DAYS OF RAGE, DAYS OF FEAR1964-1970, ESPECIALLY 1968

EUGENIA LANGANMATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL

HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

WHAT WENT WRONG IN THE U.S. IN THE SECOND PART OF THE 1960s?

WAS 1968 THE WORST YEAR IN OUR HISTORY?

BLACK POWER MOVEMENT

PORTRAYED BY GOVERNMENT AS SCARY BLACK MILITANTS (ON FBI COINTELPRO LIST)

MARTIN LUTHER KING'S NONVIOLENCE STRATEGY GOT LAWS PASSED – BUT THE LAWS DIDN'T CHANGE ANYTHING

INSTITUTIONAL RACISM BEGAN TO END, BUT SOCIAL RACISM DIDN'T AND NEITHER DID POVERTY FOR MOST BLACK PEOPLE (LEGACY OF SLAVERY)

MALCOLM X (1925-65) – "BY ANY MEANS NECESSARY"

LEFT NATION OF ISLAM, BECAME SUNNI MUSLIM, DISAVOWED BLACK RACISM!

MET WITH CASTRO, NASSER – ON FBI LIST!

MALCOLM X QUOTATIONS:

"I BELIEVE THAT THERE WILL ULTIMATELY BE A CLASH BETWEEN THE OPPRESSED AND THOSE THAT DO THE OPPRESSING. I BELIEVE THAT THERE WILL BE A CLASH BETWEEN THOSE WHO WANT FREEDOM, JUSTICE AND EQUALITY FOR EVERYONE AND THOSE WHO WANT TO CONTINUE THE SYSTEMS OF EXPLOITATION."

"A RACE OF PEOPLE IS LIKE AN INDIVIDUAL MAN; UNTIL IT USES ITS OWN TALENT, TAKES PRIDE IN ITS OWN HISTORY, EXPRESSES ITS OWN CULTURE, AFFIRMS ITS OWN SELFHOOD, IT CAN NEVER FULFILL ITSELF."

'WE ARE NONVIOLENT WITH PEOPLE WHO ARE VIOLENT WITH US."

ASSASSINATED, FEBRUARY 21, 1967 – APPARENTLY BY NATION OF ISLAM

SNCC UNDER STOKELY CARMICHAEL AND H. RAP BROWN: "BLACK POWER":

"IT IS A CALL FOR BLACK PEOPLE IN THIS COUNTRY TO UNITE, TO RECOGNIZE THEIR HERITAGE, TO BUILD A SENSE OF COMMUNITY."

BLACK PANTHER PARTY, FOUNDED 1966 IN OAKLAND, CA. (MAOIST)

TOP LEFT TO RIGHT: ELBERT "BIG MAN" HOWARD; HUEY P. NEWTON (DEFENSE MINISTER), SHERMAN FORTE, BOBBY SEALE (CHAIRMAN). BOTTOM: REGGIE FORTE AND LITTLE BOBBY HUTTON (TREASURER)

BLACK PANTHER 10-POINT PROGRAM

"1. WE WANT FREEDOM. WE WANT POWER TO DETERMINE THE DESTINY OF OUR BLACK AND OPPRESSED COMMUNITIES.

2. WE WANT FULL EMPLOYMENT FOR OUR PEOPLE.

3. WE WANT AN END TO THE ROBBERY BY THE CAPITALISTS OF OUR BLACK AND OPPRESSED COMMUNITIES.

4. WE WANT DECENT HOUSING, FIT FOR THE SHELTER OF HUMAN BEINGS.

5. WE WANT DECENT EDUCATION FOR OUR PEOPLE . . . TEACHES US OUR TRUE HISTORY AND OUR ROLE IN THE PRESENT-DAY SOCIETY.

6. WE WANT COMPLETELY FREE HEALTH CARE FOR ALL BLACK AND OPPRESSED PEOPLE.

7. WE WANT AN IMMEDIATE END TO POLICE BRUTALITY AND MURDER OF BLACK PEOPLE, OTHER PEOPLE OF COLOR, ALL OPPRESSED PEOPLE INSIDE THE UNITED STATES.

8. WE WANT AN IMMEDIATE END TO ALL WARS OF AGGRESSION.

9. WE WANT FREEDOM FOR ALL BLACK AND OPPRESSED PEOPLE NOW HELD IN U. S. FEDERAL, STATE, COUNTY, CITY, AND MILITARY PRISONS AND JAILS.

10. WE WANT LAND, BREAD, HOUSING, EDUCATION, CLOTHING, JUSTICE, PEACE AND PEOPLE'S COMMUNITY CONTROL OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY.

