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DDeakin Research Online Research Online This is the published version (version of record) of: Cummins, Robert, Eckersley, Richard, Okerstrom, Erik, Lo, Sing Kai, Davern, Melanie, Hunter, Bruce and Woerner, Jacqui 2004, The Australian Unity Wellbeing Index : 2004 update, in 6th Australian Conference on Quality of Life, The Australian Centre on Quality of Life, Deakin University, [Melbourne, Vic.]. Available from Deakin Research Online:
http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30014553 Reproduced with kind permission of the copyright owner. Copyright : © 2004, Deakin University
On the fifth anniversary of the Australian Unity Wellbeing Index: what have we learned about
subjective wellbeing?
Robert A. CumminsJacqui WoernerAdrian J TomynAdrian J. TomynT’Meika KnappAdele M Gibson
Australian Centre on Quality of LifeAustralian Centre on Quality of LifeDeakin University
and
Anna L D LauAnna L.D LauDepartment of Rehabilitation Sciences
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
This manuscript contains notes below each slide. To view these notes, open i P i ‘Vi d li k ‘N P
Australian Centre on Quality of Life http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/acqol
in Powerpoint , go to ‘View’, and click on ‘Notes Page’
Quality of Lifey
Objective Conditions Subjective Perceptionsje.g. Physical health
j pe.g. Satisfaction with health
Objective QOL Subjective Wellbeing??
www.vermontdairy.com/ice_cream
Two kinds of ‘happiness’
Short-term ‘state’ happinessAn emotional response to something
Enduring ‘trait’ h i /happiness/contentment
A mood with a genetic basis
Subjective wellbeing
What is subjective wellbeing?
A normally positive state of mind that involves the whole life experiencep
Personal Wellbeing IndexInternational Wellbeing Group (2006)
http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/acqol
“How satisfied are you with your -----?”How satisfied are you with your ?
• Standard of livingHealth
( SWB )
• Health• Achieving in life
( SWB )• Relationships• Safety• Community connectedness• Future securityy
The Australian Unity Wellbeing Index SSurveys
Geographically representative nationalsamplesa p e
N = 2,000
Telephone interviewp#1: April 2001
------------#16: Oct 2006
[J d Th t 1955][Jones and Thurstone ,1955]
11-point, end-defined scale
How satisfied are you with your --------?
CompletelyDissatisfied
CompletelySatisfiedMixed
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 8 9 10
We code all data to lie on a range from
Complete CompleteCompletedissatisfaction
Completesatisfaction
0 100
Personal Wellbeing IndexPersonal Wellbeing Index77
>S11
>S2, S4, S576
Scores above this line are significantly
higher than S1
74
75Strengthof
satisfaction
Major eventspreceding
survey
73Sept11
BaliBomb
Pre-IraqWar
Husseindeposed
AthensOlympics
AsianTsunami
SecondBali
Bomb
NewIR
Lawsy
Surveydate
S1Apr
2001
S2Sept2001
S3Mar
2002
S4Aug02
S5Nov02
S6Mar03
S7Jun03
S8Aug03
S9Nov03
S10Feb04
S11May04
S12Aug04
Dec04
S13May05
S14Oct05
March06
S15May06
