dc-dc conversion powering for the cms tracker at slhc lutz feld, rüdiger jussen, waclaw karpinski,...
DESCRIPTION
Motivation Lutz Feld3 CMS Tracker Endcap TEC+ Tracker before insertion into CMS current CMS and ATLAS trackers burn 50% of their power in supply cables CMS: front end 33kW, cables 34kW, total current 15kATRANSCRIPT
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DC-DC Conversion Poweringfor the CMS Tracker at SLHC
Lutz Feld, Rüdiger Jussen, Waclaw Karpinski,Katja Klein, Jennifer Merz, Jan Sammet
RWTH Aachen University
12th Vienna Conference on Instrumentation - VCI 2010
17. 2. 2010
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Lutz Feld 2
Overview
• Motivation and Strategy
• Powering Scheme with DC-DC Converters
• Problems and Challenges … and how to address them
• R&D with commercial ASICs
• R&D with custom radiation hard ASICs
• Conclusions
17. 2. 2010
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Lutz Feld 3
Motivation
17. 2. 2010
CMS Tracker Endcap TEC+Tracker before insertion into CMS
• current CMS and ATLAS trackers burn 50% of their power in supply cablesCMS: front end 33kW, cables 34kW, total current 15kA
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Lutz Feld 4
Motivation
• pixel and strip tracker upgrades will likely need more power than current systems :– more channels (more pixel layers, higher granularity)– more functionality (contribution to L1 trigger)
• …at a lower voltage (smaller ASIC feature size)
currents will increase substantially cable losses rise quadratically: Ploss=R·I2
increase power cable cross-section … not possible
increase copper cross-section inside tracker … not desirable
need an improved powering scheme
17. 2. 2010
CMS Tracker cable routing
cablescooling
CMS Strip Tracker material budget
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Lutz Feld 5
• P = U·I = (rU) ·(I/r)
supply power at higher voltage i.e. lower current
cable loss Ploss=R·I2 is reduced by factor r2!
Strategy
17. 2. 2010
DC-DC Powering
PSmoduleDC-DC
moduleDC-DC
Conventional Powering
PSmodule
module
Serial Powering
PS module moduleshunt shunt
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Lutz Feld 6
Choice of Powering Scheme• both new powering schemes seem feasible
• DC-DC conversion– system design is simpler and closer to current systems, less interdependencies– only one new component– switching noise is a concern
• serial powering– no switching– each module has different ground potential (AC communication, …)– modules in a chain are coupled, need safety features (shunts, …)
• little difference in efficiency and material budget
• CMS Tracker has chosen DC-DC conversion as baseline– mainly because changes to the system are minimal and factorizable– serial powering should be kept as a back-up
17. 2. 2010
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Lutz Feld (RWTH Aachen) 7
DC-DC Converters• many different designs
• inductor-based converters– current capacity up to several amps– ferrite cores saturate in 4 Tesla field
need to use air-core coils
• capacitor based converters– are limited in current to few 100 mA at most– no inductors needed, can be very compact
and may be even included in FE ASIC (external capacitors)
• piezoelectric transformers
• all need rad-hard “high voltage” transistorsas switches
• efficiency typically 70 – 90 %
• switching noise is a concern19.10.2008
Inductor Based “Buck Converter”
Capacitor Based “Charge Pump” [10]
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Lutz Feld 8
output voltage is regulated via feed-back loop by adjustment of
duty cycle :
for lossless converter
on
out in
tD
TV D V
operation principle
DC-DC Buck Converters
17. 2. 2010
19mm
12mm
+-
Vin
Vo
VI
VFS2
D2
IND
BTS
TR
+-
driver
Cout
L
CBTSR
VDD (for control)
VSS
SUB
2.5V
1.8V 5V
Ena
ble
freq
Rf
Enable delay
R delay
VF VI
VDD2 (for drivers)
Sawtooth generator
En_BNGPVref
SW1
SW2
SW
1
SW
2
Vref
Vref
IPTA
TENABLE
VR
AM
P
