FDR and the Great Depression(Objective: Be able to analyze the responses of Franklin D. Roosevelt's Administration to the

problems of The Great Depression, and then assess:1. how effective these responses were in solving America's economic problems?

2. and how these responses changed the role of the federal government?

I. The Great DepressionA. Russell Baker--an era of gloom and despairB. Hoover’s Efforts

1. Reconstruction Finance Corporation a. It appeared he would help business b. But no help to “the common man.”

2. Volunteerism3. Then he signed the Hawley-Smoot Tariff

a. Highest tariff in American History b. Strangled the American exports completely

4. Then the Bonus Army a. Psychological impact hurt HH

b. Reputation never recoveredC. As the Election of 1932 neared, voters were in an ugly mood.

1. Countless factories remained closed a. 1/4 labor was unemployed b. Newsreels showing the army routing out the Bonus Marchers hurt

c. Nevertheless, Republicans go with Hoover without much enthusiasm 2. Sensing victory, the Dem scrambled for the nomination-Smith v FDR a. Ironically, it was Smith who made FDR governor of NY b. Roosevelt’s Background

1. FDR and Sara2. FDR and Eleanor

3. Lucy Mercer4. Louis Howe5. The polio6. Fooled most

c. At the 1932 Democratic convention MacAdoo and Garner turned on Smith3. Roosevelt flew to Chicago

a. Optimistic but no planb. Promises “New Deal”c. Democrats Platform: “Happy Days

1. End Prohibition 2. Hoover Spendthrift

3. Hoover was the “fall guy” for Democrats in 32, 36, & 404. Huge Democrat Win-largest swing in history

D. Interregnum, Inauguration, and deepening panic1. In 1932, 2400 Banks Failed

2. Hoover stuck. 3. Thus, 20th Amend--March 4 to Jan 20 4. 21st Amend passed “I’ll drink to that!” But only when your 21. e. 1933

5. Inauguration

a. “Fear itself” b. “Nation at war,” c “Money changers”

E. How did this happen with FDR? Rise of the Civic Personality1. Modern presidents represent the “American Culture”

a. One unified national culture forged out of great diversityb. “Its about charisma and public persuasion”

1. Fireside Chats 2. Presidents like Jefferson and Adams could never survive TV

c. Lippmann: “Modern president is both a Prime Minister & a Pope”d. FDR put on a show for the American people

1. He always seemed to be a man of principle 2. He portrayed himself as a moral leader with a happy marriage 3. People thought he had a gift for administration

4. However, it was often an act a. Lionel Barrymore: “You and I are greatest actors in world.” b. Not an intellectual, but "understood the professor"

c. Not principled, he was pragmatic, ie “the tariff"2. Irony: Hoover had more credentials but not civic personality

a. Administrator--Sec. Commerce, Belgiumb. Intellectual and authorc. Principlesd. All fail him as president.

II. FDR and First 100 Days--March-May 1933A. Historiography

1. Arthur Schlesinger:a. “Revolution was in the air”b. “New Deal saved the nation.”

2. William Leuchtenberg-FDR and New Deal a. The New Deal was a revolutionary event

b. The Revolution came in the transformation of the role of the Federal Government in ordinary lives.

c. FDR had the wrong answers to economics but he asked the right questions about Social Security, housing, and labor

d. He displayed striking ingenuity in meeting problems of governing.

e. His spirit generated new excitement about the potentialities of govt.1. farmers,

2. union elections,3. regulate business.

f. After FDR people thought the govt should act to forestall depressions.i. But also New Dealers were deeply moralistic (a la Progressives)

1. They believed it was their job to make life on earth more tolerable.2. To work toward a co-operative commonwealth.

g. Also moralistic (a la Progressives)

1. Make life on earth more tolerable.2. Create co-operative commonwealth.

h. However, he was apotheosis of a prince who practiced Machiavelli.i. In the end it was still a half-way revolution.

1. Swelled ranks of middle class 2. Ignored sharecroppers, slum dweller, & blacks.

3. Barton Bernstein “The New Deal” a. It was not even close to a revolution

1. Most historians today are liberal democrats a. They like Roosevelt’s far flung reform policies. b. They see the New Deal as a revolution. c. They argue that it was a break with the old Laissez Faire mentality of the 1920s to more interventionist state.

