data specification and dictionaries- overview of vocabularies · data specification and...
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Data specification and dictionaries- overview of vocabularies
Marco Pantaloni Geological Survey of Italy – ISPRA
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A small step behind
OneGeology-Europe addresses
Multilingual aspects
Data licensing Sharing of geological knowledge
Demonstration of best practices in provide and
use of geological spatial data
Geological data harmonization
Why Geological Spatial data have to be harmonized?
Geology does not recognise political boundaries, but from one to another country the properties of the same rock formation will be described differently: lithology, age, genesis.
The European Commission require consistent data about geology; they does not change its attribute or portrayal crossing political boundaries.
The INSPIRE directive address this issues.
A general, generic, international Data Specification is therefore essential.
Previous experience
The need for harmonised geological data was recognized in 1881 at the 2° IGC in Bologna when started the 1:1,5 M scale International Geological Map of Europe and the Mediterraneous Regions; this endeavour was finally completed in 2000 (BGR & UNESCO).
It was followed by the first harmonised digital spatial dataset of Europe – the 1:5 M International Geological Map of Europe (Asch, 2005) published also as paper map.
What tells the INSPIRE directive about harmonisation?
The INSPIRE directive starts from the consideration that:
• Many initiatives are taken at national and Community level to collect, harmonise or organise the dissemination or use of spatial information.
Art. 7, Chapt. 3: Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services
• Implementing rules laying down technical arrangements for the interoperability and, where practicable, harmonisation of spatial data sets and services …. shall be adopted
Relevant user requirements, existing initiatives and international standards for the harmonisation of spatial data sets …. shall be taken into account in the development of the implementing rules
Where organisations established under international law have adopted relevant standards to ensure interoperability or harmonisation of spatial data sets and services, these standards shall be integrated
Harmonisation challenges of OneGeology-Europe
> 9,000 km political boundaries within OneGeology-Europe to harmonise
Hardly any country harmonised their data with its neighbour‘s boundaries semantically and/or geometrically
Distributed data: no central editing (as at Geol. Map of Europe-IGME 1:5M)
Difference of scales: target scale 1:1M, but data delivered includes 1:250k, 1:300k,1:400k,1:500k,1:625k, 1:1M
Communication between geologist and informatic specialists
Fro
m Ia
n J
ackso
n, B
GS
Who’s worked on it?
1:1M pan-European Scientific Data Specification, Identification and Sourcing working group (OneGeology-Europe - WP 3)
Specification for geological spatial data
Realization of an interoperable 1:1M scale dataset
How: by means of a hard work
Co-ordinating the development of an international/distributed interoperable and adequately harmonized geology spatial dataset at a 1:1M scale for the onshore territory of the EU member States – specifically composition (lithology – geochronology) and structure of the surface geology.
Ensuring availability of the component national datasets for harvesting.
Developing a scientific specification for web-enabled geological data at the appropriate resolution.
Making progress in scientifically harmonising the dataset, including conflict resolution across political boundaries.
Which procedure?
Analysis of individual datasets
Realization of a common vocabulary
Comparison and adaptation to the GeoSciML vocabulary
Relevant features
Has been defined common structure which can describe the national geological units in a homogeneous way.
The relevant topics are (in hierarchical order):
•Lithology
•Age •Genesis (necessary for Quaternary geology) •Tectonic structures
Each topic requires terms and their definitions, referenced to existing definitions and standards.
The OneGeology-Europe vocabulary describes the lithology, age and genesis of the rocks and the tectonic structures. It provides both the definition of terms and the relationship between them.
From the GeoSciML scheme ….
A major basis for the Data Specification work come from the GeoSciML scheme and the CGI/GeoSciML vocabolaries.
They are developed by the Interoperability Working Group (IWG) of the IUGS Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information (CGI).
This work accelerate the development and deployment of this international interchange standard for geological data (GeoSciML ) which will enable the sharing and exchange of the data within and beyond the geological community within Europe and globally.
…. to the OneGeology-Europe vocabulary.
The CGI Simple Lithology vocabulary uses multiple, overlapping hierarchies and offers numerous ways to identify and classify a rock unit.
For the OneGeology-Europe objectives (1:1M scale map) this schema has been considered too complex.
WP3 selected an adequate subset of the CGI vocabulary and submitted more than 120 terms and definitions in order to meet European requirements.
