data collection survey on water resources potential … · 3-5-1 assessment of key items on...

Republic of the Union of Myanmar

DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON

WATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL FOR

THILAWA SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE AND ADJOINING AREAS

FINAL REPORT

(MAIN REPORT)

SEPTEMBER 2014

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

SANYU CONSULTANTS INC.

GE

JR

14-173

I

Myanmar

TARGET AREA

Bago River

Thilawa SEZ

Zarmani-Inn Reservoir

Ban Bwe GonReservoir

Thilawa Reservoir

Yangon

ThanlyinTownship

Kyauktan Township

Location Map – Area around Thilawa SEZ- (1/2)

II

Location Map – Bago River Basin - (2/2)

III

Site Photographs (1)

Landscape of the Thilawa SEZ (August 2012)

Zarmani-inn reservoir (October 2012)

Ban Bwe Gon reservoir (October 2012)

La Gun Byin reservoir and intake facility (November 2012)

Thilawa reservoir (October 2012)

Alilne Nee reservoir and intake facility (January 2014)

IV


Field survey of VES (Geophysical prospecting)

(October 2012)

Field survey of TDEM (Geophysical prospecting)

(November 2012)

Existing shallow well in Thanlyin township (November 2012)

Existing deep well in Thanlyin township (November 2012)

Borehole drilling (D-2 site) (February 2013)

Description of drill core (D-4 site) (February 2013)

V


Test well drilling (D-1 site) (December 2012)

Geophysical logging of test well (D5 site) (January 2013)

Pumping test of test well (D-3 site) (June 2013)

Observation stations of groundwater level of test wells (D-3 site) (October 2013)

Water quality test of groundwater (July 2013)

Sampling of groundwater for isotope analysis (July 2013)

VI


Zaung Tu weir (February 2012)

Khayan Sluice (January 2014)

Automatic river water level gauging station at Tamabin (May 2014)

Existing river water level gauging station at Bago river (October 2012)

River water quality test along up-steam of Bago

river (March 2013) River discharge measurement by ADCP

(May 2014)

VII

C O N T E N T S

CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1-1 Background of the Study ..................................................................................................................... 1-1 1-2 Objectives of the Study ....................................................................................................................... 1-2

CHAPTER 2 BASIC DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 2-1 Basic Data of Nature, Society, Economy and Environmental & Social Considerations...................... 2-1 2-1-1 Target Area of the Study ............................................................................................................. 2-1 2-1-2 Nature ......................................................................................................................................... 2-2 2-1-3 Society ........................................................................................................................................ 2-3 2-1-4 Economy ..................................................................................................................................... 2-4 2-1-5 Environmental and Social Consideration .................................................................................... 2-6 2-2 Organization of the Administration and Legal Frame on the Water Utilization .................................. 2-8 2-2-1 Organization of the Administration on the Water Utilization ...................................................... 2-8 2-2-2 Policy .......................................................................................................................................... 2-9 2-2-3 Legal Frame ................................................................................................................................ 2-9 2-3 Outline of Topography and Geology ................................................................................................... 2-9 2-3-1 Topography ................................................................................................................................. 2-9 2-3-2 Geology .................................................................................................................................... 2-12 2-4 Socioeconomic Situation in the Project Area .................................................................................... 2-16 2-4-1 Area and Population ................................................................................................................. 2-16 2-4-2 Industry, Economy, Employment .............................................................................................. 2-19 2-5 Present Situation of the Water Utilization of the Survey Areas ......................................................... 2-22 2-5-1 Present Situation of the Agriculture in the Target Area ............................................................. 2-22 2-5-2 Present Situation of the Industry in the Target Area .................................................................. 2-24 2-5-3 Present Situation and Future image of the Domestic Use in the Target Area ............................ 2-25 2-6 Agriculture in the Project Area .......................................................................................................... 2-25 2-6-1 Agricultural Land Use .............................................................................................................. 2-25 2-6-2 Planted Area, Production and These Trend in Recent Years ..................................................... 2-26 2-6-3 Agricultural Tools and Machineries .......................................................................................... 2-31 2-7 Water Right and Organization of the Water Utilization ..................................................................... 2-31 2-7-1 Water Right ............................................................................................................................... 2-31 2-7-2 Water Users Association ........................................................................................................... 2-32

CHAPTER 3 SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER 3-1. Outline........................................................................................................................................... 3-1

3-1-1 Purpose ................................................................................................................................. 3-1 3-1-2 Definition of Groundwater Development Potential .............................................................. 3-1 3-1-3 Topography........................................................................................................................... 3-2 3-1-4 Geology ................................................................................................................................ 3-3

3-2 Groundwater Survey ............................................................................................................................ 3-7 3-2-1 Outline ......................................................................................................................................... 3-7 3-2-2 Review of Existing Reports and Data .......................................................................................... 3-9 3-2-3 Well Inventory Survey ............................................................................................................... 3-20 3-2-4 Geophysical Survey ................................................................................................................... 3-49

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3-2-5 Core Boring .............................................................................................................................. 3-57 3-2-6 Test Well ................................................................................................................................... 3-73 3-2-7 Water Quality Survey of Existing Wells ................................................................................... 3-83 3-2-8 Water Quality Test of Test Well ................................................................................................ 3-93 3-2-9 Groundwater Level Monitoring .............................................................................................. 3-111 3-2-10 Seasonal Groundwater Level Measurement at Dug Wells ................................................... 3-121 3-2-11 Creation of Landcover Map ................................................................................................. 3-124 3-2-12 Outcrop Reconnaissance ...................................................................................................... 3-125 3-2-13 Pumping Test at Existing Wells ............................................................................................ 3-129

3-3 Comprehensive Analysis of Obtained Hydrogeological Data ......................................................... 3-134 3-3-1 Outline .................................................................................................................................... 3-134 3-3-2 Aquifer Distribution and Its Nature ........................................................................................ 3-136 3-3-3 Groundwater Use .................................................................................................................... 3-160 3-3-4 Water Quality .......................................................................................................................... 3-171 3-3-5 Groundwater Head and Movement ......................................................................................... 3-180

3-4 Groundwater Recharge and Exploitation Rate ................................................................................ 3-183 3-4-1 Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Rate by Tank Model ................................................... 3-183 3-4-2 Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Amount and Exploitation Rate.................................... 3-193

3-5 Estimation of Groundwater Development Potential ........................................................................ 3-194 3-5-1 Assessment of Key Items on Groundwater Development Potential ....................................... 3-194 3-5-2 Basic Figure of Groundwater Development Potential ............................................................ 3-195

3-6 Environmental Impact Assessment on Short Term Groundwater Development Potential for Thilawa SEZ with 3-D Aquifer Conceptual Model .............................. 3-196 3-6-1 Outline .................................................................................................................................... 3-196 3-6-2 Creation of 3D Model ............................................................................................................. 3-197 3-6-3 Development Simulation ........................................................................................................ 3-213 3-7 Conclusion on Short-Term Groundwater Development for Thilawa SEZ ...................................... 3-235 3-8 Recommendation for Groundwater Monitoring and Aquifer Management .................................... 3-236 3-8-1 Monitoring of Groundwater Extraction in Thilawa SEZ ........................................................ 3-236 3-8-2 Monitoring and Aquifer Management in Thanlyin Town ....................................................... 3-239 3-8-3 Effective Use of Installed Observation Wells and Performer of Aquifer Monitoring and Management .................................................................................... 3-241 3-9 Conclusion and Recommendation for Groundwater Development in Future For the Region ..................................................................................................................... 3-243

CHAPTER 4 SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WATER 4-1 Bago Basin .......................................................................................................................................... 4-1 4-1-1 Survey Area for Surface water .................................................................................................... 4-1 4-1-2 Topography ................................................................................................................................. 4-1 4-1-3 Rivers, Streams and Basin Area .................................................................................................. 4-2 4-1-4 Soils 4-4 4-1-5 Landcover ................................................................................................................................... 4-5 4-2 Climate ............................................................................................................................................ 4-8 4-2-1 Climate Resume.......................................................................................................................... 4-9 4-2-2 Meteorological Station .............................................................................................................. 4-10 4-2-3 Rainfall ..................................................................................................................................... 4-12 4-2-4 Air Temperature ........................................................................................................................ 4-15

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4-2-5 Humidity ................................................................................................................................... 4-16 4-2-6 Wind Speed............................................................................................................................... 4-17 4-2-7 Solar Radiation ......................................................................................................................... 4-17 4-2-8 Evapotranspiration .................................................................................................................... 4-18 4-3 Tidal Change ..................................................................................................................................... 4-19 4-4 Hydrological Survey ......................................................................................................................... 4-21 4-4-1 Bago River Basin ...................................................................................................................... 4-21 4-4-2 Hydrological Stations in Bago Basin ........................................................................................ 4-22 4-4-3 Existing Records ....................................................................................................................... 4-25 4-4-4 River Stage and River Discharge Measurement ....................................................................... 4-28 4-4-5 Data Verification ....................................................................................................................... 4-41 4-4-6 Rating Curve ............................................................................................................................. 4-43 4-4-7 Calculation of River Discharge ................................................................................................. 4-47 4-4-8 Comparison with Other Data .................................................................................................... 4-48 4-4-9 Water Quality Survey of Surface Water .................................................................................... 4-51 4-5 Water Facilities.................................................................................................................................. 4-65 4-5-1 Reservoir................................................................................................................................... 4-65 4-5-2 Irrigation Canals/Drainages and Water Gates ........................................................................... 4-68 4-5-3 30 Mile Greening Project .......................................................................................................... 4-71 4-5-4 Reservoirs around Thilawa SEZ ............................................................................................... 4-82 4-5-5 La Gun Byin and Aligni Reservoir ......................................................................................... 4-101 4-5-6 Dawei Dam Plan ..................................................................................................................... 4-106 4-5-7 Rainwater Utilization adjacent to SEZ .................................................................................... 4-111 4-5-8 New Reservoir in the Thilawa SEZ area ................................................................................. 4-115 4-6 Water Resource and Basin Water Balance ...................................................................................... 4-116 4-6-1 Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) ............................................................................... 4-116 4-6-2 Catchments Delineation .......................................................................................................... 4-117 4-6-3 Sub-basin Division ................................................................................................................. 4-118 4-6-4 Preparation of Input Information ............................................................................................ 4-120 4-6-5 HRU (Hydrological Response Unit) Analysis ........................................................................ 4-121 4-6-6 Calibration Data ...................................................................................................................... 4-128 4-6-7 Model Calibration ................................................................................................................... 4-128 4-6-8 Model Output.......................................................................................................................... 4-134 4-6-9 Basin Water Balance ............................................................................................................... 4-138 4-6-10 Water Yield of Sub-Basin ....................................................................................................... 4-141 4-7 Monitoring System and Database ................................................................................................... 4-143 4-7-1 Monitoring items .................................................................................................................... 4-143 4-7-2 Data Base ................................................................................................................................ 4-146

CHAPTER 5 THE WATER DEMAND FORECASTING 5-1 Precondition of the Forecasting on the Water Demand ....................................................................... 5-1 5-1-1 Industry Targeted ........................................................................................................................ 5-1 5-2 Forecasting on the Water Demand for Agriculture .............................................................................. 5-2 5-2-1 Present Situation of the Agriculture in the Target Area ............................................................... 5-2 5-2-2 Future Agriculture in the Target Area .......................................................................................... 5-2 5-2-3 Forecasting of the Irrigation Water Demand ............................................................................... 5-4 5-3 Forecasting on the Water Demand for Industry ................................................................................... 5-5

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5-3-1 Present Situation of Water Utilization of Industy in the Target Area ........................................... 5-5 5-3-2 Required Water Demand of Industry use for the Four Township in 2040 ................................... 5-6 5-3-3 Required Water Demand from the Thilawa SEZ ........................................................................ 5-6 5-3-4 Required Water Demand for Industry ......................................................................................... 5-7 5-4 Forecasting on the Water Demand for Domestic Use ......................................................................... 5-7 5-4-1 Present Situation and Future image of the Domestic Use in the Target Area .............................. 5-7 5-4-2 Population Movement in the Target Area ................................................................................... 5-7 5-4-3 Forecasting on the Water Demand for Domestic Use ................................................................. 5-8 5-5 Future Water Demand in the Target Area ............................................................................................ 5-9 5-6 Consideration from View Point of the Water Resources Potential ...................................................... 5-9 5-6-1 Groundwater Resource Potential ................................................................................................ 5-9 5-6-2 Surface Water Resource Potential ............................................................................................. 5-10 5-6-3 Issues for the Water Resource Development from Aspect of the Water Balance ...................... 5-10

CHAPTER 6 WATER FACILITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN 6-1 Basic Condition ................................................................................................................................... 6-1 6-1-1 Water Resource Options Consideration ...................................................................................... 6-1 6-1-2 Other Water Resources ............................................................................................................... 6-4 6-1-3 Condition for Consideration ....................................................................................................... 6-7

6-2 Water Facility Development Plan for the Short-Term ....................................................................... 6-12 6-2-1 Facility Design .......................................................................................................................... 6-12 6-2-2 Cost Comparison ...................................................................................................................... 6-43

6-3 Mid-Term Plan .................................................................................................................................. 6-64 6-3-1 Main Water Resources .............................................................................................................. 6-64 6-3-2 Issues of Main Reservoirs ......................................................................................................... 6-66 6-3-3 Spillway of La Gun Byin Reservoir .......................................................................................... 6-68 6-3-4 Freeboard of La Gun Byin Reservoir ........................................................................................ 6-74

6-4 Long-Term Plan ................................................................................................................................ 6-81 6-4-1 Sites of the Dawei Dam ............................................................................................................ 6-82 6-4-2 Geology Condition ................................................................................................................... 6-84 6-4-3 Type of Dam and Embankment Material .................................................................................. 6-84 6-4-4 Dam Capacity ........................................................................................................................... 6-85 6-4-5 Flood Discharge ........................................................................................................................ 6-86 6-4-6 Flood Flow Analysis ................................................................................................................. 6-88 6-4-7 Spillway .................................................................................................................................... 6-90 6-4-8 Water Level of Reservoir .......................................................................................................... 6-90 6-4-9 Proposed Dam Cross Section .................................................................................................... 6-96

CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATION 7-1 Environment and Social Consideration ............................................................................................... 7-1 7-1-1 Legal System of Environment and Social Consideration in Myanmar ....................................... 7-1 7-1-2 Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure ............................................................................ 7-3

7-2 Current Environment .......................................................................................................................... 7-4 7-2-1 Water Development Plans ........................................................................................................... 7-4 7-2-2 Natural Reserve and Rare Species .............................................................................................. 7-5 7-2-3 Cultural Heritage ........................................................................................................................ 7-5 7-2-4 Existing Well and Pond ............................................................................................................... 7-9

XI

7-3 Consideration Points on Water Resource Development and Implementation ..................................... 7-9 7-3-1 Examination of Alternatives ....................................................................................................... 7-9 7-3-2 Scoping ..................................................................................................................................... 7-10 7-3-3 TOR for Environmental and Social Consideration ................................................................... 7-15

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION1 8-1 Groundwater Resources ...................................................................................................................... 8-1 8-2 Surface Water Resources ..................................................................................................................... 8-2

SUPPORTING DATA (CD-ROM Attached)

Chapter 1 Observation Well Chapter 2 Pumping Test Chapter 3 Groundwater Quality Chapter 4 Surface Water Quality Chapter 5 Meteorological Observation Chapter 6 River Discharge Chapter 7 Environment and Social Consideration Chapter 8 Aquifer Profile Chapter 9 Pumping Test at Existing Well Chapter 10 Geophysical Survey Chapter 11 Groundwater level Chapter 12 Surface Water Level

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List of Figures Figure 2-1-1 Administrative Sectional .................................................................................................... 2-1 Figure 2-1-2 Target Area of the Study for the Surface Water................................................................... 2-2 Figure 2-1-3 Target Area of the Study for the Groundwater .................................................................... 2-2 Figure 2-1-4 Monthly mean temperature and rainfall .............................................................................. 2-3 Figure 2-1-5 Industrial Structure in GDP ................................................................................................ 2-5 Figure 2-1-6 Industrial Export Ratio ....................................................................................................... 2-6 Figure 2-3-1 Topographic Units in the Southern Myanmar and Location of Survey Area ..................... 2-11 Figure 2-3-2 Topography and Elevation in and near the Groundwater Investigation Area ..................... 2-11 Figure 2-3-3 Bird’s-eye View of Topography of Groundwater Investigation Area ................................. 2-12 Figure 2-3-4 Regional Geological Map around the Survey Area ........................................................... 2-13 Figure 2-3-5 Geological Map of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Rigde .................................................................. 2-15 Figure 2-3-6 Bouguer Anomaly near Yangon and Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridges ...................................... 2-16 Figure 2-4-1 Population Age Distribution in 2012 by Township ............................................................ 2-18 Figure 2-4-2 Population Trend during 2005 to 2012 .............................................................................. 2-19 Figure 2-4-3 GDP Share in 4 Townships ................................................................................................ 2-20 Figure 2-6-1 Trend of Crop Production from 2008 to 2013 ................................................................... 2-28 Figure 2-6-2 Trend of Summer Paddy Harvested Area from 2008 to 2012 ............................................ 2-30 Figure 2-6-3 Trend of Total Irrigated Area from 2008 to 2013 ............................................................... 2-30 Figure 2-7-1 Organization chart of the related ministries -1 ................................................................... 2-32 Figure 2-7-2 Organization chart of the related ministries -2 ................................................................... 2-33 Figure 2-7-3 Organization chart of the related ministries -3 ................................................................... 2-34 Figure 3-1-1-1 Groundwater Survey Area and Topography ...................................................................... 3-1 Figure 3-1-3-1 Bird’s-eye View of Groundwater Survey Area .................................................................. 3-3 Figure 3-1-4-1 Bouguer Anormaly near Yangon and Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridges .................................... 3-5 Figure 3-1-4-2 Geological Map of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge .................................................................. 3-6 Figure 3-2-1-1 Main Locations of Groundwater Surveys ......................................................................... 3-8 Figure 3-2-2-1 Example of Geologic and Well Logs ................................................................................ 3-10 Figure 3-2-2-2 Location of Geologic and Well Logs (Whole Area) ......................................................... 3-12 Figure 3-2-2-3 Location of Geologic and Well Logs (Northern Area) ..................................................... 3-13 Figure 3-2-2-4 Location of Geologic and Well Logs (Southern Area) ..................................................... 3-14 Figure 3-2-2-5 Value Distribution of Deep Well Data in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas (Win Naing el al., 1991) (1/2) .............................................................. 3-17 Figure 3-2-2-6 Value Distribution of Deep Well Data in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas (Win Naing el al., 1991) (2/2) .......................................................................................... 3-18 Figure 3-2-2-7 Tri-linear Diagram of Main Ions of Well Water near Thanlyin-Kyuaktan Ridge ............. 3-20 Figure 3-2-2-8 Iron Concentration of Well Water ..................................................................................... 3-20 Figure 3-2-2-9 Relationship between Electric Conductivity and Chloride Concentration ........................ 3-20 Figure 3-2-3-1 Target Village Group ........................................................................................................ 3-22 Figure 3-2-3-2 Location of Facilities ........................................................................................................ 3-24 Figure 3-2-3-3 Example of Facilities ........................................................................................................ 3-25 Figure 3-2-3-4 Location of Candidate Wells for Monitoring and Pumping Test ...................................... 3-26 Figure 3-2-3-5 Number and Discharge of Wells in the Survey Area ........................................................ 3-27 Figure 3-2-3-6 Number and Capacity of Ponds in the Survey Area ......................................................... 3-27 Figure 3-2-3-7 Distribution of Tube Wells in the Survey Area ................................................................. 3-29

XIII

Figure 3-2-3-8 Distribution of Dug Wells in the Survey Area .................................................................. 3-30 Figure 3-2-3-9 Distribution of Ponds in the Survey Area ......................................................................... 3-31 Figure 3-2-3-10 Installation Year of Tube Well (as of Dec., 2012) ............................................................. 3-33 Figure 3-2-3-11 Depth of Tube Well .......................................................................................................... 3-33 Figure 3-2-3-12 Diameter of Tube Well ..................................................................................................... 3-34 Figure 3-2-3-13 Daily Pumping Hours of Tube Well ................................................................................. 3-34 Figure 3-2-3-14 Capacity of Tube Well ...................................................................................................... 3-35 Figure 3-2-3-15 Daily Discharge of Tube Well .......................................................................................... 3-35 Figure 3-2-3-16 Spatial Distribution of Tube Well Depth (Whole Area) .................................................... 3-36 Figure 3-2-3-17 Spatial Distribution of Tube Well Depth (in and near the Hill) ........................................ 3-37 Figure 3-2-3-18 Spatial Distribution of Tube Well Depth greater than 100m (Whole Area) ...................... 3-38 Figure 3-2-3-19 Spatial Distribution of Tube Well Depth greater than 100 m (in and near the Hill) .......... 3-39 Figure 3-2-3-20 Installation Year of Dug Well ........................................................................................... 3-40 Figure 3-2-3-21 Depth of Dug Well ........................................................................................................... 3-41 Figure 3-2-3-22 Diameter of Dug Well ...................................................................................................... 3-41 Figure 3-2-3-23 Daily Pumping Hours of Dug Well .................................................................................. 3-41 Figure 3-2-3-24 Pumping Capacity of Dug Well ........................................................................................ 3-42 Figure 3-2-3-25 Daily Discharge of Dug Well ........................................................................................... 3-42 Figure 3-2-3-26 Groundwater Table Depth of Dug Well ............................................................................ 3-42 Figure 3-2-3-27 Spatial Distribution of Dug Well Depth (In and near the Hill) ......................................... 3-43 Figure 3-2-3-28 Spatial Distribution of Dug Well Depth greater than 10 m (In and near the Hill) ............. 3-44 Figure 3-2-3-29 Installation Year of Pond .................................................................................................. 3-45 Figure 3-2-3-30 Length of Pond ................................................................................................................. 3-46 Figure 3-2-3-31 Width of Pond .................................................................................................................. 3-46 Figure 3-2-3-32 Depth of Pond .................................................................................................................. 3-47 Figure 3-2-3-33 Capacity of Pond .............................................................................................................. 3-47 Figure 3-2-3-34 Spatial Distribution of Capacity of Pond .......................................................................... 3-48 Figure 3-2-3-35 Example of Pond Distribution in Thongwa Township ..................................................... 3-49 Figure 3-2-4-1 Summary of Survey for Seawater Intrusion ..................................................................... 3-50 Figure 3-2-4-2 Analytical Result of VES ................................................................................................. 3-51 Figure 3-2-4-3 Result of TDEM Survey (e.g.) ......................................................................................... 3-52 Figure 3-2-4-4 Resistivity Profile (A Line) .............................................................................................. 3-55 Figure 3-2-4-5 Resistivity Profile (B Line) .............................................................................................. 3-56 Figure 3-2-5-1 Core Drilling Work Progress ............................................................................................ 3-58 Figure 3-2-5-2 Photo and Facies Outline of D-2 Core Sample (1/3) ........................................................ 3-62 Figure 3-2-5-3 Photo and Facies Outline of D-2 Core Sample (2/3) ........................................................ 3-63 Figure 3-2-5-4 Photo and Facies Outline of D-2 Core Sample (3/3) ........................................................ 3-64 Figure 3-2-5-5 Photo and Facies Outline of D-4 Core Sample (1/3) ........................................................ 3-65 Figure 3-2-5-6 Photo and Facies Outline of D-4 Core Sample (2/3) ........................................................ 3-66 Figure 3-2-5-7 Photo and Facies Outline of D-4 Core Sample (3/3) ........................................................ 3-67 Figure 3-2-5-8 D-2 Surface - Lateritic soil and weathered zone ............................................................... 3-68 Figure 3-2-5-9 D-2 86.5 ~ 89.5 m - Ferruginous brown-colored weathered zone .................................... 3-68 Figure 3-2-5-10 D-2 95.5 ~ 96.5 m - Semi-consolidated fine alternation of silt and very fine sand ........... 3-69 Figure 3-2-5-11 D-2 131.5 ~ 134.5 m - Hard sandstone and brownish weakly consolidated sandstone ..................................................................................................... 3-69 Figure 3-2-5-12 D-2 186.0 ~ 189.5 m - Weakly consolidated sandstone (crushable with fingers) ............. 3-70 Figure 3-2-5-13 D-2 249.4 ~ 249.55 m - Fine alternation of clay and silt;

XIV

almost horizontally bedded .............................................................................................. 3-70 Figure 3-2-5-14 D-2 255.5 ~ 256.5 m - Fine alternation of silt and very fine sand; dipping approx. 15° .......................................................................................................... 3-71 Figure 3-2-5-15 D-4 9.3 ~ 9.5 m - Fine alternation of silt and very fine sand (Disturbed by drilling torque) ........................................................................................... 3-71 Figure 3-2-5-16 D-4 around 83 m - Old soil and old weathered zone ........................................................ 3-72 Figure 3-2-5-17 D-4 152.5 ~ 153.5 m - Fine alternation of clay and silt (weakly consolidated) ................ 3-72 Figure 3-2-5-18 D-4 201.4 m - Trace fossil ................................................................................................ 3-73 Figure 3-2-5-19 D-4 223.5 ~ 224.5 m - Alternation of silt and very fine sand, and slightly consolidated sandstone ........................................................................................ 3-73 Figure 3-2-6-1 Schematic Profile of Test Well Allocation ........................................................................ 3-74 Figure 3-2-6-2 Example of Well Log ....................................................................................................... 3-76 Figure 3-2-6-3 Location of Test Wells by another JICA Team ................................................................. 3-80 Figure 3-2-6-4 Appearance of Test Wells by another JICA Team ............................................................ 3-81 Figure 3-2-7-1 Location and Depth of Existing Wells for Water Quality Survey ..................................... 3-89 Figure 3-2-7-2 Distribution of Electric Conductivity (EC) of Existing-Well Water (Dry Season, 2013)........................................................................................................... 3-89 Figure 3-2-7-3 Distribution of Electric Conductivity (EC) of Existing-Well Water (Both Seasons, 2013) ....................................................................................................... 3-90 Figure 3-2-7-4 Distribution of pH of Existing-Well Water (Dry Season, 2013) ....................................... 3-91 Figure 3-2-7-5 Distribution of Turbidity of Existing-Well Water (Dry Season, 2013) ............................. 3-91 Figure 3-2-7-6 Distribution of Color Index of Existing-Well Water (Dry Season, 2013) ......................... 3-92 Figure 3-2-7-7 Distribution of Taste of Existing-Well Water (Dry Season, 2013) .................................... 3-92 Figure 3-2-7-8 Distribution of Odor of Existing-Well Water (Dry Season, 2013) .................................... 3-93 Figure 3-2-8-1 Schematic Figure of Pipe System for Helium Gas Sampling .......................................... 3-104 Figure 3-2-8-2 Sampling Scene ............................................................................................................... 3-105 Figure 3-2-8-3 Result of Stable Isotope Analysis – Hydrogen and Oxygen ............................................ 3-106 Figure 3-2-8-4 Relationship between Helium 4 and Isotopes .................................................................. 3-107 Figure 3-2-8-5 Relationship between Helium Isotopes and Ne/He ......................................................... 3-108 Figure 3-2-8-6 Natural Gas Show around D-4 Site ................................................................................. 3-108 Figure 3-2-8-7 Helium-4 Age Distribution on Aquifer Profile ................................................................ 3-109 Figure 3-2-8-8 Location and EC of Test Well in SEZ by another JICA Team ......................................... 3-110 Figure 3-2-9-1 Location of Observation Wells and Existing Wells ......................................................... 3-114 Figure 3-2-9-2 GW Level Fluctuation of Observation Well in Elevation – All Wells ............................. 3-116 Figure 3-2-9-3 GW Level Fluctuation of Observation Well in Elevation –Wells in Plain/Lowland ........ 3-116 Figure 3-2-9-4 GW Level Fluctuation of Observation Well in Depth – All Wells ................................... 3-117 Figure 3-2-9-5 GW Level Fluctuation of Observation Well in Depth – Wells in Plain/Lowland ............ 3-117 Figure 3-2-9-6 Fine Fluctuation of GW Level at D-1 Site Wells ............................................................. 3-118 Figure 3-2-9-7 Fine Fluctuation of GW Level at D-2 Site Wells ............................................................. 3-118 Figure 3-2-9-8 Fine Fluctuation of GW Level at D-3 Site Wells ............................................................. 3-119 Figure 3-2-9-9 Fine Fluctuation of GW Level at D-4 Site Wells ............................................................. 3-119 Figure 3-2-9-10 Fine Fluctuation of GW Level at D-5 Site Wells ............................................................. 3-120 Figure 3-2-10-1 Groundwater Table Contours in Unconfined Aquifer in the Hill (Nov., 2012) ................ 3-121 Figure 3-2-10-2 Groundwater Table Depth and Elevation in Dug Wells in Nov., 2012 ............................ 3-122 Figure 3-2-10-3 Groundwater Table Depth and Elevation in Dug Wells at the End of April. 2014 ........... 3-123 Figure 3-2-11-1 Land Cover Map of Groundwater Survey Area .............................................................. 3-124 Figure 3-2-12-1 Outcrops in the Northern Part of the Hill near the Kyaik Kauk Pagoda (1) .................... 3-126

