data structures using java1 chapter 9 sorting algorithms

Data Structures Using Java 1

Chapter 9

Sorting Algorithms


Chapter Objectives

• Learn the various sorting algorithms• Explore how to implement the selection, insertion,

quick, merge, and heap sorting algorithms• Discover how the sorting algorithms discussed in

this chapter perform• Learn how priority queues are implemented


Selection Sort

Selection Sort Methodology: 1. Find smallest (or equivalently largest)

element in the list2. Move it to the beginning (or end) of the list

by swapping it with element in beginning (or end) position


class OrderedArrayList

public class OrderedArrayList extends ArrayListClass{

public void selectionSort(); {

//statements}...

};


Smallest Element in List Function

private int minLocation(int first, int last){ int loc, minIndex; minIndex = first; for(loc = first + 1; loc <= last; loc++) if(list[loc] < list[minIndex]) minIndex = loc; return minIndex;}//end minLocation


Swap Functionprivate void swap(int first, int second){ DataElement temp; temp = list[first]; list[first] = list[second]; list[second] = temp;}//end swap


Selection Sort Functionpublic void selectionSort(){ int loc, minIndex; for(loc = 0; loc < length; loc++) { minIndex = minLocation(loc, length - 1); swap(loc, minIndex); }}


Selection Sort Example: Array-Based Lists


Analysis: Selection Sort


Insertion Sort

• Reduces number of key comparisons made in selection sort

• Can be applied to both arrays and linked lists (examples follow)

• Methodology– Find first unsorted element in list– Move it to its proper position


Insertion Sort: Array-Based Lists


Insertion Sort: Array-Based Listsfor(firstOutOfOrder = 1; firstOutOfOrder < length; firstOutOfOrder++) if(list[firstOutOfOrder] is less than list[firstOutOfOrder - 1]) { copy list[firstOutOfOrder] into temp initialize location to firstOutOfOrder do { a. move list[location - 1] one array slot down b. decrement location by 1 to consider the next element of the sorted portion of the array } while(location > 0 && the element in the upper sublist at location - 1 is greater than temp) }copy temp into list[location]


Insertion Sort: Array-Based Listspublic void insertionSort(){ int unsortedIndex, location; DataElement temp; for(unsortedIndex = 1; unsortedIndex < length; unsortedIndex++) if(list[unsortedIndex].compareTo(list[unsortedIndex - 1]) < 0) { temp = list[unsortedIndex]; location = unsortedIndex; do { list[location] = list[location - 1]; location--; }while(location > 0 && list[location - 1].compareTo(temp) > 0); list[location] = temp; }}//end insertionSort


Insertion Sort: Linked List-Based List



if(firstOutOfOrder.info is less than first.info) move firstOutOfOrder before firstelse{ set trailCurrent to first set current to the second node in the list //search the list while(current.info is less than firstOutOfOrder.info) { advance trailCurrent; advance current; } if(current is not equal to firstOutOfOrder) { //insert firstOutOfOrder between current and trailCurrent lastInOrder.link = firstOutOfOrder.link; firstOutOfOrder.link = current; trailCurrent.link = firstOutOfOrder; } else //firstOutOfOrder is already at the first place lastInOrder = lastInOrder.link;}


Analysis: Insertion Sort


Lower Bound on Comparison-Based Sort Algorithms

• Trace execution of comparison-based algorithm by using graph called comparison tree

• Let L be a list of n distinct elements, where n > 0. For any j and k, where 1 = j, k = n, either L[j] < L[k] or L[j] > L[k]

• Each comparison of the keys has two outcomes; comparison tree is a binary tree

• Each comparison is a circle, called a node • Node is labeled as j:k, representing comparison of L[j]

with L[k]• If L[j] < L[k], follow the left branch; otherwise, follow the

right branch



• Top node in the figure is the root node• Straight line that connects the two nodes is called a branch• A sequence of branches from a node, x, to another node, y,

is called a path from x to y• Rectangle, called a leaf, represents the final ordering of the

nodes• Theorem: Let L be a list of n distinct elements. Any sorting

algorithm that sorts L by comparison of the keys only, in its worst case, makes at least O(n*log2n) key comparisons


