb er o f p ack e t s o r i g in a t ed f r om th e s ou r ce .
SentPacket
ReceivedPacket RatioDelivery Packet % _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ 9.3
4 .1 .6 Throughput
I t i s t h e r a t i o o f t h e to t a l nu mb e r o f b i t s t r ansm i t t ed (B tx ) du r i n g a
g i v en t r ansm iss io n t im e , i . e . t h e d i f fe r en ce o f d a t a t r an sm iss io n en d
t im e ( Tend ) an d s t a r t s t im e ( Ts t a r t ) . T h i s m e t r i c d ep i c t s ho w th e
co n ges t i on co n t r o l m ech an i s m a t t h e s ou r ce n od e i s a f f ec t ed b y t h e
p ack e t l o s s es c au sed b y J e l l yf i s h pe r i od ic d ro p n od es . A d ec r eas e i n
t h ro u ghp u t i s an o u t com e o f an y J e l l yf i sh p e r i od i c d r op a t t a ck [ 12] .
bpsTimeStart - Time End
ed transmittbitsThroughput _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ _ __ __ __ __ __ 10.3
4 .2 Simulat ion Tools
T h e s i mul a to r , wh ich i s u s ed fo r s i mul a t io n i s NS 2 . W e h av e a l so us ed
E c l i ps es , G N U P lo t and NS G2 .1 t oo l s a s d e s c r ib ed b e lo w: U s in g th e se
t oo l s , w e h av e i mpl em en t e d ou r d e t ec t io n a l go r i th m and an a l yz ed i t s
p e r f o r man ce im pac t o n TC P . T o ev a l ua t e t he pe r f o r m an ce o f a p r o t o co l
f o r an Ad Ho c n e tw o r k , i t i s n eces s a r y t o an a l yz e i t un d e r p r ac t i c a l
co nd i t i on s , e sp ec i a l l y i n c l ud i n g th e m ov em ent o f mo b i l e no d es . T h e
s im ul a t i on r equ i r es s e t t i n g u p t r a f f i c , mu l t i p l e con n ec t i on and
m ob i l i t y m o d e l f o r p e r f o r man ce ev a lu a t io n .
33
4 .2 .1 NS2
F i r s t , s imu l a t i on re f e r s t o a r e a l - wo r l d s ys t em w hi ch i s i mi t a t ed v i a
co mp ut a t i on a l r e - en ac tm en t o f i t s beh av i o r s ba s ed o n r u l es i n a
m at h em at i ca l fo rma t . S im ul a t io n i s u s ed i n o r d er t o a l l o w s a f e r and
ch eap er t e s t i n g , o p t imiz e s ys t em p e r f o r man ce , and ev a lu a t e t h e
ad v an tages and d i s adv an t ages o f t h e m e th od . Becau s e t h e n a tu r e o f
co mp ut e r comm u ni ca t io ns an d n e tw o r k mo d e l s a r e co mpl ex , t he
d ev e l opm ent o f spec i a l com pu t e r p r ogr am s f o r a sp ec i f i c s i mul a t io n
i s s u e i s a po ss i b i l i t y , b u t t o t a l l y i n e f f i c i en t an d t im e - co ns um in g . Wi th
t h e i mp ro v em ent i n t h e ap p l i c a t io n o f m od e l in g p ack ages an d
s im ul a t i on s , t h ey h av e b ecom e t im e -sav in g i n t he a r ea o f cod in g an d
m o re cu s to m ar y w h i ch en ab l es p ro gramm er s t o fo cus on t h e m od e l in g
p r ob lem r a t h e r t h an t h e p ro gr ammi n g d e t a i l s . M an y n e t wo r k s im ul a t o r s
a r e av a i l ab l e t o u s e su ch a s Cn e t , OM N ET ++ , N e tS i m, OPN E T,
Q u a l N et , Glo MoS im , N S2 , and NS 3 . In t h i s s tu d y, N S 2 i s u s ed f o r t wo
m ai n rea so ns . F i r s t , t h e m a jo r i t y o f s tu d i es o n l in e u se t h i s t oo l t o
s im ul a t e t h e i r p ro to co l s wh i ch d em ons t ra t es i t s go o d r epu t a t i on i n t he
r e s ea r ch co mmu ni ty . S eco nd , mu ch do cum ent a t i on i s ava i l ab l e o n l i n e
w h ich a l l ev i a t e s t h e d i f f i cu l t y o f t h e l e a r n i n g p ro cess and cod in g .
H o w ev e r , a s e l ec t i on c r i t e r i o n f o r t h e n e t wo rk s im ul a t io n in c l ud es
m an y f ac t o r s ; f o r ex ampl e , so f t w a r e l i c en s e co s t s . NS 2 i s f r e e an d o ne
o f t he m os t p ow er fu l t oo l s w h i ch can b e u s ed in n e t w or k r e s ea r ch and
d ev e l opm ent .
T h e r e a r e c e r t a i n ad v an tages t o u s i ng N S 2 to s im ul a t e n e tw o rk s a nd
p r o t oco l s . F i r s t , i t i s cos t - f r e e and do es no t r eq u i r e ex t r a eq u i pm en t .
