dealing with overtourism in european cities€¦ · • great hope that technology will save the...
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Dealing with overtourism in European CitiesBolzano 13-03-2018
Ko Koens – Breda University /
Centre of Expertise Leisure, Tourism & Hospitality
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Ko KOENS (PhD)
Associate Professor NHTV Breda University
Research Associate University of Johannesburg
Centre of Expertise Leisure Tourism & Hospitality (CELTH)
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A short introduction to
overtourism
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Urban tourism is important source ofincome, employment and liveability for European cities
Urban tourism is increasing worldwide
Cities are relatively dynamic and resilient
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The things we see on the streets
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The things we see in the media
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Negative attitude from local residents
Disturbance is visible, wider positive effects appear unnoticed
Overtourism:
“Tourism that exceeds the limits of acceptable change in a destination or parts thereof, with regards to the environment, perceived quality of life and/or experience quality”
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MethodologyStarted work in 2013 – led to research in cooperation with 13 cities and ETOA
Literature review
Over 80 expert interviews
Two feedback sessions with cities
Representative survey among residents
Scenario planning to envisage
future uncertaintiesAmsterdam, Antwerp, Barcelona, Berlin, Bruges, Copenhagen, Gent, Leuven, Lisbon,
CELTH – “Dealing with visitors”
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1. Too many visitors (too busy)
2. Too much adverse impact
3. Too much tourism industry/supply
Rosenow & Pulsipher, 1979; Ashworth & Page, 2011
Three components of overtourism
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1. Too many visitors (too busy)
2. Too much adverse impact
3. Too much tourism industry/supply
Rosenow & Pulsipher, 1979; Ashworth & Page, 2011
Three components of overtourism
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1. Too many visitors (too busy)
2. Too much adverse impact
3. Too much tourism industry/supply
Rosenow & Pulsipher, 1979; Ashworth & Page, 2011
Three components of overtourism
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Towards a better understanding of overtourism
There is not one type of overtourism
Overtourism is NOT mass tourism
Visitor pressure may be a preferable term• More neutral
• Focus on dealing with the issue before it reaches boiling point
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Towards a better understanding of visitor pressure
Issues are often local, not throughout the city
It’s not (just) a tourism problem!• Commuters? Day Trippers? VFR? Residents?
Homeshopping delivery vans?
• Changing retail landscape
• Real-estate market
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Managing visitor pressure
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Current management practices
Great awareness and willingness among stakeholders to tackle the issue
Cities are already active with solutions• At least 72 ways/methods used in one or
more cities
• 11 Main strategies
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Management strategies1. Spreading visitors around the city and beyond
2. Time-based rerouting
3. Regulation
4. Stimulating itineraries
5. Visitor segmentation
6. Make residents benefit from visitor economy
7. Create city experiences that benefit visitors and residents
8. Communicating with / involving local stakeholders
9. Communicating with / involving visitors
10. Improve city infrastructure and facilities
11. Responsive measures
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Implementing management strategies
Implementation differs depending on local context
Not one solution, it’s all about synergy and balance
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“Solving” the long-term problem of overtourism
Weakness of current measures
• Mostly effect-oriented
• Issue remains framed within the “tourism system”
• Not all stakeholders are willing to act before the issue is imminent
• Great hope that technology will save the day
There is no quick fix…
Are not enough to
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Towards a new kind of tourism
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“Solving” the long-term problem of visitor pressure
Re-evaluation of role of tourism in cities
Involvement of stakeholders within and beyond tourism is key
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“Solving” the long-term problem of visitor pressure
“Solving” the problem will require a radical transition of the role of tourism in cities
This needs to be co-created by all different stakeholders in the city, including academics
Nevens, F., Frantzeskaki, N., Gorissen, L. & Loorbach, D. (2013) Urban Transition Labs: co-creating transformative action for sustainable cities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, pp.111–122.
1 - Analysing the system as a whole
2 - Envisioning3 – Exploring pathways
4 - Experimenting 5 - Assessing 6 - Translating
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“Solving” the long-term problem of visitor pressure
Moving beyond traditional triple-p definition for analyzing the sustainable urban tourism system
Tourism as a contributor to the quality of life and attractiveness of a city
Sustainable
Tourism
Qu
alit
y o
f Li
fe
Econ
om
ic Wealth
Source: author, scithos.eu
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Stimulating collaborative deep reflections
Currently lack of trust and cooperation limits resources and hinders solutions (social dilemma)
Collaboratively reflect on role of tourism
• Allow room for dignified disagreements
• ‘Gamification’ to bring stakeholders together
• Jointly design future destinations
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Thank you!
Bolzano 13-03-2018
More information:
www.celth.nl
www.scithos.eu