2. THE NEW DEAL DID NOT TRANSFORM THE AMERICAN SYSTEM3. Instead, it conserved and protected corporate capitalism.

a. There was no redistribution of powerb. It did not extend benefits of government beyond the middle classc. It did not disperse the wealth of the elite few to help the manyd. In fact, it avoided all radicalism.e. It did have some changes

1. It extended federal power2. It introduced some modest welfare programs3. It also strengthen the executive

b. Also failed to:1. Solve the depression2. Extend equality

3. End discriminationc. Not different from Hoover

1. In effect, FDR conservative. a. Preserved banks--should nationalize b. Helped large farmers-sharecroppers fail c. Defended capitalism

d. In effect, the New Deal was profoundly conservative. 1. He could have nationalized the banks but merely preserved them 2. He helped large farmers, but let sharecroppers fail 3. He merely shored up and defended the capitalistic way of life.B. FDR in office--The First 100 Days or First New Deal

1. Aimed at 3Rs--Relief, Recovery, Reform2. FDR did not always know where he was going

a. Off the Cuff--Intuitionb. PRAGMATISMc. He said: “The mood of public demanded action.”

3. Brain Trust4. Special Session of Congress

a. Bank Holiday-Support strong combine weak1. Glass-Steagall (Seperate banks from investments)

2. Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (FDIC)3. Shore up strong banks—consolidate weak ones

b. Fire Side Chat” (Shore up or Nationalize?)c. The Economy Act-15% cutd. Civilian Conservation Corps (most popular of all alphabet agencies)

C. National Industrial Recovery Act1. Title I

a. Nat’l Recovery Admin-Blue Eagleb. Industrial Codes-

1. Business can cooperate with each other (Trusts)2. No antitrust trust busing for price fixing3. Min. Wage/Max Hrs ($.25/44hr)4. Section 7a

a. collective bargaining b. No child labor

2. Title II Public Works Administration--Harold IckesD. Agricultural Adjustment Act

1. 1920s, McNary-Haugen 2. Parody at 1910 prices3. Dust Bowl4. But, as Bernstein said, it did not apply to Sharecroppers.

E. Tennessee Valley Authority 1. WWI 2. Dams for control and electricity

3. YardstickF. Federal Emergency Relief Administration

1. It was a dole (give away food)2. Run by H. Hopkins--painfully thin, shabbily dressed, chain smoking

advisorG. R.F.C. renewed and Volstead Repeal.H. Results Few: So in Winter of 1934--Civil Works Admin

III. Despite “1st New Deal” Problems ContinueA. Attacks on New Deal

1. Business, Labor, Consumers--The Darrow Report. a. Hight flying eagle fluttered to earth b. Too much self sacrifice expected c. Collapse seemed imminent

2. Then Attacks from “The Extremists”-Long, Couglin, TownsendB. Then a body blow from the Supreme Court

1. Conservative court from the 1920s takes up the New Deal 2. “Black Monday” NRA unconstitutional a. 9-0--shot down dying eagle b. Schechter v. NRA “The Sick Chicken Case”

3. And then the AAA was unconstitutional--US v. ButlerC. Advice from Brandeis-Frankfurter: "Move Now.”

IV. FDR incensed by “Horse and Buggy” Responded:A. 1935--The 2nd Hundred Days (2nd New Deal)

1. WPA = (CWA and FERA)--Harry Hopkins a. Attempt to quiet ground swell of unrest by “crackpots” b. $11 Billion on public projects

2. National Labor Relations Act = Wagner Act-godsend to labora. John L. Lewis b. Unskilled – CIOc. National Relations Board—No Child Labor

3. FDR followed this with the late, modest Social Security Act4. Then the Public Utility Holding Company Act5. Finally, the Wealth Tax Act of 1935 also known as “Soak the Rich”