Schema of the development of the 1G-E data specification
CGI = Commission for the management and application of
Geoscience Information
Fro
m K
ristin
e A
sch
, B
GR
A common vocabulary
OneGeology-Europe scientific geological vocabulary realized by WP3, reviewed and completed in February 2010.
532 review comments from project partners (21 geological surveys), CGMW and CGI
516 agreed defined terms and definitions on 4 topics: lithology, geological age, genesis, faults
> 120 new terms and definitions fed into the global CGI vocabulary
OneGeology-Europe vocabolary themes
Lithology
EventAge
EventEnvironment
EventProcess
OrogenicEvent
MetamorphicFacies
MetamorphicGrade
GeologicUnitType
GeologicUnitMorphology
GeologicUnitPartRole
ProportionTerm
ContactType
FaultType
FeatureObservationMethod
MappedFeature ObservationMethod
Vocabulary topics, themes, …..
Lithology
Geochronology (age)
Genesis (necessary for Quaternary)
Structures and faults
• Lithology
• EventAge
• EventEnvironment
• EventProcess
• OrogenicEvent
• MetamorphicFacies
• MetamorphicGrade
• GeologicUnitType
• GeologicUnitMorphology
• GeologicUnitPartRole
• ProportionTerms
• ContactType
• FaultType
• FeatureObservationMethod
• MappedFeatureObservationMethod
White = mandatory
Black=optional
…., terms and definitions
The core features of GeoSciML ….. …. both used within OneGeology-Europe
GeoSciML
Geologic feature
Descriptive properties
GeologicUnit
(for rock bodies)
GeologicStructure
(for geologic structures)
Mapped feature
Geometric properties
Properties of GeologicUnit feature type used in OneGeology-Europe
ID • Unique identifier
Name • Name of the geologic unit from a “local”
stratigraphic lexicon
• e.g. ARV = Rosso ammonitico veronese
Description • Free text to describe the geologic unit
• optional
ObservationMethod • Methodologies used for observing the geologic
feature properties.
• i.e. data from single or multiple source
Purpose • State of the GeologicUnit description (instance
from field map, normative from a stratigraphic lexicon, etc.)
GeologicUnitType • Type of geologic unit
• i.e.: unknown, lithologic, lithostratigraphic, lithodemic unit
GeologicUnitMorphology
• Morphology of the rock body (3D, dike) • optional
CompositionPart • Lithology
• GeologicUnitPartRole
• ProportionTerm
CompositionPart:Lithology
Following the GeoSciML schema, lithology is divided into Igneous Material, Sedimentary Material, and Composite Genesis Material.
For OneGeology-Europe two additional categories, Breccia and Tuffite, were added.
The definitions of the terms are kept as close as possible to the existing IUGS definitions (LeMaitre et al., 2002 for igneous rocks and Fettes & Desmons, 2007 for metamorphic rocks) and the CGI SimpleLithology vocabulary, with slight modification to the definitions for GeoSciML when considered appropriate.
The hierarchy of the terms was also defined on the basis of the CGI SimpleLithology vocabulary.
One to five terms, ordered by priority, can be applied to describe the lithology of a rock/map unit.
Can be applied additionally terms for so called ”complex rocks” (that have complex origin and/or structure)
CompositionPart:Lithology 1. Compound material
1.1 Igneous material
1.1.1 level of description
1.1.1.1 level of description
1.1.1.1.1 level of description
1.1.1.1.1.1 level of description
1.1.1.1.1.1.1 level of description
1.2 Sedimentary material
1.3 Composite genesis material 1.4 Breccia 1.5 Tuffite
1. Compound material 1.1 Igneous material
1.1.1 Fragmental
igneous material
1.1 1.1 Pyroclastic
material Tephra
Ash and lapilli; Ash breccia; etc.
1.1.1.2 Pyroclastic rock
Ash tuff, lapillistone or lapilli tuff;
Tuff-breccia, agglomerate or pyroclastic breccia
1.1.2 Igneous rock
1.1.2.1 Phaneritic
igneous rock
Aplite; Pegmatite; Granitoid; Dioritoid; Gabbroid; Anorthositic rock; Syenitoid; Foid dioritoid; Foid
gabbroid; Foid syenitoid; Foidolite
Granite; Dioritic rock; etc.
Monzogranite; Syenogranite;
etc.
1.1.2.2 Fine grained igneous
rock
Rhyolitoid; Dacite; Trachytoid; Andesite; Basalt; Phonolitoid; Tephritoid; Foidoitoid
Rhyolite;Trachytic rock; etc.
