..I . :3:1;\ le-vt tlvv'

6L~'(i\- 2....L~

~!Jv,fLuV

v\-i~t9vte.AJl ~~ ;~tN F fltlauf2,~1 ~ I

I AIri /'r ud if L~061 .

III REGENTVILLE JOINT FIELD PROJECT

IIII

'.

.-.

...

..•.

•

.;

..1

'ANALYSIS

Repo.rt

ART·EFACT· ",'

'. :.f .. .,...,. '.'....' ,,, ...."';:r. . ' .•

• 0 0t." -;._ "',.0° •,r". ., ~. .... l.. .. ... .:0 .~ ..." I .....'"', . '. '.

:'1~' ;," .. '0 \... A 0"0;' ..: f. . Or" ~. : .~.. J.: ~;' 40°.. : j'.. ,," ( Ip ., :. . l.. :...., '\ t' -t· I I.'.. .. i", . .!

.; ; . 1:~-::'ii.lt l ~ :~ ~tJ':' ...0 ~ ;' ~:. '.:;"'~~••~ ..

I ,. ~. .. .Ii·~· -_ ... • ~ .' ....=;;;,., ..0< .• "~,, . ,.0 ...'" '" f:": .. 1 • ':. r.''':'''' ••'. .:;~ • • • • • '.. ~I( .:' ••~ ._•._._ -J~ • • : . ..... ., .. ",.-.. .

$:::;i;t .: ; .; : .~ .~.t":- ~ .'.::-~.' .- ··-:;·r--,..·.,·....... ,. • .1 • . • ...1.. ,.. , •• ,. 1 .. I. .. -: : ... ~

I ; ..... (\.. ~ .. 0:' •••. :!t..... :

. .' I 'k" ,.• .. ._-. .-----.....-.....' ##' -"'W . - 'f;~~; :·=-t '. :• ~ ! :.. .~.. ;.:: ::. # \_\ .,.0 \ .. ' :.;) : .1' ". t,'. ;4, , -'. t • I ·r"r""-'': '-: 1'1 'J; ~"{ ~: ~""~" I, ,~, ..:.. :. •., .. 4', :"..,...~. ;.,1 ..1( :';l :i ,•.>- .'I! ~ ~ t" . ~ .;~: '1' : f '. ! ,:.' 'I

'. . q f:~·t !t' ;i :if···l ;...;. : t.' I'It ',! I~:~' 't .;\._.}.. .f • .. ,'.... •

~:. -- ' ,. • :1 .. . I . • ..'.,.., ~ -- ·!I·r.,..·: t' .!~ 1 ~.~~~':O;:"'~:!.,:~...;:.- •... "-' . . .l·h ~ '.L ~ i: If. , . .--~..,.. .. -ol-" - .... .. Sit .. , .. , 1"'~" :,"'.""...... ..... ~.l..: : :...~. .. ..........__. J ~'4"" ~ ~.'. ,.: f I '. :.: , ..

.. - , .. - ...... " .. I ,t i I ... C"'" ••, ~ r ..I'~._ _. _--.... _~ - '"., I.: ~,·s 1' ..~ .. ' ••• oo • ' .. ,,_. -. ......... ,- ' • .... '; .' •••••,. ;1.......... ~. z'. .: I... .. •. ';".-.....:-...... " : ;".~ .....•- ... ~...",.,. ..•. _ .... . •••. ~'.'!Ji to ':'. " , ":""'••~." # ~ ... , '.:"'~. 1 ,. ••

IYf;~":.'~~ ....,.."•.;.=.;~·.u.·~1Io_·~~_~~.,.;,,~)~~~~~~~~~::·lw ~ I•• ;·:.lIaA ·'i:Fl_.. ' i.... -....!c..Lj, ...-:.~ ......,- _-.,.x.-......~~-.,.I"! .~a..\" .... ~. ". '0" ~ ~.. ,

i.f&: .:. -:~ -- .. ,.~-:-ft:h.~ ~. "~~:.~~li-l'~v"t:~·~·..,..~~~!-ze:.lj~.H': : '.:p~!~ ..~~~~~.&- la. ~~""'" ""!.~;;; .. ', ~~~ ~ '~:f"..~ .."..;r&f............ tL~;.):" 'M:.: .__....ifwt.),.,_::S:OW-'~.~ ~""~ ," ....~. ......... ---.....~................ f# '..... : • r .:J' c..... ... "\ol"~~'" -." _ :.• _~._... . _ .. .. -~ W\ -: ~:"._"..._••~'.. •

-.::.~. _.-, ' •• , ; - ..........-.-.;- • '0" .~ .. - r;,.). _. ,J .' _.~-F-._.".~T t-..~ ~,:~J t'- . - ," ~. ~ ,;;: ~...t"l~'~~.5 . .-:w=~-7 il_.'- :i··. I" :.., •.•• ~..- .:. ~ ';.,".,..:a~' '. f:'" --::-. ..•.-.:"4 '. .. t.- . '0' :.: •. .. ." ~. "'" .. .~~ '. 4'... _, .. : • ." ...... \ _ ..~ ..

"C ••• J. . • - ........ .. .. i" .. , ~: • .. ~ ~ .............. • ... _ ... :"~,:;-)r~,,, ... '. ,.. • . . ~ _.... ~.;-..,;

.:.,... :-.- .. .. I ".I'Io.~" J " .. " •• 'o'\.: .•• ......:::. : ••.• °1 '"...~.~........--."..: ';f5' ....~!JIZ·~ -: '.. ·)"rl···:t)· ',. .. .. ' .,_...:.. . !j';' ~ ..: ..

........... . -"- .... .. , -- . . ... ' ..~ ~~. . ... ." . .-..... . ....'.•- ';i':' ':;':':'r.:.~ ~.:.....: t i~'...;: ~I • sf ~ ..•41-:'..•.0.. : l ~: . :" . ~•... _ ~., .". • •...." .. t",

.' -:- ". : .~ ....,:~.:~ ~~. :.r.~. . ':'::" ~~. .' .. \'~

,,- ......&:,. ..... q'6~" \ ." ....,. .'" .•~.",.." .'~ • t ~ .." ,-~. __ . • ". or._. ....... - ., ......:~. •

.~ . 0, .. '~.....~~.. • ~~",~..• .•;~. :1, ..,.......--••. :. • ..•..-. ' ~... ~..-. '.. .. '.... -..,..... .' .. .~ '-': ',...' ."....~ :..' ~ -.,..; _.-.It , •• • • l ....... . .. ,"': •. ' . .' ........'., . .• .;;;,;I ......-- ~~ .~ :.. •. ,,, ~ • ~. J • or- ",.s. ( ,."'.... •.....c V ,. - . . _. * - '-: ·t~;J ,. ~" '", --. '';';'

'io't . " •. . . " ".", tl~~ lA ·~....~.h ••• .~ t ...f.-' Yl.~~ .r·· ..... ~ • r . ,~..., IV t \ ,.' .' .'~. .' ..... . \9. tit· .... ~. t.....' .. •• • .... " • ~ f •••• .. •••• \er . .

• • I ... • • - \ • "'.. .... ~...... ••..,: ••\0...... •• , ...,_•• •_ ••__ ....... _. . •. . .'•• _ • ~r \.... . '. _ ._.6 .o. • ..'

I

I

I

I

II

I

II

III

I--------------------_..._--

ARTEFACT ANALYSIS INTERIM REPORT

REGENTVILLE JOINT FIELD PROJECT:

Judy Birmingham and Andrew Wi1son

3., The 1985 Excavation: Methodology and Records

February 1987

Written by

CONTENTS OF REPORT

Append1ces 1 '- 16

3.3 The Excavation Record

2. A:Lms of R,.G.V. Joint Fieldwork Project.

3'. 2 Recording Techniques.

3.1 Excavation Techniques

4.4. Audit and Inventory

, ,

4. The 1985-7 Artefact Analysis Programme.

1. About this Report.

'National Estate Grants Progranme'Proj'~ No. 38, 1984/5Archaeological Field Project

4;1 Aims and Methodology of Analysis Prograrnrre

4.2. Th~ ~.G.V. Artefact Analysis Database'.

4~3. $chedule of Work Stages

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

,

III1-,------.---------------'----

II

'by National Estate Grant.

In particular the methodology so far developed ~or Regent-

historic site and in the, analysis of its excavated material

recent W'ork prepared fo'r the analysis of finds from Hyqe

~·1ay 1985.•1n

In our vi'ew it is essential that the methodology involved'

. '. . . .Park Barracks, a proJect whJ.ch like Regentville was funded

, .discus.sion of each successive project.

in histor1cal archaeology comes under conscious scrutiny,

and co~tinues to develop by professional presentation and

currently under way at Sydney university.

. ' .aspects of the analysis worked out for Regentville have

alre'ady been applied to the analysis of Irrawang pottery

ville 'has grown out of techniques and strategies initiated

on 'earlier 'excavations in New So'uth Wales, especially

Such a m'et;hodology will also, it is hoped, prove adaptable

to'a range of other h1storic' sites in Australia. Some

In ,keeping with the objectives set out in the original

application it was and' remains the aim of the co-directors

and the Regentville team to develop an efficient and

effective methodology both in the excavation of this

ABOUT THIS REPORT

analysis work at present underway on the material excavated

at Regentville

This Int'erim Report is intended primarily to present up-to­

date information on the aims, nature and progress of the

1.

IIIIIIIIII

~

I

IIIiI

IIIr=-h.----=---..,~.:--=_,,...,..-. .,...,...... .,....,..... ,-,-,.~.------.--_..,...,....-,-~~..~-.. -...,--.~,-~... ,~~~-

Much of the information in it has been contributed by those

England. Artefact processing began in the field, and was

and discussion by Julie Byrnes.

'. - .especially by Margaret Clancy, Angela Kenny and Martel

SUbsequently it was completed by members of the 1986

Historical Archaeology class at' Sydney University,

Smith and others.

thei:r;- research assignment, and Diane Willingham who

Wilson., with a substantial contribution in terms of work

This report has been written by Judy Birmingham and Andrew

participating in the 1985 fie:J,.d season, including students

identified and, inventoried part of the faunal -material as

of both the Dniversity of Sydney and the Dniversity of New

her research assignment.·

. ""

Ollerenshaw, who used the ceramic material as the basis for

, -continued in 1985 by Dianne Churchill, Tracey Ireland, Jean

IIIII' '

I'I1

"

III'

I·

III·1I

'1

III1=--·..----..-.......----,....-------.-- ---

IIIIIII1I'I

2. AIMS OF R.G.V. JOINT FIELDWORK PROJECT

The following quotations from successive documents to the

funding authority set out the developing aims of this

project as it has proceeded.