U s u a l l y , i t ru ns o n a Li n ux p l a t fo rm o r us ed wi t h t h e Cyg w i n p r o gram
o n a Wi nd ow s p l a t f o rm. S eco nd , co mpl i ca t ed s cen ar i os c an b e
s im ul a t ed an d t es t ed eas i l y . T h i rd , i t i s a p op u l a r s i mul a t o r a s r es u l t s
c an b e o b t a i ned qu i ck l y an d m an y i d ea s c an b e t e s t ed wi t h i n a sm al l e r
t im e f r am e . In ad d i t i o n , N S2 i s co ns id e r ed as a s t an d ar d ex p e r i m en t a l
34
en v i ro nm ent i n t he r e s ea r ch comm un i t y . T h e us e o f t h e s im ul a t o r
p r ov id es an o pp or tu n i t y t o i nv e s t i ga t e an d u nd e rs t and th e d yn am i cs o f
n e tw o rk s . NS2 p r ov id e s su bs t an t i a l su p po r t , i n o r d er t o s im ul a t e m an y
p r o t oco l s , s uch a s FT P , T CP , U DP , DSR , and H TT P. Bes id e s , NS 2 i s
u s ed to s i mul a t e bo th w i r ed an d wi re l es s n e t wo rk s . TCL i s t he m ai n
s c r i p t i n g l an gu age , w h i ch i s O b j ec t -o r i en t ed su pp or t ( o t c l ) . NS 2 u s es
t w o l an gu ages : TC L s c r i p t an d C++ . Th e r eas on fo r us in g t wo
l an gu ages i s t h a t T C L s imu l a t es s om e s l i gh t l y v a r yi n g p a r am e t e r s o r
co n f i gu r a t i on s , such a s q u i ck ex p lo r e o f s cen a r i o n um b er s an d
i t e r a t io n t im e .
Fu r th e rm o re , t h e s i mul a to r ha s v a r iou s t yp es o f t a s ks t o un de r t ak e .
F i r s t , i t n eed s a p ro gr amm in g l an gu age t o m an i pu l a t e b yt e s e f f i c i en t l y
o r ev en p ack e t h ead e r s w h i ch r un ove r l a r ge d a t a w h ere t he r un - t im e
s p eed i s mo r e es sen t i a l an d t he tu rn ro u nd t i m e i s o f l ow im po r t an ce .
T h us , C ++ i s f as t t o ru n , b u t s lo w t o ch an ge whi ch m ak es i t mo r e
s u i t ab l e f o r d e t a i l ed p r o to co l imp l emen t a t i on . S eco nd , a g r ea t p a r t o f
t h e ne tw o rk in c lu des ex p lo r i n g a n umb er o f s cen a r io s qu i ck l y a s r u n -
t im e sp eed h a s l e s s imp o r t an ce . How ev e r , C ++ s im ula t es p r o to co l
r eq u i r em en t s su ch a s p ack e t p r o ce ss ing , a l go r i th m i mpl em en t a t i on , r un
s im ul a t i on , r e r un , r e co mpi l e , an d ru n t i me sp eed . Th a t OT c l ru ns m o re
s lo wl y b u t c an b e ch an ged q u i ck l y m ak es i t ap pr op r i a t e f o r s ys t em
co n f i gu r a t i on .
4 .2 .2 Ecl ipses
In N o v emb er 2 00 1 , a co ns or t iu m w as fo rm ed b y IBM t o su pp o r t t h e
d ev e l opm ent o f t he E c l ip s e ID E a s o p en so ur ce s o f t wa r e . In 2 0 04 i t
b ecam e th e E c l ip s e Fo u nd a t io n , w h i ch i s a v end or - n eu t r a l fo un d a t i on
w h e r e no s in g l e com p an y h a s con t ro l o f t he d i rec t io n .
T h e E c l ip s e Fo un da t i on i s a n on -p r o f i t , m em ber su pp or t ed co rp or a t ion .
I t h e l p s t o cu l t i v a t e b o t h i t s op en s our ce comm un i t y an d i t s e cos ys t em
o f com pl em en t a r y p r od u c t s an d s e r v i ce s .
35
T h e m is s io n o f t h e E c l i ps e Fo un d a t i on i s t o en ab le t h e dev e lo pm e n t b y
p r ov id i n g th e in f ra s t r u c t u r e ( v e r s i on co n t r o l s ys t ems , co d e r ev i ew
s ys t ems , bu i ld s e rv e r s , t h e d ow nl oad s i t e s , e t c . ) an d a s t r u c tu r ed
p r o cess . Th e Ec l i ps e Fou nd a t io n do es no t wo rk on th e E c l i ps e co de
b a s e , i . e . , i t do e s n o t h av e emp lo yee d ev e l op e rs w o rk in g o n E c l ip se
p r o j ec t s . E c l i ps e p r o j ec t s f o l l o w a v e r y w e l l d e f i n ed dev e l opm ent
p r o cess d es c r i p t i on . A nd w e a r e us in g th i s t oo l f o r co mpi l i n g t he
A O D V p ro t o co l .