1.1.2.3 Ultramafic
igneous rock Peridotite; Pyroxenite; Kometitic rock
1.1.2.4 Exotic composition igneous rock
Carbonatite; Kalsilitic and melilitic rock; Exotic alkaline rock
1.1.2.5 Porphiry
1.1.2.6 Doleritic rock
3 level 4 level 5 level 6 level 7 level
1 level
2 level
Hierarchical overview representation of the OneGeology-Europe vocabulary for
igneous material. For clarity only the main groups are
indicated
1. Compound material 1.2 Sedimentary material
1.2.1 Sediment
1.2
.1.1
Cla
stic
se
dim
ent
Dia
mic
ton
; Gra
vel;
Sa
nd
; Mu
d
Clay; Silt
1.2
.1.2
Car
bo
nat
e se
dim
ent
Imp
ure
car
bo
nat
e se
dim
ent
1.2
.1.3
Bio
gen
ic
sed
imen
t O
rgan
ic r
ich
se
dim
ent;
Oo
ze
Peat; Sapropel; Carbonate
ooze; Siliceous ooze
1.2.2 Sedimentary rock
1.2.2.1 Clastic sedimentary rock
Dia
mic
tite
Co
ngl
om
erat
e
San
dst
on
e
Arenite; Wacke
Mu
dst
on
e
Claystone; Siltstone;
Shale
1.2
.2.2
Org
anic
ric
h
sed
imen
tary
ro
ck
Co
al
Lignite; Bituminous
coal; Anthracite
1.2
.2.3
Car
bo
nat
e se
dim
enta
ry r
ock
Pu
re c
arb
on
ate
sed
. ro
ck; i
mp
ure
ca
rbo
nat
e s
ed. r
ock
Dolomitic or magnesiac
rock; Limestone; Impure lmst
Dolomite; Chalk;
Travertine
1.2
.2.4
No
n c
last
ic
silic
eou
s se
dim
enta
ry r
ock
Bio
gen
ica
silic
a se
dim
en
tary
ro
ck
1.2
.2.5
Iro
n r
ich
se
dim
enta
ry r
ock
1.2
.2.6
Gen
eric
m
ud
sto
ne
O
rgan
ic b
ear
ing
mu
dst
on
e
1.2
.3 C
he
mic
al
sed
imen
tary
m
ater
ial
1.2
.3.1
Eva
po
rite
R
ock
sal
t; G
ypsu
m
or
anh
ydri
te
1 level
2 level
3 le
vel
4 le
vel
5 le
vel
6 le
vel
7 level
Hierarchical overview representation of the OneGeology-Europe vocabulary for
sedimentary material. For clarity only the main groups are
indicated
1. Compound material 1.3 Composite genesis material
1.3.1 Composite genesis rock
1.3.1.1. Metamorphic
rock
Foliated metamorphic rock Gneiss; Phyllite;
Slate; Schist
Orthogneiss; Paragneiss; Micaschist
Chlorite actinolite epidote metamorphic rock
Glaucophane lawsonite epidote metamorphic rock
Serpentinite; Quartzite; Amphibolite; Marble; Granulite; Eclogite; Migmatite; Granofels
Hornfels
1.3.1.2. Metasomatic
rock Skarn; Spilite
1.3.2 Material formed in surficial
environment
Bauxite; Duricrust; Residual material
1.3.3. Fault related material
Mylonitic rock
1.3.4 Impact related material
3 level 4 level 5 level 6 level 7 level
1 level
2 level
Metamorphic
rocks
Hierarchical overview representation of the OneGeology-Europe vocabulary for
composite genesis material. For clarity only the main groups are
indicated
Lithology – terms and definitions as in the OneGeology-Europe vocabulary
Hierarchical
ID number
5
level
6
level
4
level
OneGeo-EU
term
OneGeo-EU
broader term
OneGeo-EU
Term definiton
Source of the
definition
CGI
Uniform
Resource Name
Complete URN in
CGI/GeoSciML
vocabulary
CompositionPart:GeologicUnitPartRole
• With GeologicUnitPartRole property is possible to state, whether the GeologicUnit consists of only one type of lithology or if it comprises additional units, e.g. a ‘lithosome’ or ‘cyclic bedding’.
• For OneGeology-Europe, due to both the scale of the maps and the harmonisation, the GeologicUnitPartRole property should in most cases be restricted to one of two values: “only_part” or “unspecified_part_role”.
