dayuan xue college of life and environmental science, minzu university of china, beijing (central...
TRANSCRIPT
Dayuan XUE
College of Life and Environmental Science,
Minzu University of China, Beijing
(Central University for Nationalities)
Classification, Documentation and Database for TK in China
Contents
Conclusion
Database of TK in China
Documentation of TK in China
Classification of TK in China
Introduction
1 、 Introduction
Concept of TK under CBD
CBD Article 8(j):CBD Article 8(j): “knowledge, innovations and practices “knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities embodying of indigenous and local communities embodying traditional lifestyles relevant for the conservation and traditional lifestyles relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity”;sustainable use of biological diversity”;
Nagoya Protocol in its Preface: Further recognizing the unique circumstances where traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources is held in countries, which may be oral, documented or in other forms, reflecting a rich cultural heritage relevant for conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity,
1 、 Introduction
Concept of TK in China
China is rich in TK with China is rich in TK with oral and documented typesoral and documented types, as , as China has a long civilized history over 5000 year and a China has a long civilized history over 5000 year and a lot of TK have been recorded literallylot of TK have been recorded literally 。。
China has 56 ethnic groups (nationalities). Except Han, China has 56 ethnic groups (nationalities). Except Han, the other the other 55 ethnic groups55 ethnic groups are called are called “minorities“minorities”, ”, including Tibetan, Inner-Mongolian, etc.including Tibetan, Inner-Mongolian, etc.
The minorities in China is The minorities in China is similar to indigenous and local similar to indigenous and local communities (ILCs)communities (ILCs) because they are basically kept their because they are basically kept their traditional lifestyles.traditional lifestyles.
55 minorities together has less 55 minorities together has less 10% of whole China’s 10% of whole China’s populationpopulation (10% of 1.347 billion in end of 2011). (10% of 1.347 billion in end of 2011).
2 、 Classification of TK in China
TK’s categories
Based on the concept of TK in CBD, WIPO and WTO, incorporation of Chinese domestic situation, we divide the TK into 5 categories, according to their attributes and usages.
(1) Knowledge for use of traditional genetic resources in agriculture
(2) Knowledge of traditional medical and medicines for healthy
(3) Knowledge of traditional technologies, cultivation modes and lifestyles
(4) Knowledge of traditional cultures reflecting biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of bio-resources
(5) Knowledge of geographical biological indicators (combination of other kinds of TKs)
2.1 Use of the genetic resources for agriculture
This kind of TK refers to knowledge about domesticating, cultivating and using of cultivated plants or varieties and domesticated animal species or breeding varieties, and utilization of other biological resources and knowledge created and cultivated by local community and its peoplethrough production and living process in long history. Knowledge of this kind mainly based on the exploit and utilization of biological resources and genetic resources, such as the local crop varieties, indigenous animal breeds, traditional fruit trees and flowers, and their preservation.
Local variety of rice Mongolia Sheep (♀)
2.2 Use of medicinal species
Traditional Medicine Knowledge consists of traditional theoretical knowledge of Chinese medicine (such as drug theory, prescription theory, diseases and treatment theory), medicinal biological resources (such as large amount of traditional medicinal species resources and genetic resources), traditional herbal concoction processing technology, traditional medicinal herbs cultivation and breeding techniques, traditional medicinal prescription (such as more than 90,000 medicinal prescription in ancient books), traditional treatment techniques, traditional methods of health care, traditional Chinese medicine-specific signs and symbols etc.
Mongolian bronze acupuncture figurePanaxCivil doctor
2.3 Technical innovations for use of biological resources and traditional farming and lifestyle practices
This kind of TK means practical technologies created by ethnic people and communities in long-term agriculture production and life practices. These technologies, which have positive effects on biodiversity protection and sustainable utilization of biological resources and which are valuable for improving food quality and ensuring food safety, are comprised by traditional ecological agricultural technology and biological resources process technology.
Hani Terraced Fields Dongba paper-making
forest
village
terrace
river
2.4 Traditional cultures and customary laws related to conservation and sustainable use of biological resources
Knowledge of this kind includes folk art, literature, artificial, and painting that embody biodiversity protection and sustaining use; traditional religion culture, such as totem, religion practices (rituals), and sacred mountains, sacred forest and geomantic omen (Fengshui ) with environmental protection awareness in the religion; customary law, village protocol, including biological resources protection and utilization practice of township regulations, clan system, and ethnic customs.
Drung’s totemism
Uygur’s totemism
Sacred forest
2.5 Traditional geographic indicators (GI) for biological products
Biodiversity-related GI mainly refers to biological resources products in specific areas with excellent reputation and a long history, embodying the special biological resources, environment, social economic and ethnic culture characteristics, blended with traditional variety resources, traditional cultivate technology, traditional sale and diet culture and other traditional knowledge.
Pu’er Tea
TK documentation Survey on TK, and set up registration system Documentation on TK
TK Database On the basis of survey, registration and organization, set up TK database
TK is facing a lot problems, such as:
1) The complicated right-belonging relationship of TK sets back to formulate relevant laws;
2) The actual patent system neglects the protection on TK;
3) Bio-piracy events occur so frequently that TK are overseas illegally;
4) TK also faces the threaten of lose by introducing foreign cultures.