,Experience over the last four years in N.S.W. has

revealed a critical lack of archaeological personnel

trained in excavation techniques appropriate to

Australian historic sites., ,

Building and land development are proceeding at an

ever~accelerating rate, and grave losses of unique

historic data are, imminent unless 'this problem can be, ,

rapidly overcome. ,

This prqposa~ is for an integrated training programme

to provide an essential range of archaeological field-

,,

1I work •experl.ence to, intending archaeological

-::0--:-: --,--,. - :.--------'

I"I1I. ' ,

1'~

I"

II1"-'

, , 2~

a •

practit10ners."

(Application for Funding, approved 11.4.85).

i,

deliver,a'rigorous training in a wide range ,of

':l-=------~essential archaeological skills, such as:

setting out a plan of research that is logical and

internally coherent, so that the excavations can mean-

ingfully contribute to problems in Australian

historical archaeology beyond co'nventional huistorical

documents./

cataloguing, photography and field conservation.

meaningful intepretation of artifacts recovered so

significant in the context of Australian social

" .

lying objective of' this project outside 'its nature as

a trai~lirig' excavation is ·to test the viability of

using such archaeolo-gical sites to yield' results

increased, as we·ll as producing a broader

understanding of the specific materials themselves -

the training of archaeoIQgists ... "

(Supplementary Budget Information)

that our understanding of the particular site will be

The thrust 'of the prc:gramme will, therefore, be towards

academic, cultural resource management bodies and the

gerier.al public.

students will be instructed in the description and

china',' glass, building materials etc. A major part of

this aspect is' the fam{liarlsation of students with

computers and statistical procedures.

techniques, mapping, survey and sampling strategies,

investigated. These include basic excavation

variety of sites and contexts can be professionally

history at all. Data cannot be manufactured if it has

3. "In conc·lu·sion.it must be "stated again that the -under-

c. Detailed analysis of materials and contexts, Le.

d. Report presentation at a professi9~al level_for

b. Excavation and recording skills, so that a wide

r.-------...--........,----..,.,..-,...------ ,"_ "_

IIIII-IIII

..

I.>

IIIIIII

1

I.1 :

I1-.

-- - ----

IIIIIIIIII

,

III

-

IIII

'1

I•

II.

I .._----- ..

not surviv'ed,or has not survived in a usable mode. In

short this project proposes to tackle head on the

ques"tion of what historical archaeology can "really

t 'b Ifcon n. ute .•.

"(Original Research Design: Application, April 1985)

It may here be emphasized that this excavation

toget~er with the subsequent analysis of finds is

primarily a research and teaching project, so that

pro~inent among its aims is that of developing and"

testing methodologies in both field and laboratory

work which will contribute to other Austratian

"historical sites.

IIIIIiI

IIIIIII

I,

II

11

3.

3.1

THE 1985 EXCAVATION: METHODOLOGY AND RECORDS

Excavation Techniques

Because of the particular aims of the Joint Field Project a

number of techniques of a more or less innovative nature

for Australian historical arc~aeological sites were adopted

at Regentville both in data collection and in recording the

information so gathered.

Excavation Strategy

Two adjacent areas were selected for excavation with

contrasting methodology. The first, 'called Area I, was laid

out as four three-metre panels or squares lettered A to'D

with 0.5 metre baulks between them. Standing sections were

preserv~d in these baulks, and drawn and photographed at

the end of the exc:avation. Area I covered in part the

visible rear of the mansion; and was considered appropriate

for this traditional grid-style methodology.

Area 11 was .laid out to straddle the building to the south

of Area LThis was the predicted location of the kitchen

outbuilding and courtyard of which outlines were visible in

the form of depressions and mounds. Here an open area

exc'avation was laid out in the form of a tw'elve-metre

square, the whole of which was excavated with no sta'nding

sections pre·served. Spatial control over Area 11 w'as

mai'ntained by means of a notional one-metre 'square grid,

numbered from north to south, and lettered from east to

west.The letter I was not used. These 144 one - metre

squares were known.as quadrats, and were described by

'Unit System

Quantification

alphanumerical code.i.e. AI, M12.

North-South and East-West grid.

Excavation was carried out using a unit system, whereby

recorded by theodolite readings at the boundaries of

it was referred to as Panel E (Trench A in 1977).

also structures' features and negative interfaces using a• < '.

to a third contrasting methodology in that the trench

excavated in 1977 ·cut through both of them•.This trench was

one metre wide by lOOm long,with non-continuous excavation':

excavations at the four, eight metre lines on both the

not only' conventional depositional layers are numbered but. .

Students participating in these two Areas were exposed also

Register. The same system covered both Areas I and I I so

that each unit number 'was unique to the total site.

Stratigraphic recording was aChieved by notional sections

t~ings, to quantitative analysis at a later·stage. All

finds were .retained for cleaning,counting. and weighing, and

all spoil was recorded by volume (in terms of standard

Considerable· care was taken to ensure that all aspects of

the exca'vation process would be susceptible, among other

susperrled near the sieves). This information was recorded

on Bucket Sheets together with the spoil-sample information

half-bucket) and also J;:>y weight (spring luggage balances

. -. sing'le running number series taken from the central Unit

IIIIIIII'IIIIIIIII,

III

1:----.----_.._===================:::::.::....:--.---~-__

IIIIIiIIIIIIIIIIIIIIl

Sampling

Various sampling procedures were used, both systematic and

selective. Soil samples were collected for all soil units

for subsequent analysis by the students in the laboratory:

significant or problematic layers were tagged with the

nature of the query for quick reference later.Gross samples

were also taken of all fill and debris layers to show

nature and proportions of both ·inclusions and ma:trix. In

addition every. tenth bucket of spoil was double si~ved

(half inch ·and .qua.rter inch meshes) and residues described

arid weighed.

Selective samples were taken of specific items such as

buildin9 materials, and unidentifiable ·substances.

·Soi1s Investigation

Work on other sites by Sydney University has shown the

importance of this aspect of historical sites. Two s·oil

pits were dug in an u·ndisturbed part of this site,. an<;1 the

natur~l profiie established. ~ll samples from the

excavation .were referred back to this profile.

•

ll_ _ _ __

).f

,

,j ~ '.

'. - ... - - -'. -

Satting Out Excavatfon Areas

During t~e 1985 season the Assistant Director had

responsibility for the recording of the work, so that

the director could devote his full attention to the

excavation as it progressed.

Once the initial setting out had been completed and

procedures fQr leveling, planning and section drawing

were in place the Assistant Director undertook the

photography. The ongoing site survey was conducted by

Dianne Churchill using a series of student assistants.

In line with the general aims of the Regentville

project many of the procedures adopted were innovative.

They were designed to contribute- to the development of

methodology, provide accurate record without delay to

excavation, and involve unskilled students in order to

develop their knowledge of recording techniques.

to set out the areas to be

on these area could proceed as

The first priority was

excavated so that work

qUickly as possible.

3.2 Recording Techniques

IIIII-I

III-I

,

IIII­III

1

III

I==================================================-

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Setting Out the 1977 Trench

An attempt was made to define the 1977 Archaeological

Trench )A' so that its relationship to the new

excavation areas would be clear from the start. The

method used in 1977 was copied.

1. An E-W line was sighted through the centre of the

main building using the NE peg of the 1977 Trench

as datum point.

2. A line was sighted from the datum point at a right

angle to the E-W line, to correspond with the E

side of the 1977 Trench. This line became the base

line for all survey work.

3. The 1m width of the trench was then offset on the

W side of the line.

4. The Trench as defined did not correspond exactly

to the area excavated in 1977, an error existed in

the replication of the original 'setting out

procedure. The areas actually excavated in 1977

were identified clearly when excavation began,

using the 1985 setting out as a gUide.

Setting Out Area I

1. Using NE peg of the 1977 Trench as datum point,

the points O.5m, 3.5m, 4.0m and 7.0m were measured

and pegged along the base line.

I

_.. ~ _ ,_Z"h

exc·avatiG>n area.

alignment.

the points 20m and 32m south were measured and

andeastwardspointstheseoff

notional sections. They were checked frequently

2m intervals set back 1m from the edge of the 12m

and corrected if they had been knocked out of

measured and pegged, defining the 12m square

line the points 6m eastwards and 7m westwards were

square. These pegs were used for all measurements

within the 12m square, including the definition of

pegged along the base line.

diagonals checked, and boundries strung.

perpendicular to the line the points O.5m, 3.5m,

4.0m and 7.0m south were measured and pegged.

4. Before excavation began in Area 11 a complete

topographic survey of the surface was undertaken.,~-...., ,-

Measurements were to the nearest 5mm on a 500mm

grid. the survey was drawn up at 100mm intervals.

3. Sighting from the base line, pegs were placed at

1. Using NE peg of the 1977 Trench as datum point,

2. Sighting off these points perpendicular to the

3. The four Panels, each 3m square, and separated by

O.5m baulks were the pegged out, the sides and

2. Sighting

Setting Out Area 11

. _ ...

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

1

III1-··

While site location and survey information did exist

(Wilson 1982) it was felt that previous information

should be checked and the basis for an ongoing system

established. The difficulty in duplicating the setting

out of the 1977 Trench underlined the validity of these

obJectives.

The aims of the survey program were to establish an

exact location for the site by reference to existing

survey points, to provide an accurate and detailed site

plan based on the same system of measurement as the

excavated areas, and to provide a permanent and

infinitely expandable reference system that would serve

as the basis for all future work on the site.

1. In order to establish a datum line for all future

work the N-S base line established during the

setting out of the excavation areas was projected

to the edges of the house site and permanent pegs

were installed under the fence lines. As a backup

the E-W line was also projected to outside the

site and pegs placed were they are unlikely to be

disturbed. Areas to be investigated or excavated

anywhere on the site can be located with reference

to this datum line.

- -

Surveying

IIIIIIII·IIIIIIIII

,

III

1,=========================--======

IIIIIIIII

,

I~

IIIIIII

,

IIIl--

2. All visible remains were then measured in with

reference to the datum line. In order to provide

for accurate and repeatable measurements the

boundries of ephemeral features such as ditches

were marked with small pegs. These were hammered

in to be flush with the ground surface and remain

for future reference.