• Additional values like “inclusion”, “lithosome” or “blocks” should only be used for the description of the complex rocks.
CompositionPart:GeologicUnitPartRole
GeologicUnitPartRole
Part of
Inclusion Blocks
Lithosome
Cyclic bedding package
Geologic unit matrix
Layer lithosome
Unspecified part role
Only part
CompositionPart:ProportionTerm
• In GeoSciML one can describe a GeologicUnit with more than one lithological term.
• To emphasise the predominant lithology the ProportionTerm property is used. When only one lithology is selected that covers the whole GeologicUnit, the ProportionTerm should be set to ‘all’.
• In OneGeology-Europe only three terms (all, predominant, subordinate) are used.
CompositionPart:ProportionTerm
ProportionTerms
major dominant all
subordinate
present predominant
Properties of MetamorphicDescription feature type used in OneGeology-Europe
MetamorphicFacies
• optional
MetamorphicGrade
• optional
ProtolithLithology
• optional
MetamorphicDescription
Metamorphic
grade
Very low grade
Low grade
Medium grade
High grade
Very high grade
Metamorphic
facies
Not specified
Zeolite facies
Subgreenschist facies
Greenschist facies
Epidote amphibolite facies
Amphibolite facies
Pyroxene hornfels facies
Sanidinite facies
Glaucophane-schist facies
Eclogite facies
Granulite facies
Complex rocks
• Geological processes often produce complex rock sequences of heterogeneous geological units comprising diverse lithologies of different genesis and age. As such products of a complicated geological history are difficult to describe, geoscientists have defined terms that are neither purely lithological, nor genetic or age-related, and therefore cannot be described in the properties/categories of this Data Specification.
• For Onegeology-Europe such GeologicUnits are described as ‘composite terms’ and guidelines on how to describe them in GeoSciML are provided in the Vocabulary.
Flysch and molasse
Olistostrome Turbidite Ophiolitic melange
Ophiolite complex
GeologicFeature:GeologicUnit:CompositionPart
Composition part 1
Lithology
Role of composition part
Proportion of composition part
Composition part 2
Lithology
Role of composition part
Proportion of composition part
Composition part 3
Lithology
Role of composition part
Proportion of composition part
Composition part 4
Lithology
Role of composition part
Proportion of composition part
Composition part 5
Lithology
Role of composition part
Proportion of composition part
from 1 up to 5
GeologicUnit has been
portrayed using Lithology of
Composition part 1
Properties of GeologicStructure feature type used in OneGeology-Europe
ID
• Unique identifier
Name
• Name of the geologic structure
• optional
Description
• Free text to describe the geologic structure
• optional
ObservationMethod
• Data from single source document
• Data from multiple source document
Purpose
• State of the GeologicStructure description (e.g. instance from field map, etc.)
FaultType
• Used to describe the type of the fault: normal, reverse, strike-slip, oblique
ContactType
• Used to describe the linear features delimiting impact craters, calderas and glacial stationery lines
GeologicStructure:FaultType
Fault
Strike slip fault
Dextral strike slip fault
Sinistral strike slip fault
Reverse fault
Thrust fault
High angle reverse
Normal fault
Low angle normal fault
Detachment fault
High angle normal fault
Oblique slip fault
GeologicStructure:ContactType
Contact
Lithogenetic contact
Volcanic subsidence zone boundary
Impact structure boundary
Glacial stationery line
Properties of GeologicEvent feature type used in OneGeology-Europe
EventAge
•Represent the age of the geologic unit represented by geochronologic terms or numeric values; it should be populated as a term range giving the lower age and the upper age.
•For Phanerozoic the terms used should be from the ICS geochronologic unit.
•For the Precambrian the ICS units should be used down to system period level, and for epoch level, if required, the new geochronologic units added in the OneGeology-Europe vocabulary.
GeologicHistory
•Record a series of geologicEvent that led to the formation of the geologicUnit
•optional
EventEnvironment
•Describe the environment in which the geologicEvent took place.
•Mandatory for Quaternary, optional in other cases
EventProcess
• describe the geologic process that caused the formation of the GeologicUnit (sedimentary process, magmatic process, metamorphic process)
OrogenicEvent
•Describe the orogenic event that formed or affected a GeologicUnit: if it was formed by an orogeny, the PreferredAge of GeologicEvents should be used; if it was only affected (e.g. folded or metamorphosed) by the orogeny, GeologicHistory of GeologicEvents should be chosen.