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Figure 3-2-12-2 Outcrops in the Northern Part of the Hill near the Kyaik Kauk Pagoda (2) .................... 3-126 Figure 3-2-12-3 Outcrops in Central Part of the Hill to the East of Thilawa ............................................. 3-127 Figure 3-2-12-4 Outcrop in Southern Part of the Hill along Hmaw Wun River in Kyauktan .................... 3-128 Figure 3-2-12-5 Outcrop in the Plain along Hmaw Wun River to the East of Kyauktan Town ................. 3-128 Figure 3-2-13-1 Location of Existing Wells for Pumping Test .................................................................. 3-129 Figure 3-2-13-2 Cumulative Flow Meter .................................................................................................. 3-131 Figure 3-2-13-3 Pump used at Shallow Well ............................................................................................. 3-131 Figure 3-2-13-4 Automatic Water Level Meter used for the Test .............................................................. 3-131 Figure 3-2-13-5 Water Level and Pumping Rate Change in Pumping at KYA-20 .................................... 3-131 Figure 3-2-13-6 Water Level Change in Pumping and Recovery at KYA-2 ............................................. 3-132 Figure 3-2-13-7 Water Level and Pumping Rate Change in Pumping at THA-27 .................................... 3-132 Figure 3-2-13-8 Water Level Change in Pumping and Recovery at THA-27 ........................................... 3-132 Figure 3-2-13-9 Water Level and Pumping Rate Change in Pumping at THA-8 ...................................... 3-133 Figure 3-2-13-10 Water Level Change in Pumping and Recovery at THA-8 ............................................. 3-133 Figure 3-3-1-1 Schematic Profile of Groundwater Head Distribution and Movement ............................ 3-134 Figure 3-3-1-2 Schematic Profile of Aquifer Distribution, Nature and Water Use .................................. 3-135 Figure 3-3-2-1 Location of Aquifer Investigation.................................................................................... 3-137 Figure 3-3-2-2 Location of Aquifer Investigation (near Central Part of Thilawa SEZ) ........................... 3-137 Figure 3-3-2-3 Results of Aquifer Investigation in Tertiary Hill and Inferred Aquifer Profile ................. 3-138 Figure 3-3-2-4 Results of Aquifer Investigation in Quaternary Plain and Inferred Aquifer Profile ......... 3-139 Figure 3-3-2-5 Resistivity and Inferred Aquifer Profile along E-W Direction (A Section) ..................... 3-140 Figure 3-3-2-6 Resistivity and Inferred Aquifer Profile along N-S Direction (B Section) ...................... 3-141 Figure 3-3-2-7 Inferred Aquifer Profile in and around Central Part of Thilawa SEZ (1) ......................... 3-142 Figure 3-3-2-8 Inferred Aquifer Profile in and around Central Part of Thilawa SEZ (2) ......................... 3-143 Figure 3-3-2-9 Lines of Aquifer Profile (1) ............................................................................................. 3-148 Figure 3-3-2-10 Lines of Aquifer Profiles (2) ............................................................................................ 3-149 Figure 3-3-2-11 Aquifer Profile – WSW-ENE Sections (1) ...................................................................... 3-150 Figure 3-3-2-12 Aquifer Profile – WSW-ENE Sections (2) ...................................................................... 3-151 Figure 3-3-2-13 Aquifer Profile – NNW-SSE Sections (1) ....................................................................... 3-152 Figure 3-3-2-14 Aquifer Profile – NNW-SSE Sections (2) ....................................................................... 3-153 Figure 3-3-2-15 Aquifer Profile – NNW-SSE Sections (3) ....................................................................... 3-154 Figure 3-3-2-16 Aquifer Profiles of the Hill (1) ........................................................................................ 3-155 Figure 3-3-2-17 Aquifer Profiles of the Hill (2) ........................................................................................ 3-156 Figure 3-3-2-18 Aquifer Profiles of the Hill (3) ........................................................................................ 3-157 Figure 3-3-2-19 Aquifer Profiles of the Hill (4) ........................................................................................ 3-158 Figure 3-3-2-20 Aquifer Profiles of the Hill (5) ........................................................................................ 3-159 Figure 3-3-3-1 Number of wells and Total Discharge ............................................................................. 3-161 Figure 3-3-3-2 Dug Well (left) and Tube Well (right) .............................................................................. 3-161 Figure 3-3-3-3 Installation Year of Tube Wells ........................................................................................ 3-161 Figure 3-3-3-4 Distribution of Dug Well ................................................................................................. 3-162 Figure 3-3-3-5 Distribution of Tube Well ................................................................................................ 3-163 Figure 3-3-3-6 Areal Density of Wells by 500 m Square ........................................................................ 3-164 Figure 3-3-3-7 Areal Density of Well Discharge by 500 m Square – All Aquifers .................................. 3-165 Figure 3-3-3-8 Areal Density of Well Discharge by 500 m Square – Surface Aquifer ............................ 3-166 Figure 3-3-3-9 Areal Density of Well Discharge by 500 m Square – 1st Aquifer ................................... 3-167 Figure 3-3-3-10 Areal Density of Well Discharge by 500 m Square – 2nd Aquifer .................................. 3-168 Figure 3-3-3-11 Areal Density of Well Discharge by 500 m Square – 3rd Aquifer ................................... 3-169

XVI

Figure 3-3-3-12 Areal Density of Well Discharge by 500 m Square – 4th Aquifer ................................... 3-170 Figure 3-3-4-1 Electric Conductivity (EC) Distribution on Aquifer Profile – WSW- ENE Direction (1) ............................................................................................ 3-173 Figure 3-3-4-2 Electric Conductivity (EC) Distribution on Aquifer Profile – WSW- ENE Direction (2) ............................................................................................ 3-174 Figure 3-3-4-3 Electric Conductivity (EC) Distribution on Aquifer Profile - NNW - SSE Direction (1) .......................................................................................................... 3-175 Figure 3-3-4-4 Electric Conductivity (EC) Distribution on Aquifer Profile - NNW - SSE Direction (2) .......................................................................................................... 3-176 Figure 3-3-4-5 Electric Conductivity (EC) Distribution on Aquifer Profile - NNW - SSE Direction (3) ............................................................................................. 3-177 Figure 3-3-4-6 Inferred Salty Water Distribution by Aquifer (1) ............................................................. 3-178 Figure 3-3-4-7 Inferred Salty Water Distribution by Aquifer (2) ............................................................. 3-179 Figure 3-3-4-8 Aquifer Section and Salty Water Distribution under Thilawa SEZ ................................. 3-180 Figure 3-3-5-1 Schematic Explanation of Relationship between Extraction Scale and GW Head Drawdown near Sea Water Intrusion River .................................................... 3-182 Figure 3-4-1-1 Tank Model Expression of Aquifers and Target Tanks for the Present Analysis ............. 3-184 Figure 3-4-1-2 GW Head Observation Status of Aquifers (showing an example at the D2 site) ............. 3-184 Figure 3-4-1-3 Assumption of GW Head Fluctuation for the Surface Aquifer ........................................ 3-185 Figure 3-4-1-4 Groundwater Extraction Rate around D5 Site ................................................................. 3-186 Figure 3-4-1-5 Daily Fluctuation of Groundwater Level at Observation Wells of D5 site ...................... 3-186 Figure 3-4-1-6 Tank Model Simulation Result of D-1 Site ..................................................................... 3-188 Figure 3-4-1-7 Tank Model Simulation Result of D-2 Site ..................................................................... 3-189 Figure 3-4-1-8 Tank Model Simulation Result of D-3 Site ..................................................................... 3-190 Figure 3-4-1-9 Tank Model Simulation Result of D-4 Site ..................................................................... 3-191 Figure 3-4-1-10 Tank Model Simulation Result of D-5 Site ..................................................................... 3-192 Figure 3-4-2-1 Estimated Groundwater Recharge and Areal Division .................................................... 3-193 Figure 3-6-1-1 Candidate Sites of GW Development for Short-Term Demand of Thilawa SEZ ............ 3-196 Figure 3-6-2-1 Target Area of 3-D Conceptual Model ............................................................................ 3-198 Figure 3-6-2-2 Target Aquifers of 3-D Model ......................................................................................... 3-198 Figure 3-6-2-3 Aquifer Boundary Contour Map (1) ................................................................................ 3-199 Figure 3-6-2-4 Aquifer Boundary Contour Map (2) ................................................................................ 3-200 Figure 3-6-2-5 Plan View of Calculation Mesh of 3-D Model ................................................................ 3-201 Figure 3-6-2-6 Bird’s-eye View of Calculation Mesh of 3-D Model ....................................................... 3-202 Figure 3-6-2-7 Side View of Calculation Mesh of 3-D Model ................................................................ 3-203 Figure 3-6-2-8 Hydraulic Parameter Setting Division ............................................................................. 3-204 Figure 3-6-2-9 Model Input of Groundwater Extraction ......................................................................... 3-206 Figure 3-6-2-10 Boundary Condition ........................................................................................................ 3-207 Figure 3-6-2-11 Comparison of GW Level Contour in Surface Aquifer between Observed and Calculated ................................................................................................. 3-209 Figure 3-6-2-12 Comparison of Observed and Calculated GW Head Fluctuation (D1, D2 and D5 Site) ...................................................................................................... 3-210 Figure 3-6-2-13 Comparison of Observed and Calculated GW Head Fluctuation (D3 and D4 Sites) ...... 3-211 Figure 3-6-2-14 Groundwater Head Contour Map by Aquifer (a result of Steady-State Analysis) ........... 3-212 Figure 3-6-2-15 Typical Calculated GW Level Contours of Surface Aquifer in the Plain......................... 3-213 Figure 3-6-3-1 Groundwater Extraction Plan in Thilawa SEZ (for Basic Study) .................................... 3-214 Figure 3-6-3-2 Groundwater Extraction Plan in Thilawa SEZ (for Detailed Sudy) ................................ 3-214

XVII

Figure 3-6-3-3 Groundwater Extraction Plan in the Plain for Thilawa SEZ ............................................ 3-215 Figure 3-6-3-4 Assessment Criteria of Groundwater Environmental Impact .......................................... 3-217 Figure 3-6-3-5 Water Depth in Dug Well at End of Dry Season (End of Apr., 2014) .............................. 3-218 Figure 3-6-3-6 Example of Groundwater Head and Drawdown Changes at Extraction Point ................ 3-220 Figure 3-6-3-7 Example of Model Output for Different Discharges for SEZ Site ................................... 3-221 Figure 3-6-3-8 Example of Model Output for Different Discharges for the East Plain Site .................... 3-222 Figure 3-6-3-9 Particle Tracking Result on Salty Water Movement – Case BS5 .................................... 3-223 Figure 3-6-3-10 Particle Tracking Result on Salty Water Movement – Case BS6 .................................... 3-224 Figure 3-6-3-11 Particle Tracking Result on Salty Water Movement – Case BE3 .................................... 3-225 Figure 3-6-3-12 Drawdown Distribution by Aquifer – Case BS6; 1,000 m3/d Extraction at 2nd Aquifer .................................................................................................................. 3-226 Figure 3-6-3-13 Groundwater Head Distribution by Aquifer – Case BS6; 1,000 m3/d Extraction at 2nd Aquifer .................................................................................................................. 3-227 Figure 3-6-3-14 Comparison of Drawdown at Extraction Point between One-Year and A-Half-Year Extractions .................................................................................................. 3-228 Figure3-6-3-15 Comparison of Drawdown Contours between One-Year and A-Half-Year Extractions .................................................................................................. 3-229 Figure 3-6-3-16 Drawdown Distribution by Aquifer of Detailed Study Cases – DA1 and DB1 .............................................................................................................. 3-230 Figure 3-6-3-17 Groundwater Head Recovery after One-Year Extraction ................................................ 3-231 Figure 3-8-1-1 Location of Monitoring Wells for Extraction in Thilawa SEZ (Minimal Plan) ............... 3-237 Figure 3-8-1-2 Schematic Figure Showing How to Allocate Monitoring Wells in Case of Extraction in Thilawa SEZ ................................................................................. 3-238 Figure 3-8-2-1 Groundwater Head Level at D5 Site in Thanlyin Town .................................................. 3-239 Figure 3-8-2-2 Calculated GW Head Profiles through D5 Site in Thanlyin Town .................................. 3-240 Figure 3-8-2-3 Calculated GW Head Distribution of 1st Aquifer at the End of Dry Season in Northern Part of Thanlyin Town .............................................................. 3-240 Figure 4-1-2-1 Topographic Units in the Central Myanmar and Location of Survey Area ....................... 4-2 Figure 4-1-3-1 Area-elevation Histogram and Cumulative Area-Elevation Histogram ............................ 4-3 Figure 4-1-4-1 Soil type of Bago Basin ..................................................................................................... 4-4 Figure 4-1-5-1 Landcover Types in Bago basin (2008) ............................................................................. 4-6 Figure 4-2-1 Climate Characteristics of Survey Area ............................................................................. 4-8 Figure 4-2-2-1 Location Map of Meteorological Station ......................................................................... 4-11 Figure 4-2-2-2 Location Map of Hydrological Station ............................................................................. 4-11 Figure 4-2-3-1 Annual Rainfall（Yangon City, Kabaaye Station） ........................................................ 4-12 Figure 4-2-3-2 Annual Rainfall（Bago City, Bago Station） .................................................................. 4-13 Figure 4-2-3-3 Annual Rainfall（Zaungtu Station） ............................................................................... 4-13 Figure 4-2-3-4 Monthly Rainfall of Major Observation Stations ............................................................. 4-15 Figure 4-2-4-1 Isohyet of Map of Mean Annual Max / Min Temperature ................................................ 4-16 Figure 4-2-5-1 Isohyet Map of Mean Annual Relative Humidity ............................................................ 4-16 Figure 4-2-6-1 Isohyet Map of Mean Annual Wind Speed ...................................................................... 4-17 Figure 4-2-7-1 Isohyet Map of Mean Annual Solar Radiation ................................................................. 4-17 Figure 4-2-8-1 Reference Evapotranspiration (FAO) and Evapotranspiration (MODIS) ......................... 4-18 Figure 4-3-1 Yangon Port Tidal Station (MNHC) ................................................................................. 4-19 Figure 4-3-2 Predicted Tidal Level at Yangon Port ............................................................................... 4-20 Figure 4-4-1-1 Bago Basin ....................................................................................................................... 4-21

