day 4 router basics

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6-2CSE: Networking Fundamentals²WAN Basics © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.www.cisco.com

Product SelectionConsiderations

Product SelectionConsiderations

Provides functionality and features you needtoday

Capacity and performance

Easy installation and centralized management

Provides network reliability

Investment protection in existing infrastructure

Migration path for change and growth

Seamless access for mobile users andbranch offices




Selection Issues:

Scale of the routing features needed

Port density/variety requirements

Capacity and performance

Common user interface

Cisco

700/800

Series

Cisco

1600/1700

Series

Cisco

2500Series

Cisco

3600

Series

AS5000

Series

Small Office Solutions

Branch Office Solutions

Central Site Solutions

Cisco

12000 GSR

Series

Cisco

7000Series

Cisco

10000

Series

Home Office Solutions

Cisco

2600

Series

Cisco Router ProductsCisco Router Products




Visual ObjectiveVisual Objective

Use the product selection tool to

select Cisco Equipment




Router ± 7200Router ± 7200




Router 12000Router 12000




Fixed and Moduler InterfacesFixed and Moduler Interfaces

Some Cisco Routers have fixed interfaces while other aremodular.

± 2500 series routers have set interfaces that can¶t bechanged.

The 2501 Router has two serial connections one10BaseT AUI interface.

If you need to add a third serial connection you needto buy a new router.

± The 1600, 1700, 2600, 3600 and higher routers havemodular interfaces.

These Routers allow you to buy what you need andadd almost any type of interface you may need later.




Fixed InterfacesFixed Interfaces

2500 Router²rear view

Serial WAN ports can be fixed




Console

1603 Router²rear view

Ethernet AUIEthernet 10BaseT ISDN BRI S/T

Serial WAN ports can be modular

3640 Router²

rear view

Modular InterfacesModular Interfaces

Module

WAN

Interface

Card




Router Internal ComponentsRouter Internal Components




RAMRAM

It contains the software and datastructures that allow the router tofunction. The principal softwarerunning in RAM is the Cisco IOSimage and the running configuration.

Some routers, such as the 2500series, run IOS from Flash and notRAM.




ROM FunctionsROM Functions

Contains microcode for basic functions




ROMROM

Bootstrap code : the bootstrap code

is used to bring the router up duringinitialization. It contains microcode for basic functions to start and maintainthe router. It reads the configuration

register to determine how to bootand then, if instructed to do so, loadsthe IOS software.




ROM monitor : A low-level operating systemnormally used for manufacturing, testing andtroubleshooting.

A ³partial´ IOS : This partial IOS can be used toload a new software image into Flash memoryand to perform some other maintainence

operations. It does not support the IP routingand most other routing functions. Sometimes,this subset of the IOS is referred to as RXBOOTcode.

ROM




Flash memoryFlash memory

Flash memory : is used to contain theIOS software image. Some router runIOS image directly from Flash and do not

need to transfer it to RAM.




NVRAMNVRAM

NVRAM : is used mainly to store theconfiguration. NVRAM uses a battery tomaintain the data when the power isremoved from the router.




Configuration Register Configuration Register

Configuration Register : is used tocontrol how the router boots up.




Configurations can comefrom many sources.

Configurations will act indevice memory.

External ConfigurationSources

External ConfigurationSources




Basics of Cisco IOS Basics of Cisco IOS

IOS Software delivers Network Services and enables networkservices.

Cisco IOS enable the following network services:

± Features to carry the chosen network protocols &functions.

± Connectivity to provide high-speed traffic between devices.

± Security to control access and discourage unauthorized

network use. ± Scalability to add interfaces and capability as the need for

networking grows.

± Reliability to ensure dependable access to networkedresources.




Cisco IOS software delivers networkservices and enables networked

applications.

Cisco IOS Software FeaturesCisco IOS Software Features




± A CLI is used to enter commands.

± Operations vary on differentinternetworking devices.

± Users type or paste entries in theconsole command modes.

± Enter key instructs device toparse and execute the command.

± Two primary EXEC modes areuser mode and privileged mode.

± Command modes have distinctiveprompts.