3. The site was tied into the CMA Australian Map Grid

by sighting and measuring from the north end of

the datum line to SSM23282 located 31.7 metres

from Regentville TS3890 on bearing 170 degrees

magnetic.

Leveling

The aim of the leveling procedurei was to provide

reduced levels (real heights) for the information of

the excavators during the excavation, using a simple

and easily accessible system that could be used by

relatively untrained personnel.

As part of the recording process levels were taken on

each unit before excavation commenced, and on the units

remaining aft~r excavation. String lines used in

section drawi~g, and the tops of the drawn sections

were also leveled.

The system adopted was as follows:

1. The levels were derived directly from SSM23282.

The SSM was exposed and a sighting taken directly

onto the the site TBM. This was the eastern trunk

of a tree stump in the centre of the site marked

with a red 'X' and 'TBM'.

2. Each excavation area was assigned a separate dumpy

level and level book. At the beginning of each day

the survey team set up the levels and took

backsights onto the TBM booking the reading as the

first on a new dated page. Levels were then taken

as required by the excavators and the readings

were recorded in the level book following that

days backsight.

3. Levels taken on stratigraphic units were numbered

consecutively and the number recorded on the plan

of that unit, preceded by the letter 'L'. Each

series of levels on a unit was preceded by the

units Area, Panel and identification number. As

many spot levels were taken as was necessary to,

recorded the range of hights and any variations of

height on the units, therefore the more regular

the upper surface of the unit the fewer the levels

required to record it.

of· each day the readings for that day

to real heights above AHD using the

4. At the end

were reduced

,

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII11----- .

II

i I

IIIIIIIIIIIIII

,

IIII· _.

standard formula calculated from that days

backsight. The height was entered next to the

cor~esponding level reading in the level book in a

column provided for that purpose.

The leveling procedure can be continued indefinitely in

future seasons using the TBM without reference to the

SSM.

Planning

To ensure speed, consistency and accuracy all planning

of excavated areas was carried out using drawing grids.

The grids used were 1 square metre and 2 square metre

frames divided into 100mm divisions. Plans were drawn

onto permatrace film placed over 1mm grid paper •....~

All excavated units were planned. Plans were overlayed

so that outlines of previously drawn units could be

traced. The position of levels of units was recorded on

the plan of that unit, the levels are numbered

consecutively and preceded by the letter 'L'.

In order to save time during the excavation phase some

units of rubble were planned in outline only and

recorded by taking photographs through a drawing grid

from a vertical position.

f

Different planning systems were used in Areas I and II

because of the difference in approach to excavation:

The drawing of sections also reflected the different

excavation techniques used in Areas I and II:

1. In Area I all planning was at 1:10 scale. The

grids were placed by reference to one corner point

and the sting lines defining the edge of the

Panel.

onto permatrace film placed over

1. In Area I all section drawing was at 1:10 scale.

The sections were drawn by pegging horizontal

lines above the excavated section and measuring

down from the string using a plumb bob and tape.

The string lines and the tops of the drawn

sections were leveled using the dumpy level.

2. In Area II all planning was at 1:20 scale. The

grids were placed by reference to tape and sting

1iQes strung between the pegs placed at 2 metre

intervals around the excavation area.

Sections were drawn

1mm grid paper.

S·ection Drawing

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.

IIIk~=~~·~---- ...

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

\

IIII

2. In Area II all section drawing was at 1:20 scale.

Standing sections were not available for recording

exc~pt at the boundries of the excavated area, so

a notional section system was used. The notional,

sections were at the boundries of the area and at

the 4 and 8 metre lines running both Nand S

across the area.

The sections were drawn by recording the surfaces

of stratigraphic units using the dumpy level. As

excavation proceeded across the area details of

the unit being excavated were drawn and

photographed before removal to provide the

information for the final sections.

Photography

The "photographic record of the 1985 season is made up

of three components, the monochrome excavation record,

the colour excavation record and the general colour

record.

All stratigraphic units were photographed in monochrome

and colour transparency. They were not photographed

individually without context, but the whole excavation

area was photographed when one or more new

stratigraphic units were exposed.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

,

IIII

Artefacts of importance were photographed in situ and

artefacts given field conservation treatment were

photographed before and after treatment.

The three components of the photographic record are

described below:

1. The monochrome excavation record used Kodak Plus X

ISO 125 negative film. This forms the key

photographic record of the stratigraphy excavated.

2. The colour excavation record used Fujichrome ISO

100 colour reversal film. In most cases, for each

monochrome photograph three colour transparencies

were exposed to provide duplicate copies of the

colour excavation record without loss of quality.

The colour excavation record duplicates the

monochrome photographs.

3. The general colour record used Fujichrome ISO 100

colour reversal film. In most cases three colour

transparencies were exposed to provide· duplicate

copies of the general colour record. The general

colour record is an informal record of the

progress of the excavation season. In the general

colour record people, procedures and events are

recorded, not stratigraphy. the aim of these

photographs is to provide a source for images

which explain the progress of the project as well

as illustrate specific archaeological procedures.

I1I1II11I11II-III1III11----

3e3 The Excavation Record

Excavatio~ records comprise physical, graphic, pictorial

arid electronic material falling into the following categor-

ies:

Physical Material

The samples, cultural and organic finds other than non­

moveable features, structures and contexts which are

normally taken from the site for -extraction of further

information elsewhere Le. the primary- physical- material.

Written and Graphic Material

Notes, plans, and se9tions which contain the primary site

-- -information Le.primary written and graphic material

together with ~rimary information on artefacts whether

written or-graphic or electronic. Also lists and registers

related -to- both these categories of primary material.

Photographic Material

Photographic records comprise both black and-white, and

colour negatives and prints, as well as the lists of-

_ captions relating to these items.

- Electronic Material

Discs of entered data, as well as reports, tapes of inter­

views and video tapes of activity fall into this catego-ry.

The disparate nature of excavation records is apparent. It

presents problems of location and storage, of security, and

of conservation as well as of access. In the following

sections the Regentville excCj.vCj.tion record is described,

with information on its current location and condition.

The identification code for this material is RGV 85.

Cleaned and processed finds are boxed according to loCE.tion

and within each box bagged according to material, and sub­

bagged by bag, number.

The' key to the R~V 85 physical m'aterial is the Audi t

of Work in Progress, q.v.

,Physical Material

All 'finds and samples from the 1985 Regentville excavation

are at present stored in the Centre for Historical Archae­

ology laboratory at Sydney University.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

,

III11----

Consecutive numbered list filled out when Section

number is assigned by Supervisor.

Consecutive numbered list filled out when Unit number

is assigned by Supervisor.

The key written and graphic record material from the

1985 season can be grouped as follows:

All the administrative documents listed below are

stored in the Centre for Historical Archaeology

Laboratory at Sydney University. Duplicates have been

made and are held at the University of New England.

out when Plan number/

Unit Number Regist~r:

Consecutive numbered list filled. .

is assigned by Supervisor.

Administrative Documents

These registers and records provide a basic gUide to

the excavation records they list. They have been or

will be replaced by electronic material in the form of

computer d'a'tabases which will include more lnfor'mation,

a~d provide qUick, efficient sorting indexing and cross

referencing of the information.

Field Section Number Register:

Written and Graphic Material

Field Plan Number Register:

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

,

III

...!!:I=..======================================================- _

Monochrome Photographic Record:

Stratigraphic Record Sheets:

Colour Photographic Record~

Fill & Rubble Analysis Sheets

out for each stratigraphic unit.

descripti~n of the unit and

the plans, sections and

The sheets record 'quantitative data from each

stratigraphic unit excavated. Additional information is"

recorded. for fill and rubble units.

All the fill and iubble analysis sheets are stored in

the Centre for Historical Archaeology Laboratory at

Sydney University.

One sheet was filled

The she~t includes the

cross references to

photographs.

Th~ stratigraphic record sheets are stored in the

Centre for Historical' Archaeology Laboratory at Sydney'

University. Duplicates are held at the University of

New England.

List of exposure' numbers, direction, subject and date

of colour photographs.

List of exposure numbers, direction, subject and date

of monochrome photographs.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Field Plans

Plans were assigned Field Numbers from 1 to 28.

All t.he f:Leld sections are stored in the Centre for

- .~ -,..-__ or' _ •__ •

appear on a plan. Most

and some need to be

Most stratigraphic units should appear on a secti9n.

Many of.the sections are ·unfinished and some need to be" . .

Each stratigraphic unit should

of the plans· are unfinished

deta·iled from the photographs •

detailed from the photographs.

Historical Ar~haeology Laboratory at Sydney University.

Duplicates have been made.

Se9t·ions were assigned Field Numbers from 1 to 17.

All the field plans are stored in the Centre for

Historic~l .Archaeology Laboratory at Sydnei University .•

Duplica~es h~ve been made.

~- -- .._ .....__. ._. --- -- ..---._. .. - -r--'--

·F·ield Sect·ions

IIIIIiII

.,

IIIIIIIII

.,

III1-- _._.~ .. ~.

IIIIIIIIII.I1IIIIIIIII· ..

Photographic Material

The photographic record of the excavation consists of

both monochrome photographs taken on Kodak Plu~ X ISO

125 negative film and colour transparencies of

FUjichrome ISO 100 colour' reversal film. The colour

transpare'ncies duplicate the monochrome photographs.

In most cases, for each monochrome photograph three

colour transparencies were exposed so that there will

be three complete sets of the colour record. One will

be housed at the Centre for Historical Archaeology

Labor~torj at Sydney University and one at the

Univeisity ot New England. The third set will .be put

into'archival storage.

The final photographic record index will be in the form

of a computer .database.

Monochrome Photographs

The monochrome photographs are held at the University

of New England. A set of contact prints is held in' the

Centre fo~ Historical Archaeology Laboratory at Sydney

University.

Three rolls of monochrome photographs were taken. These

are identified on the photographic record, and their

sUbject· described.

• ~k _ • _ • • _'pO •• ~ • ._'~_'_ _ --,••• ...... •••_ •••• _

The colour transparencies are stored in the Centre for

Historical Archaeology Laboratory at Sydney University.

All stratigraphic units should appear in a photograph,

but units were not photographed individually, so

information from the stratigraphic record sheets and

plans will be used to complete the record.

All stratigraphic 'units should appear in a photograph,

but units were not photographed individually, so

information from the stratigraphic record sheets, plans

and monochrome photographs will be used to complete the

record.

