davis- international cooperation to manage high skill migration (2010)

7/25/2019 Davis- International Cooperation to Manage High Skill Migration (2010)

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Planteamiento/Datos sobre migracion

Davis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *0+

n estimated 200 million people -ere living o.tside t!eir !ome co.ntries in200* ( oser, 200 )


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.sti icacion /Datos sobre migraci n especiali3ada


T!e !ig!l4 s$illed constit.te a signi icant proportion o international migrantsIn 2000, a person -it! a .niversit4 or grad.ate sc!ool ed.cation -as si5times more li$el4 to migrate legall4 t!an one -it! less t!an a !ig! sc!ool

ed.cation T!irt4" ive percent o t!e legal immigrant stoc$ in 67CDco.ntries, more t!an 20 million people all told, ell into t!e !ig!"s$illcategor4, compared -it! 80 percent a decade earlier (Doc9.ier & ar o.$,200*)


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.sti icacion/ a3ones para migrar


H.man mobilit4 is constrained or man4 reasons ost people are attac!edto t!eir !ome co.ntries and c!oose not to leave an4 ot!ers are too poor to be able to leave :et t!ere is no do.bt t!at p.blic polic4 also s.ppresses

migration lo-s

Planteamiento/;Por 9.e los gobiernos act.an


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Davis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *10

eceiving co.ntr4 governments eel obliged to reg.late =people lo-s> inorder to protect $e4 constit.ents, de end perceived national interests, andavoid t!e pop.lar bac$las! t!at opening t!e borders -o.ld li$el4 prod.ce Indoing so, t!ese governments ma4 be missing o.t on opport.nities t!at

-o.ld prod.ce m.t.al gains or bot! t!eir o-n co.ntries and t!e sendingco.ntries

Planteamiento/;Por 9.? es importante la migraci n

Planteamiento


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Davis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P*11

It is not s.rprising, t!en, t!at global demand or !ig!l4 s$illed -or$ers isrising odern tec!nolog4, especiall4 in ormation and comm.nicationstec!nolog4, is complementar4 to !ig!l4 s$illed -or$, even as it displaces.ns$illed labor ( cemogl., 2002)

Planteamiento


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Davis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P*11

s in t!e b.siness -orld, bot! =inc.mbents> and =ne- entrants> amongnational governments are emp!asi3ing t!e attraction and retention o !ig!l4s$illed -or$ers


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PlanteamientoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P*11

T!e 'nited ingdom and Grance !ave recentl4 instit.ted policies t!at t!eir polic4 ma$ers !ope -ill allo- t!em to compete more e ectivel4 or globaltalent 7ven Aerman4 and apan, -!ic! !ave not !istoricall4 -elcomedimmigrants, are beginning to adE.st to t!e ne- realities (Hart, 200 b)

mong t!e =ne- entrants,> Tai-an, Ireland, and Israel !ave demonstratedt!at -ooing !ome e5patriates can be a ver4 val.able component o a$no-ledge"based economic development strateg4 ( re3nit3, 200J)


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PlanteamientoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P*11

T!e 'nited #tates and India are not e5empt rom t!ese trends T!e 'nited#tates remains t!e central !.b o t!e global !ig!"s$ill migration s4stem, andit !as not elt t!e press.re to adE.st its policies as ac.tel4 as ot!er =inc.mbents > .t it !as made important c!anges in recent 4ears, as -e

describe in more detail belo-, and !ig!"s$ill migration polic4 remains on t!e' # governmentKs agenda


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Planteamiento/A.erra de talentoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *11"*12

Co.ntries and companies t4picall4 ass.me t!at t!e competition or talent isa 3ero"s.m game% -!en a !ig!l4 s$illed person crosses national or organi3ational bo.ndaries, all t!e pa4o s rom t!e !.man capital t!at s!ecarries -it! !er -ill ollo- Common metap!ors re lect t!is ass.mption

#ince t!e 1+ 0s, international dialog.e on !ig!"s$ill migration !as oc.sedon t!e idea t!at a =brain drain> ma$es t!e ric! ric!er and t!e poor poorer


