day 1 sec 7.1—the discovery of cells objective □ to understand the parts and use of a...

Day 1Sec 7.1—The

Discovery of Cells

OBJECTIVE□ To understand the parts and use

of a microscope.

□ To practice using the microscope.

BRAINSTORM• Name 5 things you would need a

microscope to see

CATALYST• Name 5 parts of the microscope….

ReadAloud—pg 171

The Amazing Microscope

Name: _____________________________

Can you imagine how amazed people must have been when they first saw things under the microscope? How

could they have known a whole other world existed? This book will guide us as we explore that microscopic world.

#1Close your eyes and imagine what a leaf

looks like. Or better yet, look at a leaf. Draw the picture of your leaf in the space

below. Title your picture.

Title: _______________________________

You are now a scientist from November 20th 1585. The microscope has not yet been invented. What do you think the people of that time thought about the inside of leaves? Draw a picture of what you think a leaf might look like if you could look up-close and inside the leaf. Take a guess! It’s 1585; no one knows for sure what the inside looks like. Title your picture.

Title:___________________________________

#2

People have always been interested in the “insides of things”. Why do you think people

have always been interested in that?

#3

You’ve just been given the most powerful microscope that exists.

What would you use it to look at?

#4

This is Beer. Beer is a complex and heterogeneous mixture that contains a wide variety of both low and high molecular weight carbohydrates, minerals, alcohol, trace amounts of proteins, yeast by-products, and other diverse organic compounds along with carbon dioxide in an approximately 10% weight to volume mixture with water.

Take a look at the photograph above. Try to guess what it is!

Read Electron Microscopes

—pg 172 (par. 1 only)

After the invention of the microscope, somewhere between the years 1590 and 1608, what people understood about nature changed. For example, before the microscope scientists thought blood traveled in a one-way path. They thought blood was made in the intestines then traveled to the heart. Upon leaving the heart, the scientists thought the blood was carried by veins and arteries and then was spilled into the body tissue. After the invention of the microscope, scientists discovered that blood traveled in a loop. They learned that blood circulated from the heart to the tissues and then was carried back to the heart. The scientists found tiny blood vessels called capillaries that connected the arteries to the veins, creating a loop.

Were the scientists wrong to believe what they believed before the invention of the microscope? Explain your answer!

#5

Our tools continued to improve as time passed and we could see more and more of the microscopic world. Light microscopes kept getting better and better with more and more magnification to about 1000 times! Then the electron microscope was invented with magnification of about 1,000,000 times, followed by the scanning tunneling microscope and the atomic force microscope. The atomic force microscope, invented in 1981, magnifies up to 1 billion times! How do you think tools were important in the

growth and development of biology?

#6

EYEPIECE

REVOLVING NOSE PIECEARM

LOW-POWER OBJECTIVE

HIGH-POWER OBJECTIVES

STAGE CLIPS

STAGE

DISK DIAPHRAGMCOARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB

FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB

LAMP

BASE

How to Focus a Light Microscope

1. Always start with the stage all the way down (use the coarse adjustment knob)

2. Always start with the low-power objective-4x (Rotate the nosepiece until the low-power objective is over the hole in the stage)

3. Place the slide on the stage (make sure the part of the slide with the cover slip is over the hole in the stage) and secure with stage clips

4. Move the stage up (using the coarse adjustment knob) slowly as far as it will go without hitting the slide. Be sure to watch the stage as you do this.

5. Look through the eyepiece. Adjust the stage by turning the coarse adjustment knob slowly until the image comes into view.

6. Use the fine adjustment knob to bring the image into sharper image.

7. Move the low power objective out of viewing position. Look to the side of the microscope as you rotate the nosepiece to the lowest high-power objective (10X) and click it into viewing position.

8. Use the fine adjustment knob to bring the image into sharper focus.

Homework--Make a Vocabulary Foldable:

OUTSIDE: Start with 7 words: (due Wednesday!)cellcell theorylight microscopeelectron microscopeprokaryoteeukaryoteorganelles

INSIDE: On the left—Write the definitionOn the right—Write or draw examples or other info

Day 2Sec 7.1—The

Discovery of Cells

CATALYST• Make 2 columns on your sheet Everything you know about cells Everything you want to know about

cells

5 minutes


cells

4 minutes


cells

3 minutes


cells

2 minutes


cells

1 minutes

Objectives: I CAN…

□ Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

□ Identify the main ideas of the cell theory.

1673-___________________________________a Dutch microscope maker was the first to see LIVING ORGANISMS.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Read The Cell Theory—pg 172

1665-______________________used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork,dead cells of oak bark and saw “little boxes”

He called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells

Robert Hooke

http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery;jsessionid=1j97kp4acxjpo?method=4&dsname=Wikipedia+Images&dekey=Hooke-microscope.png&gwp=8&sbid=lc01b

THE CELL THEORY

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things.

________ __________ ___________ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES

____________ ____________ CELLS TISSUES

Similar cells working together

___________ __________ ___________ORGANS

ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANISM

Different tissuesworking together

Different organsworking together

1. All organisms are made of one or more cells.

THE CELL THEORY

2. Cells are the basic unit of structure, organization, and function of organisms.

THE CELL THEORY

3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

THE CELL THEORY

CELL THEORY1. All living things are ________________________.