Six rolls of colour photographs were taken. These are

identified on the photographic record, and their

subject described. The monochrome record forms the

'master', the colour record is less detailed and

duplicates the monochrome photographs.

f

•

Colour Transparencies

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII· ..- _-~._-_ -.~---_ __ __ __ _.". .--' ",

..' '- .

Artefact Analysis Database

Information generated and retrieved from this database

is in Appendices- 1 to 9.

Currently there are currently five MINARK databases for

the RGV Project:

records stored on

on electronic media

and analysis of

and is in the form of

This d~tabase [RGVFiNDS] is the main information

storage and_ manipulation tdol for the artefact analysis

program. It is fully described in Section 4.2.-

floppy diskettes.

Electronic Material

The -are no primary excavation

-electronic media. All information

relates to the interpretation

stratigraphic and artefact data

- - -

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII-I

1

IIIJ---

Audit of Progress Database

Stratigraphic Unit Database

.Field Plan Database

Informatfon generated and retrieved from this database

is in Appendix 12.

[RGVAUDIT] is used to record and monitor

of work on the analysis of excavated

replaces the written audit sheets used in

This database

the progress

material. It

the field.

This database [RGVUNITS] is the main information

storage and manipulation tool for the stratigraphic

analysis_ program. More detailed information about the

stratigraphy will be added to this database when the

stratigrqphic unit records become available.

Information generated and retrieved from this database

is- in Appendix 15.

Information generated and retrieved from this database

is in_ App~ndices 13 and 14.

-This database [RGVPLANS] is used to provide a sUbject

Citratigraphic unit) index to the field plans and

record basic information about them. It is stored on

the same diskette-as -the field section database.

IIIII-I

IIIIIIIIIIIIII

...!:I=--======================:::::::::::::::================ _

IIIIIII1I1111I1I'I1III -......

__ A ~. ~

Field Section Database

This database [RGVSECT] is used to provide a subject

(stratigraphic unit) index to the field sections and

record basic information about them. It is stored on

the same diskette as the field plan database.

Information generated and retrieved from this database

is in Appendix 16.

Photographic Record Database

This database [RGVPHOTO] is used to provide a subject

index to the photographic recor'd and to generate labels

for the photographs. More information about the

monochrome photographs and the stratigraphic units will

be added to this database when they become available.

_ ~, .• -·i.. ~ ........... __." •.__ ••"_..._-.--- .,~.__ ~ ••.• - __ ••• _.- ._.. ....- •.~.~_ .._ ••• .

IIIII-II1 ,

II,

IIIIIII"

III

,

L---,,--,---, -,,--, .

4. THE 1985-7 ARTEFACT ANALYSIS PROGRAMME

4.1 Aims and Methodology of Analysis Programme

'The major aim in analyzing the finds from an excavation is

first to detect any patterning that such material may

, eXhibit, and then to demonstrate that such patterning is

statistically valid and not accidental.

Patterning in this sense is often related to various

properties present among the finds that can be shown to

have relevance 'to questions of general historical' interes t

- "such as the date's at which consumer good's in isolated

parts of the Briti~h imperial system reflect successive

change,S in technology, marketing systems or hum'an' social

behaviour., , ,

Sometimes this patterning can be seen in the selection of

:consum~r goods at various sites ac"cording to their function

~ mining or farming equipment, domestic items, or

commercial goods such as bottles :erom a hotel or cOrdial

factory.

~ga'in it can be seen in the differential quality a'nd status

of consumer goods from one site to another, or 'even from

'one part of the same site to another.

Conyersely it may emerge in significant non-patternings of

artefact/locations at Regentville where post-occupatioonal

disturbance is a major factor. This area of enquiry has now

been built into the revised RGV research design, and the

Regentville artefact analysis programme is geared to the

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII,

IIII

demonstration of disturbance as well as occupance patterns ...-\

InvestigatiQn of site disturbance patterns at a sophisti-

cated level is valuable since they are so marked a

component of the Sydrley greater metropolitan archaeological

scene.

In es·sence, patterning is revealed by classifying artefacts

in terms of their function, status, fOrm and technological

sophistication, 'and loggi'ng each class against details

where i:t was found (spatial.distribution) and the stage in

the development of the site at which it occurs (temporal

distribution) •

At Regentville each artefact class is thus defined by a set, .

of variables based on function, status, form and

technology,' as' well as' by identifiers giving its provenance

·i.e. the excavation unit where it was found. Identifiers of

, provenctnce give spatial, temporal and other stratigraphic

infOrmation relevant to the circumstances of its original

deposition and 'subsequent archaeological history'.

The Arte;Eact Analysis Programme thus comprises first the

total process of 'the systematic sorting, listing and data­

~nt~y of all the finds from the excavatio'n in accordance

with a specit'ic s'et of 'identifiers and variables which

compositely' form the database; and' secondly the manipul-. ,

ation of that data by means of descriptive statistics and, . .

any other' statistical techniques to demonstra'te patterns

which, may already have been observed, a'nd to test for and

~/J

/

IIIIIII'1II-I1IIIIIIII1.--

-reveal others which may be less visible because of the

quantity of total finds.

In the following section the RGV database is described

first since all physical sorting data entry ; s keyed into

its variables

-- ~ .~--_. -_. _ _~._ ~~..~-~. ---_.- -~ --,.- - ,. -- '..""-,-- '-'.

The application of the' datahase to Regentville was, ,

facilitated by the work of the 1986 Historical Archaeology

class, and in particular Julie Byrnes.

The successful application of this database, the first slich

use 'of computers in Australian historical,archaeology,

makes obsolete traditio'nal forms of artefact inventory,

cataloguing ,and description.

The following section contains the most innovative aspects

'of the Regentville Artefact Analysis: the design of the

database' using the MINARK archaeological database system

'for computer-assisted analysis of the artefacts.

The database has been designed specifically for the

requirements of the Regentville analysis and is the -result

of many hours of discussion, development and evaluation by

the artefact analysis team. It is an application of the

database design outlined by Andrew Wilson for the Hyde

Park Barracks project also funded by National Estate Grant.

The Database for the Regentville A.A.P.4.2.

I1II1II,1IIIII1II1IIII

, The use of Computers

The computer based system represents a complete

departure from traditional cataloguing practice and its

limitations. The most important structural limitati~n

of traditional cat~logue~ is that they assign the

artefacts to discreet groups; so that an artefact made

'of two different materials has to be assigned to one or

other mutually exclusive category.

One of the major advantages of this computerised

database is that it avoids this problem completely.

Artefacts are not placed in discrete categories; they

This process of assigning, the artefacts into discrete

categories both complicates and limits the types of

analysis that can be carried out, because artefacts

catalogued in one category are excluded from other

categories that might be used to describe them.

A second major problem is that traditional artefact

categories are not logically consistent, so that

ar'tefacts'are assigned to groups that are defined by a, ,

, mixture of criteria including form, function, material

and decoration so that 'clay tobacco pipes' are a

separate category from 'ceramics', and metal buttons

may be ' assigne~ to either the 'metal' ~ategory or the

'buttons' category, which contains buttons made from

glass, je~i iVQry, bone, wood, ceramics, textile and

mix'ed media.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIiIII

1

III11----

are all entered on a single database as notional

entities and then the different variables are used to

describe their characteristics, such as archaeological

provenance, raw material, function, weight etc~

In the database that has been set up the two crucial

descriptive variables are material and function. All

artefacts will be described using these two variabTes.

To use the examples' referred to above, a clay tobacco

pipe would be described by the material variable as

'ceramic', and by the function variable as 'tobacco

pipe'. It would therefore be retrieved by searches of

the database asking for 'ceramics'; and by searches

asking 'for' 'tobacco pipes', whether they be of wood,

ebony or clay. Of course, a search asking' for both

'c:eramic t and 'tobacco pipe' would retrieve all clay

tobacco pipes'. Similarly buttons could be retrieved as

a functional group or in groups based on material (or

by any other characteristic used to describe them in

the, databa~e). Artefacts made of more than one material

can be described by all the materials and retrieved by

any of them.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

...!!:I======::::::::===::::.:::.:..::.-=-=..-_. -- ,-_._----.- -- ... _- _. -

The MINARK Database System

The MINARK Database System has five types of variables,

these are:

Status Variable: which' r~cord the options 'yes' or

'no', 'true' or 'false' etc.

Calendar Date Variable: which records dates, including

values for' day, month and year if necessary. This can

be used for sorting based on chronology.

........

In the design of ,the database which follows, the type

of each variable is specified. Variables are normally

ide~tified by a label of eight characters or less.

These labels are given for each variable.

Nominal Variables: which record one or mor~ of a series

of ,specified options. This is used where the

description can be reduced to a series of possible

options.

Numeric Variable: which records values as whole or

decimal numb'ers. The values can be used to calculate

totals, means, standard deviations, etc.

Text Variable: which records information in text form.

This is especially useful for detailed description, and

information that cannot be reduced to a series of

possible options. Stored texts can be searched for key

words or phrases.

" -__ • _. ~~_ • _,. __ • h __ •• _ • __ ... • •• _

IIIIIIIII,

IIIIIIIIIII1--·,

III ..IIIIIIIIIIIIII

1

IIII ..

The database described below is designed for the

artefacts recovered during the 1985 season, and will be

expanded to include any other material recovered. It

records all information common to every artefact

. including the key identification, description, location

and quantification data. In addition it also records

characteristics of some some types of artefacts that

are easily recognised, such as glass colour.

Completion. of the inputting of the basic data for each

artefact . represents the initial step in the

construction of the database. The database can then be

·used to . provide a complete, accurate and con~istent

inventory of .the artefacts organised in any desired

way.

When the database and inventory have been completed to

this stage they can be used for distribution and

quantitative analysis and to target and structure

future detailed research and description of different

artefact types.

Variables which record more specialised information,

usually based on research rather than observation (such

as·the name of transfer printed patterns on ceramics,

'~f the date of manUfacture) can then be added to the

system, and the analysis can be further refined.

.---'.'----'-'-"----"--''--'-"---'-'-'----'------_._----'-"'-----"--'----- .---_.._-=--========================----''-'--'-=----

Identifiers

The number is expressed as-an integer. When

written by hand and on artefact labels the

- nUmber is written within a circle.

The following variables will be used to record the

prime archaeological location and identification of

each artefact. Most searching and _sorting of the

da~aba~e will begin with these identifier variables.

individual

information

from the

[variable label: QUAD]

1

[variable label: A/NUM]

[variable label: UNIT]

identify

retrieve

artefact

identifying numbe~

to each artefact in

variable records - the grid

the one metre-square Area 11

This nominal

reference of

This is the sequential

automatically assigned

the database.