V. Election of 1936 and Roosevelt’s 2nd Term

A. Republicans select Alf Landon 1. Old Bull Mooser 2. Balanced Kansas’s Budget

B. But what happened to the “Extremists” ?C. Election is Referendum on FDR and New Deal

1. Black vote to Democrats2. Labor and South complete New Deal Coalition.

D. “One Third . . . Rendezvous with Destiny”E. Problems arose quickly.

1. Then the first stumble--FDR and Nine Old Men.2. Labor strikes--not over wages but recognition

a. Business opposed unions--used blacklist b. Strikes resulted in violence, so labor tried “Sit Down” strikes vs GM

3. The "Roosevelt Recession"-19374. Purge-1938

F. These troubles effectively ended ND1. New Deal’s Effect on Women

a. Eleanor was the example of women and the ND b. But “No jobs.” c. No marriage-children

2. Effect on Minorities a. Eleanor and Marian Anderson b. WPA

3. Native Americans, John Collier, Indian Reorganization Act--1934. a. Reverse Dawes Act of 1887 b. Tribes returned to using local government

4. Results: Modest at best a. The popular Wealth Tax only effected a small number of people 1. Most government money came in excise taxes (tobacco, coffee . ..) 2. Fell most heavily on the poor b. Wagner Act sparked labor agitation and strikes

c. The WPA

1. Employed 11 million 2. But it had little or no impact because $.25 was not enough 3. Unemployment remain high and GNP low

d. Social Security is most famous 1. Only covered people who were employed 2. It took money from the economy and hurt economic growth 3. FDR knew employers would just pass on the cost to customers

5. But ND reform included desire of WWI Progressives--long overduea. Minimum Wageb. Conservationc. Child Labor Lawsd. Old Age Insurance

6. Since so little was accomplished, why did he win every time? a. Traded on sense of community that we feel in wake of tragedy-1/8

b. Stressed common man --working together in trauma of depression 1. “We are attacked by a common foe.” 2. This theme ran through 1930s 3. But it was also transferred to the enemies of common man a. Rich b. Republicans c. Similar to the Jacksonian at

c. FDR developed a synthesis of words and actions where he controlled the dialogue 1. In this dialogue there is always some type of subversion 2. “Some people are trying to do bad things to the Republic.” a. He convinces people: “I am the good one.” b. 20th Cent, “Subversion” is dominated by Communism

theme. c. In 1930s Republicans try this with FDR 1. But they are spectacularly unsuccessful 2. Instead, FDR Convinces Americans that “Others”

ruined the nationd. It is not policy achievement that is important.

“The world makes sense because of FDR”

AMERICA TURNS TO FOREIGN POLICY(Objective: Understand the forces that led America into World War II, and consider the question:

Could America have avoided entering into World War II?)

VI. Nationalism & IsolationismA. European-Asian Issues-FDR did little in FP until 1937

1. He controlled FP—How well? (Critics: Naïve or Derelict)a. London Economic Conference-1933

1. Scale back war debts?2. US to remain aloof

b. Johnson Debt Default Act

2. In the meantime: Rise of Fascism in Italy, Germany, Japan a. Hitler: “Democracy is in retreat.” b. US does not care--prefers isolation c. We want no involvement in foreign affairs.

d. FDR has little knowledge or interest in Asian issues.e. Manchuria and the Stimson Doctrine 1931-32f. Philippines

a. TR said it was US Achilles Heel-b. We make concessions in China and Korea

to ensure Philippines were left alone.B. Back in Western Hemisphere—FDR’s Latin American Policy

1. US Repeals Platt Amendment2. Good Neighbor Policy

C. So, what was US response to militancy in Europe and Asia 1. America Embraces Isolationism2. Nye Committee and Neutrality Legislation

a. Merchants of Deathb. 1935 Neutrality Act-No arms, no loans, no ridesc. 1937 "Cash and Carry" non military goods onlyd. Critics complained that this was one war too late

3. American policy doomed the innocenta. US to world: “We make no distinction between brutal aggressors and

innocent victims—Neutrality treats all the same.”b. Example: Italian invasion of Ethiopia

4. 1936 Spanish Civil War--US won’t sell to the Republic—Another democracy died.5. Japan expands into China

a. FDR refused to invoke Neutrality b. “Quarantine” Speech-1937 c. December-Panay sunk (Its not the USS Maine anymore)