4 .2 .3 GNU Plot
G N U p l o t i s a f r e e , com m an d - d r i ven , i n t e r ac t i ve , f u n c t io n an d d a t a
p lo t t i n g p r o gr am . G N U p lo t can ru n u n de r D OS , Wi nd ow s , Mac in t osh
O S , BeOS , OS2 , V MS , Li n ux , an d m an y o t h er s . O n Unix / Li nux
s ys t ems s t a r t GN U p lo t b y s i mpl y t yp i n g : G nu p lo t
4 .2 .4 Aho, Weinberger , and Kernighan S cr ip t s
A WK i s a s c r i p t in g l an gu age used f o r m an i pu la t i n g d a t a and
gen e r a t i n g r ep or t s . T h e AW K com mand p ro gr ammi n g l an gu age
r eq u i r es no com pi l i n g and a l lo w s th e u s e r t o u s e v a r i ab l es , n um er i c
f u n c t i on s , s t r i n g fun c t io ns , and l o gi ca l o p er a to r s .
A WK i s a u t i l i t y t ha t en ab l es a p r o gr am mer t o w r i t e t i n y b u t e f f ec t iv e
p r o gr am s in t h e f o rm o f s t a t em en t s t ha t d e f i n e t ex t p a t t e r n s t h a t a r e t o
b e sea r ched fo r i n e ach l i n e o f a do cum ent an d th e ac t i on th a t i s t o be
t ak en w h en a m a tch i s f ou nd w i th in a l i n e . AW K i s mo s t l y u s ed f o r
p a t t e rn scann in g and p ro ce ss i n g . I t s e a r ch es o ne o r m or e f i l e s t o s ee i f
t h ey co n t a i n l i n es t h a t m at ch t he s p ec i f i ed p a t t e rn an d t h en p e r fo rms
t h e as so c i a t ed ac t io ns .
36
4 .2 .5 NSG2.1
N S2 S cena r ios G en e r a t o r 2 (NS G 2) i s a J A V A - b as ed n s2 s cen ar io
gen e r a to r . S i n ce NS G2 i s w r i t t en b y J A V A l an gu age , yo u can r u n NSG
o n an y p l a t f o r m. N S G2 i s c apab l e o f gen e r a t in g b o t h wi r ed and
w i r e l es s TC L s c r ip t s f o r NS 2 .
4 .3 Resul ts and Discuss ions
4 .3 .1 Ex per imenta l Des ign and Scenar io for Je l ly f i sh Per iod ic
Drop Attack
In t h i s ex p e r im en t , t h e J e l l yf i s h p e r io d i c d ro p a t t a ck i s o ccu r r in g , i n
o r d e r t o t e s t t h e p e r f o rm ance o f t h e in f ec t ed n e t w or k s i t ua t i on , a s w e l l
a s de t e r mi ne ho w th e n e t wo rk i s d egrad ed in t h i s s i t u a t io n u s in g N S2 .
W e us e U BU NT U 1 2 .0 4 Op e r a t i n g s ys t em b ecaus e gcc4 .4 an d g++4 .4
i s t h e sam e w i th NS 2 . 35 s im ul a to r and i t s s t ab l e i n t h i s Li n ux v er s ion
an d be lo w ve r s ion . Th e s im ul a t i on p a r am e t e r s an d t h e com pu t e r
s p ec i f i c a t i on s , w h ich a r e u t i l i z ed in t h i s ex p er im en t , a r e s ho wn in
T ab l e 4 .1 .
Table 4.1 Simulation parameters
S i m u l a t i o n p a r a m e t e r s
P r o c e s s o r I n t e l ( R) C o r e ( T M ) i 7 -4 5 0 0 U C P U @ 1 . 8 G H z ( 4 C P Us )
R AM 6 . 0 0 GB
S y s t e m t y p e 6 4 -b i t
O p e r a t i n g s ys t e m U B U NT U 1 2 . 0 4
R o u t i n g p r o t o c o l A O DV
S i mu l a t i o n t i me 4 0 mi n
N o o f n o d e s 5 , 1 0 , 1 5 , 2 5
T r a n s p o r t P r o t o c o l T C P
37
T r a f f i c t y p e F T P
P a c ke t s i ze 5 1 2 b y t e s
M AC t yp e M a c / 8 0 2 _ 1 1
A r e a 8 0 0 m x 8 0 0 m
M o b i l i t y s p e e d s M i n 1 , M a x 1 0 m/ s
Fi gu r e 4 . 1 Sh o w t h e n e t w or k a r ch i t e c t u r e t h a t i s u s ed to t e s t t he
n o rm al Ad Ho c ne t wo r k b e fo r e t h e a t t a cks o ccur . Mo r eov e r , ev er y
a t t a ck i s app l i ed a s a s e p a r a t e ex p e r i men t . Th e m ai n a r ch i t e c tu r e o f
t h e n e t w or k fo r t he ex p e r im en t s i s t h e s am e, a s i t i n c lu d es 5 , 1 0 , 15
an d 2 5 n od es , i n c l ud in g s ou r ce n od e an d de s t i n a t i on no d e . W e can a l so
i n c r ea s e t h e nu mb er o f no d es as w e wan t . Fo r t h i s s cena r i o w e us e t h e
n um b er o f n od es r an d oml y m i n im um 5 , m ax imum 25 . I t i s imp o r t an t t o
m en t i on th a t t h e re a l - t i m e s ch edu l e i s u s ed i n t h e s i mu l a t i on w hich
h e lp s t o s yn ch r on i ze th e ex ecu t i on o f ev en t s wi t h r e a l - t im e . F i gu re 4 .1
s ho w s t h e a r ch i t e c t u r e o f M A NET s w i th ou t a t t a ck . T h e ma in
a r ch i t ec tu r e o f t h e n e t w or k f o r t h e ex p e r im en t s i s p l ac i n g t h e no d es
r an dom an d m ak es t h em mo bi l e and th e mi n im um s peed an d max i mum
s p eed a r e t o 1 , 10 m /s r es pec t iv e l y, t h e no d es m ov e r and om l y w i t h t h e
g i v en d i am e t e r , and th e r e a r e m ul t ip l e co nn ec t i on in t h e n e tw o rk 1 up
t o 7 , t h e t o t a l nod es a r e 5 , 1 0 , 15 , 2 5 in c l ud in g s ou r ce n od e and
d e s t i n a t i on no d e . T h e d u r a t i on o f t h i s ex p e r i m en t i s 4 0 m in u t es .