2. Cells are the basic unit of

____________ & _____________ in an organism.

(cell = basic unit of _____________)

3. Cells come from the reproduction

of ____________ cells

MADE OF 1 or MORE CELLS

existing

life

STRUCTURE FUNCTION

The Cell Theory

Fill out the cell theory chart!!!

All living things made of cells BUT… organisms can be very different.

UNICELLULAR

MULTICELLULAR

Insert into Notes

• Unicellular

• Multicellular

• Made of one cellExample: bacteria

• Made of more than one cellExample: plants and animals

CATALYST• What is one part of the cell

theory?

• What do you think is the difference between unicellular and multicellular?

5 minutes


theory?


4 minutes


theory?


3 minutes


theory?


2 minutes


theory?


1 minutes


theory?

• What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular?

5 minutes

Partner ReadProkaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?

You will have 5 minutes to answer the question on the next

slide


55minutesminutes


44minutesminutes

Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?

33minutesminutes

Partner Read


22minutesminutes


11minuteminute


1010secondsseconds


99secondsseconds


88secondsseconds


77secondsseconds


66secondsseconds


55secondsseconds


44secondsseconds


33secondsseconds


22secondsseconds


11secondsecond

TIMES UP!!!!

TIME TO SHARE

ANSWERS!

ReadAloud—pg 173Two Basic Cell Types

Cells that do not contain internal membrane-bound structures are called

prokaryotic cells.

• The cells of most unicellular organisms such as bacteria do not have membrane bound structures and are therefore called prokaryotes.

Two Basic Cell TypesTwo Basic Cell Types

A prokaryotic cell does not have internal organelles surrounded by a membrane. Most of a prokaryote’s metabolism takes place in the cytoplasm.

1. Ribosomes

2. DNA 3. Plasma membrane

4. Cell wall

Cells that do not contain any membrane-bound organelles.

Example: bacteria

Prokaryotes

Take Notes!Topic: Cells

• Most of the multi-cellular plants and animals we know are made up of cells

containing membrane-bound structures and are therefore called eukaryotes.

Cells containing membrane-bound structures are called eukaryotic cells.

Two Basic Cell TypesTwo Basic Cell Types

This eukaryotic cell from an animal has distinct membrane-bound organelles that allow different parts of the cell to perform different functions.

4. Plasma membrane

1. Nucleus

2. Nucleolus

3. Chromosomes

5. Organelles

Cells that contain membrane-bound organelles.

Examples: amoebas, algae, yeast, animals, plants.

Eukaryotes

Take Notes!Topic: Cells

The membrane-bound structures within eukaryotic cells are called organelles.

• Each organelle has a specific function that contributes to cell survival.

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Human Cell

Eukaryotic cells are generally one to one hundred times bigger than prokaryotic cells.

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes Both

Fill out the diagram using your notes and the text book!!!!

Prokaryotes• NO membrane-bound organelles• cell walls• most are unicellular• DNA floats freely around• small (.001 - .01mm)

Both:• cytoplasm• DNA as genetic material• ribosomes•Cell membrane•CELLS

Eukaryotes•nucleus & membrane-bound organelles• some have cell walls• most are multi-cellular• large (.01 - .1mm)

Objectives: If you feel like we accomplished these objectives put a check in the box

□ Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

□ Identify the main ideas of the cell theory.

CATALYST1. Give an example of a prokaryotic cell

and a eukaryotic cell.

2. Which characteristic of life applies to what we are talking about?

Hint…think ORGA!!!

The Cell Theory

Fill out the cell theory chart!!!

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes Both

Fill out the diagram using your notes and the text book!!!!

Prokaryotes• NO membrane-bound organelles• cell walls• most are unicellular• DNA floats freely around• small (.001 - .01mm)

Both:• cytoplasm• DNA as genetic material• ribosomes•Cell membrane•CELLS

Eukaryotes•nucleus & membrane-bound organelles• some have cell walls• most are multi-cellular• large (.01 - .1mm)

Review Cell Theory & Eukaryotes/Prokaryotes

Use the whiteboard to answer the following questions (you may use your book or notes!)

As soon as your pair gets 3 answers raise it up and it will be checked.

SET 1

1. Hook used a compound light microscope to study what types of cells?

--cork

2. What type of microscope magnifies structures up to 500,000 times their actual size?

– electron

SET 2:1. Which is bigger, a prokaryote or a

eukaryote?

-- eukaryote

2. The 3 ideas that all living things are made of one or more cells, cells are basic units of organization, and all cells come from other cells make up what scientific principle?

– cell theory

SET 3

1. Bacteria is an example of a prokaryote or a eukaryote?

-- prokaryote

2. Which has internal, membrane-bound organelles, a eukaryote or prokaryote?

-- eukaryote

CELL SIZE

Typical cells range from: 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter

http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/gdavis/links%20100.htm

How big is a micron ( µ ) ?

1 cm = 10,000 microns 1” = 25,000 microns

MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM don’t just contain MANY CELLS.

Image from: http://www.isscr.org/images/ES-cell-Fig-2.jpg

They have different kinds of cells doing different jobs

Cells in a multi-cellular organism become SPECIALIZED by turning different genes on and off Image from: http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg

Cell Specialization =DIFFERENTIATION

SPECIALIZED ANIMAL CELLSMuscle cells

Red blood cells

Cheek cells

Specialized Plant cells

Guard cells

Xylem cells

Pollen