S16Oct06
Satisfaction with feeling part of your Community
74
73
71
72
Strengthof
satisfaction
>S4, S5, S11
>S1
70
>S1
68
69
S1Apr
S2Sept
S3Mar
S4Aug
S5Nov
S6Mar
S7Jun
S8Aug
S9Nov
S10Feb
S11May
S12Aug
S13May
S14Oct
S15May
S16OctApr
2001Sept2001
Mar2002
Aug2002
Nov2002
Mar2003
Jun2003
Aug2003
Nov2003
Feb2004
May2004
Aug2004
May2005
Oct2005
May2006
Oct2006
Satisfaction with theState of the Natural Environment
63
>S5
61
>S1
59Strength
ofsatisfaction
57 <S1
55S1
Apr2001
S2Sept2001
S3Mar
2002
S4Aug2002
S5Nov2002
S6Mar
2003
S7Jun
2003
S8Aug2003
S9Nov
2003
S10Feb
2004
S11May2004
S12Aug2004
S13May2005
S14Oct
2005
S15May2006
S16Oct
2006
Intense media coverageof ‘global warming’warming
Satisfaction with the Social Conditions
64
>S10
>S1
62
Strengthof
satisfaction
60
58S1
AprS2
SeptS3
MarS4
AugS5
NovS6
MarS7Jun
S8Aug
S9Nov
S10Feb
S11May
S12Aug
S13May
S14Oct
S15May
S16Oct
Introduction of new anti-union
i d t i l
2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006
industrial relations laws
Satisfaction with Government
60
>S5,6,7,8,958
>S3,456
Strengthof
satisfaction
GovernmentRe-elected
54
GovernmentRe-elected
50
52
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16
September11
BailBombing
PostIraq War
Olympics Tsunami
S1Apr
2001
S2Sept2001
Nov2001
S3Mar
2002
S4Aug2002
S5Nov
2002
S6Mar2003
S7Jun
2003
S8Aug2003
S9Nov
2003
S10Feb2004
S11May2004
S12Aug2004
Oct2004
Jan2005
S13May2005
S14Oct
2005
S15May2006
S16Oct
2006
Subjective wellbeing homeostasis
I l t th h t tiIn a manner analogous to the homeostatic maintenance of body temperature, we propose a
psychological/neurological homeostatic system thatpsychological/neurological homeostatic system that functions to hold subjective wellbeing steady.
http://kenpope.com/jacob/hi.jpg
Each person (cat) has a set-point for their subjective wellbeing.
90
75Set-point The average set-point
60
range
60
Timehttp://www.mypethaven.com/Images/sad%20cat.gif
Each person (cat) has a
http://kenpope.com/jacob/hi.jpg
Each person (cat) has a set-point for their
subjective wellbeing.
90
75Set-point The average set-point
60
range
60
When nothing much is happening to them People (and cats?) rate howthem, People (and cats?) rate how they feel about their life in terms of their set-point for SWB
Timehttp://www.mypethaven.com/Images/sad%20cat.gif
Challenging wellbeing
Bad SubjectiveBadstuff
Subjective wellbeing
DepressionDepression
Protecting wellbeing
Bad SubjectiveX √Badstuff
SubjectivewellbeingX √
Protective resources(eg. money,
relationships,)
External resources help to protect
p ,)
External resources help to protect wellbeing against negative challenges
Can money buy happiness?Can money buy happiness?
Income and subjective wellbeing81
Total N ≈ 30,000*78.0
*78.3
79.2
78798081
76.3
*76.5
*74.975767778
Subjectivewellbeing * Normal Range
73.0
73.9
71.772737475
Median
7172
<$15 $15-30 $31-60 $61-90 $91-120 $121-150 $150+
Household Income ($'000)
Does money buy a better life?
“Has something happened to you recently causing you to feel happier or
sadder than normal?”
Does money buy a better life?