6. Germany annexed Austria-March 19387. Germany then demanded More

a. Sudetenland-September 1938b. Allies offer Appeasement in Munichc. Then Hitler took all of Czechoslovakia-March 3, 1939

8. Next, Hitler moved to avoid a two front war a. To astonishment of all Hitler-Stalin agreed to Nazi-Soviet Pact-1939

b. Green light to invade Pol9. Germany-Russia Invaded Poland-September, 1939

a. Britain and France declare war—September 3 1939b. US declared Neutrality c. FDR the Internationalists coaxed America out of Isolationism

10. Phony War Ended in April 1940a. Blitzkrieg b. Fall of Francec. With France gone, now Battle of Britain

1. Churchill inspired UK2. The New World with all its might will come

d. Now, FDR moved quickly1. If UK falls, her fleet will go to Germany

2. By 9/40 he asked $37 billion for new aircraft fleet 3. Peace time draft 4. Destroyer Base Deal to help UK

VII. Election of 1940 A. Republicans run are in disarray

1. Taft and Vandenberg too Isolationist2. Dewey too young 3. Wilkie came in late

B. Democratic convention also in disarray 1. FDR "I chose not to run."

2. Many abandoned FDR\ C. One of few elections to turn on National Security

1. Who best qualified2. Wilkie: “We will be at war by April-Every 4th American boy”3. Falla

VIII. 1940-41-US is in an Undeclared War A. US-European Policy 1. Economic War on Axis--1940-41

a. France shakes American complacencyb. “Committee to Defend America--UK fighting for US”c. Congress allocates $18 Billion for new navy.d Lend Lease: We will be the Arsenal of Defense-Bill 1776

1. Now FDR committed to UK defense-pretend at neutrality is over2. But opposition to war still remained high. 3. After Nazi conquest of Europe, European colonies given to America

a. Greenland b. Convoy System c. USS Robin Moore and USS Greer

4. 1941 Germany invaded Russia: US sends Lend Lease B. US-Japan relations: The steps to War 1940-1941 1. Critics call it "the Back Door to War Thesis" 2. (EACPS=Monroe doctrine) 3. 1940 The Tripartite Pack: Germany, Italy, Japan a. Japan takes Indo-China (Vietnam) b. US too weak to stop Japan begins embargo of oil

c. Then freeze Japanese money 4. Hull Nomura Talks: "Withdraw from China" 5. October, 1941, Japanese moderates ousted

6. Pearl Harbor--"If you stab at the king, Strike to Kill"

World War III. Reluctant Belligerent Goes to War A. Mobilizing the Home Front 1. Fifteen Million serve

2. FDR inspired the nation a. Cheerleader 1. “Commander in Chief.”

2. Income tax a. Share the pain b. 40% war paid in income tax--rest in bonds c. Taxes kept moral high - check inflation.

b. Poor administrator 1. Inefficiency, waste, confusion 2. FDR style encouraged squabbling.

B. Building a War Machine 1. Thunderous economic expansion a. GNP $91 Billion to $166 Billion by 1945 b. Manufacturing doubled--agriculture up 22% c. Unemployment disappeared d. Outpouring of material 2. Converting to a war economy a. War Resources Board b. OPM controlled prices.

C. A War Economy 1. FDR failed to coordinate 2. But by 1943 all ran smoothly a. Office of War Mobilization under economic czar James Byrnes 1. Prices soared in 1942 then stabilized 2. Byrnes organized prices, rents, food 3. Established rationing b. National War Labor Board-stabilize wage rate 1. Labor unions grew to 13 million 2. Fair pay for work.

c. Smith-Connally War Labor Disputes Act (1943) 1. Coal Strike hurt war effort 2. Congress reacted with Smith-Connally a. Strike illegal b. FDR given power-take over industry threatened by a strike 3. Wages and prices balance.

d. Paying for the War 1. Like WWI-Taxes and Bonds 2. Intense propaganda

D. Society at War1. Population fluid

a. “Demographic cauldron churning and shifting” b. New bases-new factories c. Housing in short supply 2. Marriage rates up 3. High taxes & rationing kept living standard static.

