david cahen wis-aeri 04-2013; weizmann institute’s alternative sustainable energy research...

David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/

Weizmann Institute’s Alternative Sustainable Energy Research Initiative

http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/ Presentations are at http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/presentations.html

Credits / sources

many slides or parts of them came from (websites of):

IEA, USDOE BES, NREL ++++

N. Lewis (Caltech), G. Crabtree (ANL), P. Alivisatos, S.

Chu (UCB /LBL), A. Nozik, S. Kurtz, D. Ginley (NREL), the

late R. Smalley (Rice). , L. Bronicki (Ormat), Y. Lou

(CWRU)

J. Karni, I. Lubomirsky, I. Maron, G. Hodes (WIS),

A. Zaban (BIU) ++++

Pls inform us* of any credit that we missed. Thanks!* [email protected]




ENERGYTHE Global Challenge


climate

water

food

energy


To live the life we aspire to, Sustainably, is an unprecedented challenge

Why?



Three Reasons:

ENERGYTHE Global Challenge


Mankind’s Top Challenges*E N E R G Y resource sustainabilityWATER ( energy)(rest of) ENVIRONMENT ( energy) FOOD ( energy)HEALTH/DISEASES ( energy)POVERTY (~ energy)EDUCATION, SECURITYP O P U L A T I O N (( ~ cheap energy)

-a- Energy defines accessibility to most other

resources

Credits/sources: many slides or parts of them came from (websites of): IEA, USDOE BES, NREL, N. Lewis (Caltech), P. Alivisatos, S. Chu (UCB /LBL), A. Nozik, S. Kurtz, D. Ginley (NREL), J. Karni, I. Lubomirsky, I. Maron, G. Hodes (WIS), A. Zaban (BIU), L. Bronicki (Ormat), Y. Lou (CWRU) , G. Crabtree, * after the late R. Smalley (Rice U)


Not really; ….………. It is more like WHICH Energy “Types” we need

WHEN and WHERE ?It costs energy to transform energy of type A to

type B “exergy”, ΔG

What is Energy?Energy (work): kWh Power kW(rate of energy use/generation)your electricity bill ! kW/person ~ 0.75 India (2009-2011 data) ~ 2.2 Mexico

~ 2.3 world average*~ 2.5 China ~ 4.2 Israel

~ 5.5 (W.) Europe ~ 9.5 USA * for food: 0.15 is world average

Are we running out?(Energy is conserved, E=mc2; --> nuclear energy !)


Total World Need for Power

in 2010: ~14.5 TW; in 2050: ~28 – 40 ?? TW

1 TW = 1000 GW1 GW = 1000 MW1 MW = 1000 kW

2011 estimates(%)----------------U.S.A ~ 19 EU ~ 14 FSU ~ 9 Brazil ~ 2.3Mexico ~ 1.5

E.Asia ~ 30 China ~ 21.5 Japan ~ 4

India~ 3.1

Sub Saharan Africa ~ 1.6


Total World Need for Power

in 2010: ~15 TW; in 2050: ~28 – 40 ?? TW

1 TW = 1,000,000,000,000 W(Mexico~ 0.06 TW)1 GW = 1,000,000,000 W (Itaipu ~ 12.5 GW)1 MW = 1,000,000 W (power for 1000 US homes)

1 kW = 1,000 W (1 room air conditioner)Cell phone charger ~ 5

WTV or Laptop PC ~

20 WFrig + freezer ~ 40

WWashing machine ~500

W


World Power Sources by Type

TW

for 2010

0

1

2

3

4

5

Oil coal

Nuclear

ENERGY: J, Wsec; BTUPOWER : W = J/sec

1 TW = 1000 GW1 GW = 1000 MW1 MW = 1000 kW

gas

> 80% of world power

fromFossil Fuels

-b- Can we rely on our present energy sources?

Hydro

OtherBiomas

s

Renewables


but ..…

we’ll run out of oil

Sure, at some point we will, and, yes,

we’re running out of cheap, clean oil, but…

do we really know?



From S. Kurtz, NREL; Source: EIA (Energy Information Administration)

Oil Reserves as reported by several countries

and relying on oil companies isn’t much better


Energy “Reserves” and Resources

(as number of years of yearly consumption in 2000)

UltimateResources

time-independent constant : ~30-50 yrs of oil

Reserves

but remember….“the Stone Age did not end because of

a shortage of stones” Sheik Ahmed Zaki Yamani, Saudi Oil Minister 1962-1986


Oil ≥ 40 ≥ 50

Gas ≥ 70 ≥ 200


Energy “Reserves” and Resources

(as number of years of yearly consumption in 2000)

UltimateResources

Oil ≥ 40 ≥ 50

Gas ≥ 70 ≥ 200

COAL~ 100 ~ 400

Reserves

So, … coal solves the problemsbut…



while not everyone may agree about coal global warming

few dispute that WE pollute OUR water, air and earth



and … are there alternatives?

The “logical” candidate:

NUCLEAR ENERGY

WHY?


Renai

ssan

ce

mid

180

0s

early

1900

s

1980

s0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Nuclear

Natural Gas

Oil

Coal

Biomass

Animals

Pre-

anim

al

dom

estic

atio

n

Energy Sources Through the Ages*

* “Western” world

-c- Until today, new energy sources always packed more energy in same weight & volume

than older ones


and are there other alternatives?