XVIII

Figure 4-4-1-2 Longitudinal Profile along Bago River Basin .................................................................. 4-22 Figure 4-4-2-1 Location map of meteorological and hydrological stations .............................................. 4-24 Figure 4-4-3-1 River Stage Hydrograph of Bago Bridge Station ............................................................. 4-25 Figure 4-4-3-2 River Discharge at DHM Station (Monthly Discharge of Bago Bridge and Zaungtu Station) ............................................................................................................... 4-26 Figure 4-4-3-3 River Discharge at DHM Station (Annual Discharge of Bago Bridge and Zaungtu Station) ................................................ 4-28 Figure 4-4-4-1 Location Map of River Gauging Station .......................................................................... 4-29 Figure 4-4-4-2 Bago Old Bridge (G3) Station (June/2013) ...................................................................... 4-30

Figure 4-4-4-3 Tamabyin(G2) Station（Feb/2013） ............................................................................... 4-30 Figure 4-4-4-4 Dawei(G1) Station (Feb/2013) ......................................................................................... 4-31 Figure 4-4-4-5 La Gun Byin G4 Station (Mar/2013) ............................................................................... 4-32 Figure 4-4-4-6 River Stage Hydrographs ................................................................................................. 4-33 Figure 4-4-4-7 Observation by Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP, 02/July/2013, Bago Old Bridge Station) ............................................................. 4-35 Figure 4-4-5-1 Summary of Verification of Dawei（G1）Station with H-A,H-V,H-Q, and H- Q curves ..................................................................................... 4-41

Figure 4-4-5-2 Summary of Verification of Tamabin（G2）Station ....................................................... 4-42 Figure 4-4-5-3 Summary of Verification of Bago Old Bridge（G3）Station .......................................... 4-42 Figure 4-4-6-1 Water level(H)-Discharge(Q) Curve (Dawei（G1）Station) .......................................... 4-44 Figure 4-4-6-2 Water level(H)-Discharge(Q) Curve (Tamabin（G2）Station) ....................................... 4-45 Figure 4-4-6-3 Water level(H)-Discharge(Q) Curve (Bago Old Bridge（G3）Station) .......................... 4-46 Figure 4-4-7-1 2013 River Discharge of G1, G2 and G3 Station ............................................................. 4-47 Figure 4-4-8-1 Comparison of River Discharge(Bago Old Bridge/Bago Bridge, 2013) .......................... 4-48 Figure 4-4-8-2 Comparison of River Discharge (Bago Old Bridge/Bago Bridge, 2011~2012) ............ 4-49 Figure 4-4-8-3 River Discharge（Monthly Total, 1972～2013） ........................................................... 4-50 Figure 4-4-8-4 Annual Maximum Daily Mean Discharge(Bago Bridge and Zaungtu DMH Station) ..... 4-51 Figure 4-4-9-1 Water Quality Monitoring Location of Surface Water ...................................................... 4-56 Figure 4-4-9-2 Variation of EC in Bago River and Tributaries ................................................................. 4-59 Figure 4-4-9-3 Variation of Chloride (Cl-) concentration in Bago River and Tributaries ......................... 4-59 Figure 4-4-9-4 Variation of Turbidity in Bago River and Tributaries (1) .................................................. 4-60 Figure 4-4-9-5 Variation of Turbidity in Bago River and Tributaries (2) .................................................. 4-60 Figure 4-4-9-6 Variation of Color Index in Bago River and Tributaries ................................................... 4-61 Figure 4-4-9-7 Variation of Water Temperature in Bago River and Tributaries ........................................ 4-61 Figure 4-4-9-8 Variation of pH in Bago River and Tributaries ................................................................. 4-62 Figure 4-4-9-9 Variation of DO in Bago River and Tributaries ................................................................ 4-62 Figure 4-4-9-10 Variation of Water BOD in Bago River and Tributaries ................................................... 4-63 Figure 4-5-1-1 Location of Reservoirs ..................................................................................................... 4-67 Figure 4-5-2-1 Location map of Drainage Canal...................................................................................... 4-69 Figure 4-5-2-2 Location map of Water Gate............................................................................................. 4-70 Figure 4-5-3-1 Zaungtu dam .................................................................................................................... 4-73 Figure 4-5-3-2 Kodukwe dam .................................................................................................................. 4-73 Figure 4-5-3-3 Shwelaung dam ................................................................................................................ 4-74 Figure 4-5-3-4 Salu dam .......................................................................................................................... 4-74 Figure 4-5-3-5 Zaungtu weir .................................................................................................................... 4-75 Figure 4-5-3-6 Khayan water gate ............................................................................................................ 4-75 Figure 4-5-3-7 Water level of Khayan Chaung in 2013............................................................................ 4-78

XIX

Figure 4-5-3-8 Water level of Khayan Chaung in August 2013 ............................................................... 4-78 Figure 4-5-3-9 Water level of Khayan Chaung in January 2013 .............................................................. 4-78 Figure 4-5-3-10 Relation between EC and Temperature ............................................................................ 4-80 Figure 4-5-3-11 Distribution of Electric Conductivity along Khayan Chaung ........................................... 4-81 Figure 4-5-4-1 View of SEZ three (3) reservoirs ...................................................................................... 4-82 Figure 4-5-4-2 Location Map of SEZ three (3) reservoirs ........................................................................ 4-83 Figure 4-5-4-3 Change of Water Level and Reservoir Storage in Zarmani-Inn Reservoir (1998 – 2011) ................................................................................................................... 4-86 Figure 4-5-4-4 Change of Water Level and Reservoir Storage in Thilawa Reservoir (2007 – 2012) ................................................................................................................... 4-87 Figure 4-5-4-5 Change of Water Level and Reservoir Storage in Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir (2007 – 2012) ................................................................................................................... 4-88 Figure 4-5-4-6 Result of Operating Simulation in Zarmani-Inn Reservoir (Case1) ................................. 4-93 Figure 4-5-4-7 Result of Operating Simulation in Zarmani-Inn Reservoir (Case2) ................................. 4-94 Figure 4-5-4-8 Result of Operating Simulation in Zarmani-Inn Reservoir (Case3) ................................. 4-95 Figure 4-5-4-9 Result of Operating Simulation in Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir (Case1) ............................... 4-98 Figure 5-4-10 Result of Operating Simulation in Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir (CASE2) ............................ 4-99 Figure 4-5-5-1 Outline Location of La Gun Byin Reservoir, Main Irrigation Canal and Irrigated Area .................................................................................................................. 4-102 Figure 4-5-5-2 Water Level and Inflow of La Gun Byin Dam (2006-2012) ........................................... 4-104 Figure 4-5-6-1 Location of Dawei Dam Basin ........................................................................................ 4-106 Figure 4-5-6-2 Planned Dawei Dam Sites ............................................................................................... 4-108 Figure 4-5-6-3 Estimated Discharge at Dawei Dam Site 3(lower dam) .................................................. 4-109 Figure 4-5-6-4 Conceptual Diagram of Water Allocation ........................................................................ 4-110 Figure 4-5-6-5 Result of Reservoir Operating Simulation (Dam-3 Site) ................................................. 4-111 Figure 4-5-7-1 Annual Available Period of Rainwater Utilization (Tank Capacity- Usable Day) ........... 4-114 Figure 4-6-1-1 Potential Pathways of Water Movement Dealt in SWAT ................................................ 4-117 Figure 4-6-2-2 SWAT Model Basin ......................................................................................................... 4-117 Figure 4-6-3-1 Flow Direction and Flow Accumulation ......................................................................... 4-119 Figure 4-6-3-2 Sub-basin Delineation for Bago River Basin................................................................... 4-120 Figure 4-6-5-1 Landcover ....................................................................................................................... 4-123 Figure 4-6-5-2 Soil Type ......................................................................................................................... 4-123 Figure 4-6-5-4 HRU ................................................................................................................................ 4-125 Figure 4-6-5-3 Slope ............................................................................................................................... 4-125 Figure 4-6-5-5 Climatic Station ............................................................................................................... 4-126 Figure 4-6-5-6 Climatic data used for SWAT .......................................................................................... 4-126

Figure 4-6-7-1 Calibration Result (Dawei, Kodugwe and Tamabin） .................................................... 4-131 Figure 4-6-7-2 Calibration Result (Zaungtu） ........................................................................................ 4-132 Figure 4-6-7-3 Calibration Result (La Gun Byin） ................................................................................. 4-132 Figure 4-6-7-4 Calibration Result (Bago Bridge） ................................................................................. 4-133 Figure 4-6-8-1 Area Rainfall ................................................................................................................... 4-135 Figure 4-6-8-2 Potential Evapotranspiration ........................................................................................... 4-135 Figure 4-6-8-3 Actual Evapotranspiration ............................................................................................... 4-136 Figure 4-6-8-4 Percolation ...................................................................................................................... 4-136 Figure 4-6-8-5 Surface Runoff ................................................................................................................ 4-137 Figure 4-6-8-6 Base Flow ....................................................................................................................... 4-137 Figure 4-6-8-7 Water Yield ...................................................................................................................... 4-138

XX

Figure 4-6-9-1 Basin Water Balance (1984-2013) ................................................................................... 4-140 Figure 4-6-10-1 River Discharge for Sub-basins ....................................................................................... 4-142 Figure 4-7-1-1 Monitoring Points ........................................................................................................... 4-145 Figure 4-7-2-1 Data Base Operation and Management ........................................................................... 4-148 Figure 5-1-1 Water Resources Potential and Water Demand in Japan ................................................... 5-1 Figure 6-1-1 Location map of each water resources .............................................................................. 6-3 Figure 6-1-2 Flow of Advanced Water Treatment System ..................................................................... 6-4 Figure 6-1-3 A Reverse Osmosis ........................................................................................................... 6-5 Figure 6-1-4 Underground Dam ............................................................................................................ 6-7 Figure 6-1-5 Intake Facility .................................................................................................................... 6-7 Figure 6-1-6 Flowchart of a Purification Plant (ex. Rapid Sand Filtration Method) .............................. 6-9 Figure 6-1-7 Hydraulic Gradient line ..................................................................................................... 6-9 Figure 6-1-8 Concept of Economy, Average Flow Velocity of Pumping System .................................. 6-10 Figure 6-2-1 Layout Drawing of Tube Wells ........................................................................................ 6-12 Figure 6-2-2 Outline Planning ( I New Tube Well in the Thilawa SEZ area) ........................................ 6-13 Figure 6-2-3 Hydraulic Gradient Line ( I New Tube Well in the Thilawa SEZ area) ............................ 6-14 Figure 6-2-4 Performance Curve ( I New Tube Well in the Thilawa SEZ area) .................................... 6-15 Figure 6-2-5 Selection of the Pump ( I New Tube Well in the Thilawa SEZ area) ................................ 6-15 Figure 6-2-6 Alternative Pipeline Routes on East Plain of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Hill ............................. 6-17 Figure 6-2-7 Outline Planning ( II New Tube Well on east plain of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Hill) .............. 6-18 Figure 6-2-8 Layout Drawing of the Tube Wells................................................................................... 6-18 Figure 6-2-9 Hydraulic Gradient line (II New Tube Well on east plain of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Hill) .......................................... 6-19 Figure 6-2-10 Performance Curve ( II New Tube Well on east plain of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Hill).......... 6-20 Figure 6-2-11 Selection of the Pump ( II New Tube Well on east plain of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Hill) ..... 6-21 Figure 6-2-12 Outline Planning ( IIIa from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir) ...................................................... 6-23 Figure 6-2-13 Hydraulic Gradient line ( IIIa from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir) ............................................ 6-23 Figure 6-2-14 Performance Curve ( IIIa from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir) .................................................. 6-24 Figure 6-2-15 Selection of the Pump (IIIa from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir) ............................................... 6-24 Figure 6-2-16 Outline Planning ( IIIb from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir) ...................................................... 6-26 Figure 6-2-17 Hydraulic Gradient line ( IIIb from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir) ............................................ 6-27 Figure 6-2-18 Performance Curve ( IIIb from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir) .................................................. 6-27 Figure 6-2-19 Selection of the Pump ( IIIb from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir) .............................................. 6-28 Figure 6-2-20 Outline Planning ( IV from Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir) ..................................................... 6-30 Figure 6-2-21 Hydraulic Gradient line ( IV from Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir) ........................................... 6-31 Figure 6-2-22 Performance Curve ( IV from Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir) ................................................. 6-31 Figure 6-2-23 Selection of the Pump ( IV from Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir) ............................................. 6-32 Figure 6-2-24 Plan and Cross Section ( V New Reservoir Construction in Thilawa SEZ area) ........................................................................................................... 6-33 Figure 6-2-25 Outline Planning ( V New Reservoir Construction in the Thilawa SEZ area) .................. 6-34 Figure 6-2-26 Main Canal of 30 Miles Greening Project ......................................................................... 6-35 Figure 6-2-27 Outline Planning ( VIa from Khayan River) .................................................................... 6-37 Figure 6-2-28 Hydraulic Gradient Line ( VIa from Khayan River) ........................................................ 6-38 Figure 6-2-29 Performance Curve and Pump Selection .......................................................................... 6-38 Figure 6-2-30 Outline Planning ( VIb from Khayan River) .................................................................... 6-40