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.sti icaci nDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *12

s!o- t!at t!e migrants t!emselves and t!e economies t!at receive t!emderive bene its rom a sim.lated increase in international migration, -!ereast!ose le t be!ind in t!e so.rce co.ntries are made -orse o


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arco TeoricoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *12

lt!o.g! t!e point is sometimes lost in political debate, t!e Linters andot!ers (2008) sim.lations point o.t t!at t!e migrants t!emselves are t!emost signi icant direct bene iciaries o migration


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.sti icaci nDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *12

Pritc!ett (200 ) t!.s arg.es t!at =migration is development > Fationalincome statistics loo$ 9.ite di erent i t!e4 are calc.lated b4 s.mming .pt!e earnings o all t!ose born in a partic.lar co.ntr4, regardless o t!eir c.rrent place o residence, t!an t!e4 do i t!e4 are meas.red -it!in t!e

geograp!ical bo.ndaries o a nation (Clemens & Pritc!ett, 200 )


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arco TeoricoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *12

s$illed migration is bene icial or receiving co.ntries #ome anal4sts gobe4ond t!e conventional !.man capital acc.m.lation arg.ment, claimingt!at t!e diversit4 o ideas and relations!ips t!at migrants bring to t!eir ne-!omes en!ances t!eir $no-ledge spillovers =T!e magic,> states Mac!ar4

(2008), =is in t!e mi5ing >


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arco Teorico/ De inicion de rain DrainDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *12

T!e =brain gain> arg.ment vie-s t!e opport.nit4 or s$illed migration as anincrease in t!e e5pected val.e o investment in ed.cation I a collegegrad.ate can earn ive ig.res as a n.rse in D.b.9.e or an engineer inD.bai, instead o o.r ig.res delivering mail in anila, t!e t!in$ing goes,

more people -ill see$ s.c! degrees


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arco Teorico/ De inicion de rain circ.lationDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *18

T!e =brain circ.lation> perspective asserts t!at t!e declining costs o transportation and comm.nication allo- people to capitali3e on $no-ledgeover m.c! larger distances t!an ever be ore no-ledge spillovers arem.c! less locali3ed t!an t!e4 .sed to be, t!an$s to more re9.ent personal

visits and massive band-idt!embers o a diaspora can more easil4 maintain strong relations!ips -it!t!e riends and colleag.es t!at t!e4 le t be!ind t!an t!e4 co.ld in t!e past,and t!ese social net-or$s in t!eir !ome co.ntries capt.re some o t!ebene its t!at -o.ld !ave been concentrated in t!e receiving co.ntr4 in t!epast


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arco Teorico/ De inicion de migraci n de retornoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *18

et.rn migration, -!et!er temporar4 or permanent, is more literall4 =braincirc.lation > L!en living conditions improve in t!e sending co.ntries, ret.rncan become an appealing prospect or !ig!"s$ill migrants et.rn migrantsbring -it! t!em t!e social capital as -ell as t!e !.man capital t!at t!e4

!ave gained d.ring t!eir soEo.rn abroad, acilitating contin.ed internationalcollaboration in creative and b.siness activities


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Planteamiento/Politica migratoriaDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"

#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *18

#tates t4picall4 vie- control over migration lo-s to be a .ndamentalattrib.te o sovereignt4 (Corneli.s, 200N) T!e4 implement migration policiesin response to po-er .l economic and social interests -it!in domestic civilsociet4 T!ese policies .s.all4 contrib.te to t!e sec.rit4 and oreign polic4

obEectives o t!e state itsel as -ell


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arco TeoricoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"

#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *1N

Competition or =brains> among states, eac! o -!ic! is independentl4p.rs.ing its perceived sel "interest, is not necessaril4 a bad t!ing 6nesal.tar4 e ect o s.c! competition is to give greater leverage to s$illedmigrants ( ap.r & cHale, 200*)

T!e interests o t!e migrants t!emselves are .s.all4 .nderrepresented int!e international arena, since t!e4 are not perceived to be .ll members o eit!er t!eir co.ntr4 o origin or t!eir co.ntr4 o destination


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I sending co.ntr4 ed.cational s4stems are too -ea$ or rigid to respond tot!e increased =p.ll> rom competing receiving co.ntries, as t!e brain gaint!eor4 anticipates, t!e sending co.ntries ma4 be made m.c! -orse o In a-orst"case scenario, one can imagine =intellect.al protectionism> t!at bot!