• Nuclear • “Lunar” (gravitational)


and are there other alternatives?

• Nuclear (geothermal, solar)

Renewable energy sources:

* SOLAR (incl. wind, hydroelectric,

biofuel)

* geothermal; tides, ocean

currents/waves


1.2x105 TW ~ 100s TW (x 0.110s TW) 0.22 TWp

(other) solar

Renewable Energy on Earth

Wind ~50 TW ~3-8 TW

0.24 TWp

Biomasswith all un-used cultivatable land → ~5 TW (H2O?)

1.9 TW(0.2 TW sustainable)

Hydroelectric4.6 TW1.5 TW0. 8 TW (installed)

Geothermal12 (+30 ocean)~1 TW~ 0.03 TW

but…storage

black: exists, but no idea how to get itred: exists and know how to get itpurple: presently used


System Power Ratings

1 kW 10 kW 100 kW 1MW 10 MW 100 MW 1GW

seco

nds

hours

min

ute

s

Dis

charg

e T

ime

SMES

Low-Speed

Lead Acid

Flow (redox; Vanadium)

Na-S Compressed Air

Pumped Hydro

System Power Rating

Supercapacitors

Ni-Cd

Li-ion

Hig

h-S

peed

Metal Air

Adapted from ORNL

F U E L S Batteries

Flywheel

Energy Storage: Existing Options


~ 6 x 6 m2

solar cell panel

for 2 days

1 (US) gallon~ 3.8 liter

~ 37 kWh

workof 2 horses for 25 hrs;of 15 men

1 (40h) week

Fossil Fuels are a true Energy Treasure


Short term (< 2020) evolutions in technology & engineering:

e.g.:• Cleaner use of fossil fuels

• Improve, Optimize; coal gas /liquid• “2nd Generation” Biofuels• CONSERVATION: recycle, re-use, reduce

+ E D U C AT E

So, what should / can we do in the


Medium term (up to 2030-2050):

develop applied science &

engineering

+

EVOLUTIONS in basic science

+ E D U C AT E



Long term (> 2040):

Stimulate

REVOLUTIONS in science …

+ E D U C AT E



Some proven Weizmann strengths inBasic Multi-& Inter-Disciplinary Science

• Materials -nano- and molecular-science; electronics

phys/biol/chem • Life Sciences- Structural Biology, genetic engn., plant

science chem/phys/math

• Physics- plasma physics, optics materials• Chemistry-catalysis

phys/biol/math------------------------• Solar Energy: Solar Cells (2nd & 3d

generation) Photosynthesis (e.g., algae)

Concentrated Solar (tower)

Weizmann Institute’s Alternative, Sustainable Energy Research Initiative


World’s Largest Solar-Electric Plant

30 TWp (~ 6 TWC)requires 1 such plant, every HOUR, for the next~ 16 years (+ a bit of

storage…)

Solar Cell Power Stations TODAY

1/’13 Global Cumulative installed

PV power ~0.1 TWp

PRC goal >2011≥ 0.002 TWp/yr

0.25 GWp ( ~50 MWc) Agua Caliente in USA


God’s gifts to mankind


God’s gifts to mankind

Silico

n (oxid

e)


Wind Energy

Off Shore Wind Farm

WIND12/’12

Cumulative~ 0.28 TWp

~ 0.095 TWc

World’s largest wind farm:

Alta (Oak Creek-Mojave) 1.32 GWp ( 0.45 GWc)

To get 10 TWc

3 / day for 20 yrsPRC goal:~0.05 TWc in 10

yr

BIOFUEL: 2011 production ~

nearly 0.1 TWif 50 x 5 TW


Brazil’s electricity generation capacity: ~ 0.1 TW (0.5 kW/capita)Israel’s electricity generation capacity: ~ 0.016 TW (2 kW/capita)

China’s electricity growth plan: 0.1 TW/year ……

One such plant, every day,

for the next … 11 years

10 TW electricity from COAL ?

So, “if you want to, it won’t be a fairy tale”


* Efficient, Affordable Artificial Photosynthesis

* Cheap, Efficient Solar Cells: smart optics; solar paint

…… ?

• Smart Natural Photosynthesis:genetic/metabolic engn.; synthetic biology

…… ?

• 3-D (Holographic) Video-Conferencing

• “Memory-shape” wind turbine blades

• Clean(er) and Safe(r) Nuclear Energy

and …

• Where Creativity & Curiosity Will Lead Us !

To provide the necessary Alternative Energy we (scientists) need to pursue BASIC SCIENCE

to realize what are DREAMS today, such as:

“if YOU want to, it won’t be a fairy

tale”


Weizmann Institute’s Alternative, Sustainable Energy Research Initiative

Energy, it’s the Global Challenge

for that we need to start…

Rising to the ENERGY (TW) CHALLENGEcan be mankind’s most important breakthrough

but …

Meeting it requires all of us to work together




now

david cahen wis-aeri 04-2013; weizmann institute’s alternative sustainable energy research...

Documents

energy of type

energy education

cheap energy

energy work

nuclear energy

energy types

david cahen wisaeri

hodes wis