XXI

Figure 6-2-31 Performance Curve ( VIb from Khayan River) ................................................................ 6-42 Figure 6-2-32 Hydraulic Gradient line ( VIb from Khayan River) ......................................................... 6-42 Figure 6-2-33 Selection of the Pump ( VIb from Khayan River) ............................................................ 6-43 Figure 6-3-1 Location Map of Mid-Term Plan ..................................................................................... 6-64 Figure 6-3-2 Location of La Gun Byin and Aline Nee Reservoirs ........................................................ 6-65 Figure 6-3-3 Map of La Gun Byin and Aline Nee Reservoirs ............................................................... 6-66 Figure 6-3-4 Location of Connecting Canal .......................................................................................... 6-67 Figure 6-3-5 La Gun Byin Reservoir .................................................................................................... 6-67 Figure 6-3-6 Intake Tower at La Gun Byin ........................................................................................... 6-67 Figure 6-3-7 Spillway Crest at La Gun Byin......................................................................................... 6-67 Figure 6-3-8 Spillway Bridge at La Gun Byin ...................................................................................... 6-67 Figure 6-3-9 Water Level Recorder....................................................................................................... 6-68 Figure 6-3-10 Outlet Work at La Gun Byin ............................................................................................ 6-68 Figure 6-3-11 Aline Nee Reservoir ......................................................................................................... 6-68 Figure 6-3-12 Intake Tower at Aline Nee ................................................................................................ 6-68 Figure 6-3-13 Estimated River Discharges at La Gun Byin .................................................................... 6-69 Figure 6-3-14 Location of Spillway at La Gun Byin Reservoir .............................................................. 6-72 Figure 6-3-15 Longitudinal Section of Spillway ..................................................................................... 6-73 Figure 6-3-16 Typical Cross Section of La Gun Byin Reservoir............................................................. 6-75 Figure 6-3-17 Detail of Dam Crest ......................................................................................................... 6-75 Figure 6-3-18 Wilson’s Improved Formula in S.M.B and Saville Method ............................................. 6-78 Figure 6-3-19 Raising Dam Crest ........................................................................................................... 6-80 Figure 6-4-1 Location Map of Long-Term Plan .................................................................................... 6-81 Figure 6-4-2 Location Map of Dam's Proposed Sites ........................................................................... 6-82 Figure 6-4-3 Catchment Areas of Dawei Dam ...................................................................................... 6-83 Figure 6-4-4 Geologic Map of Dawei Dam .......................................................................................... 6-84 Figure 6-4-5 Dawei River ..................................................................................................................... 6-84 Figure 6-4-6 Dawei Bridge ................................................................................................................... 6-84 Figure 6-4-7 Proposed Dam Site ........................................................................................................... 6-85 Figure 6-4-8 Left Abutment at Dam Site............................................................................................... 6-85 Figure 6-4-9 Outcrop of Shale .............................................................................................................. 6-85 Figure 6-4-10 Outcrop of Shale (Soft rock) ............................................................................................ 6-85 Figure 6-4-11 H ~ Q Curve at Dawei Dam Site ...................................................................................... 6-85 Figure 6-4-12 Estimated River Discharges at Dawei Dam Site .............................................................. 6-87 Figure 6-4-13 Wilson’s Improved Formula in S.M.B and Saville Method ............................................. 6-94 Figure 6-4-14 Dam Crest of Dawei Dam ................................................................................................ 6-96 Figure 6-4-15 Typical Cross Section and Longitudinal Section of Dawei Dam...................................... 6-97 Figure 7-2-1 Location Map .................................................................................................................... 7-5 Figure 7-2-2 Official Document for Kyouk Khauk Padoda given by Ministry of Culture on 5th Nov. 2009. ................................................................................................. 7-7 Figure 7-2-3 Official document for Padagi Pagoda given by Yangon Division on 15th Jun. 2007. .................................................................................................................. 7-8 Figure 7-2-4 Official document for Padagi Pagoda given by Yangon Division on 28th Jun. 2013. .................................................................................................................. 7-8

XXII

List of Tables Table 2-1-1 Sharing Ratio by item of Industries in GDP ........................................................................... 2-4 Table 2-1-2 Industrial Export Amount ....................................................................................................... 2-6 Table 2-3-1 Stratigraphic Sequence in Eastern Irrawaddy Delta, Pegu Yoma and Sittang Basin ............. 2-13 Table 2-3-2 Stratigraphic Table of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge (Win Naing et al., 1991) .......................... 2-15 Table 2-4-1 Area and Land Use in 2012/13 .............................................................................................. 2-17 Table 2-4-2 No. of House Hold and Population in 2012/13 ..................................................................... 2-18 Table 2-4-3 No. of Workers and Unemployment Rate in 2012/13 ........................................................... 2-20 Table 2-4-4 No. of Worker by Township by in 2012 ................................................................................ 2-21 Table 2-4-5 No. of Factories and Laborers in 2013 .................................................................................. 2-22 Table 2-5-1 Fundamental information for the grasp of the agricultural field ............................................ 2-23 Table 2-5-2 Fundamental Information for the Industry Sector ................................................................. 2-25 Table 2-6-1 Agricultural Land Use in the Project Area ............................................................................ 2-26 Table 2-6-2 Harvested Area and Production by Crop in 2012/13 ............................................................. 2-26 Table 2-6-3 Irrigated Areas in 2011/12 ..................................................................................................... 2-29 Table 2-6-4 No. of Agricultural Materials in 2012/13 .............................................................................. 2-31 Table 3-1-4-1 Stratigraphic Table of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge (Win Naing et al., 1991) ...................... 3-4 Table 3-2-1-1 Survey Items Related to GW Potential and Methods Applied in this Survey .................... 3-7 Table 3-2-2-1 Existing Hydrogeological Study Reports .......................................................................... 3-9 Table 3-2-2-2 List of Geologic and Well Logs ........................................................................................ 3-11 Table 3-2-2-3 Outline of Aquifers in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas by Existing Reports ................ 3-15 Table 3-2-2-4 Outline of Aquifers in the Thanlyin Area (Aye Thanda Bo, 2001) ................................... 3-15 Table 3-2-2-5 Deep Well Data in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas (Win Naing et al., 1991) ............... 3-16 Table 3-2-2-6 Water Quality Analysis Result of Wells in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas (Win Naing et al., 1991) ................................................................................................... 3-19 Table 3-2-3-1 Questionnaire ................................................................................................................... 3-23 Table 3-2-3-2 Number of Facilities Surveyed ......................................................................................... 3-23 Table 3-2-3-3 Number and Estimated Discharge in the Survey Area ..................................................... 3-28 Table 3-2-3-4 Number and Capacity of Ponds in the Survey Area ......................................................... 3-28 Table 3-2-5-1 Outline of Core Boring Locations .................................................................................... 3-57 Table 3-2-5-2 Operation Rate of Core Drilling Work ............................................................................. 3-58 Table 3-2-6-1 List and Attributes of Test Well ........................................................................................ 3-75 Table 3-2-6-2 Summary of Step Drawdown Test of Test Wells .............................................................. 3-78 Table 3-2-6-3 Summary of Constant Discharge Test of Test Wells ......................................................... 3-79 Table 3-2-6-4 List and Attributes of Test Wells by another JICA Team .................................................. 3-81 Table 3-2-6-5 Summary of Pumping Test of Test Wells by another JICA Team ..................................... 3-82 Table 3-2-7-1 In-situ Water Quality Measurement Results of Existing Wells – Shallow Well (1) .......... 3-85 Table 3-2-7-2 In-situ Water Quality Measurement Results of Existing Wells – Shallow Well (2) .......... 3-86 Table 3-2-7-3 In-situ Water Quality Measurement Results of Existing Wells – Deep Well (1) ............... 3-87 Table 3-2-7-4 In-situ Water Quality Measurement Results of Existing Wells – Deep Well (2) ............... 3-88 Table 3-2-8-1 Results of Water Quality Analysis of Samples Taken in Pumping Test of Test Well ........ 3-94 Table 3-2-8-2 Item and Method of Monthly Water Quality Analysis of Test Wells ................................ 3-95 Table 3-2-8-3 Result of Monthly Water Quality Analysis of D-1 Site Wells .......................................... 3-96 Table 3-2-8-4 Result of Monthly Water Quality Analysis of D-2 Site Wells .......................................... 3-97 Table 3-2-8-5 Result of Monthly Water Quality Analysis of D-3 Site Wells .......................................... 3-98

XXIII

Table 3-2-8-6 Result of Monthly Water Quality Analysis of D-4 Site Wells .......................................... 3-99 Table 3-2-8-7 Result of Monthly Water Quality Analysis of D-5 Site Wells ......................................... 3-100 Table 3-2-8-8 Attributes of Sampling Well and Physical Water Quality Measured In-situ .................... 3-104 Table 3-2-8-9 List of Samples for Isotopic Analysis .............................................................................. 3-106 Table 3-2-8-10 Noble Gas Analysis Result and Values Calculated by Model .......................................... 3-107 Table 3-2-8-11 Water Quality Test Results of Test Well in SEZ by another JICA Team .......................... 3-110 Table 3-2-9-1 Specification of Observation Well ................................................................................... 3-115 Table 3-2-9-2 Daily Rainfall in 2013 in Yangon .................................................................................... 3-120 Table 3-2-13-1 Main Features of Wells for Pumping Test ....................................................................... 3-130 Table 3-2-13-2 Summary of Hydraulic Parameters of Aquifer at Pumping Test Wells ............................ 3-133 Table 3-3-2-1 Aquifer and its Nature by Region – the Hill near the Central Part of SEZ ...................... 3-144 Table 3-3-2-2 Aquifer and its Nature by Region – the Plain .................................................................. 3-145 Table 3-3-2-3 Aquifer and its Nature by Region – Northern Part of the Hill ......................................... 3-146 Table 3-3-2-4 Specific Capacity (m3/d/m) in Survey Area .................................................................... 3-160 Table 3-3-3-1 Groundwater Use by Aquifer .......................................................................................... 3-171 Table 3-3-4-1 Summary of Water Quality of Test Wells ........................................................................ 3-171 Table 3-4-1-1 Water Budget of Tank Model Simulation ........................................................................ 3-187 Table 3-4-2-1 Groundwater Recharge and Exploitation Rate ................................................................ 3-194 Table 3-6-2-1 List of Hydraulic Parameter Finally Input to Model ....................................................... 3-205 Table 3-6-3-1 Simulated Cases (Basic Study)........................................................................................ 3-216 Table 3-6-3-2 Simulated Cases for Detailed Study in Thilawa SEZ ...................................................... 3-216 Table 3-6-3-3 Assessment Summary of Environmental Impact by Extraction for Thilawa SEZ (Basic Study Case) .................................................................................... 3-232 Table 3-6-3-4 Assessment Summary of Environmental Impact by Extraction for Thilawa SEZ (Detailed Study Case) ............................................................................... 3-232 Table 3-6-3-5 Assessment Result of Environmental Impact by Extraction for Thilawa SEZ (Basic Study Cases)................................................................................... 3-233 Table 3-6-3-6 Assessment Result of Environmental Impact by Extraction for Thilawa SEZ (Detailed Study Cases) .............................................................................. 3-234 Table 3-8-1-1 List of Monitoring Wells for Extraction in Thilawa SEZ (Minimal Plan) ....................... 3-237 Table 3-8-3-1 Location and Importance of Observation Wells Installed by Present JICA Survey and Wishes of Land Owner/Administrator of Site for Future Utilization ................................................................................................ 3-241 Table 4-1-5-1 Area of Landcover Types (2008) ....................................................................................... 4-7 Table 4-2-1-1 Climate Resume (Yangon) ................................................................................................ 4-9 Table 4-2-1-2 Climate Resume (Bago) .................................................................................................... 4-9 Table 4-2-2-1 List of Meteorological and Hydrological Stations ............................................................ 4-11 Table 4-2-3-1 Probability Analysis (Annual Rainfall, Bago Station) ...................................................... 4-14 Table 4-3-1 Monthly Summary of Tidal Changes (Yangon Port: River Month of Bago river) ....................................................................... 4-19 Table 4-4-2-1 List of Meteorological and Hydrological Stations (Location refers to Figure 4-4-2-1) ................................................................................... 4-23 Table 4-4-3-1 Estimated River Discharge at Bago Bridge Station (DMH,MOTC) ................................ 4-27 Table 4-4-4-1 Salient Feature of Hydrological Station ........................................................................... 4-29 Table 4-4-4-2 Observation Summary of Bago Old Bridge(G3) Station (2013) ...................................... 4-30

XXIV

Table 4-4-4-3 Observation Summary of Tamabin(G2) Station (2013) ................................................... 4-31 Table 4-4-4-4 Observation Summary of Dawei(G1) Station (2013) ....................................................... 4-31