It can be used to

artefact bags an~ to

about an individual

- database.

3. Excavation Quadrat

2. Stratigraphic Unit

1. Database ID Number

--

IIII1I1111II-

II111II1

1".-

.. _.... - ...._--- ...

Key Description

This numerical variable records the numb'er of

the,'artefact bag in which the, artefact or

group of identical artefacts is stored.

The following variables will be used to record the

prime arcnaeological location and identification of

each artefact. Most ~earching and sorting of the

database will begin with these identifier variables.

wasartefact

[variable label: BAGNUM]

thewhich

The number is expressed as an integer. When

written by hand and on artefact labels the

number is written within a triangle. In field

notes this number may be described as the

~rtefact number or find number.

quadrat from

excavated.

The grid reference is expressed as an

alphanumeric code (for example A3, F10). Area

11 a twelve square metre area with the

alphabetical line, A to M, (omitting I for

clarity) running from east to west, and the

numerical line, 1 to 12, running from north

to sou'th.

4. Artetact Bag Number

_ . I.

IIIIIiIIIIIIIIIII

I

IIII.,.

This nominal variable records the material or

materials from which the artefact is made.

The material is selected from one of the

following options:

5.1 COARSE EARTHENWARE

Includes all unrefined red earthenware

with coarse inclusions such as bricks.

',5.4 COARSE STONEWAR'E

Includes all unrefined stoneware such as

those used for drain pipes •

grey/white

used for

[variable label: MATERIAL]

FINE EARTHENWARE

Includes all refined

earthenware such as those

transfer printed tablewares~

5.5 FINE STONEWARE

Includes all refined grey/white

stoneware such as those' used for stout

and gingerbeer bottles.

5.3

5.2 TERRA COTTA EARTHENWARE

,Includes all unrefined red earth'enware

without coarse inclusions such as garden

pots, and roof tiles.

.'

5. Material 'of Artefact

IIIIIIIIIIIIII'III

.,

IIII .... , .. -'.

5.9 KAOLIN

Includes kaolin based white pipe clays

without ball clay inclusions such as

those used for clay smoking pipes.,

5.8 ORIENTAL PORCELAIN

Includes all varieties of oriental

porcelain such as those used for chinese

armourial and export wares.

..... '. ..'

european

such as

grey/white

used for

of glass in this

glass. The colour

but most commonly

The most common type

analysis is bottle

range is varied

'olive'

PORCELAIN

Includes all varieties of

porcelain that are translucent

those used for tablewares.

5.10 GLASS

Includes·~ll glass.

5.7

5.6 VITREOUS STONEWARE

Includes all 'refined

stoneware such as those

transfer printed tablewares.

IIIIIIIII,I

IIIIIII,

IIII.~~ -----': ~============="=;;""""''''_'''AO_A __._:l....... or , ......~..,t'l'tI"'lAn~~t:.;:ii.f!I~:I;l·.....·~.·.··

Nails are the mostr common artefact made

of ferrous metal. The form of the nail

may be evident but precise shaping

indeterminable.

Rust may become very thick and obscure

the .form of the artefact. Often

successive layers of rust are attached

to the artefact.

5.12 COPPER

Includes all alloys of copper, such as

brass and bronze. Copper is a reddish

(orange/brown) metal which is fairly

malleqble, non-magnetic and has a

characteristic blue/green oxidisation •.

5~11 FERROUS METAL

Includes all ferrous metals (iron and

its alloys). Ferrous metal iusts when

exposed to moisture and air giving a

reddish colour. Ferrous metals are

magnetic to some extent depending on the

presence or absence of non-ferrous

p~ating and the degree of rust.

in the form of coins,

buckles,. sewing,

and other bUilding

It mat be found

nails; buttons,

implements, wire

materials.

~.: . ..-: .._-- :"- .

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

,

IIII

types of "rag and wood pUlp

as cardboard, wallpaper,

IIII1iI"1III1II1I1III1--

5.13 LEAD

Lead is a very heavy soft metal whitish­

grey in colour, non-magnetic and easily

melted.

Lead is often found in the form of

molten lumps so that its function cannot

be "dete"rmined.

5.14 ALUMINIUM

White (silver/grey) metal which is

extremely light, malleable, non­

magnetic, and resistant to oxidation. "

Often found in very thin pieces and in

the form of containers or bottle cap

covers. Aluminium is not common before

the middle of the C20th.

S .15 PAPER

Includes all

products such

and newspap"er.

5.16 LEATHER

Includes all types of artefacts made

from animal skin.

5.17 SHELL

Includes all types of animal shell whole

or fragmented worked or unworked.

II

1\1

IIiIIIIIIIIIII,

IIII

Shell is often found in the form of

small burnt fragments. Burnt shell is

white and chalk like in appearance and

can have a blue/grey core.

5.18 IVORY

Includes fine worked bone, vegetable

ivory and all forms of true ivory.

Ivory is most commonly found in the form

of buttons, combs and similar small

items.

5.19 BONE

Friquently has a hon~ycombed texture

inside. It may be "worked" (e.g buttons)

To distinguish "worked" bone from

synthetic materials the surface of the

piece should be· examined with a

magnifying glass - bone will have a

distinctive circular grain

Bone may be "butchered" and would show

evidence of butchery such as a clean cut

. end or 'incised marks.' Bone may also be

burnt' when it becomes white with

sometimes a grey interior.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

,

IIII

5.20 WOOD

Most often buried wood appears black and

crumbly and may show signs of a wood

grain.

5.21 SEED

Includes fruit stones and nut shells.

5.22 MARBLE

Includes all types of marble.

5.23 SLAG

Unidentifiable lumps of molten material.

.5.24 PLASTER

Includes and piece of plaster or plaster

and mortar which includes the 'set' or

finishing coat. This normally has a flat

surface and is whiter in colour than

mortar. The plaster surface .may be

painted or coloured.

5.25 ·MORTAR

Includes all pieces of mortar without an

attached skin of plaster. May be coarse

to powdery in texture and of v·arying

thickness. Usually contains inclusions

such as shell fragments. Can .be

scratched or broken with the fingernail.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

1

II11--

5.26 FLINT

Includes all forms of flint. It is a

hard shiny stone and usually found in a

manufactured form, most commonly a gun

flint.

5.27 SLATE

Includes all metamorphic forms of shale.

It is a grey/purple stone with a strong

parallel grain and is usually found as a

thin sheet.

5.28 COAL

·Not charcoal. Hard black shiny substance

. used . for: domestic· heating. and

manufacturing. It is hard and does not

crumble. It should retain ·its

characteristic smell.

5.29 SYNTHETIC

Includes all forms of synthetic material

- e.g plastic, bakelite, linoleum.

5.30 FI.BRE

Includes all artefacts made from fibres.

The function group is selected from one of

the following options:

6.3 OTHER CULTURAL

Not household equipment. Miscellaneous.

This nominal variable records the broad

function group of the artefact, if known.

6.1 UNIDENTIFIABLE (UN-IDABLE)

To be used where the function of the

artefact cannot be determined.

educational

pen nibs,

[variable label: FUNCTION]

6.5 'CLERICAL/EDUCATION

Relating to clerical or

'activities. e.g. inkwells,

slate boards, slate pencils.

6.4 AGRICULTURAL/PASTORAL (AG/PAST)

Relating to agricultural and/or pastoral

activity. e.g.plough parts

"6.2 UNIDENTIFIED (UN-IDFIED)

To be used where the function of the

artefact' cannot be determined

immediately, but may b~ identifie~ in an

altern~tive analysis and/or by an expert

in the,appropriate area.

6. Function of Artefact

IIIIIIIII1'0IIIIIIIIloo

IL..

Of necessity i~ category will include

many artefacts that were used for food

but show no evidence of it.

6.9 TABLEWARE

Items used for food and drink when'

serving, eating and drinking.

6.7 CRAFT/TRADE

Tools or equipment used in any craft or

trade, e.g. blacksmithing equipment,

mining equipment.

6.6 PERSONAL

Direct association with the body. e.g.

clothing, personal adornments (e.g. hair

clips, brooches), beads, buttons.

e.g. fruit

non-building

food.

bone,

FOOD

Remains of consumed

stones, butchered

'material shell.

6.8 ' ORGANIC NON-FOOD (ORG NON-FOOD)

Organic remains (especially'bone) which

show no clear evidence of use as food.

e.g. bones without butchering marks, rat

bones.

6.2

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

This will include all household material

not . .assigned to tableware or

kitchenware.

6.11 HOUSEHOLD

Decorative and utilitarian items found

throughout the house. e.g. lamps, vases.

The majority of tableware items will

most probably be fine earthenware and

vitreous stoneware. Decorated glass

bottles ( such as vinegar and salad oil)

intended for table use are included.

6.10 KITCHENWARE

Items used in the preparation and/or

storage of food and/or drink.

Kitchenware will include most glass and

ceramic bottles.

bricks

mortar,

roofing

It is taken here to include

(including glazed bricks),

shell, tiles, shingles, sheet

iron, nails and plaster.

6.12 ARCHITECTURAL/STRUCTURAL (A/STRUCT)

Building material which forms a core

part of a bUilding the removal of any

part of which would constitute a major.

interruption to habitation

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

...!:I====-:==:============:::::::=====_~====_ .

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1--..

6.13 ARCHITECTURAL/NON-STRUCTURAL

(A/NON-STRUCT)

BUilding material which qoes not form a

core part of a building. Items will

often be decorative or commonly

replaced. Examples are window glass,

decorative brass, window hinges, keys

and wire.

6.14 TRANSPORT

Items relating to transportation of

people and produce e.g carriage, car and

lorry par·ts.

6.15 PHARMACEUTICAL (PHARMACEUT)

Items regarded as useful in maintaining

health and treating illness e.g medicine

and elixir bottles.

Quantification Variables

In order to quantify artefacts of different types,

different quantitative measures have to be used to make

v~lid comparisons between groups of artefacts and areas·

of deposition.

A number . of different variables are used to record

information related to the quantification of artefacts.

-~... -_.... ~_:-- -~-_:.." -~-'-"":.-:.;."-'-'-'.:.....::;...::::;_._-;;;;;.-;...;.-;;...-.;.---

This numerical variable records the number of

items in each artefact bag.