Becau s e t o i s o l a t e t h e m al i c i ou s no d e f ro m t h e n e tw o r k t im e i s
r eq u i r ed t o mo n i t o r and ob se r v e th e beh av i o r o f t h e p acke t fo r w ar d i n g
n o de .
38
Figure 4.1 AODV with 25 normal nodes
F i gu r e 4 . 2 Sh o w th e a r ch i t e c t u r e o f M A NE Ts w i th J e l lyf i s h p e r i od i c
d r op a t t a ck i n t ro duced . A nd h as 5 u p to 25 n od es .
Figure 4.2 AODV 25 nodes with JPD Attack
A f t e r t he ab ov e scen a r i o , t h e n e t wo rk i s d egr ad ed b y a l l m e t r i c s as
s ho w n i n t h e g r aph b e lo w. A nd w e can u nd e rs t and h ow t h e J e l l yf i sh
p e r i od i c d r op a t t a ck can b e m ak in g our n e t wo r k i ns i gn i f i c an t .
39
4 .3 .2 Resul t s and Evaluat ion s aga ins t Je l ly f i sh Per iodic Drop
At tacks
T h e ne tw o rk p e r fo r man ce i s m eas ur ed in t w o ev a l ua t i on m et r i cs :
p ack e t d e l i v e r y r a t i o , an d A v er age th r ou gh pu t . Su bseq u en t l y, t he
n e tw o rk p er f o r m ance f o r e ach a t t a ck i s m easu r ed f o r 4 0 mi nu t es .
Becau s e t o i s o l a t e t h e m al i c i ou s no d e f ro m t h e n e tw o r k t im e i s
r eq u i r ed t o mo n i t o r and ob se r v e th e beh av i o r o f t h e p acke t fo r w ar d i n g
n o de . T h e r ea so n f o r t h i s m eas ur em en t i s t o com p a re t he p e r f o rm an ce
o f t h e n e t wo r k in t w o s i t u a t io ns : b e fo r e t h e o ccu r ren ce o f t h e a t t ack
an d a f t e r t h e a t t a ck o ccu r s .
A f t e r an a l yz i n g th e ex p er im en t i s t h e s cen ar io t h e A v er age t h ro u ghp u t
o f t h e n e t w or k i s h i gh l y d egr ad ed a s sh o wn i n t he n e t wo rk F i gu re 4 . 3 .
S om eh o w, as t h e nu mb er o f n od e i n c rea s e s t h ro u ghp u t o f t h e ne tw ork
i s d ec r eas ed , wh en co mp ar ed wi th the n o rm al n e t wo r k a f t e r s om e 10
n o des i t s ho w b e t t e r t h r ou gh pu t . A f t e r - a l l t h e t h r ou gh p u t o f t h e
n e tw o rk d egr ad ed .
Figure 4.3 Average Throughput of MANETs
40
J e l l yf i s h p e r i od i c d r op a t t a ck mi n imiz es t h e p ack e t d e l iv e r y r a t i o as
s ho w n in F i gu re 4 .4 . Becau s e th e gene r a t ed p ack e t t h a t w as t oo sen t i s
d r op p ed b y t h e a t t a ck . As t h e num b er o f p ack e t s d r op ped to i n c r ease
t h e p ack e t d e l iv e r y r a t i o i s h i gh l y d egr ad ed i n t h e n e t wo rk .
Figure 4.4 Packet Delivery Ratio
4 .3 .3 Ex per imenta l Des ign a nd Scenar io for MTV-JPDADA
In t h i s ex pe r im en t a l s cen a r i o , J e l l yf i sh p e r i od i c d r op a t t a ck and i t s
d e t ec t i on m ech an i s m M in i mum T hre s ho ld V a l u e b ased J e l l yf i s h
P e r i od i c D ro p At t ack a r e im pl emen t ed , i n o r d er t o t e s t t h e
p e r f o r man ce o f t he i n f ec t ed n e t w or k , a s w e l l a s d e t e rm in e ho w th e
n e tw o rk i s u p gr ad ed w h en t he d e t ec t ion m ech an i sm i s p r es en t ed i n t h i s
s i t u a t io n . A s d emo ns t ra t ed in t h i s s ec t i on , t h i s ex p e r im en t us e s t h e
s ame n e t wo r k s im ul a t o r . Th e s imu l a t io n p a r am et e r s and t h e com put e r
s p ec i f i c a t i on s , w h ich a r e u t i l i z ed in t h i s ex p er im en t , a r e s ho wn in
T ab l e 4 . 1 ab ov e .