+-
Vin
Vo
VIVFS2
D2
IND
BTSTR +-
drive
r
C out
L
C BTS
R
VDD
(for c
ontro
l)
VSS
SUB
2.5V
1.8V
5V
Enable freq
Rf
Enab
le de
lay
R de
lay
VF
VI
VDD2
(for
drive
rs)
Sawt
ooth
ge
nera
tor
En_B
NGP
VrefSW
1
SW2
SW1
SW2
Vref
Vref
IPTAT
ENAB
LE
VRAMP
inV outVont
2...10
1...4
60 90%
1
conversion ration
switching frequency MHz
efficiency
current ripple at inductor
in
out
out
in
outL
VrV
fPP
V DI
L f
main parameters
2~
resistive loss in inductorresistive loss in MOSFETs
switching loss in MOSFETs
input and output capacitor ESR lossesin outV I f
main loss mechanisms
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Lutz Feld 9
Challenges with DC-DC Buck Converters
• coupling of switching noise into detector modules– conductive– radiative
• air core inductors required due to 4 Tesla field– bulky– radiates noise
• radiation hard ASIC needs to switch rather high voltages (~10V)– need special high voltage process
• useful only if efficiency is high
• total material budget should be reduced despite addition of converters
• small size required for integration close to detector modules
17. 2. 2010
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Lutz Feld 10
R&D with commercial ASICs• buck converters with commercial non-radiation-hard chips• used to optimize for low mass, low space, low noise, and for studies in system test
17. 2. 2010
Chip: Enpirion EQ5382DVin = 2.4-5.5V(rec.)/7.0V(max.)Iout 0.8Afs 4MHz
PCB:2 copper layers a 35mFR4, 200µmV = 2.3cm2 x 10mmm = 1.0g
Input/output filters
Air-core inductor:Custom-made toroid, 6mmL = 200nH or 600nH
19mm
12mm
AC2
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Lutz Feld 11
R&D with radiation hard custom ASICs
• radiation levels at 22cm & 3000fb-1: fluence ~ 1015/cm2 , dose ~ 1MGy• two candidate technologies identified by F. Faccio, CERN [contrib. to TWEPP 09]• ASICs developed by S. Michelis, CERN [contrib. to TWEPP 09]
17. 2. 2010
+-
Vin
Vo
VI
VFS2
D2
IND
BTS
TR
+-
driver
Cout
L
CBTSR
VDD (for control)
VSS
SUB
2.5V
1.8V 5V
Ena
ble
freq
Rf
Enable delay
R delay
VF VI
VDD2 (for drivers)
Sawtooth generator
En_BNGPVref
SW1
SW2
SW
1
SW
2
Vref
Vref
IPTA
T
ENABLE
VR
AM
P
Chip: AMIS2 by CERNVIN = 3 - 12VIOUT < 3AVOUT = 1.2V, 2.5V or 3.3VfS ≈ 1.3MHz or programmable betw. 600kHz...4MHz
PCB:2 copper layers a 35mFR4 1mmA = 18mm x 25mm for QFN32
Input and output π-filtersL = 12.1nH, C = 22µF
Air-core toroid:Custom-made toroid, 6mm,height = 7mm, L = 600nH, RDC = 80mΩ
25mm
18m
m
m = 2.7gAMIS2
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Lutz Feld 12
Bx BzBy
BxBy
Bz
Radiated Switching Noise
• current ripple in inductor radiates electromagnetic fields (near field)• even a toroid radiates, dipole characteristics (confirmed by simulation)• shielding with 30µm aluminium works very well and adds little material
17. 2. 2010
Whole PCB shielded
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Lutz Feld 13
AC2 Diff. ModeVin=5.5V, Vout=1.3V
AC2 Diff. ModeVin=5.5V, Vout=1.3V
with Pi filter
Conducted Switching Noise
impact on detector system depends on its frequency dependent susceptibility
17. 2. 2010
SpectrumAnalyzer
Load
LISN = Line ImpedanceStabilization Network
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Lutz Feld 14
System Test with CMS Strip Modules
17. 2. 2010
6.16.4 6.3 6.2
Motherboard
Ring 6 modules
• SLHC readout chips and module prototypes not available before 2011• use current CMS tracker hardware for system test of DC-DC converters
TEC petal
• two DC-DC converters per module• integrated via additional adapter• Vin from external power supply
APV25 readout chip:- 0.25 µm CMOS -128 channels- analogue readout- per channel: pre-amp., CR-RC shaper, pipeline- on-chip common mode subtraction- = 50ns - 1.25V & 2.50V supply- I250 = 0.12A, I125 = 0.06A
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Lutz Feld 15
System Test with CMS Strip Modules
17. 2. 2010
Conventional powering
Conventional powering