Table 4-4-4-5 Summary of River Discharge （Dawei G1 Station）..................................................... 4-37 Table 4-4-4-6 Summary of River Discharge (Tamabin G2 Station)........................................................ 4-38 Table 4-4-4-7(1/2) Summary of River Discharge (Bago Old Bridge G3 Station - D/S -) .............................. 4-39 Table 4-4-4-7(2/2) Summary of River Discharge (Bago Old Bridge G3 Station - U/S -) .............................. 4-40 Table 4-4-9-1 Water Quality Analysis Result of Nga Moe Yeik Reservoir and Sittaung River .............. 4-52 Table 4-4-9-2 Water Quality Analysis Result of Three Reservoirs near SEZ.......................................... 4-53 Table 4-4-9-3 List of Water Quality Monitoring Points of Surface Water ............................................... 4-54 Table 4-4-9-4 Contents of Water Quality Survey of Surface Water ........................................................ 4-55 Table 4-4-9-5 Item and Method of Water Quality Monitoring of Surface Water .................................... 4-57 Table 4-4-9-6 Pesticides to Analyze ........................................................................................................ 4-57 Table 4-4-9-7 Amount of Pesticide Imported into Myanmar (2011 to 2012) and WHO Drinking Water Guideline (Fourth Edition) ........................................................... 4-58 Table 4-4-9-11 Pesticide Monitoring Point and Survey Date ................................................................... 4-63 Table 4-4-9-12 Water Quality Test Results of Three Reservoir near SEZ, 2013)...................................... 4-64 Table 4-5-1-1 Summary of Reservoirs .................................................................................................... 4-66 Table 4-5-3-1 Reservoirs Planned in Work 1 .......................................................................................... 4-72 Table 4-5-3-2 Reservoirs Planned in Work 3 .......................................................................................... 4-72 Table 4-5-3-3 Salient Future of Khayan Water Gate ............................................................................... 4-76 Table 4-5-4-1 Salient Feature of 3 reservoirs*1 ...................................................................................... 4-84 Table 4-5-4-2 Situation of Utilization (years 2003–2011, unit:1000m3/year)......................................... 4-84 Table 4-5-4-3 Situation of Utilization about Industrial and Domestic Water .......................................... 4-85 Table 4-5-4-4 Calculation of the water balance and inflow in Zarmani-Inn Reservoir ........................... 4-90 Table 4-5-4-5 Calculation of the water balance and inflow in the Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir ................... 4-91 Table 4-5-4-6 Condition of Zarmani-Inn Reservoir Operation ............................................................... 4-92 Table 4-5-4-7 Water Resource and Allocation of Zarmani-Inn Reservoir ............................................... 4-96 Table 4-5-4-8 Condition of Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir Operation ............................................................. 4-97 Table 4-5-4-9 Water resources of 3 reservoirs ....................................................................................... 4-100 Table 4-5-5-1 Salient Feature of the La Gun Byin Reservoir ................................................................. 4-101 Table 4-5-5-2 Annual Water balance of La Gun Byin Dam(2006-2012) ............................................... 4-103 Table 4-5-5-3 Monthly Water balance of La Gun Byin Dam (2011-2012) ............................................ 4-103 Table 4-5-5-4 Water Allocation of La Gun Byin Dam Reservoir ........................................................... 4-105 Table 4-5-5-5 Water Quality Test of La Gun Byin Dam Reservoir ........................................................ 4-105 Table 4-5-6-1 Main Plan Specifications about the candidates of dam axis in Dawei Reservoir ............ 4-106 Table 4-5-6-2 Estimated River Discharge of Dawei Chaung at Proposed dam site-3 (Dam No (3) site) ........................................................................... 4-108 Table 4-5-6-4 Condition of Reservoir Operation ................................................................................... 4-110 Table 4-5-6-5 Water Allocation Plan of Dawei Proposed Reservoir ...................................................... 4-111 Table 4-5-7-1 Potential Evapotranspiration of Yangon Area (ET0) ....................................................... 4-113 Table 4-5-7-2 Water Budget in Rainwater Utilization (Roof area:100m2 ,Tank Capacity:3m3) ........... 4-115 Table 4-6-5-1 Correlation Table between LCCS and SWAT Landcover Classification ......................... 4-121 Table 4-6-5-2 Soil Characteristics in Bago Basin .................................................................................. 4-122 Table 4-6-5-3 Initial Value of Soil Physical / Chemical Characteristics ................................................. 4-124 Table 4-6-5-4 Monthly Statistical Parameter Applied for SWAT Weather Generator ............................ 4-127 Table 4-6-7-1 Result of Sensitivity Analysis .......................................................................................... 4-128 Table 4-6-7-2 Parameter Calibration ...................................................................................................... 4-129

XXV

Table 4-6-7-3 Explanation of SWAT Common Parameter ..................................................................... 4-130 Table 4-6-9-1 Basin Water Balance ....................................................................................................... 4-138 Table 4-7-2-1 Data base Structure ......................................................................................................... 4-146 Table 5-2-1 Five-Year Plan of Department Agriculture ........................................................................ 5-3 Table 5-2-3 Forecasting of Irrigation Water Demand ........................................................................... 5-4 Table 5-3-1 Estimation of Amount of Groundwater for Industry Use .................................................. 5-5 Table 5-3-2 Estimation of Groundwater for Industry Use (in 2040) ..................................................... 5-6 Table 5-3-3 Total Required Water for Industrial Activities ................................................................... 5-6 Table 5-4-1 Estimated Population of Each Township (in 2040) ........................................................... 5-7 Table 5-4-2 Water Demand for Domestic Use in Target Area (1/2) ...................................................... 5-8 Table 5-4-3 Water Demand for Domestic Use in Target Area (2/2) ...................................................... 5-8 Table 5-5-1 Future Water Demand in Target Area (in 2040) ................................................................ 5-9 Table 6-1-1 Water Resource Options .................................................................................................... 6-1 Table 6-1-2 Coefficient of Velocity (C) ............................................................................................... 6-11 Table 6-2-1 Result of Estimation ......................................................................................................... 6-44 Table 6-2-2 Cost Evaluation ................................................................................................................ 6-45 Table 6-3-1 Specifications of La Gun Byin and Aline Nee Reservoirs ................................................ 6-65 Table 6-3-2 Maximum River Discharges ............................................................................................ 6-69 Table 6-3-3 Descending Order of Maximum River Discharges .......................................................... 6-71 Table 6-3-4 Results of Iwai Method .................................................................................................... 6-72 Table 6-3-5 Specifications of Reservoir .............................................................................................. 6-74 Table 6-3-6 Elevations of Non-Overflow Section ............................................................................... 6-76 Table 6-3-7 Calculation of Dam Crest ................................................................................................. 6-79 Table 6-4-1 Three Proposed Sites of Dawei Dam ............................................................................... 6-82 Table 6-4-2 List of Elevations and Volumes ........................................................................................ 6-86 Table 6-4-3 Maximum River Discharges for Each 30 Years ............................................................... 6-87 Table 6-4-4 Descending Order of Maximum River Discharges .......................................................... 6-89 Table 6-4-5 Results of Iwai Method .................................................................................................... 6-90 Table 6-4-6 Specifications of Reservoir .............................................................................................. 6-91 Table 6-4-7 Elevations of Non-Overflow Section ............................................................................... 6-92 Table 6-4-8 Calculation of Dam Crest ................................................................................................. 6-95 Table 6-4-9 Specifications of Dawei Dam ........................................................................................... 6-96 Table 7-2-1 Number of Wells and Ponds in the Project Area................................................................ 7-9 Table 7-3-1 Examination of Alternative Water Resource Plans ............................................................ 7-9 Table 7-3-2 Result of Scoping：Reservoir（Surface Water） ........................................................... 7-10 Table 7-3-3 Result of Scoping：Well（Ground Water） ................................................................... 7-11 Table 7-3-4 Result of Scoping：River（Surface Water） .................................................................. 7-13 Table 7-3-5 T OR for Environmental and Social Consideration ............................................................. 7-15 Table 8-2-1 Candidates of Surface Water Resources ............................................................................ 8-2

XXVI

Measures Unit

Measures Unit

cm centimeter centigrade

cu.m cubic meter cms (m3/sec) cubic meter per second

hr hour km2 square kilometer

km kilometer TCM thousand cubic meter

lit. liter MCM million cubic meter

m meter MGD million gallon per day

mg/lit. milligram per liter meq/lit. milli-equivalent per liter

m/s meter per second ppm parts per million

lit/sec liter per second % percent

m3/d, m3/day cubic meter per day

ton 1 t = 1,000 kg

inch 1 in. = 0.0254 m

mile 1mi. = 1,609 m

hectare 1ha = 10,000 m2

= 2.471 acres

acre feet 1acre-ft = 1,233 m3

gallon (UK) 1gal. = 4.546 liter (UK)

kilogram 1kg = 1,000 gram

viss 1viss = 1.64 kg

feet 1ft = 0.3048 m

acre 1ac = 4,048 m2

cubic feet 1cu-ft = 28.31 liter

cubic inch 1cu-in = 0.01638 liter

Currency Aug2014 1 Kyat = 0.107JPY

US$1.00 = 102.40JPY

XXVII

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ID Irrigation Department (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation)

DA Department of Agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation)

EC Electric Conductivity

FC Foreign Currency

FY Fiscal Year

GOM Government of Myanmar

HHWL Highest High Water Level

HWL High Water Level

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

Kyat Myanmar Kyat

LWL Low Water Level

MCTSEZ Managing Committee Thilawa Special Economic Zone

METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan)

MOAI Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation

MOC Ministry of Construction

MOEC Ministry of Environment Conservation

MOEP Ministry of Electric Power

MOF Ministry of Forestry

MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs

MOFR Ministry of Finance and Revenue

MOI Ministry of Industry

MONPED Ministry of National Planning & Economic Development

MOPBANRD Ministry of Progress of Border Areas, National Races and Development

MOTC Ministry of Transpotation and Communication

MWL Mean Water Level

N/A Not Available

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

SCTSEZ Supporting Committee Thilawa Special Economic Zone

SEZ Special Economic Zone (Thilawa Special Economic Zone)

TDEM Time Domain Electro-magnetic Method

TS Town Ship (eg. Thanlyin TS: Thanlyin Town Ship)

VES Vertical Electric Sounding

YCDC Yangon City Development Committee

CHAPTER 1

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1-1

Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potentialfor Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY CHAPTER 1

1-1 Background of the Study

In the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Myanmar), the political system led by military forces has

continued for a long period. After General Thein Sein from the military assumed the post of Prime

Minister in October, 2007, political reform began. Then, after H.E. U Thein Sein assumed the position

of President in March, 2011, the approach forward toward a democratic system and market-oriented

economic reform remarkably improved.

The corresponding change of the international community over the democratic political system and

market-oriented economic reform in Myanmar has changed rapidly, with a typical example being the

US government’s cancellation of the economic sanction in May, 2012 to forge ahead in the new

market under consideration of the “Last frontiers in the Asian Region”.

Myanmar President Honorable H.E. U Thein Sein, who officially visited Japan and its Prime

Minister, Mr. Yoshihiko Noda, signed the “Memorandum of Intent on the Cooperation for the

Development of the Master Plan for the THILAWA” on 21 April, 2012 to make a master plan together

for the THILAWA Special Economic Zone (Thilawa SEZ) which is located near Yangon City. The

memorandum, promoting the direct investment of Japan in Myanmar, can contribute to high economic

growth and provide job opportunities by developing industries in Myanmar and can contribute toward

shared benefits between the two countries.

Thilawa SEZ is located 23 (twenty three) km southeast of Yangon City. The Master Plan consists of

an industrial complex, commercial facilities, housing etc. in an area of 2,400 ha and can be called a

“Smart Community Development”. The Japanese Government intends to make this a joint project with

a large number of Japanese business groups having private capital and has pledged in the

memorandum to support the project financially. Consequently, the development of Thilawa SEZ is

expected to progress steadily as a future cornerstone for the two counties’ economic development.

Basic conditions required to effectively utilize the capital of the Japanese private sector include full

preparation for electrical energy, roads, port facilities, storage facilities, and especially, a safe water

supply system, including an intake facility, conveyance networks, and water supply networks, which

are essential to providing a sustainable water supply system for Thilawa SEZ. It is essential to deal

with the water resources development in a well-planned, under consideration for the harmony with

environment and evaluation for the water quality and cost-performance. For the sustainable water

supply to the Thilawa SEZ, in case of the utilization of the surface water, since existing reservoirs

have already set the water right, amount of the available water resources are not secured. In the

progress of the development of the Yangon urban area, the survey area also will be developed. The

future water requirement can be assumed to increase.

Here are the means of the data collection survey on the water resources potential for the Thilawa

Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas.

1-2

Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas

1-2 Objectives of the Study

The Data Collection Survey on the Water Resources Potential for the Thilawa Special Economic

Zone and Adjoining Area intends to collect basic information on water resources necessary for making

a future development plan of Thilawa SEZ and the surrounding areas.

Intended data are available surface water and groundwater. The water resources potential of those

resources should be assumed by scientific approach and should be examined for the cost of developing

the water resources to meet the required purpose individually.

The following are outcomes anticipated as a result of the Survey:

- Present and future potential of groundwater resources are assessed from a viewpoint of utilization

through 3D groundwater numerical modeling;

- Present and future potential of surface water resources are assessed from a viewpoint of

utilization after understanding abundance, quality and demand of surface waters;

- Based on the above two potentials of ground and surface water resources, concrete plans are

made for costs, amount of exploitable water resources, water quality, etc.; and

- A database for water resources development, which shows exploitable amount, quality and

developing costs, is created.

CHAPTER 2

BASIC DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

2-1


BASIC DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS CHAPTER 2

2-1 Basic Data of Nature, Society, Economy and Environmental & Social Considerations

2-1-1 Target Area of the Study

Myanmar is composed of seven (7) regions and seven

(7) states as an administrative classification. The

Thilawa Special Economic Zone (Thilawa SEZ) is

located in Yangon.

Yangon Region is composed of 45 townships. The

study area is located in Thilawa SEZ and adjoining areas

and is defined specifically as Thanlyin Township,

Kyauktan Township, Thongwa Township and Kayan

Township as the target area of the study for the existing

shallow wells.

From the aspect of the study for the surface water

resources, the target area of the study includes Bago

Region (next to Yangon Region) because the main

candidate for surface water resources was assumed to be

the Bago River.

(Region)

1. Ayeyarwady Division 2. SagaingDiveision 3. Tanintharyi Division 4. Bago Division 5. Magway Division 6. Mandalay Division 7. Yangon Division

(State)

1. Kachin State 2. Kayah State 3. Kayin State 4. Shan State 5. Chin State 6. Mon State 7. Rakhine State

Figure 2-1-1 Administrative Sectional Map of Myanmar

2-2


2-1-2 Nature

Myanmar is located from the northern latitude of 10 degrees

to the northern latitude of 28 degrees, stretching 900km east to

west and 2,000km north to south and is situated in the climate

zone of tropical monsoons.