32.435 Happy eventSad event
26.0
32.429.5
28.226.1
30
%
25.122.9
21.3
24.8
20
25%
reportingan
event17.6
15
10<$15 $15-30 $30-60 $60-90 $90+
H h ld I ($'000)Household Income ($'000)
Household Structure and SWBHousehold Structure and SWB80
76.3Normative Range
78.377.3 77.0 76.9
75.3 75.0 74.976
78
73.0
Normative Range
Depression
73.8
72.2
70.370.671.172
74
SWBDepression
risk67.6
66
68
70
66Partner
andparents
Partneronly
Partnerand
children
Partnerchildren
andotheradults
Parentsand
children
Partner,children
andparents
Partnerand
otheradults
Parentsonly
Alone Otheradults
Soleparents
Parentsand
otheradults
Otheradultsand
children
Living with a partner Living without a partner
Mone and Relationships are additi eMoney and Relationships are additive external resources
79 179.1
798081
Living withPartner only
76.7
Normative Range
79.1
77.477.477.3
76.575.4
7576777879
Normative Range
73.4
7172737475
SubjectiveWellbeing
6768697071
6364656667
62<$15 $15-$30 $31-$60 $61-$90 $91-$120 $121-$150 $150+
Household Income ($'000)
80.779.178 9
8081
Partner only
Partner & children
76.7
N ti R
79.1
75.476.5
77.3 77.477.4
77.3
78.9
75.9
78.2
7576777879
73.4
Normative Range
72.6
7172737475
SubjectiveWellbeing
70.3
6768697071Wellbeing
6364656667
6263
<$15 $15-$30 $31-$60 $61-$90 $91-$120$121-$150 $150+
Household Income ($'000)
80.779.178 9
8081
Partner onlyPartner & childrenSole parent
76.7
Normati e Range
79.1
76.3
77.477.477.3
76.575.4
78.2
75.9
78.9
77.376.5
7576777879
Normative Range
73.472.6
7172737475
SubjectiveWellbeing
70.170.369.6
6768697071e be g
64.16364656667
6263
<$15 $15-$30 $31-$60 $61-$90 $91-$120$121-$150 $150+
Household Income ($'000)
How much support do you receive from----?
84.485
76.075.475
80
Strength 67.5
60
65
70Strengthof
support55.2
50
55
60
Partner Family Friends(work)
Friends(general)
Professional
Source of supportpp
Is receiving support always good for wellbeing?Is receiving support always good for wellbeing?
82.68384
PartnerFamily
80.4
80.1 79.2
81.981.9
87980818283 Friends (work)
Friends (general)Professional
Normative range
76.376.275.6 75.1
77.777.7
76.1
73 774.5
74.9
74 474.3
74.77475767778
Subjective73.0
71.470.1
69 2
71.069.9
72.372.873.7
71.4
73.8
70.2
74.572.0
69.2
71.571.7
69 8
74.472.5
74.7
68.9697071727374wellbeing
67.4
69.2
65.766.266.8
69.2
67.567.6
69.869.0
64.9
68.9
6566676869
62.863.8
606162636465
6010 9 8 7 6 5 (4 + 3) (2 + 1) 0
Level of support
Level of Support from partner828384
Partner
Level of Support from partner
80.4
7778798081
Normative range
76.3
73.0
76.2
73.87374757677
SWB Never married71.4
70.169.2
70.2
6869707172SWB 72.0Never married
70.6Live alone
67.4
6465666768
62.8
60616263
10 9 8 7 6 5 (4 + 3) (2 + 1) 010 9 8 7 6 5 (4 + 3) (2 + 1) 0
Level of support
Level of support from partner828384
Partner
Level of support from partner
80.4
7778798081
Normative range
76.3
73.0
76.2
73.87374757677
SWB Never married71.4
70.169.2
70.2
6869707172SWB 72.0Never married
70.6Live alone
67.4
6465666768
62.8
60616263
10 9 8 7 6 5 (4 + 3) (2 + 1) 0
80%(51%) (15%) (14%)
10 9 8 7 6 5 (4 + 3) (2 + 1) 0
Level of support
Wh i llb i hi h ?Where is wellbeing higher?
In the city?http://www.topics-mag.com/edition21/images-life/city.jpg
or in the country?or in the country?
http://www.gov.sk.ca/images/sask-photos/album/1121622170.19374.196546232.jpg
AustraliaAustralia
N S th W lNew South Wales
Above average Below averageAverage
VictoriaVictoria
Ab B lAAbove average Below averageAverage
ConclusionsConclusions
• The Australian Unity Wellbeing Index provides a unique view of the• The Australian Unity Wellbeing Index provides a unique view of the Australian population. It remains the only index in the world monitoring the subjective wellbeing of a population using a standardized instrument.
• The differences in subjective wellbeing can be interpreted in terms of Homeostatic Theory and point to the importance of wealth and relationships as buffers against challenging living conditionsg g g g
• There are significant geographical difference in subjective wellbeing across Australia
• The results from the Index can be used to inform policy in relation to issues of national importance p
• We anticipate that the Index will continue to develop and advance our understanding of how we might increase the life quality of all Australiansg g q y
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