This numerical variable is used to record the

weight of the artefacts in a bag in grams.

This numerical variable is used to record the

weight of artefacts in grams.

Because of variations in size and fabric, total number

counts are not an a~equate means of quantifying

artefacts such as ceramics, glass and metal. These

artefact~ are also weighed.

= 20.0 gm

- 10

= 20 v 10

- 2.0 gm

[variable label: A/WGHT]

[variable label: A/AVWGHT]

[variable label: NUMITMS]

weight of Artefact Bag

number.of items in Bag

average item weight

This figure' is an item size indicator

expressed in. terms of weight. It is

calculated automatically by the program by

dividing the total weight of the items in an

artefact bag by the number of items in that

bag, so that:.

8. Weight of the Artefact

9. Average Weight

7. Number of items

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIiII.

1- --

Insoription Variable

Descriptive Variables

The following variable records inscriptions, if any, on

the artefact.

When describing artefacts the appropriate variable of

those listed below is used.

complete

on the

'used in' the

[variable name: A/INSCPN]

records a

inscriptions

indicates unreadable character

indicates incomplete word

indicates change of line

••

?

/

The following symbols are

transcriptions:

This text variable

transcription of all

artefact.

10. Inscription

In order to describe artefacts of different types,, '

different sets of descriptive terms have to be used to

provid~ adequate information about different groups of

'artefacts.

IIIIIIIIIIIII~

IIIIIII'I

This nominal ' variable records the decoratio~

(surface appearance) of ceramic artefacts.

This text string variable is used to record

any pertinent information about the artefact

not covered by the other descriptive

variables. This information is used to

identify qUickly artefacts that are unusual

or of potential importance.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

11. Note

12. Vessel Function

12.1 UN-IDABLE

12.2 UN-IDFIED

12'.3 SERVING

12.4 LARGE BOWL

12.5 SMALL BOWL

12.6 GRAVY BOAT

12.7 TUREEN

12.8 TUREEN LID

12.9 PLATTER

12.10 BUTTER

12.11 TEAPOT

[variable label: NOTE]

[variable'label: F/VESSEL]

12.12 JUG

12.29 JUG

12.23 CUP

12.13 JUG

12.30 CROCK

12.27 STEMMED GLASS

12.28 UTILITARIAN-KITCHEN

12.26 TUMBLER

12.24 SAUCER

12~25 MUG

12.22 DRINK CONTAINER

12.21 BREAKFAST PLATE

12.20 BUTTER PAT

12.19 SMALL BOWL

12.18 MEDIUM BOWL

12.15 EATING

12.16 PLATE

12.14 COVERED VEG DISH

\ 12.17 SALAD/BUTTER PLATE

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1.- --.-- -.- ----.------ __ .

12.49 SMOKING PIPE

12.48 INKWELL

12.47 PRESERVING JAR

12.46 SOAP DISH

12.45 ASHTRAY

12.44 SPITTOON

12.43 PITCHER

12.42 WASHBOWL

12.41 CHAMBER POT

12.40 FLOWER POT

12.39 UTILITARIAN-HOUSE

12.38 SMALL DISH

12.37 COVERED JAR

12.36 DECORATIVE PLATE

12.35 VASE

12.34 DECORATIVE

12.33 BREAD PAN

1~.32 MIXING BOWL

12.31 BOTTLE

,

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

"

I,

I.IJ==.... =============================-- ------

This nominal variable records the decoration. ---..;

(surface appearance) of ceramic artefacts.

IIIIIiIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

13. Architectural Function

13.1 UN-IDABLE

13.~ UN-IDFIED

13.3- NAIL

,13.4 KEY

13.5 SCREW

13.6 SPIKE

13.7 WASHER

13.8 fiINGE

13.9 DOOR LOCK

13.10 WIRE

13.11 ROOF IRON

13.12 BOLT

13.13 WINDOW

[variable label: F/ARCHIT]

JI

The decoration is recorded by choosing one of

the following options:

14.1 UNADORNED WHITE

Plain, white, smooth, unadorned.

This nominal variable records the decoration

(surface appearance) of ceramic artefacts.

14.3 WHITE/WHITE EMBOSSED

White embossing on plain white.

[variable name: CERAMDEC]

14.5 AMETHYST TPW

Transfer printed ware with the design in

amethyst.

14.4 BLUE TPW

Transfer printed ware with the design in

blue This type of ceramic decoration is

'most common.

14.2 UNADORNED WHITE GILD

Gold is added as a band or design.

14.6 BROWN TPW

Transfer printed ware with the design in

brown.

14. Ceramic Decoration

IIIII'IIIIIIIIIIII~

I,IIIn,

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIL __._ _..

14.7 DARK GREY TPW

Not black. Transfer printed ware with

the design in dark grey.

14.8 BLACK TPW

Not dark grey. Transfer printed ware

with the design in black.

14.9 GREY-BLUE TPW

Not blue. Transfer printed ware with the

design in grey-blue.

14.10 PINK AND BROWN TPW.

Transfer printed ware printed in two

colours of pink and brown.

14.11 GREEN TPW

Includes all transfe~ printed ware with

the design printed in green.

14.12 HAND PAINTED

Not transfer printed ware.' Design is

handpainted.

14.13 HAND PAINTED TRANSFER PRINTED WARE.

Transfer printed ware that has part of

the design filled with handpainting in

one or more colours.

/ ,-. .)

'-'

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII·1II

14.14 H/PAINT+GILT

Design is handpainted and has gilding

ad.ded.

14.15 HANDPAINTED TPW

Transfer printed ware that has part of

the design filled with handpainting in

one or more colours.

14.16 H/PNT+GILT+EM~OS TPW

Transfer printed ware that has part of

the design filled with handpainting in

one or more colours to which gold has

been added.

14.17 H/PAINT+GILT+EMBOSS.

Embossing in addition to handpainting

and gilding.

14.18 COLOURED EMBOSSING

Embossing is not white but coloured.

14.19 BANDED

Colour either monochrome or polychrome

is applied around rim or body.

14.20 SWIRLED

Colour has been applied in a swirled

design in monochrome or polychrome.

..... ;/

, /'[ .

- .-

" .."""

......J

/::"1:·

One colour inside, another outside.

14.21 SWIRLED AND BANDED

Rim is banded and body swirled.

14.27 CELADON

Specifically celadon blue/green.

Combination of incised decqration plus

banding.

in part by incising

or left with the

Some form of glazing is apparent but its

precise nature is indeterminable due to

size and surface condition of the item

e.g. glazed pieces of brick or tile.

Design made all or

It may be coloured

overall body glaze.

14.28 GLAZED

14.26 TWO TONE

14.25 MARBLED

Not swirled. Colour is grey toned and

attempts to simulate marble.

14.24 FLOW BLUE

Blue transfer print that has a fuzzy,

smudged appearance.

14.23 INCISED+BANDED

14.22 INCISED

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

~I~'~_~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c~~~~~~t'~~~W~~"~'~~:~~'~~~.~.. ~-.~:~~~~.=~~~~~ ...~~... ", ....~~ .

This nominal variable records the colour of

glass artefacts by comparison with the

laboratory reference collection.

14.30 UNGLAZED

No applied glaze. Colour results from

the colour of the fired clay only.

15.1 UNIDENTIFIABLE

Glass has been burned or maybe opalised

beyond recognition.

15.2 UNIDENTIFIED

May need alternative analysis and/or an

expert to identify e.g purple glass

versus solarized clear glass which has

become mauve.

[variable name: GLASSCOL]

14.29 SOLID POLYCHROME

No pattern. Not banded. Glaze in two or

more colours e.g: upper part of vessel

in one colour and lower part of vessel

in another

15. Glass Colour

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

•

IIII ....

15.5 GREEN TINT

Ostensibly clear glass containing

impurities. Includes aqua. See'

laboratory reference specimen~.

15.4 OLIVE GREEN

Includes the range from light to dark

,.olive. Compare with laboratory reference

specimens over· light box. Olive glass

. commonly contains ferrous oxide.

Commonly used for beers and wines.

15.3 CLEAR

Completely colourless. Requires silica

almost free of iron a flux and a

stabiliser without noticeable

impurities. Manganese was used as a

decolourizer c1890-1916 and gives a

purplish tint on prolonged exposure to

ultraviolet light. Post 1916 selenium

became the most common decolourizer.

IIIIIIIII

,

IIII

.,

III

"

IIIII.

15.6 EMERALD GREEN

Not olive or green

and contains copper

wine bottles.

tint. Bright

oxide.e.g.

green

moder'n

15.11 RED

Includes maroon. Includes red glass made

with gold and red glass made with copper

oxide and reheated selenium.

15.7 BROWN

Includes dark to light brown and amber.

Brown glass contains carbon e.g beer

bottles.

15.8 WHITE

Opaque white or J'milk" glass. Contains

tin or zinc oxide e.g tablewares,

lighting devices, lid liners of Mason

jars.

15.9 BLUE

Bright cobalt blue used late 18th and

early 19th century for tableware such as

salt dishes and decanters, medicine and

cosmetic containers.

reference

laboratorySee

laboratorySee

•

15.12 PINK

Not red.

specimen.

15.10 TURQUOISE

Bright turquoise.

reference specimen.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIL-...

This nominal variable records the animal from

which the bone came, if known.

are

and

Contains

oxide or

amber.

silver

[variable name: BONEJAML]

UNIDENTIFIED

UNIDENTIFIABLE

16.2

16.1

15.17 MULTICOLOURED

Where more than two colours

discernible in the one piece.

15.16 BLACK

Not dark olive or dark amber. Includes

only truly black glass. High in iron,

manganese, carbon and sometimes cobalt.

15.15 PURPLE

Not cobalt blue. Includes mauve

lavender. Contains nickel oxide.

15.14 PALE YELLOW/PINK

Not distinctly yellow. Solarized glass

cleared with selenium. Included here for

dating purposes.

15.13 YELLOW

Does not include

chromium, sulphur,

charred horn.

16. Animal Source

IIIIIIII

,

IIIIIIIIIII1I, _.

This nominal variable records the type of

bone, if known.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

•

16.3 COW

16.4 PIG

16.5 SHEEP

16.6 CAT

16.7 FISH

16.8 WALLABY

16.9 . BIRD

16.10 POSSUM

17. Bone Type

17.1 UNIDENTIFIABLE

17.2 UNIDENTIFIED

17.3 CARPAL

17.4 TARSAL

17.5 CARPAL/TARSAL

17.6 VERTABRA

17.7 MANDIBLE

17.8 FEMUR

[variable name: BONE/TYP]

.'

modification made to the bone, if any.