F i gu r e 4 . 5 Sh o w t h e n e t w or k a r ch i t e c t u r e t h a t i s u s ed to t e s t t he
D e t ec t i on Al go r i t hm a f t e r t h e J e l l yf i s h p e r i od i c d r op a t t a ck o ccu rs .
41
T h e m ai n a r ch i t e c tu r e o f t h e n e t w or k f o r t h e ex p e r i men t s i s p l ac in g
t h e no d es r an dom an d m ak es th em mo bi l e and t he m in im um s p eed an d
m ax im um s p eed a re 1 , 1 0 m/ s r e sp ec t iv e l y , t h e n od es m ov e r an do ml y
w i t h th e g iv en d i am et e r , and t h e r e a r e m ul t ip l e conn ec t io n in t h e
n e tw o rk 1 up t o 7 , t he t o t a l no d es a re 5 , 10 , 1 5 , 2 5 i n c l ud in g so u rce
n o de an d d es t in a t io n n od e . W e can a l so i nc r ea se t h e num b er o f no des
a s w e w an t . Fo r t h i s s cena r io we use th e n um b er o f no d es r an do ml y
m in i mum 5 , m ax imu m 25 .
F i gu r e 4 . 5 S ho ws t h e a r ch i t e c tu r e o f M A N ET s a t t a ck w i t h m in i mum
t h re sh o l d v a l u e b a s ed J e l l yf i s h pe r io d i c d r op a t t ack d e t ec t i on
a l go r i thm . An d h as 5 , 10 , 15 and 25 n od es an d th e du r a t io n o f t h i s
ex p e r im en t s cen a r io i s 4 0 mi nu t es . Becau s e to i so l a t e t h e m al i c i ou s
n o de f ro m th e n e tw o r k t im e i s r eq u i r ed t o mo n i t o r and ob s er v e th e
b eh av io r o f t h e p ack e t fo r w a rd in g no de .
Figure 4.5 AODV with Attack
42
4 .3 .4 Resul t s and Eva luat ion s against Min imum Threshold
Value based Je l ly f i sh Per iod ic Drop At tack Detec t ion
Algor i thm (MTV-JPDADA )
T h e n e t wo rk p e r fo r man ce i s m eas ur ed in s ix ev a l u a t io n m et r i cs :
A t t ack D et ec t i on R a t e , Fa l s e N ega t i v e R a t e , Fa l s e Po s i t i v e R a t e ,
A v e r age Th r ou gh pu t , P ack e t D e l iv e ry R a t i o , an d En d t o E nd D el a y .
S ub sequ en t l y, t h e n e tw o rk pe r f o r m ance f o r each a t t a ck w as m eas u r ed
f o r 4 0 mi nu te s . Becau s e to i so l a t e t h e m a l i c i ou s n o de f ro m th e
n e tw o rk t im e i s r eq u i r ed t o m on i to r an d ob s er v e th e b eh av i o r o f t he
p ack e t f o r w a rd in g n o d e . A l l s im ul a t io n s cen ar io s a r e t ak in g a
s ampl in g f r om 10 d i f f e r en t s i mu la t i on r es u l t s a s an av e r age . T he
r ea s on fo r t h i s meas u rem en t i s t o co mp a r e th e p e r f o r m an ce o f t h e
n e tw o rk a f t e r t h e o ccu r r en ce o f t he a t t a ck an d a f t e r p l ac i n g t he
d e t ec t i on a l go r i thm . No w, th e t wo - f ac t o r m eas ur ed i n p r ev i ous
ex p e r im en t s : ne two r k Th r ou gh pu t , an d Pack e t D e l ive r y R a t i o a r e
co mp a r ed b e t w een t h e a t t a ck ed an d de t ec t ed s cen ar io o f t h e J e l l yf i sh
p e r i od i c d r op a t t a ck s . A l s o , o t h e r im po r t an t m et r i cs : At t ack D et ec t ion
R a t e , Fa l s e N ega t i v e R a t e and , Fa l s e Po s i t i v e R a t e a r e t ak en t o
m eas u r e th e o v era l l pe r f o r m an ce o f t h e d e t ec t io n a l go r i thm . T h e
r ea s on f o r t h i s com p ar i s on i s t o eva l u a t e t h e p r op os ed m e th od o f
e f f ec t iv en ess u nd er d i f f e r en t a t t a ck s cen ar io s . Th e s imu l a t i on r es u l t s
f o r N e t w o rk T hr ough p u t , P ack e t D e l iv e r y R a t i o , E nd t o En d D el a y
R a t io ; D e t ec t io n Ra t e , Fa l s e N ega t iv e R a t e and , Fa l se Po s i t i v e R a t e i s
s ho w n in F i gu r e 4 . 6 , F i gu r e 4 . 7 , 4 . 8 , 4 .9 , 4 . 10 and F i gur e 4 . 1 1
r e s p ec t iv e l y.