RACE RIOTS IN MAJOR CITIES 1965 – 1967

CAUSES:

UNDERLYING – LACK OF PROGRESS UNDER CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964, > 200 YEARS OF DISCRIMINATION, AND POVERTY (LEGACY OF SLAVERY)

SPECIFIC: CONFRONTATIONS BETWEEN POLICE AND AFRICAN-AMERICANS IN INNER CITIES

ALSO IT WAS HAPPENING ELSEWHERE

THE WORST: WATTS, L.A., AUGUST 11-15, 1965 – "BURN, BABY, BURN"

PEOPLE OF WATTS V. 14,000 NATIONAL GUARDSMEN

34 KILLED, 1032 INJURED, 3438 ARRESTED

AND A NEIGHBORHOOD DESTROYED

THE SECOND-WORST: NEWARK, N.J., JULY 12-17, 1967

PEOPLE V. NATIONAL GUARD

26 DEAD, ≈ 800 INJURED, NEIGHBORHOOD DESTROYED

KERNER COMMISSION REPORT, 1967: ""OUR NATION IS MOVING TOWARD TWO SOCIETIES; ONE BLACK, ONE WHITE SEPARATE AND UNEQUAL."

"Our nation is moving toward two societies; one Black, one White separate and unequal."

THE ESCALATION OF THE WAR

THE ANTIWAR MOVEMENT/ THE NEW LEFT

STUDENTS FOR A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY (SDS)

FOUNDED 1962 (PORT HURON STATEMENT) – CIVIL RIGHTS, SOCIAL JUSTICE, ETC.

BERKELEY FREE SPEECH MOVEMENT AND SIT-IN, 1964

1965: BOMBING OF N. VIETNAM SDS "TEACH-INS" AND DEMONSTRATIONS ON CAMPUSES NATIONWIDE

INCREASING CAMPUS RADICALIZATION/ SPLINTERING

SDS VAGUELY MARXIST

YOUNG SOCIALIST ALLIANCE/ SOCIALIST WORKERS PARTY – TROTSKYIST

PROGRESSIVE LABOR PARTY – MAOIST

AND MANY, MANY OTHERS

NATIONAL MOBILIZATION COMMITTEE – "THE MOBE" -- 1967 – 70 – UMBRELLA ORGANIZATION FOR ALL

TOM HAYDEN, A FOUNDER OF SDS AND LEADER OF ANTIWAR MOVEMENT

MARRIED JANE FONDA, 1970

LATER A CALIFORNIA STATE LEGISLATOR

ANTI-WAR DEMONSTRATIONS

COUNTERCULTURE

FORMER HARVARD PSYCHOLOGY PROFESSOR TIMOTHY LEARY, THE "GURU" OF LSD

ALLEN GINSBURG IN THE 1960s.

PEACE!

YOUTH INTERNATIONAL PARTY (YIPPIES) -- ABSURDISTS

HIPPIES AND FREAKS

"SUMMER OF LOVE," 1967 – NATIONWIDE

" IF YOU'RE GOING TO SAN FRANCISCO,BE SURE TO WEAR SOME FLOWERS IN YOUR HAIR...IF YOU'RE GOING TO SAN FRANCISCO,YOU'RE GONNA MEET SOME GENTLE PEOPLE THERE"

BE-IN!

COMMUNES – BROOK FARM WITH DRUGS

KEN KESEY AND THE MERRY PRANKSTERS -- FURTHUR

JOHN AND YOKO

JIMI HENDRIX

JEFFERSON AIRPLANE, BIG BROTHER AND THE HOLDING COMPANY

1968

APRIL 4, 1968: MARTIN LUTHER KING ASSASSINATED -- HE WAS ON THE FBI LIST!

JAMES EARL RAY, THE ASSASSIN

KING ASSASSINATION RACE RIOTS NATIONWIDE

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY: SDS TAKE OVER, APRIL 23-30, 1968

MARCH 12, 1968: PEACE CANDIDATE EUGENE MC CARTHY NEARLY BEAT LBJ IN NEW HAMPSHIRE DEMOCRATIC PRIMARY (7% SPREAD)

MANY YOUNG VOLUNTEERS WORKED FOR "CLEAN GENE"

MARCH 16, 1968: ROBERT F. KENNEDY ENTERED DEMOCRATIC RACE

INSPIRED MANY MORE YOUNG VOLUNTEERS

MARCH 31, 1968: LBJ WITHDREW!

JUNE 5, 1968: RFK WON DEMOCRATIC PARTY AND WAS ASSASSINATED BY PALESTINIAN SIRHAN SIRHAN

FIRST ACT OF ISLAMIC TERRORISM IN U.S.?

AUGUST, 1968: DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION IN CHICAGO – "POLICE RIOT" AGAINST DEMONSTRATORS (MOBE, YIPPIES) AND REPORTERS

WHOM DID THE FEDS ARREST AND PROSECUTE FOR THE RIOT?