4. Women go to wara. Need for workers

1. Objections to women from unions a. Nevertheless, employment from 14 to 19 million

b. Income up 50% 2. Less money than male counterparts.

b. Non-working women1. Housing shortage

2. Followed husbands 3. Double standard for faithfulness 4. Hard on children.

E. War and minorities1. African Americans demand fair treatment during the war

a. Segregation continued--but labor shortage gave them jobsb. A. Randolph organized Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

1. Anger at Jim Crow 2. Threatened march on DC.

c. FDR established Fair Employment Practices Committee 1. Blacks treated better than WW I 2. Although segregated, more responsibility--pilots 3. More jobs in factories

2. Hispanics a. LA attacks on Zoot suiters--gangs in suits b. Hispanics also left Southwest c. Travel North looking for work.

3. Native Americans a. Like Wilson, FDR worried about loyalty 1. Reverse 1934 Indian Reorganization Act 2. Abandon tribes b. Indians were encouraged to assimilate 1. Join the service 2. Work in defense plants. 4. Germans, Italians, and Japanese-Americans a. Unlike 1917, no anti-Germany b. Discrimination only against Japanese-Americans 1. Fear on West coast 2. Hatred stirred by hollywood propaganda 2. Forced into camps 3. Supreme Court a. Koramatsu vs. United States (1944) relocation upheld b. Ex parte Endo (1944)-forbade internment but war almost over.

E. Politics during the war1. Thomas E. Dewey v. FDR--who is best for country in peace 2. Health of FDR

a. Drop Wallace b. Trip through New York.

II. Fighting the WarA. Europe First

1. Second Front was key issue 2. When and where a. Invasion of France-D-Day

b. Germany overwhelmed c. Russia takes Berlin.

B. War against Japan 1. The island war 2. Battle of Midway

C. Shatterer of Worlds 1. The Manhattan Project 2. Trinity a. "I am become death, the destroyer of worlds"--Krishna b. The moral decision

D. Wartime Diplomacy 1. US-UK meet in Casa Blanca-1943 a. No Stalin--Germany still in Russia b. Unconditional surrender c. Invade Italy - “underbelly” 2. FDR "working relationship" with "that old buzzard" "Uncle Joe" a. Teheran, Iran (1943) Stalin felt comfortable with short trip b. Second Front c. Eisenhower to command.

3. Yalta - February 1945 a. Each had demands 1. FDR - UN & Japan 2. Churchill - Election in Poland 3. Stalin - “Sphere of Influence” b. Agreements 1. Unconditional surrender 2. Germany divided in 3 (4) zones 3. Demilitarize Germany - Japan 4. UN 5. USSR invade Japan - given N. China & Korea 6. Nazi tried for war crimes

4. Death of FDR5. Victory

Post War Era: Triumph and Tribulation(Objective: Understanding of Truman’s Lack of Civic Personality and the cause of Cold War. In short, where did it all go so wrong? )

I. Thesis: Its largely Truman’s fault.A. We emerged unscarred, but had several worries-Postwar Eco Anxieties

1. First, many worried about a return to the days of depressiona. Demobilization meant 12 million men coming home b. But would they have jobs?c. But there was no orderly plan for demobilization

2. Next problem was inflation a. Eco also began to slump b. Price controls removed & inflation rose 33%

3. Third problems was labor strikes a. 4.6 million men laid down their tools

b. Most crippling was auto, coal, steel4. Resurgence of Republicans

a. Ran against HST on demobilization, inflation, strikesb. Republicans wonc. Immediately, Republicans passed Taft-Hartley Act

B. Now Truman’s Administration acts1. Sold war factories at “fire sale” prices2. Then passed Employment Act

a. It created the Council of Economic Advisorsb. Then he passed the G.I Bill to avoid another Bonus March

(Was it the greatest legislation ever passed?)3. Fortunately for Truman, America began a twenty year economic boom

a. It began with increased peace time military spending but not directly to industryb. Then massive industrial growthc. This was facilitated by the abundance of cheap energy.d. Abundant and cheap agriculture.