•optional
GeologicEvent:EventAge (Geochronology)
• It is mandatory to apply at least one of the terms derived from the International Stratigraphic Chart (ICS, 2009).
• The level of detail would include:
• Eon.
• Era.
• Period.
• Epoch.
• Age/Stage.
• Can be given, if necessary, also numeric values and names of regional (litho) stratigraphic units.
• Is provided a list of orogenic events to be applied to particular metamorphic rock/map unit.
International Stratigraphic Chart (ICS, 2009)
Geochronological age terms
Hierarchical
ID number
OneGeo-EU
Term
OneGeo-EU
Broader
concept
Age
definition
(Ma)
Source of
the
definition
CGI URN Complete
CGI URN
GeologicEvent:EventAge
Age can be recorded as numeric value or geochronologic term,
as single value or as a range.
The age of deposition of a sedimentary rock.
The age of intrusion of a igneous rock.
The protolith age or the final phase of metamorphism of a
metamorphic rock.
Geologic unit has been portrayed using the lower age
EventEnvironment
EventEnvironment
Earth surface setting
Terr
estr
ial s
etti
ng
Lacu
stri
ne
sett
ing;
R
iver
pla
in s
yste
m
sett
ing
Hill
slo
pe
sett
ing
Hu
mid
tro
pic
al
clim
atic
set
tin
g
Po
lar
clim
atic
se
ttin
g
Gla
cier
rel
ated
se
ttin
g
Sub
aqu
eou
s se
ttin
g M
arin
e se
ttin
g B
iolo
gica
l ree
f; b
asin
p
lain
; Co
nti
nen
tal
shel
f; e
tc.
Sho
relin
e se
ttin
g D
elat
ic s
yste
m; C
oas
tal
pla
in
Wet
lan
d s
etti
ng
Bo
g B
asin
bo
g; B
lan
ket
bo
g
Sub
aeri
al s
etti
ng
Aeo
lian
pro
cess
; P
ied
mo
nt
slo
pe
syst
em
cave
Earth interior setting
Low
pre
ssu
re h
igh
te
mp
erat
ure
set
tin
g
Hig
h p
ress
ure
low
te
mp
erat
ure
set
tin
g
Ult
ra h
igh
pre
ssu
re
cru
stal
set
tin
g
Tectonic setting
Pas
sive
co
nti
nen
tal
mar
gin
set
tin
g
Pla
te m
argi
n s
etti
ng
Fore
arc
sett
ing:
V
olc
anic
arc
set
tin
g
Bac
k-ar
c se
ttin
g
Co
llisi
on
al s
etti
ng
Fore
lan
d s
etti
ng
Hin
terl
and
tec
ton
ic
sett
ing
The property EventEnvironment can
be used to describe the environment
in which the GeologicUnit was
formed, e.g. in a ‘Basin plain setting’
or in a ‘volcanic arc setting’.
It is mandatory for Quaternary.
Portrayal Rules: visualizing the content and its status of harmonisation …
Portrayal Rules: visualizing the content and its status of harmonisation …
Portrayal rules for faults and contacts
faults contacts
Results
ECP-2007-GEO-317001
OneGeology-Europe
Scientific/Semantic Data Specification and Dictionaries - Generic Specification for Spatial Geological Data in Europe -
Authors: K. Asch, M. Bavec, S. Bergman, F. Perez Cerdan, P. Y. Declercq, D. Janjou, S. Kacer, S. Klicker, M. Nironen, M. Pantaloni, C. Schubert
August 31, 2010
http://www.geology.cz/1geplus/support
Conclusions
• This OneGeology Europe Scientific/Semantic Data Specification and Dictionaries describes in detail the contents and scientific content model, the classifications, terms and the usage of the vocabulary that will be the base for the Geological Surveys to describe the geology of their country within the project. This is based on existing standards as far as possible.
• The vocabulary deals with an extremely sensitive issue as each European nation has a long held tradition of describing geoscience data in accordance with its own national convention.
• This vocabulary represent a compromise between national schemes; a pan-European cross-boundary approach for geological map data at 1:1M scale; and consistency with a global vocabulary.
• This specification is extremely important; the final version ultimately enable semantic interoperability and also progress to the harmonisation of the data.
• This specification form one of the foundations and inputs for the INSPIRE Geological Data Specification.