limits migration and also restricts postmigration contacts -it! t!e !omeco.ntr4


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arco Teorico o .sti icacionDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"


T!e scope and oc.s o s.c! cooperation -ill o necessit4 var4 over timeand across space #ome sending co.ntries are poor candidates or cooperative arrangements, beca.se t!e4 do not -elcome contrib.tions tot!eir development b4 members o t!e diaspora or beca.se conditions on t!e

gro.nd (s.c! as civil con lict or political instabilit4) ma$e it e5tremel4 di ic.ltor e5patriates to ma$e a contrib.tion


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.sti icacionDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"


6pport.nities or cooperation also var4 beca.se migration lo-s are not.ni orm Gor man4 sending co.ntries, a single receiving co.ntr4 dominatest!e emigration pattern d.e to actors s.c! as pro5imit4, colonial !istor4, and

s!ared lang.age


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#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *1*

lt!o.g! national interests are generall4 too diverse and sovereignt4 toopo-er .l a principle or m.ltilateral negotiations to 4ield concrete o.tcomes,global and regional or.ms on international migration can lead to in ormatione5c!ange, visibilit4, and artic.lation o norms ( artin, artin, & Cross, 200J)

t!at advance t!e prospects or bilateral deals (I6 , 200 , c!ap 18)


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Planteamiento/2da generacion mas ed.cadaDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"


Indian" mericans are !ig!l4 ed.cated 6 t!e Indian"born citi3ens co.ntedb4 t!e Cens.s, appro5imatel4 0 percent !ad completed some college, andover + percent !ad completed at least a bac!elorKs degree


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s -e describe in more detail belo-, Indians dominate temporar4admissions or !ig!l4 s$illed -or$ in t!e 'nited #tates ( onger & arr,200+), and t!e4 comprise t!e largest nationalit4 gro.p among oreign

st.dents in ' # !ig!er ed.cation as -ell (Instit.te o International7d.cation, 200 )


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s -e noted above, t!e most severel4 a ected co.ntries e5perience s$illedemigration rates o over J0 percent, -!ereas IndiaKs is b.t N 8 percent (J 8percent or science and tec!nolog4 grad.ates) (Doc9.ier & ar o.$, 200*O

FI#T D#, 200+)


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PlanteamientoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"

#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *1J

T!e positive"s.m logic o =brain gain> and =brain circ.lation> s.ggests t!aten!ancing eedbac$s rom !ig!"s$ill migration to economic and socialdevelopment in India is not incompatible -it! s.stained contrib.tions b4migrants to ' # prosperit4 and contin.ed improvement o t!e migrantsK o-n-ell"being


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T!e binational net-or$s t!at t!e4 !ave beg.n to create ma4 give t!e 'nited#tates an important =collaborative advantage> (B4nn & #al3man, 200 ) int!e global econom4 compared -it! ot!er !ig!"income nations t!at are notas open to !ig!"s$ill migrationT!e prospect o aggregate gains or bot! India and t!e 'nited #tates as ares.lt o !ig!"s$ill migration does not precl.de t!e possibilit4 t!at partic.lar gro.ps -it!in one or bot! co.ntries -ill be disadvantaged b4 it


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#ome advocates arg.e t!at large s-at!es o ' # !ig!"tec!nolog4 ind.str4are in danger o being lost permanentl4 d.e to t!e openness o t!e co.ntr4to oreign st.dents and pro essionals T!is position reverses t!e .s.aldirection o t!e brain drain arg.ment, b.t maintains its 3ero"s.m concept t!ird obEective o bilateral cooperation bet-een t!e 'nited #tates and Indiaon !ig!"s$ill migration, t!en, in addition to ostering =brain gain> and =braincirc.lation> and en!ancing t!e contrib.tions o Indian immigrants to t!e'nited #tates, s!o.ld be to !ead o t!e t!reat o bac$las! b4 limiting !ig!"s$ill migrationKs negative conse9.ences or ' # -or$ers


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ot! t!e opport.nities or !ig!"s$ill migration bet-een India and t!e 'nited#tates to ac!ieve bilateral goals, and t!e t!reat o bac$las! t!at -o.ld.ndermine t!e relations!ip,