Quick Sort

• Recursive algorithm• Uses the divide-and-conquer technique to sort a

list• List is partitioned into two sublists, and the two

sublists are then sorted and combined into one list in such a way so that the combined list is sorted


Quick Sort: Array-Based Lists


Quick Sort: Array-Based Listsprivate int partition(int first, int last){ DataElement pivot; int index, smallIndex; swap(first, (first + last) / 2); pivot = list[first]; smallIndex = first; for(index = first + 1; index <= last; index++) if(list[index].compareTo(pivot) < 0) { smallIndex++; swap(smallIndex, index); } swap(first, smallIndex); return smallIndex;}//end partition9


Quick Sort: Array-Based Listsprivate void swap(int first, int second){ DataElement temp; temp = list[first]; list[first] = list[second]; list[second] = temp;}//end swap


Quick Sort: Array-Based Listsprivate void recQuickSort(int first, int last){ int pivotLocation; if(first < last) { pivotLocation = partition(first, last); recQuickSort(first, pivotLocation - 1); recQuickSort(pivotLocation + 1, last); }}//end recQuickSort

public void quickSort(){ recQuickSort(0, length - 1);}//end quickSort


Merge Sort

• Uses the divide-and-conquer technique to sort a list

• Merge sort algorithm also partitions the list into two sublists, sorts the sublists, and then combines the sorted sublists into one sorted list


Merge Sort Algorithm


Divide


Merge


Analysis of Merge Sort

Suppose that L is a list of n elements, where n > 0. Let A(n) denote the number of key comparisons inthe average case, and W(n) denote the number of key comparisons in the worst case to sort L. It can be shown that:

A(n) = n*log2n – 1.26n = O(n*log2n)W(n) = n*log2n – (n–1) = O(n*log2n)


Heap Sort

• Definition: A heap is a list in which each element contains a key, such that the key in the element at position k in the list is at least as large as the key in the element at position 2k + 1 (if it exists), and 2k + 2 (if it exists)


Heap Sort: Array-Based Lists


Priority Queues: Insertion

Assuming the priority queue is implemented as a heap:1. Insert the new element in the first available position in

the list. (This ensures that the array holding the list is a complete binary tree.)

2. After inserting the new element in the heap, the list may no longer be a heap. So to restore the heap:

while (parent of new entry < new entry) swap the parent with the new entry


Priority Queues: Remove

Assuming the priority queue is implemented as a heap, to remove the first element of the priority queue:

1. Copy the last element of the list into the first array position.

2. Reduce the length of the list by 1.3. Restore the heap in the list.


Programming Example: Election Results

• The presidential election for the student council of your local university is about to be held. Due to confidentiality, the chair of the election committee wants to computerize the voting.

• The chair is looking for someone to write a program to analyze the data and report the winner.

• The university has four major divisions, and each division has several departments. For the election, the four divisions are labeled as region 1, region 2, region 3, and region 4.

• Each department in each division handles its own voting and directly reports the votes received by each candidate to the election committee.


Programming Example: Election Results

The voting is reported in the following form:

firstName lastName regionNumber numberOfVotes

The election committee wants the output in the following tabular form:

--------------------Election Results------------------ Votes By RegionCandidate Name Rgn#1 Rgn#2 Rgn#3 Rgn#4 Total-------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----Buddy Balto 0 0 0 272 272Doctor Doc 25 71 156 97 349Ducky Donald 110 158 0 0 268...Winner: ???, Votes Received: ???Total votes polled: ???


Chapter Summary

• Sorting Algorithms– Selection sort – Insertion sort – Quick sort– Merge sort– heap sort

• Algorithm analysis• Priority queues

data structures using java1 chapter 9 sorting algorithms

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