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Final exam

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Bio

›Life

Logy

›Gr.

›“Logos”

= study of

Characteristics of Life

Themes in the study of

Biology

Levels of Organization

Emergent properties

Ecology

Ecological Succession

Ecological Niche

Types of biomes

Flow of energy

Human Impact

Population Dynamics

Characteristics

Factors that limit a

population

Human populations

Evolution

Early Theories of Evolution

Early and Moderns

Evidences of Evolution

Mutation

Made up of cells

The ability to perpetuate

DNA(

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine

RNA:

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

DNA – carrier

RNA – messenger

DNA is self-replicating which is efficient

for survival

5C simple sugar

N-bases

Phosphate -> PO4

DNA and RNA

Grow – increase size and/or number of

cells

Develop –changes from early stages to

the mature stages

5. Metabolism – sum total of all chemical

reactions

6. Exhibit to Irritability – respond to

environment

7. Undergo homeostasis – can maintain

internal balance

8. Adapt and evolve – suited to live in its

particular environment

Every organism’s basic units of structure

and function

Two main types:

› Prokaryotic ( bacteria, archea)

› Eukaryotic ( Protists, plants, fungi, animals)

The continuity of life depends on the

inheritance of biological information in

the form of DNA molecules

Genetic information is encoded in the

nucleotide sequences of DNA

The world has a hierarchical organization

Emergent properties – the result of

interactions among components at the

lower level.

Feed back mechanisms regulate

biological systems.

Organisms are open systems that

exchange materials and energy with

their surroundings.

Biologists divided life into 3 domains:

› Bactertia , Archea , Eukarya

Unity universal genetic code

› The more related, the more characteristics

they share

Energy flows from sunlight to producers

Darwinian theory of natural selection

› Adaptation of populations are through

differential reproductive success of varying

individuals

Form and function are correlated at all

levels of biological organization

The process of science includes

observation-based discovery and the

testing of explanations through

hypothesis based inquiry.

Technology is goal-oriented to the

applications of science.

1. Atom

2. Molecule

3. Tissue

4. Organ

5. Organ system

6. Organism

7. Population

8. Community

9. Ecosystems

10. Biome

11. Biosphere

Biotic – biotic

Abiotic – abiotic

Abiotic - biotic

Portions of the planet in which life exists

› Atmosphere

› Hydrosphere

› Lithosphere

Self-contained

Patchy

Group of ecosystems that have te same

climate and similar dominant

communities

Not self-contained

Abiotic biotic

Habitat – area where organisms live

Niche – role in the area

Each organism has a specific role that

contributes to the ecosystem

the observed process of change in the

species structure of an ecological

community over time.

The most efficient and most adapted

organisms become the most adundant

species

Occurs when there are drastic and

sudden changes in the environment

Pioneer community- the organisms

present that are most suited for this

environment

› Pioneer species

Climax community – organisms that are

most suited for the present environment

after the change

› Dominant species

Fundamental rule in ecology stating that

no two organisms can occupy the exact

niche for an indefinite time

Perinial – long life

Annual – yearly

Biannual – every two years

This the factor that controls what kind of

organisms live in an ecosystem

Determines the max number of

organisms in an ecosystem

Take note of the ff terms:

Producer, Primary consumer, secondary

consumer, tertiary consumer,

decomposer

Producers – produces energy storing

molecules

Consumers – consumes plants and

obtains their energy

Decomposers – returns organic

molecules to the ground

Scavengers – consumes carcasses

Photosynthetic organisms:plants, algae, bacteria

Primary productivity – rate at which

organic material is produced.

Primary productivity determines the

amount of energy available in the

ecosystem

Feeding positions in a food chain

These are represented in: food chains,

food webs, and ecological pyramids.

Food chains – sequence o food and

energy transfer.

› Producer consumer decomposer

Food webs – food chains that intersect

and link to each other

Number pyramid

Biomass pyramid

Energy pyramid

Refered to as how a number of individuals change over time

Important for the conservation of endangered species and management of life

Exponential growth is unrealistic

Everything has a limit

Carrying capacity- population size that the environment can sustain for a long period of time.

1. Geographic distribution / range

2. Population density

3. Population dispersion

4. Uniformity

5. Random clustering

1. Natality

2. Mortality

3. Number of individuals entering or

leaving an ecosystem

Density-dependent

› Competition

› Predation

› Parasitism

› Disease

Density-

independent

› Unusual weather

› Natural disasters

› Season cycles

› Human activities

Water chemistry

Temperature

Depth of water› Light penetration

› Turbidity

› O2 content Wind action, water current, microbial action

› Water pressure

Salinity of aquatic biomes

Biological Oxygen Demand

Eutrophication

Turn over / upwelling

Carolus Linnaeus – Nested Hierarchies,

Order of Nature. Classified humans among

primates

Plato – idealism / essentialism. Its attributes

are essentially determined and made.

Aristotle – Scala Naturae: Organisms

arrange in increasing complexity

Judeo Christian culture – Creationism

“ad majorem dei gloriam”natural theology

Systema Naturae

› KPCOFGS

› Binomial system of Nomenclature

Genus species

Thomas Malthus – ecology of human

popuations

Jean Baptiste Lamarck – Naturalist:

Philosophie Zoologique

› Desire to change, use and disuse, passing of

acquired traits

Georges Cuvier – catastrophism,

extinctions

Charles Lyell – uniformitarianism

James hutton – Graudualism

› Profound change is the cumulative product

of slow but continuous process

George Mendell – father of modern

genetics

› discrete genes are inherited

Charles Darwin – naturalist

› Theory of natural selection

Alfred Russel Wallace

Francis Crick & James Watson – DNA

› Understood mutations arrive to evolution

Rosalind Frank – x-ray crytallography

› Structure is correlated with function

“use it or lose it” idea

› reshape their bodies in response to a desire

to change

Traits were passed onto an offspring

Contributing idea: populations change

over time in response to their

surroundings

James Hutton proposed mountains and

other surfaces were gradually changing

proposed that the earth itself had

internal movements

Opportunities for change.

Contribution: Past events must be

explained in terms of today's events.

The earth's history provides ample

geologic time for slow change.

Farmers believed that they could choose

the plant or animal that had developed

the most number of seeds to become

the most abundant

May allow rapid changes to species

Thomas Malthus believed that the human

population would eventually grow larger than the

ability of the environment to sustain it.

Natural – longer and random

Artificial – faster and has goals

Lamarck

› Desire to change

› Use and disuse

› Inheritance of acquired traits

Darwinian

› Overproduction

› Variation

› Competition

› Survival to reproduce

Nature selects the characteristics.

Mutation is random

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Lipids (fats, oils, steroids, waxes)

1. List 10 branches of biology. Cite your

sources

2. Cite 5 human impacts on the

environment.

3. Choose a biome you want to live in and

briefly explain why.

4. Give a joke about the previously

discussed topics