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T!e ' # immigration s4stem provides visa -aivers or medicalpro essionals -illing to -or$ -it! s.c! pop.lations T!e so"called =Conrad80> program !as placed *00 nonimmigrants doctors in r.ral comm.nitiessince its inception in 1++N (Conrad, 200+)


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Arad.ate ed.cation is a t!ird important sector -it!in t!e ' # India !ig!"s$ill migration relations!ip Bi$e medicine, ed.cation generall4 re9.irespersonal presence or t!e process to !ave its intended e ect T!is ispartic.larl4 tr.e at t!e grad.ate level, -!ere st.dents are pic$ing .p t!etacit, cra t s$ills t!at -ill be critical or t!em to be able to practice t!eir pro essions


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.sti icaci n/Inversion de gobierno para ed.ccionDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *22

not!er important area o cooperation relates to t!e rapidl4 increasing costo ed.cation, -!o pa4s or it, and -!o bene its T!e Indian p.blic sector ma$es a signi icant investment in .ndergrad.ate ed.cation, s.c! as t!atprovided b4 t!e Indian Instit.tes o Tec!nolog4, -!ic! eed ' # grad.ateinstit.tions #ome in India see t!is as an investment lost -!en st.dentsmigrate or grad.ate ed.cation abroad 6n t!e ot!er !and, man4 Indiangrad.ate st.dents receive s.pport rom ' # ederal &D .nds, -!ic!domestic st.dents and t!eir elected representatives ma4 vie- as.n-elcome oreign competition program o cooperation t!at acilitatesbrain circ.lation and researc!"oriented collaboration bet-een t!e 'nited#tates and India mig!t !ead o an4 bac$las! t!at mig!t arise d.e to t!eserictions


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arco Teorico/ cciones conE.ntasDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *22 a

n important long"term conse9.ence o t!e bilateral lo- o grad.atest.dents rom India to t!e 'nited #tates is t!e s!ortage o doctoral degree!olders in India to ill teac!ing and researc! positions (Pritc!ett, 200 ) T!iss!ortage in!ibits IndiaKs e orts to b.ild !.man capital and red.ces itsdomestic capacit4 or researc! and innovation Demograp!ic di erencesg.arantee t!at t!e 'nited #tates -ill contin.e to receive a stead4 lo- o grad.ate st.dents rom India L!ile man4 o t!ese migrants -ill remain int!e 'nited #tates and contrib.te to its econom4 and societ4, it is in t!e'nited #tatesK interest to acilitate t!e ret.rn o some o t!em in order toseed .rt!er development o Indian !ig!er ed.cation 'nilateral action,eit!er to restrict brain drain on t!e part o India or to restrict reverse braindrain on t!e part o t!e 'nited #tates, -o.ld miss t!is enormo.s opport.nit4or m.t.al bene it I too e- o t!e !.ndreds o millions o 4o.ng Indians areable to receive a !ig!"9.alit4 ed.cation, t!e4 ma4 be c!anneled into


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.nprod.ctive p.rs.its t!at co.ld a ect India and t!e 'nited #tatesnegativel4

arco Teorico/ cciones conE.ntas

Davis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *22 b


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T!e process o globali3ation, enabled b4 advances in in ormation andcomm.nication tec!nologies, distrib.ted b.siness models, and liberali3ednational policies, !as created ne- c!oices or individ.als -!o !ave s$illsand $no-ledge t!at are in demand T!ese individ.als are increasingl4 ableto migrate to -!erever t!e4 believe t!e4 can best reali3e t!eir potential


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T!ese d4namics are ostering a global mar$et or !ig!l4 s$illed people andt!e possibilit4 o a 3ero"s.m =-ar or talent> among irms and co.ntriesHo-ever, t!e distrib.tion o costs and bene its t!at res.lt rom t!is e5plosiono mobilit4 is not necessaril4 i5ed T!e m.t.al bene its o =brain gain> and=brain circ.lation> ma4, .nder some circ.mstances, o.t-eig! t!econcentrated costs o =brain drain >

davis- international cooperation to manage high skill migration (2010)

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