A s s ho w n in F i gu re 4 .6 t h e D e t ec t i on R a t e i s w i t h go od accu r acy. In
a l l s c en a r i o s , m a l i c i ou s n od es a re ex ami n ed and ju d ged a s an a t t a ck er
n o de . M a l i c i ous n od e i s ex ami ned b y a d r op p ed d a t a p ack e t , measu r ed
b y t h e m i n im um th r e s ho l d v a lu e ( M TV ) . I f a n o d e ’s d r op d a t a p ack e t ’ s
b eh av io r i s g r ea t e r t h an th e M TV v a l u e , t h e MT V -J PDA D a l go r i t hm
43
co ns id e rs t h e n ode a s an a t t a ck e r n o de . T ab l e 4 .2 d e s c r ib e s t h e
an a l ys i s o f t h e de t ec t io n r a t e s cena r io t h a t w as ex am in ed i n t he
o ccu r r en ce o f 1 u p to 5 a t t ack e r n od e in t h e n e tw o r k . We can
m ax im ize th e numb er o f a t t a ck e r nod e and s ee th e r es u l t . Fo r t h i s
n e tw o rk s cen a r i o we us e m ax imu m 5 a t t a ck no d e .
Table 4.2 Analysis Table of Detection Rate
Ex i s t i n g At t ack e r N o d e i n
t h e N e t wo r k
D e t ec t ed At t ack e r n o de i n t h e
n e tw o rk
1 1
2 2
3 2
4 3
5 3
Figure 4.6 Detection Rate of MTV-JPDADA
F i gu r e 4 . 7 S ho w t ha t t h e f a l se n ega t ive r a t e ha s b een ca l cu l a t ed b y t h e
a l r e ad y p l aced a t t a cke r no d e m in us th e d e t ec t ed no d e b y o u r
a l go r i thm . T h i s me t r i c i s r e c i p r o ca l t o t h e d e t ec t i on r a t e . I f t h e
s im ul a t i on t i m e i s i n c r eas ed t h e Fa l s e N ega t iv e r a t e i s d ec r eas ed
b ecaus e t h e d r op co u n t o f t h e no d e i s i n c rea s i n g and i t m a y b e r each ed
o n t h e MT V , a t t h i s t im e t h e d e t ec t ion a l go r i th m can j udge t h e n od e as
a t t a ck er n od e .
44
Figure 4.7 False Negative Rate of MTV-JPDADA
Fi gu r e 4 .8 s ho ws th e f a l s e p os i t i v e r a t e i s z e r o b ecau se o f M T V. A n y
i nn o cen t n od e h a s d r op p ed t he p ack e t , b u t i t do e s no t ex ceed f r om
M T V. In FJ A D A th e i nn o cen t n od e i s con s i d er ed a s m al i c i ou s .
Figure 4.8 False Positive Rate of MTV-JPDADA
45
Fi gu r e 4 .9 s ho ws an En d t o En d D el a y th e p r op os ed a l go r i thm can
h i gh l y d ec r eas e d e l a y a s com p a red wi th t h e J e l l yf i s h pe r io d i c d r op
a t t a ck . So i t i s ou t s t and i n g fo r t h e n e tw o r k .
Figure 4.9 End to End Delay of MTV-JPDADA
F i gu r e 4 . 10 i nd i ca t e s t h e p ack e t d e l iv e r y r a t i o fo r J e l lyf i s h p e r i od i c
d r op a t t a ck us ed in t h i s ex p e r im en t , a f t e r d e t ec t in g t h e a t t a cks us in g
t h e p ro po s ed m e th o d . Us i n g ou r J e l l yf i s h p e r io d i c d r op a t t a ck
d e t ec t i on a l go r i thm r es u l t ed in a h igh e r p ack e t d e l i v e r y r a t i o wh en
co mp ar ed wi t h t h e J e l l yf i s h a t t a ck wi th no d e t ec t io n a l go r i t hm .
46
Figure 4.10 Packet Delivery Ratio of MTV-JPDADA
A s w e can see F i gu r e 4 . 11 M TV -J P D AD A c a nn o t p ro v i d es b e t t e r
A v e r age Th ro u ghpu t w h en comp ar ed wi th J e l l yf i s h a t t a cked t h e
n e tw o rk an d t h e no r m al n e t w or k .
Figure 4.11 Average Throughput
47
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future work
5 .1 Conclusion
A Mi n im um -T h re sh o l d V a l u e Bas ed J e l l yf i s h P er io d ic D r op A t t ack
D e t ec t i on Al go r i th m ( M TV -J PD A DA ) i s p r e s en t ed f o r J e l l yf i sh
P e ro d i c D r op At t ack d e t ec t i on i n M obi l e Ad Ho c N et wo rk s w h e r e th e
b a s i c con cep t o f f r i end sh i p app roach i s ad d ed to t h e ex i s t i n g
F r i end sh i p b as ed J e l l yf i s h At t ack de t ec t io n a l go r i thm ( FJ AD A ) in
o r d e r t o k eep th e en e r g y r e s o u r ce s o f a n od e b y n o t w a t ch i n g the
ac t i v i t i e s o f i t s f r i en d n od es . Min im um -T h re sh o l d V a lu e Bas ed
J e l l yf i s h P e r i od i c D r op At t ack D et ec t io n Al go r i thm r edu ce s t h e
p os s i b i l i t y o f b l ack l i s t i n g t h e i nn o cen t n od es b y p r o v id in g a s econd
ch an ce to t h e su spec t ed no d es a f t e r ob s e rv i n g and co mpar in g t he D ro p
C ou n t wi t h t h e Min im um T h r esh o l d V a lu e (M T V ) . Th e p e r f o r man ce o f
t h e p r op os ed ap pro ach i s ev a l u a t ed i n t e rm s o f t h e At t ack D e t ec t i on
R a t e , Fa l se N ega t iv e R a t e , Fa l s e P os i t i v e R a t e , P ack e t De l i v e r y R a t io ,
A v e r age En d -T o -En d D el ay, an d N e tw o r k T hr ou gh pu t . T h e s imu l a t i o n
r e s u l t s , ev i d en t l y sh o w th a t t he p ro po s ed ap pr oach i s fu r t h e r
s t r en g th ened , and a l so s ho w i t s e f f ec t iv en ess an d d e t ec t i on e f f i c i en c y
i n t e rms o f a t t a ck d e t ec t i on r a t e , f a l se n ega t i v e r a t e , and f a l s e p os i t i v e
r a t e m et r i cs .