Cisco IOS User InterfaceFunctions

Cisco IOS User InterfaceFunctions




Setting Up A ConsoleConnection

Setting Up A ConsoleConnection

± PCs require an RJ-45-to-DB-9 or RJ-45-to-DB-25adapter.

± COM port settings are 9600 bps, 8 data bits, no

parity, 1 stop bit, no flow control.

± This provides out-of-band console access.

± AUX switch port may be used for a modem-connected console.

Device with Console




Console ConnectionConsole Connection

Console connection is required to configure the router for the first time.

± All Cisco devices are shipped with one Console cable.

± It allows you to connect a device and configure, verifyand monitor it.

± The cable is a rollover cable with RJ-45 connectors




Setup terminal emulation program to run at

± 9600 bps

± 8 data bits

± no parity

± 1 stop bit

± no flow control

Most of the router has an auxiliary port which can connect

to a modem ± This will give you console access to a remote router.

± The console port and auxiliary port are considered out-of-band management since you are configuring router out of the network

± Telnet is considered in-band.

Console Connection




± System startup routines initiate router software

± Router falls back to startup alternatives if needed

Initial Startup of the CiscoRouter

Initial Startup of the CiscoRouter




Router Power-On/BootupSequence

Router Power-On/BootupSequence

1. Perform power-on self test (POST).

2. Load and run bootstrap code.

3. Find the Cisco IOS software.

4. Load the Cisco IOS software.

5. Find the configuration.

6. Load the configuration.

7. Run the configured Cisco IOSsoftware.




Router Configuration fromCLI

Router Configuration fromCLI

First method of Router configuration is Setup utility

± allows a basic initial configuration

Command Line Interface (CLI) can be used for more complex

and specific configurations

CLI provides following modes of operation:

± User Mode

± EXEC Mode

± Terminal Configuration / Global Configuration Mode

Terminal configuration Mode gives you access to differentconfiguration Modes.




Unconfigured Versus Configured Router

Bootup Output from the Router Bootup Output from the Router




Router#setup

--- System Configuration Dialog ---

Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: yes

At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help.Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.Default settings are in square brackets '[]'.

Basic management setup configures only enough connectivityfor management of the system, extended setup will ask youto configure each interface on the system

Would you like to enter basic management setup? [yes/no]: no

Setup: The InitialConfiguration Dialog

Setup: The InitialConfiguration Dialog




Setup Interface SummarySetup Interface Summary

First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [yes]:

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol

BRI0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

BRI0:1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

BRI0:2 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Ethernet0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Serial0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Interfaces Found During Startup




Setup InitialGlobal Parameters

Setup InitialGlobal Parameters

Configuring global parameters:

Enter host name [Router]: wg_ro_c

The enable secret is a password used to protect access to

privileged EXEC and configuration modes. This password, afterentered, becomes encrypted in the configuration.Enter enable secret: cisco

The enable password is used when you do not specify anenable secret password, with some older software versions, and some boot images.Enter enable password: sanfran

The virtual terminal password is used to protectaccess to the router over a network interface.Enter virtual terminal password: sanjoseConfigure SNMP Network Management? [no]:




Setup InitialProtocol Configurations

Setup InitialProtocol Configurations

Configure LAT? [yes]: noConfigure AppleTalk? [no]:Configure DECnet? [no]:

Configure IP? [yes]:Configure IGRP routing? [yes]: noConfigure RIP routing? [no]:

Configure CLNS? [no]:Configure IPX? [no]:Configure Vines? [no]:Configure XNS? [no]:Configure Apollo? [no]:




Setup InterfaceParameters

Setup InterfaceParameters

BRI interface needs isdn switch-type to be configured Valid switch types are :

[0] none..........Only if you don't want to configure BRI.[1] basic-1tr6....1TR6 switch type for Germany[2] basic-5ess....AT&T 5ESS switch type for the US/Canada[3] basic-dms100..Northern DMS-100 switch type for US/Canada

[4] basic-net3....NET3 switch type for UK and Europe[5] basic-ni......National ISDN switch type[6] basic-ts013...TS013 switch type for Australia[7] ntt...........NTT switch type for Japan[8] vn3...........VN3 and VN4 switch types for France

Choose ISDN BRI Switch Type [2]:

Configuring interface parameters:

Do you want to configure BRI0 (BRI d-channel) interface? [no]:

Do you want to configure Ethernet0 interface? [no]: yesConfigure IP on this interface? [no]: yesIP address for this interface: 10.1.1.33Subnet mask for this interface [255.0.0.0] : 255.255.255.0Class A network is 10.0.0.0, 24 subnet bits; mask is /24

Do you want to configure Serial0 interface? [no]:




Setup ScriptReview and Use

Setup ScriptReview and Use

The following configuration command script was created:

hostname Routerenable secret 5 $1$/CCk$4r7zDwDNeqkxFO.kJxC3G0enable password sanfranline vty 0 4

password sanjose

no snmp-server!no appletalk routingno decnet routingip routingno clns routingno ipx routingno vines routing

no xns routingno apollo routingisdn switch-type basic-5ess

interface BRI0shutdownno ip address!

interface Ethernet0no shutdownip address 10.1.1.31 255.255.255.0no mop enabled !interface Serial0shutdownno ip address

<text omitted>end

[0] Go to the IOS command prompt without saving this config.[1] Return back to the setup without saving this config.[2] Save this configuration to nvram and exit.

Enter your selection [2]:




Logging In to the Router Logging In to the Router




There are two main EXEC modes for entering

commands.

Cisco IOS Software EXECMode

Cisco IOS Software EXECMode




± You can abbreviate a command to the fewestcharacters that make a unique character string.

Router User-ModeCommand List

Router User-ModeCommand List

wg_ro_c> ?Exec commands:

access-enable Create a temporary Access-List entryatmsig Execute Atm Signalling Commandscd Change current deviceclear Reset functions

connect Open a terminal connectiondir List files on given devicedisable Turn off privileged commandsdisconnect Disconnect an existing network connectionenable Turn on privileged commandsexit Exit from the EXEChelp Description of the interactive help system lat Open a lat connection

lock Lock the terminallogin Log in as a particular userlogout Exit from the EXEC

-- More --




Cisco IOS Software EXECMode (Cont.)

Cisco IOS Software EXECMode (Cont.)




wg_ro_c#?Exec commands:access-enable Create a temporary Access-List entryaccess-profile Apply user-profile to interfaceaccess-template Create a temporary Access-List entry

bfe For manual emergency modes settingcd Change current directoryclear Reset functions

clock Manage the system clockconfigure Enter configuration modeconnect Open a terminal connectioncopy Copy from one file to anotherdebug Debugging functions (see also 'undebug')delete Delete a filedir List files on a filesystem disable Turn off privileged commandsdisconnect Disconnect an existing network connection

enable Turn on privileged commandserase Erase a filesystem exit Exit from the EXEChelp Description of the interactive help system

-- More --

You can complete a command string by entering the

unique character string, then pressing the Tab key.

Router Privileged-ModeCommand List

Router Privileged-ModeCommand List




Access to Configuration

Modes

Access to Configuration

Modes Interface configuration Mode

± Support commands for per-interface basis configuration

± Promp looks like

Router(Config-if)#

Subinterface Configuration Mode

± Support command that configures multiple virtual(Logical) interfaces on single physical interfaces.

± Prompts looks like

Router(config-subif)#




± Support commands that configures IP RoutingProtocol

± Prompt looks like

Router(Config-router)#

IPX-router Configuration Mode

± Support command that configures the Novell

Network Layer Protocol

± Prompts looks like

Router(config-router)#

Router Configuration Mode




Exit command will take you one level back andeventually allowing you to log out.

CTRL+Z can also be used instead of Exit command

Exiting Configuration Mode




show version Commandshow version Command

wg_ro_a#show versionCisco Internetwork Operating System SoftwareIOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Mon 08-Feb-99 18:18 by phanguyeImage text-base: 0x03050C84, data-base: 0x00001000

ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWAREBOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE(fc1)

wg_ro_a uptime is 20 minutesSystem restarted by reload System image file is "flash:c2500-js-l_120-3.bin"(output omitted)

--More--

Configuration register is 0x2102




Viewing the ConfigurationViewing the Configuration

Console

IOS

Setup utility

showstartup-config

showrunning-config

Setup saves the configuration to NVRAM

ConfigConfig

RAM NVRAM

h i d hh i d h




show running and show startup Commands

show running and show startup Commands

wg_ro_c#show startup-configUsing 1359 out of 32762 bytes!version 12.0!

