datura dc dforkanke

EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN DATURAAND SELECTION OF CROP IDEOTYPES

By

Shri Niwas Singh & Shyam Narayan

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding,

B.R.D. P.G. College,

Deoria, U.P. – 274001, INDIA.

Email: [email protected]

For Kanke presentation

THE HARDY DHATURA (DATURA)

emerging from

plaster on the

basement of a

building.

A common

medicinal weed,

Favourite of Lord

Shiva.

SINGLE COROLLA DHATURA (SCD): DATURA METEL

SCD: DATURA STRAMONIUM

SCD: DATURA SUAVEOLENS

SCD: YELLOW (PEELA) & KALA DHATURA

YELLOW DHATURA

SINGLE COROLLA DHATURA

SINGLE WHORL OF PETALS

SCD SHOWING K, C, A & G

K

C

A

G

K=calyx

C=corolla

A=androecium

G=gynoecium

DOUBLE COROLLA DHATURA

DOUBLE COROLLA IN YELLOW DHATURA

From Sarahula village,

Ghazipur district, U.P.

2 WHORLS OF

PETALS

TRIPLE COROLLA DHATURA NEAR OVERBRIDGE, DEORIA

OLD TRIPLE COROLLA DHATURA

May be from

Pandeykhola,

Almora

3 WHORLS

TRIPPLE COROLLA DHATURA

FOURTH COROLLA UNDER PROCESS?

TERMS FOR FLORAL ORGANSSl.

No.

Collective

term

Term for

individual unit

Symbol

in FF

1 Calyx okányiqat Sepal okány K

2 Corolla nyiqat Petal ny C

3 Androecium iqeax Stamen iqadslj A

4 Gynoecium tk;kaxPistil, Carpel L=hdslj] v.Mi G

BESSEY'S DICTA VIS-A-VIS EVOLUTIONARY

TRENDS IN DATURA FLOWERS

Primitive (TCD, DCD) Advance (SCD) Comment

polymerous flower structure oligomerous reduction

Petaly apetaly reduction

apochlamydeous perianth gamochlamydeous -

Actinomorphy zygomorphy -

similar dissimilar -

Hypogyny epigyny -

Apocarpy syncarpy -

Polycarpy oligocarpy -

endospermous seed without endosperm Large seed

small embryo large embryo Large seed

polystemonous oligostemonous yes

apostemonous synstemonous yes

powdery pollen massed pollen

Monoclinous (bisexual) Diclinous (Unisexual)

monoecious dioecious

TCD FLOWER DISSECTED: NOTICE C(5)+(5)+(5) EVOLUTION BY REDUCTION

DATURA METEL (KALA DHATURA)

K

C

A

G

Tripple

Corolla

Dhatura

EXTENDED THALAMUS

Showing clear nodes

and internodes.

K=calyx

C1=corolla one

C2=corolla two

I=internodesK

C1

C2

I

I

FOUR COROLLA TUBES!

VS OF EXTENDED THALAMUS

Splitting & reunion

Increase & decrease in No.

LONGEST COROLLA ON 2ND NUMBER

We may wish to

increase the number

&/or size of Perianth

(K &/or C) to

favourably change

the floral biology

STAMENS IN 5 PAIRS IN DCD WITH10 STAMENS

NEAR SVPG COLLEGE, DEORIA

No. of stamens

doubled but in the

same whorl

STAMENS IN PAIRS (IN THE SAME WHORL)

No war of whorls?

Then a war within a

whorl?

OBSERVATION OF DIFFERENT

DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES.

1D = LINEAR e.g., filament

= kesar, kamal kesar

2D = planer LEAF = greens

3D = FRUIT, SEED

2D EXPANSION STARTS FROM

CONNECTIVE.

GRADUALLY A TURNS INTO C.

PHYLLOCHRONS

Chronological order of developmental stages (of floral organs)

DCD WITH TEN STAMENS

C(5)+(5) A5x2

Near SVPG College,

Deoria.

THE ABC MODEL

A genes alone specify sepals,

A & B genes together specify petals,

B & C genes together specify stamens, &

C genes alone specify carpels.

THE DIFFERENCES

In case of Datura also, something might be

happening in B &/or C class genes because

double flowers arise often due to mutations in

C class of genes. But these mutations are

increasing fruit and seed size. Remember

the Arabidopsis AGAMOUS -- Sterile. Therefore,

work on such mutations (models) and increase the

yields of fruits & seeds. …--> total biomass.

CAN WE USE?

Decipher the mechanism of corolla

doubling & tripling…...i.e., Androecium

to Corolla transformation (stamen to petal)

and stamen doubling.

Use that mechanism in doubling & tripling

the corollas in ornamental flowers. Corolla

is usually the most showy part of flowers.

OTHER PROBABLE USES OF COROLLA

DOUBLING & TRIPLING...

May be, we can change self-pollinated

crops like wheat & paddy to cross-

pollinated crops and exploit heterosis in

more efficient way. Lodicules (the perianth)

are equivalent to corolla (+calyx) that could

be increased in size & number to change

flowering phenology of plants and hence

from self-pollinated varieties to cross-

pollinated varieties.

WHEAT

P

A

G

OTHER PROBABLE USES …

Double the number of stamens in

Calotropis and harvest double

amount of the nectar.

Crocus sativus (kesar),

Kamal kesar etc.

COMPARATIVE DATA 2011

Parameter SCD DCD TCD

Average

plant height

in cm

94.13

(n=15;

range 65-140)

110.11

(n=19;

range 50-163)

64

(n=14;

range 34-115)



No. of

fruits/plant

13.6 21.1 14.5

Average fruit

size in cm3

Small, oval,

30.16 (n=10;

range 12-45)

Large, globose,

63.95 (n=35;

range 41-100)

More oval than

SCD, 24.74 (n=10;

range 14-41)



Seed

germination %

60 85 76

100 seed weight

in grammes

1.2 2.33 2.26



Pericarp

thickness

SCD >SCD =SCD

Adherence of

seeds to placenta

SCD Tightly

attached

=SCD

TABLE 2. DIFFERENCES AMONGST SCD, DCD AND TCD 2012

Parameters SCD DCD TCD

1. Plant height Tall Small Tall

2. Novelty SCD Novel Novel

3. Distinctiveness SCD Distinct Distinct

4. Uniformity Uniform Fairly uniform Less uniform

5. Stability Stable Fairly stable Less stable

6. Fruit size Small Large Small

7. Fruit shape Oval Globose More oval

8. Fruit orientation Down facing Up facing Down facing

9. Competitiveness Strong Weak Strong

10. Growth rate SCD >SCD =SCD

11. Thalamus Normal Extended More extended

CONCLUSIONSSince DCD is performing better than SCD & TCD

under cultivation, it would be wise to select &

recommend it for large scale cultivation. DCD

seems to be a week competitor in wild.

Population ideotypes are week competitors.

SCD & TCD are competing well under natural

conditions. However, it is still unclear why TCD

is so rare.

SCD could be collected from wild. No need to

cultivate.

TOMATO: 5, 6, 10 FLORAL ORGANS

Number of floral

organs is

increasing in the

same whorl.

Fruit size BIG.

Notice that all

the four organs

are being

affected by this

mutation.

CONCLUSION

LOOK FOR SIMILAR MUTATIONS THAT

INCREASE FRUIT SIZE, SEED SIZE AS

PER CROPS’ NEED, i.e, increase the

resource allocation towards the

desirable sink.

THANKS

datura dc dforkanke

Science