The nation’s land has features from a coastal line to the

highest mountain, Hkakabo Razi Mt (5,581m). It is changing

from flat ground to undulating ground.The climate of the county

has three (3) seasons, as follows:

Late October – May Dry Season April and May Summer Season June – Mid-October Monsoon Season

The characteristic feature of the monthly mean temperature is

comparatively high in Yangon City; on the other hand, rainfall

morphology shows the feature of the concentrated rainfall wave.

Ninety-six percent (96%) of the annual rainfall in Yangon City

falls in the rainy monsoon season.

Surrounding Area of Thilawa SEZ

Target Area for the groundwater

Thilawa SEZ Area

Figure 2-1-2 Target Area of the Study

for the Surface Water

Figure 2-1-3 Target Area of the Study for the Groundwater

2-3


This rainfall morphology is the main reason to verify the possibility of cultivating farms througout

the year. At the same time, it provides water resources for irrigated farming.

Effective usage of the water resources ensures the possibility to realize the creation of the living standard in rural areas through agricultural promotion

2-1-3 Society

The society of Myanmar consists of eight (8) numbers of the major tribes (Burma, Kachin, Kayah,

Kayin, Chin, Mon, Rakhine), each name being used to name each of the states. The total number of

states is 135. The population of the Burma tribe comprises about 70% of the total population of the

62.42 million in Myanmar. Myanmar is multiracial country.

90% of the population is Buddhist, and the strongest religious conflict is between Buddhists and

Muslims. Furors resulting in deaths have occurred in the local areas sporadically.

To know the degree of social development from an international standpoint, the human

development index published by the UNDP in 2011 shows a value of 0.483, which situates Myanmar

as 149th out of 187 countries. At the same time, the value of the index for Japan was 0.901. The index

was estimated according to the average life expectancy, literacy rate, school enrollment ratio and GDP

and is also used to classify the countries into: advanced country; developing country; and least

developed country. Myanmar is classified under the least developed country category.

On the other hand, from the aspect of the standard of education, the adult literacy rate of the

citizens show more than 90% and the youth literacy rate shows more than 95%, which is the same

level as Vietnam. As far as literacy rate then, Myanmar can be understood as a rich country. The

traditional system of education in Myanmar which is done in and through temples, like TERAKOYA

in Japan, is expanding widely.

Figure 2-1-4 Monthly mean temperature and rainfall

Data Source: DMH, Ministry of Transport and Communication

2-4


2-1-4 Economy

(1) Scale of the National economy

The Gross Domestic Production (GDP) was announced as 39,846,693,000,000 Kyat in the

Statistical Year Book 2011 which is a value equivalent to one hundred and thirty parts of the

Japanese GDP of 512 trillion Yen in 2010. It can be understood that the scale of Myanmar’s national

economy has one hundred and thirty parts of the Japanese national economy at this moment.

(2) Industrial Structure

According to the above-mentioned Statistical Year Book, the industrial scale in the GDP (2011) is

shown below:

Table 2-1-1 Sharing Ratio by item of Industries in GDP

(Unit；million Kyat)

Industry Amount Ratio Industry Amount Ratio

Agriculture 11,082,206 27.8% Construction 1,839,334 4.6%

Livestock &

Fishery 3,392,044 8.5 Transportation 4,837,735 12.1

Forestry 158,340 0.4 Communication 323,544 0.8

Energy 66,229 0.2 Financial

Institution 37,715 0.1

Mining 303,517 0.8 Social &

Administarative

Services

788,177 2.0

Processing &

Manufac. 7,896,966 19.8 Rental & Other

Services 738,480 1.9

Electric Power 422,525 1.1 Trade 7,959,882 20.0

Total 39,846,693 100.0%

(Statistical Yearbook 2011)

2-5


Agriculture shares 27.8% among all industries in the GDP of Myanmar, which means that

Agriculture is the main industry in the country. Here, the strong intention of the Government of

Myanmar is shown with its request to the Government of Japan to introduce the competitive

industrialized processing and manufacturing industries with a Private-Public Initiative for the

Thilawa Special Economic Zone.

(3) International Competitiveness

According to the above-mentioned Statistical Year Book of 2011, the balance of trade in

2010-2011 was 8,861 million USD (Export), 6,413 million USD (Import) and 2,448 million USD

(Balance in black figure).

By item of the export, Natural Gas and Precious Metals exceed Agriculture in amount of export.

The garment industry, which is a light industry, shares only 4.3% of the total amount of export. Here,

the Government of Myanmar promotes its strong intention to establish the Industrial Nation by the

processing industry and the manufacturing industry mainly through the invitation of foreign

investment to the Special Economic Zone.

Agriculture, 28%

Livestock, 8%

Forestry, 0%

Energy, 0%

Mining, 1%

Processing, 20%

Electric P., 1%

Construction, 5%

Transportation, 12%

Communication, 1%

Financial Insti., 0%

Social & Admi., 2%

Rental, 2%

Trade, 20%

Figure 2-1-5 Industrial Structure in GDP

2-6


Table 2-1-2 Industrial Export Amount

(Unit: million USD)

Item Amount Ratio Item Amount Ratio

Agriculture 1,228 13.9% Animal Product 13 0.1%

Fisheries 287 3.2 Timber 594 6.7

Base metals 42 0.5 Precious metals 2,028 22.9

Natural Gas 2,523 28.5 Garments 379 4.3

Others 1,767 18.9 Total 8,861 100%

2-1-5 Environmental and Social Consideration

(1) Historic steps and changes in Myanmar with Environmental and Social Considerations

The Environment Conservation Law was enacted in March 2012 in Myanmar. Before establishing

the Law, there was no related law regarding the environmental protection. The laws, which were

established by the ministries individually on the each fields, perform the roles of the environmental

protection on the each fields. The National Commission for Environmental Affairs (NCEA) is

defined as a lead ministry in the Government. The NCEA was established in 1990 as a Government

Agriculture, 14%

Animal, 0%

Fishery, 3%

Timber, 7%

Base metal, 1%

Precious metal, 23%Gas, 28%

Garment, 4%Others, 20%

Figure 2-1-6 Industrial Export Ratio

2-7


office to manage the environmental education and environmental policy under the Ministry of

Foreign Affairs. The National Environmental Policy was established by the NCEA in 1994 to make

clear the direction for the environmental conservation. At later time, the Myanmar Agenda 21 was

established in 1997. The NCEA was placed under the Ministry of Forestry, nowadays, was placed

under the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MOECF). Now, MOECF is lead

ministry for the environmental conservation.

(2) Related law on the environment

The related laws on the environmental fields are shown below.

- The Forest Law : State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 8/92 (1992)

- The Protection of Wildlife and Conservation of Natural Areas Law: The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 6/94 (1992)

- The Myanmar Marine Fisheries Law: The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 9/94 (1990)

- The Freshwater Fisheries Law: The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 1/91 (1991)

- The Law Amending the Myanmar Marine Fisheries Law: The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 16/93 (1993)

- The Law Amending the Law Relating to the Fishing Rights of Foreign Fishing Vessels: The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 15/93 (1993)

- The Law Relating to Aquaculture: The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 24/89 (1989)

- The Pesticide Law: The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 10/90 (1990)

- The Myanmar Mines Law: The State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 8/94 (1994)

- The Conservation of Water Resources and River Law: State Peace and Development Council Law No. 8/2006 (2006)

- The Environment Conservation Law: The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 9/2012 (2012)

2-8


2-2 Organization of the Administration and Legal Frame on the Water Utilization

2-2-1 Organization of the Administration on the Water Utilization

In Japan, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MOLTT) take charge of

management of the Class A River, and the Regional Government take charge of management of the

Class B River. The Water Utilization Administration is defined as below.

- The MOLTT has right to give a permission of the water right to the water users which is the public property.

- The MOLTT has responsibility to insure the effective utilization of the river water, and to smooth management of the water utilization by various users in the river basins.

- In terms of above-mentioned issues, for the integrated management of the rivers in low water level, the MOLTT shall set the required water discharge volume to keep the normal function of the river flow. The MOLTT shall carry our following activities.

・Forecasting the future water requirement ・Estimation of the available water resources volume for developing ・Permission of the Water Right

In Myanmar, the Ministry of Transport take charge of management the shipping traffic under the

Department of Transport. It is a part of the function of the transportation system. In terms of the Water

Resources, Department of Water Resources and Improvement of River System has responsibility for

improvement of the river water way and improvement of the dike regarding the Ayeyarwady River,

the Salween River, Sittang River and Chindwin River.

The National Plan of the water resources development for the irrigation water, industrial water and

domestic water is approved by the National Water Resources Committee. The Department of the

Water Resources and Improvement of the River System, Ministry of the Transport, is in charge of the

management of the committee. It is not functioning actually in this situation by the result of the

interview with the officials concerned in October 2013. The vice president is the chairman of the

committee and the vice chairman is the minister of the Ministry of Transport. The Director General of

the Department of the Water Resources and the Improvement of the River System is the secretary of

the committee. The Water Policy is under discussing by the Committee and it will be established by

2015. Discussion schedule on the Water Right is not defined yet by the interview with high ranking

officer of the Irrigation Department.

Accordingly, for making the real river development plan and irrigation development plan, the main

ministry has responsibility to handle the project implementation by getting the budget of the Union

Government through the making the consensus among the regional government related the project.

Based on the above-mentioned definition by the Government of Japan, the leading ministry for the

administration of the water utilization can be assumed to be the Irrigation Department, Ministry of

Agriculture and Irrigation.

2-9


2-2-2 Policy

The making activities for the draft of the Water Utilization Policy consist of the River

Administration Policy by the Department of the Water Resources and Improvement of the River

System and the Water Development and Water Utilization regarding the groundwater and surface

water by the Irrigation Department. But present situation, there is no permanent committee among the

both ministry. There was no friction among both ministries, because the ministry of the transport has

concentrated on the main river as already mentioned. There is no five-year plan for the water

utilization as a fundamental principle by both ministries at this moment. The data collection survey

team has already requested to the ministries regarding the annual budgetary plan. Unfortunately, the

information has not reached yet.

2-2-3 Legal Frame

It is clear that the Law of the Water Right in Myanmar has not established yet, by the interview

with high ranking officer of the Irrigation Department.

The data collection survey team has an intension to collect information by the interview with the

planning Sector in the Irrigation Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation.

An acceptance of the water resources development by the ministry level, the National Water

Resources Committee has a right to conduct the acceptance. The Directorate of Water Resources and

Improvement of River System was appointed as the main agency, but it is not functional. The

National Water Resources committee is discussing the Water Policy for making the law by end of

2015. According to the interview from the high-ranked officer, the schedule for the discussion still

was not determined.

The respective water right regarding the reservoirs, small reservoirs and groundwater development are not managed based on the real law. For the transitional periods, the ministry of the electric power or ministry of the agriculture and irrigation are managing under the cabinet meeting of the union government. After development of the water resources, the operation and maintenance will be transfered to the ministry level or regional government level. According to the interview with the Irrigation Department, from making the project master plan to the implementation the project of the surface water resource, the Irrigation department has responsibility. For the groundwater development, the Water Resource Utilization Department has responsibility on this matter.

2-3 Outline of Topography and Geology

2-3-1 Topography

(1) Topographic Units and Survey Area

Mountains cover Myanmar in the east and west as well as in the northern edge. Lowlands spread

2-10


in the central part. The Irrawaddy and the Sittang Rivers flow southward in the lowland into the

Andaman Sea as shown in Figure 2-3-1. Between the two rivers, Pegu Yoma (Pegu Hill) runs from

north to south to divide the lowland. The southern end of Pegu Yoma is the Yangon Ridge on which

Yangon City is located, and also the Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge which stretches southeastwards over

the Bago River as shown in Figure 2-3-2.

The Bago River originates in the south of Pegu Yoma. It flows first southeastwards to near Bago

City, and turns to south keeping its flow in lowland to Yangon city.

The Bago River originates in the south of Pegu Yoma. It flows first southeastward to near Bago

City, and then turns to the south, keeping its flow in the lowland to Yangon City.

The groundwater investigation of the present survey targets the area of the Thanlyin-Kyauktan

Ridge and the lowland plain next to it to the east (called respectively as the “hill” and “plain”

hereafter), which is surrounded by the Bago, Yangon and Hmawwun Rivers as shown in Figure

2-3-2 and Figure 2-3-3.

The surface water investigation targets the Bago river Basin in addition to this area.

(2) Ground Elevation and Gradient

The southern part of Bago Yoma is a low relief hill with a fine valley system whose elevation

ranges mostly from 10 to 200 m and partly along the ridge from 400 to 600 m.

The Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge is also a low relief hill with 5 to 25 m in elevation stretching in

NNW - NNE direction, where shallow valleys develop in the western part. The plain out of the ridge

is very low and flat. The elevation is 0.7 to 3.5 m in the eastern plain and around 10 m in Bago City.

Therefore the riverbed gradient is very small and the Bago River is still tidal even at Bago City

which is located about 60 km upstream of Yangon. All creeks and canals in the investigation area

are basically tidal. However the tidal effect is considerably reduced by the sluice gates which were

constructed mainly at the exit of the creek by the Irrigation Department, MoAI.

2-11


Source：Excerpt from Bender(1983); retouched.

Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 2-3-1 Topographic Units in the Southern Myanmar and Location of Survey Area

Figure 2-3-2 Topography and Elevation in and near the Groundwater Investigation Area

2-12


Source: Google Earth satellite image; retouched.

2-3-2 Geology

(1) Regional Geology

Figure 2-3-4 shows the regional geology and Table 2-3-1 shows a stratigraphic table around the

survey area.