To protect TK, we need to consider the following actions.
3 、 Documentation of TK in China
Classification system of TKTK has 5 categoriesEach category of TK can be classified into
different sub-categoriesEach sub-category contains a series of
vocabulary entries.Entry is the basic unit of TK, described by a
series of data
Traditional Genetic
Resources
Traditional Medicine
Traditional Technology
and Practices
Traditional Culture
Crop Varieties
Domestic Animal
Varieties Resources
Fish and Aquatic
Economic Forest and
Ornamental Flowers
Wild Plant
Wild Animal
Microorganism and
Others
Traditional Therapy
and Treatment
Traditional Medicinal
Organism
Traditional
Pharmaceutical
Technology
Traditional Medical
Theory and Others
Traditional Production
Technology
Traditional Life Style
Traditional
Craftsmanship
Traditional Food
Processing Technology
and Others
Faith Culture
Art Culture
Food and Drink Culture
Customary laws and
village protocol
Ecological Ethic and
Others
3.1 Subclasses of TK
Traditional Geographic Indicators
Traditional Geographic
Indicators—Plant
Traditional Geographic
Indicators—Animal
Traditional Geographic
Indicators—Others
3.2 Contents of Documentation
The basic unit of TK is vocabulary entry (lemma) Each entry contains information as follows:
Case
The Present Situation
Threatened factors
Trend
Photos-Materials
References
TK Name
Code of TK
Attribute
Species Name
Common Name
Variety Name
Origin
Biological Characteristics
TK Characteristics
Date Back
Owners
Users
3.3 Example
For example
Lv Chun Bai Shen (绿春白参 )
Species name : Schizphylhls commne Fr.Common name : white ginseng Orgin : Lvchun County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan province. Biological Characteristics : It is a precious medical fungus, which belongs to Schizophyllaceae. And the fruit body is strong, and it has rich nutrition and taste delicious. The shape of pileus is fan-shaped or kidney-shaped.TK Characteristics : 1. Hani people has rich experience in the use of white ginseng in the long-term production practice ;2. It has wide applications: edible and medicine.;3. It can be used in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea, dizziness, migraine headache, and other diseases .
Date Back : more than one thousand yearsOwner : HaniUser : HaniCase : The Present Situation : Wild resources of white ginseng are reduced year by year, but artificial cultivation is generally carrying out.Threatened factors : 1. Over-harvesting ; 2. Habitats destruction.Trend : The artificial cultivation of white ginseng is benefit for the protection of wild resources, and it is helpful to commercial production.Photos-Materials :
References : http://www.peoplexz.com/501/2178/2181/20080921134002.htm
Completed Documenting To be collected
26 10 19
Mongolia, Dai, Shui, Miao , Bouyei, Dong, Ha’ni, Uighur, Tujia, Korean, Blang, Bouyei
…….
Tibetan, Maonan, Man, Salar, Daur, Zhuang, Lahu
…..….
Tu, Hui, Tatar, Bonan, Oroqen, Russian, Moinba, Kirgiz, Ozbek,
Jino
…..
3.4 Status
Objectives
Management and protect TK in ChinaManagement and protect TK in China
Link TK to modern scientific and patent literatureLink TK to modern scientific and patent literature
Use database for defensive and positive legal protectionUse database for defensive and positive legal protection
Increase International recognition of TK in ChinaIncrease International recognition of TK in China
International Patent OfficesInternational Patent Offices
PublicPublic
Professional Research StaffProfessional Research Staff
Target Audience
4 、 Database Construction for TK in China
4.1 Code of TK in China
Country - Ethnic Group - Classification of TK
◎Country : Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions (ISO 3166) ◎ Ethnic Group : Names of nationalities of China in Romanization with codes(GB 3304 - 91) ◎Classification of TK : section-class-group- number 0 0 00 000000
Standards
4.2 Framework of TKDL of China
Database of Genetic resources
Database of Medicine
Multimedia information
database
专利
全文库Images
TK Database
Analysis
Simple Search
Precise Search
Design of TKDL in ChinaSearch Options
Chinese nameCommon nameVariety nameTK name
…….
Key words
Area
Time
Code of TK
Diseases
The different analysis for TK of use the same resources in different ethnic groups
Database of Technology and Practices
Database ofCulture
Database of Indicators
4.3 Simple search for classification
According to the classification and documentation system above, the TKDL of China is underway for development 。
4.4 Area Search Based on GIS
5 、 Conclusion
Conservation and inheritance of TK is beneficial for whole human beings
The loss of TK would lead damage to the human civilization. The best means of TK conservation is to promote benefit-
sharing of TK, especially for indigenous people and local community.
TKDL of China is a large database of information and will be extremely useful in research and industries
TK documentation and database can help management and protection of TK, even preventing from bio-piracy.
TK protection gas been more or less mainstreaming in Chinese national policies.