1. Cheap energy, fertilizer, machinery and government subsidies helped 2. Average farmer produced food for 50 people compared with 15 in 1940

e. Post war boom allowed most middle class women return home1. 1/4 would continue to work in 1950 with 1/2 in 1960

2. Popular media continued to glorify role of homemaker and mother.f. Then, of course, with prosperity came the long awaited Baby Boom

1. Over 30 million babies added to the demands of the economy 2. Schools, baby formula, and Benjamin Spock a. Strain of distance from families, new mothers needed advice

b. Spock: “Avoid attitude of our Puritan heritage and give children love. g. Growth of middle class up 60%--$3000 to 10,000h. With this new wealth Americans made a rush to Suburbia & Sun Belt

1. Always a mobil people, 30 million moved each year.2. Many moved south and west and abandon inner cities

3. California gained quickest with 1/8 total US population by 1990

II. Foreign Problems consume TrumanA. In the midst of this economic boom new problems emerged.

1. First: Western Europe was in chaos: How should the Allies respond? 2. Second problem: What to do about the rising fear of Communism a. Winston Churchill sounded this alarm about “The Iron Curtain.”

b. Then came the attack on FDR and Democrats as “Lefties.”1. Critics began this attack by reexamining Yalta-February 19452. To Republicans, Yalta became synonymous with a “Sell-out of Poland”3. At Yalta, the Allies divided Germany into four sectors.

a. Unconditional surrender

b. Demilitarize Axisc. Germany divided into 3 then 4 zonesd. UNe. Nazi tried for war crimesf. Biggest issue was Poland

1. Churchill—Free elections2. Stalin held all the cards—his troops were there3. FDR had other worries with possible invasion of Japan

4. Reaction to Yaltaa. Republicans:

1. We had the bomb why give in to Stalin?2. We gave Russia too much3. That’s because FDR was always a lefty4. Stalin tricked him

b. The pro FDR view 1. Roosevelt was in ill health but not feeble minded.

2. Red Army impossible to move—WWIII unthinkable3. Pragmatic

a. Not sure of bombb. USSR to pin down Japan in Chinac. Stalin: 3 months (which is after 2nd front)

c. Conservative respond1. High price for Sakhalins and N. Korea2. Demoralized Nationalists3. Weakened China4. Paved way for CCP

3. Then suddenly, FDR’s death left Truman in charge and unprepared a. Only 3 months as president HST went to The Potsdam Conference 1. There allies agreed to put the Nazis on trial for war crimes 2. Keep Germany Divided.

b. And while at Potsdam, news arrived about the bomb 1. The Neo-conservative view

2. The New Left view4. In 1947 the Soviets remained in Poland and Eastern Europe

a. Republican accusations grew more shrill 1. What happened to Polish elections in one month? 2. Republicans sensed the chance & expanded their attack on FDR

3. They began looking for Communists inside the US b. Richard Nixon took charge of this hunt with J. E. Hoover & H.U.A.C.

5. It was at this point that Truman faltered a. Here he looses the debate

b. Truman failed to command assent--50% at best. c. He will actually add fuel to the Republican charges

1. Loyalty oaths and search for spies2. George Kennan “Article X” CONTAINMENT3. New US philosophy for foreign policy4. Truman Doctrine 1947 “400 million to Greece5. Exaggerated the threat?

B. “Now the holy global war against godless communism

1. Marshall Plana. Economic aid to Western Europe –Ultimately $13 Billionb. How to sell it?

1. Truman tries logic, but he isn’t FDR 2. "Scare Hell out of Them"

3. Then Soviets helped--Czec 2. Blockade of Berlin and Berlin Air Lift

a. Neo Cons—yea HSTb. WWIII over Berlin? Really?