This nominal variable records the type of

18.6 BURNT

/,' () (I.. -/'- \

18.7 BURNT & GNAWED ,I

. -Ir Cl

18'.8./"/ U' I

BURNT & BUTCHERED •

t ..- {~

18.9 GNAWED & BUTCHERED,

'1 ' (/1 If I· ,,/18.10 BURNT/GNAWED/BUTCHERED ,/' .

IIIIIIIIIII

.1,

!

!I

IIIIIII1--..._.....

.. n10.

17.9 ULNA

17.10 FIBULA

17.11 TOOTH

Bone Type

18.1 UNIDENTIFIABLE

18.2 UNIDENTIFIED

18.3 NIL

18.4 GNAWED

18.5 BUTCHERED

18.11 CALCINATED

[variable name: BONE/MOD]

11. [NOTE] Notes on the Artefact Text

10. [INSCRIP] Inscription on the Artefact Text

8.. [A/WGHT] Weight of the Artefacts Numerical

9. [AV WGHT] Average weight of items Numerical

Numerical

Numerical

Nominal

Nominal

Nominal

Numerical

Numerical

Nominal

Artefact Bag Number

Stratigraphic Unit

Function of the Artefact

Database ID Number

[BAGNUM]

[MATERIAL] Material of the Artefact

[A/NUM]

[UNIT]

[QUAD]

[FUNCTION] Function of the Artefact

[H ITEMS ] Number of items in bag

1 •

LIST OF VARIABLES

The following is a quick reference list of the

variables used in the database. The variable labels are

listed alphabetically with the type of each variable

and its number in the database structure outlined

above:

12. [F/VESSEL] Vessel Function

2.

4.

3.

5.

6.

7.

,

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII~·---

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.

,

13. [F/ARCHIT] Architectural Function

14. [CERAMDEC] Ceramic Decoration

15. [GLASSCOL] Glass Colour

16. [BONE/AML] Animal Source of Bone

17. [BONE/TYP] Type of Bone

18. [BONE/MOD] Bone Modification

Nominal

Nominal

Nominal

Nominal

Nominal

Nominal

~--- ----~~ ------------------------------------------

"rec"ord and the Field Finds Audit.

4.3 Schedule of Work Stages.

be relevant to most historical sites in Australia.

on which excavation may continue for several days.

. .., ._'''~.'''''''''''.''_'N.

the work in the allotted time. No material can be bagged if

finds, and practical requirements in terms of completing

.both maximum concern for the long-term conservation of the

Shed, and methods should be used which "are consistent with

be allowed so that this w0rk keeps pace with excavation.The

Field Finds" Audit ensures that any anomalies can be easily

" ""

Quad/Unit Tray is completed in the field. Resources should

,STAGE 2:CLEANING AND DRYING

Wa"sh".i.ng, "dry-cleaning "and "drying of each Uni"t Tray or

The Field Finds Audit allows control over large Quad/Units

When an excavation Unit or Quad/Unit is completed the Unit

Tray is closed and marked off on bOoth the Site SUperviser's

Field Finds Audit.

Their arrival and subsequent progress is entered on the

STAGE 1:RECOVERY

Finds from each Unit (or Quadrat/Unit) are put into Unit

Trays and taken tOo the Finds Shed at the end "of each day.

" " "

"found and corrected. Cleaning is" carried out at the Finds" "

stages. With minor adaptation this outline can be seen to

Following is an outline of the procedures whereby the

artefacts from the 1985 excavation at Regentville are

"currently being processed. It is set out in a number of

",

IIIIIiII1IIII"

I"IIIIII1--' ~~.:_, _~.._.;::w.·.;:_.,.•..:;;.~-..:.,:;_.-~~ ·Ta:7.._;;_~-':,:;;a~.;...;r J_. .. ..

IIIIIIIIIII-

IIIIII

"

III1-.-

_damp: in normal circumslances this suggests that slow­

drying materials should be dry rather than wet-cleaned.

STAGE 3: INITIAL PROCESSIOO

Initial Processing comprises Sorting, Bagging and Inventory

of each Unit or Quad/Unit Tray, and is carried out on

clean, dry material. Detailed instructions listing the key

words _for Material and primary Function must be available-

-to ensure consistency among non-specialized labour.

A new Finds lnventory sheet is used for each Quad/uiut, and

the Provenance (Quad/Unit number and grid reference)

entered on the to~ line. Date and workers' initials are

entered at the bottom.

Finds in the Tray are first sorted into groups by material,. . . .

using the Ma:te-rial Category list of key words attached.- -

This keyword will eventually be entered into the column

headed Mate-rial when sorting is complete.

Each material group is then further sorted- into sets on the

basis of appearance, form, style of decoration and obvious

sub-function until no s-et contains any visibly different

items. A set may comprise a single item or a large number.

The number of items in- it is entered into the -column headed_

Number- of Items.Each set is then assigned to o~e of the

Fu~ction c~tegories set out with their associated

definitions. This is the only interpretive aspect of the

artefact inventory but the inte:r:pretation is constricted by

the application of the standardised function categories.

A word or ,words describing the basis for this level of

sorting should go into the column headed Notes. For example

the Material, Glass may subdivide into such obvious sets as

flat (meaning window glass), dark green, blue, very thin'

curved (or lamp), patterned etc. and these descriptive

words are entered as N'otes in justification of the sort.

Iron may subdivide into 'short nails, long nails, unidenti­

'fiable lumps; china into blue printed, green printed,

translucent'. At this' stage the Notes are descriptive rather

than technical.

IIII,

IiIIIIIIIIIII

1

III11---

Each set is then bagged as a separate bag together with a', ,

label which copies the Provenance identification from 'the

ori,gina1 Tray label plus a new ,serial Bag Number written in'

a' triangle. This Bag Number ,is entered on the Inventory

Sheet for each bag, and should as far as possible follow

the order of Materials as given on the Materials List.

Another step in tJ;1e Inventory process at this, stage is to

transcribe any ipscriptions', trade or manufa'cturing marks

on any' item in the column headed Inscriptions. Weighing

should also be carried out as part of Stage 3.

The final step in Stage 3 is to group the numbered Bags

into larger bags. ,These larger bags are then box'ed:

together by Quad/Unit: at a later stage they will need to

be separated for specialist study.

It is obvious that meticulous attention to careful and

accurate labelling of all Bags is essential.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

~

IIII

,

STAGE 4: SPECIALIST PROCESSlm

Stage 3 "completes the work that can be carried out by non­

specialist personnel. Thereafter the need for both

technical expertise and for consistency normally requires

specialisation in particular fields.

Specialist research varies in each category of finds, but

is essentially directed towards" first the observation and

then the research and documentation of all features of

technologic~l and social interest in the physical data.

This requires at least a three-pronged approach: first,

visual inspection at all appropriate levels of the physical

data; secondly reference to relevant comparative resea"rch

"literatur"e (especially Parks can9-da, the United States and

Britain); thirdly," to comparative physical reference

collections.

" "

A resource base for this work is now being developed at

Sydney University' s Centre for His torical Archaeology.

Results of specialist processing are likely to emerge in

three catego-ries.

First, the historical, chronological or cultural

significance"of features already detected in the physical

data, and already defined as appropriate for quantitative

analysis can now begin to be assessed.

Secondly the re-examination "of physical da"ta with special­

ist exp~rtise will identify new diagnostic features of

technological, chronological, economic and social relevance.

IIIIIIII

,

IIIIIIIIIIII~

Third.lY, rare or unique ,features visible on the physical

evidence may emerge' for historical or cultural reasons as

having 'significance or social interest unrelated to the

frequency of their occurrence.

Stage 4 is a stage which combines on the one hand continued

'pursuit of the re'search questions in the primary research

de'sign, ,including subsequent revision, with a dimension of

'open-~nded research and feed-back. In this way' it explores

the information potential of the physical data actually

recovered in a format which while being directed towards, '

existing research objectives is at pa'ins not to exclude new

questions ",:-hat may be generated by unforeseen aspects of

the data. It is an essential preliminary' to Stage 5.

III11iI'I,

,0

I,

II'I'1III,I,

II

,

II

STAGE 5:ASSESSMENT AND REVISION

Stage 5 is a stage of review and re=assessment of the

original researCh design in the light of two specific new

areas' of information.

These are, first, the information collected in Stage 4 in

reference to the finds: and ,secondly, the spatia~ and

stratigraphic information collected from the site. In

addition' any new historical or oral data should also be

,included in the assessment.

In Stage 5 each of these areas reviewed indepemently, am

then in relation to each other. The objective is first the

refining, 'revision or redrafting of significant and precise

research ,questions for' whi,.ch potential answers can now be

seen to be indicated with the data, and secondly the

designing of' an analytical strategy 'which will demons'trate

these answers with maximum Clarity am efficiency.

The result' of Stage 5 is:

1. A rewrit~en Resear'ch Design setting out revised or

additional r~search aims,

2. A detailed proposal of Strategy for the Analysis of the

Data.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

,

STAGE 6:ANALYSIS

Stage 6,has three phases:

1. Identification and definition of variables

2. Data entry.

3. Manipulation of data.

The 'results of 6~1 are documented in 4.2 of this Report.

The Project is currently working on stage 6.2 and this will

form the major part of the Final- Report.

Some examples of data manipulation are included in this

Report as Appendices 2 - 9.

ST~GE 7:SYNTHESIS

This stage will be discussed and exemplified in the Final

Report

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII,

IIII

4~4 Audit and Inventory

A useful device' in the A.A.P has been an Audit programme,

up-dated as 'required, which shows the current state of work

on all units, together with any other required information.

This dimension of control over the programnme itself is an

indispensable aid to the efficient progress of work on a

large site which has generated a lot of material.