• Raw noise: RMS of fluctuation around pedestal value• Edge channels are particularly sensitive (due to on-chip common mode subtraction)• Large increase with previous generation of boards (AC1), in particular on edge strips; both conductive (ripple) and radiative (inductor) contributions (TWEPP08)
{--- Conventional powering--- DC-DC converter (AC1, 2008)
1 APV = 128 strips
--- Conventional powering--- DC-DC converter (AC1, 2008)--- Conventional powering--- DC-DC converter (AC1, 2008)--- DC-DC converter (AC2, 2009)
Zoom onto edge channels
--- Conventional powering--- DC-DC converter (AC1, 2008)--- DC-DC converter (AC2, 2009)
2 21 512N N noise of edge strips
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Lutz Feld 16
Results with Commercial Converters
• 4 MHz, conversion ratio up to 5.6, output current ~0.5 A• no shielding• simple Pi filter suppresses conductive noise efficiently
17. 2. 2010
DC-DC powering without any noise increase is feasible
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Lutz Feld 17
Results with radiation-hard ASIC (AMIS2)
17. 2. 2010
• 1 - 4 MHz• conversion ratio up to 8• output current 0.5 A• no shielding
• at operating conditions similar tocommercial converters (4MHz, …)– rad-hard ASIC is similarly quiet– efficiency is reduced due to
switching loss
• at 1MHz switching frequency– better efficiency– higher ripple leads to conductive
and radiative noise– can be controlled by filtering,
shielding and/or distance to module
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Lutz Feld 18
Understanding the Noise
17. 2. 2010
Long-term reproducibility
AC1AC2 mounting
AC2-Stand.C AC2-Rev.C AC2-IDC
No converter Mini Toroid, 600nH Tiny Toroid, 200nH
• noise caused by current ripple in inductor
• low-ESL in capacitors improve filtering
1outL
V DI
L f
D decreases
f increases
L increases
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Lutz Feld 19
Efficiency
• ohmic losses (inductor, Ron, …) increase with output current
• switching losses increase with frequency and input voltage
• efficiencies of 60 … 80 % reached• still room for improvement
17. 2. 2010
AMIS2 chip, Vout=1.2 V, 1.3 MHzEnpirion chip, Vout=1.3 V, 4 MHz
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Lutz Feld 20
Implementation into a Pixel/Strip System
• CMS plans to employ DC-DC converters
in Phase I Pixel upgrade
– converters will sit on pixel support tube
at |eta|~4
material budget, size and radiated noise
much less critical
– prototyping is underway
• Phase II upgrade of full tracker will very likely
include trigger layers with high power density
– DC-DC conversion is essential
– converters should be installed next to modules
– more R&D needed
17. 2. 2010
Pixel Barrel
DC-DC converters
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Lutz Feld 21
Material Budget
• case study for current CMS Tracker End-Caps
– full Geant4 simulation
– typical converter: 10% of module radiation length
– one converter per module
– assume conversion ratio of 8 and 80% efficiency
– re-calculate cable/trace cross sections
save 30.9% on ‘electronics & cables’
save 8% of total material budget
• similar savings for serial powering (7.5%)
17. 2. 2010
Electronics & cables Old layoutDC-DC conv.- 30.9%
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Lutz Feld 22
Summary
• DC-DC powering can supply the large currents at low voltage which are needed for pixel and strip tracker upgrades
• simulations show that total material budget can be reduced by employing a DC-DC conversion powering scheme
• radiative and conductive noise is an issue, but can be controlled by filtering, board design, shielding, distance, conversion ratio, switching frequency
• non-rad hard converter prototype with commercial components in hand with 75-85% efficiency, I=0.8 A, conversion ration ~4, low mass (~10% of strip module), small size (19x12 mm2), magnetic field tolerance and no significant impact on system noise
• first rad-hard prototypes under test with promising results