3. North Atlantic Treaty Organization-(NATO) 1949a. Military arm of containmentb. Soviets responded with Warsaw Pact.

C Election of 1948-Truman at "High Tide"1. Democrats unenthusiastically nominate HST2. The Opposition-Dewey(R);Thurman(Dixi);Wallace(Prog)3. The Truman strategy- “Give ‘Em Hell, Harry”4. Fair Deal never had a chance

III. Frankenstein is loose-Truman looses controlA. Three issues hit his administration hard

1. Fall of China.a. To sell Marshall plan, ratchet up rhetoric b. China makes HST look soft

2. Communist have the Bomba. How? CIA said they are behindb. Had to be spiesc. Alger Hiss and HUAC

1. Nixon had been looking for years2. Now finds Chambers

d. Spies give Soviets the Bomb??1. Rosenbergs-Communists everywhere?2. Republican gain control of the debate

a. Maybe Republicans correct about FDRb. Truman on the Defensive

3. McCarthy: "I have the names . . ."3. North Koreans attack South Korea

a. More bad luck-- “Dugout Doug”1. MacArthur could not be restrained.2. Truman too weak to say “NO!!”

b. MacArthur’s over confidence & Truman’s weakness allowed the war to drag onc. At this point, Joe McCarthy busts loose—out of control with the Big Lie

B. Truman not up to the task “I’m not a superman. . .”1. Little man, besieged, befuddled2. Job too big.3. 25,000 needless deaths4. Dem shamed from office5. Shame leads Democrats to say: Never weak again

IV. Eisenhower--The Republicans Take PowerA. Election of 1952

1. Rep run “the Moderate” Dwight David Eisenhower--Ikea. Mild compared to brusque HSTb. Nixon and Checker's Speech

2. Dem - Adlie E. StephensonB. Ike and Dulles spend most attention in foreign policy

1. "New Look" Foreign Policy will do more than fight Communism around the worlda. Dulles: "Roll back the Soviets"b. But Containment expensive so : "More Bang for the Buck"c. Dulles's strategy: "Brinkmanship"d. Then Dulles demanded the world choose sidese Stalin died. Nikita S. Khrushchev took overf. Ike met Nikita in 1955

1. He looked for peace with “Open Sky”2. Left empty handed

2. However, in Eastern Europea. Hungarian Revolt-1956

1. “New Look’ proved illusory.2. Budapest turned into slaughterhouse

b. Ike sat and watched3. In the Middle East 60% world’s oil reserves

a. G.A. Nasser overthrew Egyptian playboy leader-King Faroukb. US and France gave arms to Israel.

c. Nasser sought Arms from US too: "NO" d. So, he then turned to Soviets.

e. He also sought US help on Aswan dam 1. But US is angry that he went to the Soviets for arms 2. US said: “No”

f. Now to save face, Nasser nationalized Suez Canal 1. UK-Fr fear for oil route 2. Along with Israel, they invade Suez 3. Soviets respond and threatened war to protect Nasser

g. Ike angry and refused to help UK with oil1. UK government fell2. Eisenhower announced Doctrine in 1957

4. Then in Asia -1954a. Remarkable Japanese recoveryb. Communist revolt in French held Viet Nam 1954

1. France defeated at Dien Bien Phu 2. Ike refused to send troops

C. At this point, McCarthy began to self-destruct1. Army-McCarthy hearings2. Ed R. Morrow and “See It Now.”3. Don't need McCarthy with Ike and Dulles

D. Ike Domestic Complacency1. At home--Massive consumerism, conformity, and good times for workers2. From Literature to Quiz shows

a. McDonaldsb. Xeroxc. The Big “E”d. Marilyn

3. Striking criticism (Like 1920s) from writers and authorsE. Writers-Artists rejected conformity

1. J. D. Salinger “Catcher in the Rye”2. William Whyte"s The Organization Man 3. Riesman-Lonely Crowd: inner v other directed

a. Shallow, common, superficial b. Soc demanded cooperation-undermined individual

4. Sloan Wilson - Gray Flannel Suit5. C. Wright Mills “The Power Elite”

a. Intellectuals have a responsibility to society – coined phrase “New Left”b. Power Elite consciously strangled soulc. Am Capitalists played on fear of USSR to keep Public quiet d. Science acquiesced to Capitalist demandse. Power Elites were all college graduates