-- More --

wg_ro_c#show running-configBuilding configuration...

Current configuration:!version 12.0!

-- More --

In NVRAMIn RAM

Display current and saved configuration




Overview of Router ModesOverview of Router Modes

Router(config)#

Router>enable

Router#config term

Exit

Ctrl-Z (end)User EXEC mode

Privileged EXEC mode

Global configuration

mode

ConfigurationMode Prompt

Interface Router(config-if)#

Subinterface Router(config-subif)#Controller Router(config-controller)#Line Router(config-line)#Router Router(config-router)#IPX router Router(config-ipx-router)#



C fi i R tC fi i R t




Configuring Router Identification


Sets local identity or message for theaccessed router or interface

Router Name

Router(config)#hostname wg_r o _c

wg_ro_c(config)#

Message of the Day Banner

wg_ro_c(config)# banner motd # A cc ounting Depar tmentYou have enter ed a sec u r ed system. A utho r ized acc essonly! #

C fi i R tC fi i R t






± Sets local identity or message for theaccessed router or interface

Router Name

Router(config)#hostname wg_ro_c wg_ro_c(config)#

Message of the Day Banner

wg_ro_c(config)# banner motd # Accounting DepartmentYou have entered a secured system. Authorized accessonly! #

Interface Description wg_ro_c(config)#interface ethernet 0 wg_ro_c(config-if)#description Engineering LAN, Bldg. 18

R t P dR t P d




Router(config)#line console 0Router(config-line)#loginRouter(config-line)# password cisco

Console Password

Virtual Terminal Password

Router(config)#line vty 0 4Router(config-line)#loginRouter(config-line)# password sanjose

Router PasswordConfiguration


R t P dR t P d




Router(config)#line console 0Router(config-line)#loginRouter(config-line)# password cisco

Console Password

Virtual Terminal Password

Router(config)#line vty 0 4Router(config-line)#loginRouter(config-line)# password sanjose

Enable Password

Router(config)#enable password cisco

Secret Password

Router(config)#enable secret sanfran






Router(config)#interface type number Router(config-if)#

Configuring an InterfaceConfiguring an Interface

type includes serial, ethernet, token ring, fddi, hssi,loopback, dialer, null, async, atm, bri, and tunnel

number is used to identify individual interfaces

Router(config-if)#exit

Quit from current interface configuration mode

Router(config)#interface type slot/po r tRouter(config-if)#

For modular routers




Configuring a Serial InterfaceConfiguring a Serial Interface

Enter globalconfiguration mode

Router(config)#interface serial 0Router(config-if)#

Router#configure term Router(config)#

Specify interface




Configuring a Serial InterfaceConfiguring a Serial Interface

Enter globalconfiguration mode

Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000Router(config-if)#

Router(config)#interface serial 0

Router(config-if)#

Router#configure term Router(config)#

Router(config-if)# bandwidth 64Router(config-if)#exitRouter(config)#exitRouter#

Specify interface

Set clock rate(on DCE interfacesonly)

Set bandwidth




Router#show interface serial 0Serial0 is up, line protocol is upHardware is HD64570Internet address is 10.140.4.2/24

MTU 1500 bytes, BW 64 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255

Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)Last input 00:00:09, output 00:00:04, output hang neverLast clearing of "show interface" counters neverInput queue: 0/75/0 (size/max/drops); Total output drops: 0Queueing strategy: weighted fairOutput queue: 0/1000/64/0 (size/max total/threshold/drops)

Conversations 0/1/256 (active/max active/max total)Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated)

5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec

(output omitted)

Verifying Your ChangesVerifying Your Changes

BW 64 Kbit,

address is 10.140.4.2/24

Di bli E bliDi bli E bli




Disabling or Enabling anInterface

Disabling or Enabling anInterface

Router#configure term


Router(config-if)#no shutdown

%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Seria0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line Protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to up

Enables an interface that is administratively shutdown

Router#configure term


Router(config-if)#shutdown%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0, changed state to administratively down%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to down