17. 2. 2010
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Lutz Feld 23
back - up
17. 2. 2010
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Lutz Feld 24
Irradiation Results for Transistors[Federico Faccio, TWEPP 2009]
17. 2. 2010
0.0E+00
5.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.5E-03
2.0E-03
2.5E-03
3.0E-03
3.5E-03
4.0E-03
4.5E-03
5.0E-03
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16Vds (V)
Ids
(A)
prerad1e15 p/cm22e15 p/cm28e15 p/cm21e16 p/cm2
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
8.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.2E-03
1.4E-03
1.6E-03
1.8E-03
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Vds (V)
Ids
(A)
prerad1e15 p/cm22e15 p/cm26e15 p/cm28e15 p/cm21e16 p/cm2
IHP NMOS IHP PMOS
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
1.E+13 1.E+14 1.E+15 1.E+16
Proton fluence (p/cm2)
Ron
incr
ease
(%)
A, 0.35umB, 0.25umC, 0.18um
D, 0.18umE, 0.13um
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
1.E+13 1.E+14 1.E+15 1.E+16
Proton fluence (p/cm2)
Ron
incr
ease
(%)
A, 0.35um
B, 0.25um
C, 0.18um
D, 0.18um
E, 0.13um
NMOS PMOS
[http://indico.cern.ch/contributionDisplay.py?contribId=163&sessionId=25&confId=49682]
IHP
3E14 3E14
AMISIHP
AMIS
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Lutz Feld 25
AMIS2 [Stefano Michelis, CERN] •VIN +3.3V to +12V •programmable up to 2.5MHz•internal voltage reference •integrated feedback loop withbandwidth of 20Khz•different Vout can be set:1.2V, 1.8V, 2.5V, 3V, 5Vother values by ext. resistor•lateral HV transistors are usedas power switches•package QFN32
•efficiency measured 70…80%•tested up to 300 Mrad = 3000 kGy withonly 2% efficiency loss (after annealing)•noise spectra look good (=low)
•see Stefano‘s talk at TWEPP 2009: http://indico.cern.ch/contributionDisplay.py?contribId=97&sessionId=42&confId=49682
17. 2. 2010
+-
Vin
Vo
VI
VFS2
D2
IND
BTS
TR
+-
driver
Cout
L
CBTSR
VDD (for control)
VSS
SUB
2.5V
1.8V 5V
Ena
ble
freq
Rf
Enable delay
R delay
VF VI
VDD2 (for drivers)
Sawtooth generator
En_BNGPVref
SW1
SW2
SW
1
SW
2
Vref
Vref
IPTA
T
ENABLE
VR
AM
P
Aachen Converter Board
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Lutz Feld 26
Leakage (sat)
1.E-12
1.E-11
1.E-10
1.E-09
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08
TID (rad)
Leak
age
(A) A3
A2
A1
C1
Vth (linear)
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
1.E+02 1.E+04 1.E+06 1.E+08
TID (rad)
Vth
(V) A3
A2
A1
C1
AMIS 2 Irradiation Results [Stefano Michelis, CERN]
• X-ray radiation tests shows a decrease of the efficiency mostly due to the radiation induced leakage current , compensated by the threshold voltage shift
17. 2. 2010
Pre rad Annealing7 days
Annealing3 days
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Lutz Feld 27
Noise Susceptibility of APV25 Strip Modules
17. 2. 2010
• Goal: identify particularly critical bandwidth(s) for converter switching frequency• Bulk current injection (BCI) method used• A noise current of 70dBA (Ieff = 3.16mA) is injected into the power lines
Differential Mode (DM) and Common Mode (CM) on 2.5V and 1.25V
CMS Module
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Lutz Feld 28
Noise Susceptibility of APV25 Strip Modules
17. 2. 2010
Step width: 0.1MHz for 100kHz-10MHz,1.0MHz for 10MHz-30MHz,2.5MHz for 30MHz-100MHz
• Peak at 6-8MHz, well above future switching frequency (3.2MHz exp. from shaping time)• Higher susceptibility for DM and 1.25V = pre-amplifier reference voltage• Set-up will be valuable to characterize future module prototypes
Noisedistributions
Edge stripnoise
Plot vs. f
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Lutz Feld 29
EMI Susceptibility of Strip Modules• noise injected at 4 MHz• sender is scanning 10 mm above module• color code shows average module noise
17. 2. 2010
y [m
m]
ADC counts
y [m
m]
ADC countsE-Field injectedB-Field injected
ADC countsx [mm] x [mm] ADC counts