In t h i s t he s i s w o rk , T h e r es u l t s o f t h e ex p e r im en t s wh i ch a r e ex p l a in ed
i n t h e p r ev io us ch ap t e r . Th e f i r s t ex p e r im en t a l s cena r io i s on t he
o ccu r r en ce o f t h e a t t a ck i s t e s t ed t o ev a lu a t e t h e p e r f o rm an ce o f t he
a l r e ad y ex i s t i n g Ad ho c On Dem an d V ec to r ro u t i n g p r o t o co l wi th t he
J e l l yf i s h P er io d i c D r o p a t t a ck . Th e seco nd ex p e r i m en t a l s cen a r io t e s t s
t o ev a l u e th e p e r f o rm an ce o f J e l l yf i sh P e ro d i c Dr op A t t ack in a
s i t u a t io n w he r e t h e M in i mu m - Th re s ho ld V a l u e Bas ed J e l l yf i s h
P e r i od i c D ro p At t ack D et ec t io n Al go r i thm i s p r es en t ed fo r t h e
M A NE Ts , t o d e t e rm in e ho w th e d e t ec t i on r a t e o f M in im um T hr e sh o l d
V a lu e b as ed J e l l yf i sh p e r io d i c d ro p a t t a ck a l go r i thm w as e f f ec t iv e i n
48
t h i s s i t u a t io n . F i na l l y , t h e f i nd in gs o f t h i s s t ud y g i v e w e i gh t o n t h e
i mp or t an ce an d e f f ec t iv en es s o f t h i s s t ud y, w h ich g i v e s po s i t i v e
r e s u l t s . Po s i t i v e mean s th a t t h e n e tw or k p e r fo rm an ce i n c r ea s es an d the
accu r acy l ev e l o f t h e de t ec t i on ra t e , a l so i n c r ea se w h i l e t h e t h ro u ghpu t
i s dec r eas e d s i gn i f i c an t l y. Fu r t h e r , i t i s r em ar kab l e t h a t t h e cu r r en t
f i nd i n gs ad d a n ew v i ew t o t h e s c i en ce o f d e t ec t i n g J e l lyf i s h p e r io d ic
d r op a t t a cks in t hes e s i t u a t io ns .
T h e p ro po sed app ro ach h as qu i ck l y a n d accur a t e l y , c ap ab l e t o de t ec t
t h e J e l l yf i s h p e r iod i c d ro p a t t a ck e r n od es i n t h e n e tw o r k and t he
d e t ec t i on r a t e o f t h e p ro po s ed a l go r i t hm , M ax im um 10 0 % cap ab l e i f
t h e a t t a cke r no d e i s p a r t i c ip a t in g in t h e d a t a fo r w a rd in g p r o ce ss ,
w h e r eas i f i t i s n o t i n t h e r an ge o f d a t a fo r wa r d i n g p ro ce s s t h e a t t a ck
d e t ec t i on r a t e i s dec r ea s ed r ad i ca l l y t o 60 % t h i s s cen ar io i s s am pl in g
f r om 1 0 r and om s im ul a t io n s wi th r and om m obi l i t y an d w i t h mul t ip l e
co nn ec t io n . As an av e r age t h e d e t ec t io n r a t e i s a ro u nd 8 0 . 33 %.
Fu r th e rm o re , i t a l so l imi t s t h e ab i l i t y o f t h e J e l l yf i s h p e r i od i c d rop
a t t a ck er n od es to cau s e add i t i o n a l d am age i n t h e n e t wo rk .
5 .2 Future Work
T h e Mi mim um T hre s ho ld V a lu e b as ed J e l l yf i s h P e r i od ic D ro p A t t ack
D e t ec t i on Al go r i t hm i s cons id e r ed on l y s en d i n g ro u t e e r r o r t o t h e
s ou r ce no d e an d t h e A d ho c On Dem and V ec t o r r ou t in g p r o to co l
f o l lo w s i t s d e f au l t R ou t e d i s cov e r y p r o cess and s e l ec t s t h e s ho r t e s t
p a th du r i n g t h i s t im e t h e a t t a ck e r n od e ma y b e i n t h e s e l ec t ed p a th .