-,

The format and content of this Audit programme as of

January 1987 is set out in Appe'ndix 12;

Appendix 12: Audit Database ·Printout

Appen~ix 10: Material Reference Sheet

App~ndix 11: Function Reference Sheet

Appendix 8: Weighted Frequency Tables

- --------------------'

List

Appendix 15: Field Plan Register

Appendix 14: Unit Register by Panel

Appendix 16: Field Section Register

Appendix 13: Unit Register

Appendix 9: Weighted Distribution Table

Appendix 6: Function Groups of Artefacts·

Appendix 7: Frequency Cross-tabulation

Appendix 5: Materials of Artefacts

Appendix 4: Bone Artefacts List

Appendix 3: BUilding Material List

Appendix 1: Artefact Inventory

Appendix 2: Tableware, Kitchenware & Household

APPENDICES:

IIIIIII1~

IIIIII1I·Ii

•

1I

,

11---------------- --=-------------------

III,I,

III, '

IIII1IIII'II,

III

~pendix 5: Materials of Artefacts

This Appendix is a frequency table and histogram of the

materials ~f the artefacts. The materials are listed,

then the percentage of the total and the number of bags

of the material is given. The number of bags is then

given as an histogram.,,

III

FREQUENCY TABLE: for' ~TER1AL .:: Material(s) of Artefact

*********************'***************************************************************************~~********************x~*:

***********************************************************************:

,******

:10so40302010

**

*********************

***

********

****************************************.*

o

******

**********************

**

***************************************~~***********************

**************************"'*******

*

****************************************************************~*******,, ,

Frequency

Missing 0.07-' 0l.kl-idable 0.47- 2l.kl-idfied 0.2'Y. 1

F.E.W.' : 18.0'Y. 101,C.E.W. 2.5% 14V.S.W. l. 2"1. 7Kaolin 1. 67. 9

Porcelain 3.6'Y. 20Glass 21.47- 120

Ferr'ous 13.77- 77,

Copper 0.97- S

Lead 0.57. 3Aluminium 0.4%' 2

Paper 0.07- 0Leather 0.07. 0

Shell": 6. 17- 34

Ivory 0.07- . 0Bone 11. 4'Y. 64

Dentine 0.0% 0'

Wood 3.9% 22

Seed O.O'Y. 0~rble O.O'Y. 0

Slag 1.1'Y. 6Stone O.O'Y. 0

Plaster': 5.2% :29

Mor~r 2.1% 12Flint 0.0% 0,

Coal 0.4'Y. 2Synthetic O.O'Y. 0

,Fibre 0.0% 0Chert 0.57. 3

Quartzite 0.27. 15andstone' : 0.9'Y. 5

Other stone 2.77. '15

FSW 1. 17- 6Terra C.-E. 0.0% 0

Slate 0.2'Y. 1

Total: 561

******************************************************

I

I

II

I

I

I

I

II

I

II

I ••

IIII

!Qpendix 6: Function Groups of Artefacts

Both these printouts show how the database can

, instantly produce useful statistics. Information of

this type would take hours to produce manually and

w'ould .be prone to errors

This Appendix is a frequency table and histogram of the

fun'ctions of the artefacts. The broad function groups

are list~d, then the percentage of the total and the

number of bags is given. The number of bags is then

given as an histogram.

I,

II

~

II,I~

IIi

...,

II

,"

IIIIIIIIII " ",e.. e > • ~-'-_"",., ._, ._-_._---_..__...

,

)

II

FREQUENCY TABLE for FUNCTION =Br'oad Function Group of Artefact

***************************************************************

II Frequency o . 10 40 so 60 10

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

**********************~*********************************************~~*

***************************************

*****

******

******************************************************~*~************~

**************************************~~*************************~***

***********************************~~~~******

****************************************~~~**~~*************~~*******

*************************************

~I---~__------------

III

­IIIII,IIII:~

IIII"IIII

I

!Qpendix 7: Frequency Cross-tabulation

This Appendix is a frequency cross-tabulation of the

'information presented in Appendices, 5 and 6, with the. ,

,material information running down the page and the

function information running across.

The cross-tabulation is one of the most useful ways of

comparing two classes of information within the

database to demonstrate relationships between them.

I

IIIIIIII

•

I-.

I,'

I.

IIIIII'IIII

£Qpendfx 8: Weighted Frequency Tables

This AppendiX is a frequency table for the material and

function cate~ories weighted by the number of artefacts

in the ~ags. These tables give an exact count of the

number of each type of artefact, and express that

number, as, a perce'ntage of the total.

When applied to, individual stratigraphic units such a

table would prov~de an instant profile ~f the'artefacts

, it 'contalned, 'and allow direct comparison with other

units in terms of both quantity and proportion.

--------------------------------------~ ----

Un-idableF,E~W.

Fr'eque.ncy ~able ·for':Weighted by: ~ITE~S

Fn:?quency. :table fo·r:Weighted by: £ITEMS

e·· .0.1% Un-idfied 2 0.0%707 ~1.9% C.E.W .. 29 a.5'%...13· 0.2% Kaolin 24 0.4%

52 0.9% Glass 991 16.7%.567 9.5% Copper' 5 0.1'%.

4 .0.1% Aluminium :2 O.O'%.0 0,0% Leather' 0 o.o'%.

545 9.2% Ivory 0 0,0%1410 23.7% Dentine 0 O,O'X,

235 4 ..0% Seed 0 ·0.0%0 O.O'%. Slag 6 O.l'%.0 O.O'%. Plaster 1071 18.0%

120 2.0% Flint 0 0.0%:2 0.0% ·Synthetic 0 0.0%0 0.0% Cher·t 3 0.1%:2 0.0% Sandstone 8 0.1%

113 1.9% FSW 29 0.5%0 0.0% .Slate 1 O.O'%.

475 8,O'%. Un-idfied 229 3,9'%.27 . 0.5'%. A9/past. 0 o.o'%.

1· o,o'%. Personal 4 0.1'%.

0 O.O'%. Food 16 0.3'%.

0 o,o'%. Tableware 773 13.0'%.711 12,0% Phanoaceut .. 0 0.0%

1287 ·21. 7% A/struct, 218'2 36.7'%.238· 4,0% 0 .0,0%

a 0.0% 0 0.·0i..

MATERIAL £ of ar·tefacts: 559Missing values: O·Weighted total: 5949.00000

FUNCTION £ of artefacts: 559Missing values: 4 Weighted total: 5943.00000

V.$.W.Por'celainFen'ousLeadPaper~>hel1

BoneWoodMar'ble

Un-idableCultur'alEducationCr'aft/tradeHouseholdKitchenwar'eOr'g nonfood. . .A/nonstruc,

Mot'tar'·- CoalFibr'eGuar·tzi teOther' stone

IIIIIII·IIIII·III . ·Stone

.

I~

II

,

IIl~.".~-,..-... .._.. .

AQpendix 9: Weighted Distribution Table

This Appendix is a frequency table for the Quadrats in

the two transects examined, A1-12 and G1-12, weighted

by the number of artefacts. This table clearly

indicated the distribution of artefacts in Area II and

the concentration of artefacts in the southern (high

number)' Quadrats.

IIIII, :

,

I"

III'

-.,

II

•

I-,I;

I"

I,I,IIIII

This type of table could be used to

, distribution of artefacts on the site,

converted into a distribution plan.

examine

and could

the

be

II_I

I­II­III~

II-

I,

IIII

-,

IIII

•

1_---.-

Fr'equency table for: GlUAD :E of artefacts: 559weighted by: £ITEMS Missing values: '0 Weighted total: 5947.00000

, Al 32 O.S'%. A2 95 1 . 6'%.-

A3 54 0.9'%. - A4 0 0;0%

AS 46 0.8% A6 19 0.3%

A7 41- 0.7'%. A8 148 2.5'%.

A9 252 4.2'%. AlO· 33 0.6%,

All 224 3.8'%. A12 47 o.a'%.

.

Gl. 410 6.9"1. 02 113 1.9%

G2 0 o .,O'%. 'G3 199 3.3'7..

G4 70 1 .2'Y.. OS 119 2.0?-

G6 74 l'.2'Y.. 07 19 ,O.3'%.

G8 139 2.3'Y.. 09 91 1. oS'%.

010 762 12.8'Y.. 011 1224 2O.6'Y..

012 -1736 29.2'%.

Mpendix 10: 11aterial Reference Sheet

This Appendix' is a copy of the material reference sheet

used in the sorting of artefacts. The sheet is in the

form of a flow chart to assist in sorting the artefacts

into the breakdown of materials used in the database.

When n~cessary the more detailed definitions and

descriptions of materials outlined in Section 4.2 above. .

can be consulted.

IIIIIIII.S

-.

II

~

II~

I·~

II.Ii

•

II

I11----

SYDNEY UNIVERSITY HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY LABORATORY REFERENCE SHEET

RGVB5MATERIAL

UNIDENTIFIEDUNIDENTIFIABLE

FERROUSCOPPERLEADALUMINIUMB SSiilli'iUlll

SHELLBONEWOODSEEDLEATHER

PLASTERMORTARSLAGSYNTHETICMARBLEFLINTCHERTQUARTZITESANDSTONESLATESTONE-other

GLASS

FINE EARTHENWARECOURSE,EARTHENWARE

_

~~:=====::: FINE STONEWARE .: COURSE STONEWARE= VITREOUS STONEWAREKAOLINPORCELAIN

EARTHENWARE

KAOLINPORCELAIN

STONEWARE

REMAINS----------...ac.e'€§§§~~~~:

MATERIAL UNCLE~R

ORGANIC

METALS --------------...

INORGANIC REHAINS ---------....

GLASS

CERAHICS~~~==-----

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

!Qpendix 11: Function Reference Sheet

This Appendix is a copy of the function reference sheet

used in 'the sorting of artefacts. The sheet is in the

form of a list', and in order to assign artefacts to

'function groups for "description in the database

reference must also be made to the definition of the, "

categories outlined in Section 4.2 above.

IIIII

•

I-,

II~

I~

I~

I•

IIi

"

IIII·I·

I.11-..--------------------.-....-

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1

, . SYDNEY UNIVERSITY HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY LABORATORY REFERENCE SHEET

RGV85FUNCTION

UNIDENTIFIABLEUNIDENTIFIED

CULTURAL

EDUCATION

PHARMACEUTICAL

PERSONAL

CRAFT I TRADE

AGRICULTURAL I PASTORAL

FOODORGANIC NON-FOOD

HOUSEHOLDTABLEWAREKITCHENWARE

ARCHITECTURAL I STRUCTURALARCHITECTURAL I NON-STRUCTURAL

,

IIIIIIIIIII·II·III·II'III

!Qpendix 13: Unit Register

This Appendix. is a printout the the Unit Register

database [RGVUNIT], described in Section 3 above. It is

the computerised version of the Field Unit Register.

This priritout records the Unit number, Area, Panel,. .

Unit type and description as well as the initials of

. the supervisor 'who identified the Unit and the date of

. identification.