THE CHICAGO SEVEN, INCLUDING HAYDEN, HOFFMAN AND RUBIN + BOBBY SEALE

THE DEMOCRATIC NOMINEE: VP HUBERT HUMPHREY

THE ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT WERE NOT HUMPHREY FANS

1968 CANDIDATES

NIXON, HUMPHREY, AND SEGREGATIONIST GEORGE WALLACE

ISSUES:

VIETNAM

LAW AND ORDER

CIVIL RIGHTS

"NIXON'S THE ONE!"

"PEACE WITH HONOR" ="SECRET" PEACE PLAN

LAW AND ORDER

REPRESENT "THE SILENT MAJORITY"

1968 RESULTS

POPULAR VOTE/ %

ELECTORAL VOTE

NIXON 31,275,165 (43.3%)

302

HUMPHREY 31,266,006 (42.7%)

191

WALLACE 9,906,473 (14%)

46

1968

1969: WEATHERMAN (LATER WEATHER UNDERGROUND) DAYS OF RAGE

"YOU DON'T NEED A WEATHERMAN TO KNOW WHICH WAY THE WIND BLOWS." DYLAN

MIDDLE-CLASS, EDUCATED KIDS!

MUCH ULTRALEFT RHETORIC, INCLUDING "KILL THE PIGS." SOME BOMBINGS, NO INJURIES

SOME OF THEM BLEW THEMSELVES UP – MARCH 1970, GREENWICH VILLAGE

APRIL 30, 1970 - NIXON ANNOUNCED U.S. INVASION OF CAMBODIA (AFTER PROMISING PEACE IN 1968)

MASSIVE STUDENT DEMONSTRATIONS

“YOU SEE THESE BUMS, YOU KNOW, BLOWING UP CAMPUSES STORMING AROUND ABOUT THIS ISSUE.” RICHARD M. NIXON

KENT STATE UNIVERSITY SHOOTINGS, OHIO, MAY 4, 1970

PEACEFUL STUDENT PROTESTS OF INVASION OF CAMBODIA

OHIO GOVERNOR JAMES RHODES CALLED OUT THE NATIONAL GUARD:

“THEY'RE WORSE THAN THE BROWN SHIRTS AND THE COMMUNIST ELEMENT AND ALSO THE NIGHTRIDERS AND THE VIGILANTES. THEY'RE THE WORST TYPE OF PEOPLE THAT WE HARBOR IN AMERICA. I THINK THAT WE'RE UP AGAINST THE STRONGEST, WELL-TRAINED, MILITANT, REVOLUTIONARY GROUP THAT HAS EVER ASSEMBLED IN AMERICA."

THE GUARD FIRED 67 SHOTS AT UNARMED STUDENTS

FOUR KILLED, NINE WOUNDED – SOME WERE NOT DEMONSTATORS – JUST WALKING PAST DEMO

TIN SOLDIERS AND NIXON COMING,WE'RE FINALLY ON OUR OWN.THIS SUMMER I HEAR THE DRUMMING,FOUR DEAD IN OHIO.

GOTTA GET DOWN TO ITSOLDIERS ARE CUTTING US DOWNSHOULD HAVE BEEN DONE LONG AGO.WHAT IF YOU KNEW HERAND FOUND HER DEAD ON THE GROUNDHOW CAN YOU RUN WHEN YOU KNOW?

GOTTA GET DOWN TO ITSOLDIERS ARE CUTTING US DOWNSHOULD HAVE BEEN DONE LONG AGO.WHAT IF YOU KNEW HERAND FOUND HER DEAD ON THE GROUNDHOW CAN YOU RUN WHEN YOU KNOW?

TIN SOLDIERS AND NIXON COMING,WE'RE FINALLY ON OUR OWN.THIS SUMMER I HEAR THE DRUMMING,FOUR DEAD IN OHIO.

NEIL YOUNG, “OHIO”

WOUNDED SURVIVOR REUNION, 1975

JACKSON STATE UNIVERSITY SHOOTING, MISSISSIPPI, MAY 14, 1968 (BLACK COLLEGE!)

STATE AND LOCAL POLICE OPENED FIRE ON STUDENT PROTESTORS.

TWO KILLED (INCLUDING ONE HIGH-SCHOOL STUDENT). 12 WOUNDED

POLICE FIRED INTO DORM – CLAIMED THEY SAW SNIPER

FBI CONCLUDED – NO SNIPER

THE DEAD: PHILLIP LAFAYETTE GIBBS, L (21) AND JAMES EARL GREEN (17)

THERE ARE NO HIT SONGS ABOUT THE JACKSON STATE SHOOTINGS!

JOE, 1970: PETER BOYLE AS BLUE COLLAR GUY WHO KILLS HIPPIES

FILM-MAKERS DID NOT INTEND JOE AS A HERO – BUT HE WAS!

HARD HAT RIOT, MAY 1970: NYC CONSTRUCTION WORKERS ATTACKED STUDENT DEMONSTRATORS

THE 1960s LEFT US A DIVIDED NATION!