U n le s s t he d e t ec t io n a l go r i t hm s en ds t h e ro u t e e r r o r m ess age t o t he
s ou r ce no d e , t h e p r o to co l s e l ec t s t h e s h or t es t p a t h f r om th e ex i s t i n g
r o u t es . A l s o , t h e A d ho c On D em and V ec t o r r ou t in g p r o to co l d id no t
ch an ge p a t h u n l e s s t h e p a th i s b r ok en o r l i n k b r eak age ex i s t s . M ak in g
t h e A d ho c O n D em and Vec to r r ou t in g p ro to co l r ou t e s e l ec t iv e , m ay
h e lp t h e d e t ec t ion a l go r i th m h ea l th i e r . Wh et h e r t h e p a t h h a s an
a t t a ck er no d e th e A d ho c On D em and V ec t o r r ou t in g p r o to co l s e l ec t s
49
t h a t p a t h fo r t h e s econ d t im e , b u t M in imu m Th r es ho ld V a lu e b as ed
J e l l yf i s h P e r io d i c D r o p At t ack D et ec t io n Al go r i t hm cann o t av o id th i s
s ho r t comi n g . O n the o t h e r h an d , s i n ce w e h av e imp l em en t ed on e t yp e
o f J e l l yf i s h a t t a ck , w h i ch i s J e l l yf i s h P e r i od i c P ack e t D r o p At t ack s ,
t h e o t h e r t wo va r i an t s de l ay an d r eo r d e r s ho u l d b e a l so im pl em en ted
u s i n g a M in i mum T h r es ho l d V a lu e b a s ed J e l l yf i s h P e r i od i c D ro p
A t t ack D et ec t i on Al go r i thm .
50
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T e c h n o l o g y 2 . 5 ( 2 0 1 4 ) : 3 0 7 -3 1 6 .
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o f s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g . Ca mb r i d ge U n i ve r s i t y P r e s s , 2 0 1 4 .
[ 2 6 ] An k i t M . V a g h e l a , P r o f . A s h i s h P a t e l “ M i t i ga t i o n a n d D e t e c t i o n o f
53
J e l l y f i s h De l a y V a r i a n c e A t t a c k i n M ANE T ” IJ S A RT , 2 0 1 7 Vo l u me 3
I s s u e 1 1
[ 2 7 ] M a n ve e n K a u r 1 * , J a s h a n p r e e t K a u r “ Id e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d Re mo v a l o f
J e l l y -F i s h A t t a c k i n Io T ” I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f Co mp u t e r S c i e n c e s
a n d E n g i n e e r i n g V o l . -6 , I s s u e -5 , J u n 2 0 1 8
[ 2 8 ] A l s u ma y t , A l b a n d a r i . M i t i ga t e d e n i a l o f s e r v i c e a t t a c k s i n mo b i l e a d -
h o c n e t w o r ks . D i s s . N o t t i n g h a m T r e n t Un i v e r s i t y , 2 0 1 7 .
54
Appendix
Implementing Jellyfish Periodic Drop Attack in AODV
/ / = = = = = = = In a o d v . h p u t t h e f o l l o wi n g l i n e i n A O DV Cl a s s
b o o l a t t a c ke r ;
i n t d r o p _ c o u n t ;
M a c * ma c _ ;
/ / i n t d _ c o u n t [ 1 0 0 0 ] ;
/ / = = = = = In a o d v . c c p u t t h e f o l l o wi n g l i n e i n i n t AO DV : : c o mma n d
I f ( s t r c mp ( a r g v [ 1 ] , " j f " ) = = 0 ) {
a t t a c ke r = t r u e ;
r e t u r n T C L _ OK ;
}
/ / = = = = i n a o d v . c c p u t t h e f o l l o wi n g l i n e i n A O DV : : A O DV ( n s a d d r _ t i d ) :
a t t a c ke r = f a l s e ;
r c o u n t = 0 ;
f c o u n t = 0 ;
d r o p _ c o u n t = 0 ;
/ / = = = = = i n a o d v . c c p u t t h e f o l l o wi n g l i n e i n v o i d A O DV : : f o r w a r d
i n t x ;
x = Ra n d o m: : u n i f o r m( 0 , 1 0 0 ) ;
e l s e {
/ / No t a b r o a d c a s t p a c k e t , n o d e l a y , s e n d i mme d i a t e l y
i f ( a t t a c ke r = = t r u e ) {
p r i n t f ( " A t t a c k i s T r u e a n d p a c ke t t yp e i s n o t T C P \n " ) ;
i f ( c h -> p t yp e _ = = P T _ T CP o r c h -> p t yp e _ = = P T _ CB R o r c h -> p t yp e _
= = P T _ ACK ) {
55
i f ( x > 9 0 ) {
p r i n t f ( " A t t a c k i s T r u e a n d Ra n d o m x i s = % d \n " , x ) ;
d r o p _ c o u n t + + ;
p r i n t f ( " P a c k e t d r o p p i n g n o d e % d i s d r o p p e d % d P a c ke t s \ n " , i n d e x ,
d r o p _ c o u n t ) ;
d r o p ( p , D RO P _ RT R_ R O UT E _ L OO P ) ;
/ / r e t u r n ;
} e l s e {
S c h e d u l e r : : i n s t a n c e ( ) . s c h e d u l e ( t a r g e t _ , p , 0 . ) ;
}
} e l s e {
S c h e d u l e r : : i n s t a n c e ( ) . s c h e d u l e ( t a r g e t _ , p , 0 . ) ;
i f ( i n d e x = = 0 ) {
i f ( c h -> p t yp e _ = = P T _ T CP ) {
f c o u n t + + ;
}
}
}
} e l s e {
S c h e d u l e r : : i n s t a n c e ( ) . s c h e d u l e ( t a r ge t _ , p , 0 . ) ;
}
}
}