1. Universities should be cultural critics but no. . .2. College was tool of power elite

IV. Election of 1956--Ike's Second TermA. Again Eisenhower-Nixon against StephensonB. Civil Rights: A New Issue for Ike

1. How did the Civil Rights issues in America change between 1955 and 1965 in the strategy, goals, and support.

a. Racism & Segregation in North and South hurt US in 3rd world.1. Economic conditions for Blacks 20% unemployed2. Truman desegregates military and begins FEPC

b. Brown v. Board of Education-19541. Reversing Plessey--"Inherently unequal"2. "With all deliberate speed"3. Blacks demanded they be included in the American tradition4. “We the people” began narrowly and continued to expand

c. The Slow Southern process1. Open resistance by “respectable” whites

2. Press ignited by death of Emmett Till-’55d. Little Rock-’57, (“Atticus” the moderate)

e. Early “Peaceful” Activism in the Southf. Rosa Parks & Montgomery Bus Boycott ‘58g. Rise of M. L. King-"Non Violence" & SCLC

1. “If we are wrong the Const is wrong . .2. "Sit-in", Freedom Riders, Rise of SNCC3. Hints of new urban black radicalism-Violence

C. Foreign Policy in the 2nd Term1. Russians

a. Nuclear deterrents frightened Europeb. Khrushchev calls for "peaceful coexistence"

c. Sputnik-1957d. Ike calls for more money for American education

2. Latin Americaa. Organization of American States 1948 meeting--fight communism

b. LA resented lavishing billions on Europe and little on them c. And LA chafed at continuing intervention in their countries 1. Latest was Jacobo Guzman (Guatemala) 1954

a. Ike wanted better relations b. Nixon to South America-1958

2. Then Castro and Cuba 1959 a. Overthrew bloody dictator Batista who had US support b. Castro denounced Yankee US and confiscated US property c. Ike cut sugar imports

d. Castro moved closer to USSRe. Ike revived Monroe-NK said Monroe is dead

3. Before leaving office Ike called for summit with USSRa. Nixon to Moscowin July 1959 and the Kitchen Debateb. K. came to America in September 1959 c. Then Ike to visit Russia for Summitd. However, Francis Powers and the U2--1960

D. Eisenhower ends his second term1. U2--failed summit2. Russia began H-Bomb tests3. Ike delivered his “Military Industrial Complex” speech

V. Election of 1960A. The Election

1. Ike can't run--22nd Amendment2. So, Republicans pick their heir apparent--Richard M. Nixon (Lodge)3. Democrats pick Catholic John F. Kennedy (LBJ)

B. The Debates turn the tide

VI . Kennedy's New Frontier (Old New Deal?)A. Kennedy's Domestic Programs

1. Tired of Tranquility-“Let’s get moving again.” a. US growing slower than other nations

b. Slim Social and Economic Policyc. Federal aid to education and Medical care for elderly

d. Urban renewal with higher minimum wage 2. Pro-business, but problems with Congress3. Little accomplishment--Congress stumbling block

B. Kennedy and Foreign Policy 1. Kennedy the Cold Warrior

2. Summit at Viennaa. K: “He is a wimp”b. K. builds the Berlin Walla. Flexible Responseb. Missile Gap? (ICBM)

c. Massive increase in military2. Summit at Vienna

a. K: “He is a wimp” b. K. Builds Berlin Wallc. Kennedy responds-Visit to Berlin- "I am not a wimp: I'm a donut”

3. Containment in Asia and Latin Americaa. “Flexible Response” lowered bar for interaction

1. Vietnam first example 2. JFK commits troops to Saigon b. In Latin America-Alliance for Progress ($ for reform)

c. Overreacted to Soviet activity in Cuba (?) 1. CIA trained 2,000 anti-Castro forces

2. Bay of Pigs--huge mistake d. Then Khrushchev acted more recklessly 1. Missiles in Cuba-October 1962

2. U.S. “Quarantine” a. “Brinkmanship” - USSR backed down b. Helps JFK reputation-eased tension

e. Test Ban + Hot Line-but USSR builds its Military

VII. Trip to Dallas and "the assassination"A. Shore up the New Deal CoalitionB. Lee Harvey Oswald