Administratively turns off an interface

Router show interfacesRouter show interfaces




Router show interfacesCommand

Router show interfacesCommand

Router#show interfacesEthernet0 is up, line protocol is upHardware is Lance, address is 00e0.1e5d.ae2f (bia 00e0.1e5d.ae2f)Internet address is 10.1.1.11/24

MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)

ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00

Last input 00:00:07, output 00:00:08, output hang neverLast clearing of "show interface" counters neverQueueing strategy: fifoOutput queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec

81833 packets input, 27556491 bytes, 0 no bufferReceived 42308 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles

1 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 1 ignored, 0 abort0 input packets with dribble condition detected 55794 packets output, 3929696 bytes, 0 underruns0 output errors, 0 collisions, 1 interface resets0 babbles, 0 late collision, 4 deferred 0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out




Router#show interfaces serial 1

Serial1 is up, line protocol is up

Hardware is HD64570Description: 64Kb Line to San Jose:: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: ::

Operational..................

Connection problem...

Interface problem........Disabled ......................

Serial1 is up, line protocol is up

Serial1 is up, line protocol is down

Serial1 is down, line protocol is downSerial1 is administratively down, line protocol is down

KeepalivesCarrier Detect

Interpreting Interface StatusInterpreting Interface Status

Serial Interface show controllerSerial Interface show controller




Serial Interface show controller Command

Serial Interface show controller Command

Router#show controller serial 0HD unit 0, idb = 0x121C04, driver structure at 0x127078

buffer size 1524 HD unit 0, V.35 DTE cable...

Shows cable type of serial cables




To route a router need to know:

± Destination addresses ± Sources it can learn from

± Possible routes

± Best route

± Maintain and verify routing

What is Routing?What is Routing?

172.16.1.010.120.2.0




What is Routing? (cont.)What is Routing? (cont.)

NetworkProtocol

DestinationNetwork

ConnectedLearned

10.120.2.0172.16.1.0

ExitInterface

E0S0

Routed Protocol: IP

± Routers must learn destinations thatare not directly connected

172.16.1.010.120.2.0

E0S0

Identifying Static and DynamicIdentifying Static and Dynamic




Static Route

Uses a route that anetworkadministrator entersinto the router manually

Dynamic Route

Uses a route that anetwork routingprotocol adjusts

automatically for topology or trafficchanges

Identifying Static and DynamicRoutes

Identifying Static and DynamicRoutes




Static Routing: The administrator must hand-type all network locations into the routing

table. ±In Static Routing, the administrator is

responsible for updating all changes byhand into all routers.

STATIC ROUTING

IP Ro te commandIP Ro te command




IP Route commandIP Route command

ip route [destination_network ][mask] [next_hop_address or exit interface

]

It is a Global configuration modecommand.

Above command is used for configuring

routing table in Static Routing




The following list describes each command in the string:

ip route The command used to create the static route.

destination network The network you are placing in the

routing table.mask Indicates the subnet mask being used on

the network.

next hop address The address of the next hop router thatwill receive the packet and forward it to the

remote network. This is a router interfacethat is on a directly connected network. You

must be able to ping the router interface before you add the route.

Static Routing




Stub Network

ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1

172.16.2.1

SO

Static Route ExampleStatic Route Example

172.16.1.0

B172.16.2.2

NetworkA B

This is a unidirectional route. You must have a routeconfigured in the opposite direction.

Default RoutingDefault Routing




Default RoutingDefault Routing

Default routing is used to send packetswith a remote destination network not inthe routing table to the next hop router.

You can only use default routing on stubnetworks, which means that they haveonly one exit port out of the network.




Stub Network

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2

Default RoutesDefault Routes

172.16.2.1

SO

172.16.1.0

B172.16.2.2

Network A B

This route allows the stub network to reach all knownnetworks beyond router A.




Static RoutingStatic Routing Static Routing is the process of an administrator manually adding

routes in each router¶s routing table.

Benefits of S tatic Routing

±No overhead on the Router CPU

±No Bandwidth usage between routers

±Security (Administrator can allow routing to selected networks)

Disadvantage of S tatic Routing

±The administrator must really understand the full internetwork to

configure routes correctly. ± If one network is added to the internetwork the administrator

must add a route to it on all routers.

± It is not feasible in large networks because it would be a full-time job.

day 4 router basics

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