Pegu Yoma consists mainly of the Pegu Group. The Irrawaddy Formation distributes along its

periphery. The Pegu Group comprises weakly- to moderately-consolidated sedimentary rocks of

Tertiary Oligocene to Miocene age. They are considered to be marine deposits. The upper part

mainly consists of an alternation of sandstone and mudstone; the middle part, of sandstone; and the

lower part, of shale. The Irrawaddy Formation is made up of continental deposits comprising

weakly-consolidated medium- to coarse-grained sandstone and conglomerate intercalated with

weakly- to moderately-consolidated muddy rocks. The lowland out of the ridge is covered with

unconsolidated silt, clay and sand of Quaternary age. These sediments were conveyed by river flow,

so that their formation is named ‘Alluvium’ here.

In Pegu Yoma, some anticlines are identified. In the Yangon Ridge and the Thanlyin-Kyauktan

Ridge, an anticline is inferred. A famous active lateral fault called the Sagain Fault runs along the

linear boundary between Pegu Yoma and the Sittang plain. The Bago Earthquake occurred in 1930

on the fault with an epicenter located to the north of Thongwa in the eastern edge of the

investigation area. The linear fault scarp created by the earthquake is traceable even at present.

Note: A digital revised version of geological map of Myanmar was made by the Myanmar Geoscience Society in

Figure 2-3-3 Bird’s-eye View of Topography of Groundwater Investigation Area

2-13


2011. Though it could not be obtained, as far as seeing the diminished printout, Geology distribution around the investigation area is mostly the same as Bender(1983).

Source: Excerpt from Bender(1983); retouched.

Age LithologyApprox.Maximal

Thickness (m)Quaternary Sand, silt, clay

Pliocene-Miocene?

Medium- to coarse-grainedsandstone, gravel, conglomerate;thick-bedded, cross-bedded, massive

1,200

UpperAlternation of fine- to medium-grained sandstone and mudstone

1,000

MiddleFine- to medium-grained sandstonewith little shale 900

LowerSandy shale and shale intercalatedwith some fine-grained sandstone 850

Source: Bender(1983); partly changed on age and added with Alluvium.

Formation

Alluvium

Irrawaddy Group

Angular unconformity

Miocene～Oligocene?

Pegu Group

Table 2-3-1 Stratigraphic Sequence in Eastern Irrawaddy Delta, Pegu Yoma and Sittang Basin

Figure 2-3-4 Regional Geological Map around the Survey Area

2-14


(2) Geology of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge

Figure 2-3-5 shows the geological map and Table 2-3-2 shows stratigraphic table of

Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge. Figure 2-3-5 was compiled based on geological maps by Win Naing et

a l. (1991) and Aye Thanda Bo (2001), topographical analysis of a satellite image, and outcrop

reconnaissance.

According to existing geological maps including regional ones, geologic units distributed in the

area are the Irrawaddy Formation in the north and the Pegu Group in the south. They contact each

other on an inferred fault running near Kyaik Kauk Pagoda in Thanlyin. Another fault is inferred

along the eastern edge of the hill, because it shows a clear lineament. Considering the Bouguer

abnomly map shown in Figure 2-3-6, it is probable for a fault to run along the western edge of the

hill.

The Irrawaddy Formation consists of semi-consolidated medium- to coarse-grained sandstone

with mudstone layers. The Pegu Group comprises an alternation of shale (or mudstone) and fine-

to medium-grained sandstone with ferruginous bands. According to the core boring and test well

drilling results by the present survey (later described in detail), sandstone of the Irrawaddy

Formation distributes down to approximately 100m from the ground and mudstone prevails below

this depth. In the southern area where the Pegu Group distributes, the ground is covered mainly

with mudstone. However sandstone prevails in the core sample obtained at an eastern edge of the

central part of the hill. The ferruginous bands were found in the core above 100m from the ground.

It is generally difficult to grasp the bedding condition in the hill, because outcrops are rarely

distributed. However, dip and strike can be measured at some outcrops in a small valley,

developed land and wall of dug well. An anticline axis is inferred along the ridge in the Irrawaddy

Formation. In the central part of the Pegu-Group-covering area, it is inferred from the drilling

result by the present survey that as a whole, layers dip gently to the east and, and near the eastern

edge of the hill, they dip more. Along the riverside of the Hmawwun River, there is a continuous

outcrop of the Pegu Group. The layers there dip with as much as 30 to 60 degrees to the east..

In the surface of the hill, the lateritic soil develops. Generally a few meters of the surface are

reddish brown or brownish in color and contain spherical or sphere-connected ferruginous

concretions in the middle and lower portions. In the test well site in Thanlyin where the Irrawaddy

formation distributes, lateritic weathering is as remarkable as that the layer is brownish down to 25

m below ground and a thick tabular iron vein 5cm thick was found. In the Pegu-Group-covering

area, lateritic weathering reaches about five meters. Such a surface layer of the hill was used as fill

material for the embankment in SEZ and the nearby development area. This material is generally

not permeable, because its mother rock is mainly mudstone and it contains much silt and clay as

well as the concretions.

2-15


Source: Compiled based on geological maps by Win Naing et al. (1991) and Aye Thanda Bo (2001), topographical analysis of satellite image and outcrop reconnaissance. Inferred faults indicated only for majors.

Geologic AgeGeologic

UnitsSymbol Lithology Lithology (detail)

Recent Alluvium A Sands and ClayesYellowish grey, bluish grey, brownish greycoloured sands and clyas.

PlioceneIrrawaddyFormation

ISand rocks interbedded withClays and Mudstones

Medium to coarse grained sand rocks interbededwith clays and mudstones.

Oligocene ?to Miocene

Pegu Group PAlternationof Shale andSandstone with ferrugenousbands

Alternation of shales and well consolidatedargillaceous, bluish grey to brownish greycoloured, fine to mediumgrained micaceoussandstone with ferrugenous band.

Table 2-3-2 Stratigraphic Table of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge (Win Naing et al., 1991)

Figure 2-3-5 Geological Map of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Rigde

2-16


Source: Original – MOGE; Excerpt from Thint Lwin Swe (2008), retouched.

2-4 Socioeconomic Situation in the Project Area

2-4-1 Area and Population

(1) Area

The survey area is composed of 4 townships: Thanlyin, Kyautan, Thongwa and Kayan. The

largest township is Kyautan (84,371.0 Ha), followed by Thongwa (83,547.0 Ha) (Table 2-4-1). The

survey area belongs to the Yangon Southern district; the survey area covers 53.0% of the district

(266,526.4 Ha of 503,091.5 Ha in total).

The largest land use category in the survey area is agricultural land. According to the SLRD data,

the largest percentage of it is in Kyautan with 74.5% (62,882.9 Ha), followed by Kayan with 71.9%

(44,063.0 Ha). Even in the lowest percentage township, Thanlyin, 66.4% (24,762.3ha) of all its area

is agricultural land. 71.0% (357,336.9 Ha) of the total area is categorized as agricultural land in the

Yangon Southern district. After agricultural areas, the second largest is water. 13.6% to 22.7% of the

areas among the survey townships were covered by water and 18.1% (91,253.5 Ha) of the Yangon

Figure 2-3-6 Bouguer Anomaly near Yangon and Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridges

2-17


southern district is a water area.

Industrial area is larger around the Yangon city area townships. The townships where Thilawa

SEZ planned site, Thanlyin and Kyautan are larger than other townships, the areas are 2,108.0 Ha

(5.7%), 794.4 Ha (0.9%), respectively. Percentage of Building land of Thanlyin is the largest with

10.6% (3,936.0 Ha) of all survey townships. There are two bridges which connected to Yangon city

area in Thanlyin, so workers can commute conveniently. It might be thought that there is a function

of commute town for workers in Yangon City.

Table 2-4-1 Area and Land Use in 2012/13

Township Name Thanlyin Kyautan Thongwa Kayan Yangon Southern

District

Land Category Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%)

Agricultural Land 24,762.3 66.4 62,882.9 74.5 58,804.5 70.4 44,063.0 71.9 357,336.9 71.0

Forest & Natural Area 51.4 0.1 225.4 0.3 - - 308.8 0.5 3,999.1 0.8

Road & Railway 803.7 2.2 1,097.5 1.3 1,221.7 1.5 591.2 1.0 5,463.7 1.1

Water Area 5,064.6 13.6 12,087.2 14.3 18,961.6 22.7 10,254.7 16.7 91,253.5 18.1

Industrial Land 2,108.0 5.7 794.4 0.9 20.2 0.02 32.0 0.1 3,275.1 0.7

Building Land 3,936.0 10.6 3,840.9 4.6 3,346.8 4.0 3,360.1 5.5 24,757.1 4.9

Other 565.3 1.5 3,442.7 4.1 1,192.2 1.4 2,707.3 4.4 17,006.1 3.4

Total Area 37,291.3 100.0 84,371.0 100.0 83,547.0 100.0 61,317.1 100.0 503,091.5 100.0

Source: Yangon Southern District, Settlement and Land Record Department

(2) Population

The age-distribution population for each survey townships are shown in Figure 2-4-1. Thanlin

shows a large population among the younger generation (less than 15 years old), but the tendency

was not shown in other townships. Based on the viewpoint of demographic transition, Thanlyin

could be categorized as stage two (meaning high birth rate and low death rate), whereas others could

be categorized as stage three (meaning low birth rate and low death rate). Demographic transition

will change with modernization, and developing countries are categorized as first stage (meaning

high birth rate and high death rate), usually. However, the survey townships were categorized by a

higher stage, the same as a developed country. On the other hand, due to the low sanitation standard

and lack of medical technology, the population segment over 70 years old was lower than others,

relatively. According to that, it might be said that the area is a low birth rate and high death rate area.

Primitive agricultural area societies usually have high birth rates for work power, but that tendency

was not seen in the area.

2-18


Table 2-4-2 summarized the number of households, the population (under 18 years old, over 18

years old), the number of members per household, and the population density. The largest

population is in Thanlyin: 208,435 (under 18 years old: 53,903; over 18 years old: 154,532),

followed by Thongwa: 162,884 (under 18 years old: 53,493; over 18 years old: 109,391). The

number of members per household and the population density are also the largest in Thanlyin; the

numbers are 4.6 and 558.9, respectively. Population density especially is more than double that of

the other townships. As mentioned above, Thanlyin is located near Yangon City, and the township is

a commuter town; therefore, its population density is significantly higher than that of the others. The

other townships’ population density is lower than that of the Yangon southern district.

Table 2-4-2 No. of House Hold and Population in 2012/13

Township

Name

No. of Ward

No. of Village Tract

No. of House Hold

Population No. of Member /

House Hold

Population Density

(Person/km2) Under 18 Over 18 Total

Thanlyin 17 28 45,143 53,903 154,532 208,435 4.6 558.9

Kyauktan 17 56 39,084 47,740 113,284 161,024 4.1 190.9

05,00010,00015,000

0‐4

10‐14

20‐24

30‐34

40‐44

50‐54

60‐64

70‐74

80‐

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 05,00010,00015,000

0‐4

10‐14

20‐24

30‐34

40‐44

50‐54

60‐64

70‐74

80‐

0 5,000 10,000 15,000

05,00010,00015,000

0‐4

10‐14

20‐24

30‐34

40‐44

50‐54

60‐64

70‐74

80‐

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 05,00010,00015,000

0‐4 5‐910‐1415‐1920‐2425‐2930‐3435‐3940‐4445‐4950‐5455‐5960‐6465‐6970‐7475‐7980‐

0 5,000 10,000 15,000

Thanlyin Kyautan

Thongwa Kayan

Figure 2-4-1 Population Age Distribution in 2012 by Township

2-19


Thongwa 12 53 38,611 53,493 109,391 162,884 4.2 195.0

Khayan 12 64 36,478 46,825 112,379 159,204 4.4 259.6

Yangon Southern District

110 375 308,184 410,672 917,692 1,328,364 4.3 264.0

Source: Township General Administration Department

Population dynamics which are divided between those less than 18 years old and those over 18

years old from 2008 to 2012 are shown in Figure 2-4-2. Except for Kyautan, all of the townships’

under 18-year old populations declined during this period. Thanlyin’s briefly increased in 2007 but

then decreased. On the other hand, the populations over 18-years old increased in all townships. The

increase rate is especially higher in Thanlyin than in the others. The increase is not related to the

under 18-year old population; it might be single person or non-child families migrating from outside.

This township could be the commuter town for Yangon City, beginning from 2007.

2-4-2 Industry, Economy, Employment

(1) GDP

The economy in the four townships which cover the survey area is mainly composed of trading,

industry, agriculture, and livestock & fishery. The following Figure 2-4-3 shows the GDP in the

2012/13 fiscal year for the four townships. The trading sector shares 26.9% of the total GDP for the

four townships, showing the biggest share. The industry sector comes second with 26.1% of the

GDP. The agriculture sector comes third with 23.4 %, followed by the livestock & fishery sector

with 14.5%. The primary industry sector, agriculture and livestock & fishery, shares 37.9% of the

GDP. Considering the results of the field survey and land use condition, the percentage of priority

industry might be higher than the figure.


Figure 2-4-2 Population Trend during 2005 to 2012

2-20


(2) Employed Workforce

The following table shows the employment situation in four townships of the survey area. The

unemployment rate is the highest with 31.5% in Kyautan, followed by Thanlyin with 17.2%. The

percentage of Thongwa (2.4%) and Kayan (5.0%) are lower than the percentage of the Yangon

southern district (14.5%). As is well-known, temporary wage work is common in the Southeast

Asian countries; the number of employed persons will change seasonally, such as in the farming

season; however, the data did not mention the data collecting period. Therefore, it might be

considered that the data reflecting the low unemployment rate areas were taken during the busy

farming period while others were probably taken during the farming off-season.

Table 2-4-3 No. of Workers and Unemployment Rate in 2012/13

Township Name No. of WorkersNo. of Employed

Person

No. of Unemployed

Person

Unemployment Rate (%)

Thanlyin 139,440 115,420 24,020 17.2

Kyautan 113,459 77,694 35,765 31.5

Thongwa 110,882 107,533 2,649 2.4

Kayan 91,977 87,379 4,598 5.0

Total 455,758 388,026 67,032 14.7

Yangon Southern District 891,829 761,537 129,592 14.5

Source: Yangon Southern District, General Administration Department


Trading26.9%

Industry26.1%

Agriculture23.4%

Livestock & Fishery14.5%

Transportation3.1%

Construction2.9%

Others3.1%

Figure 2-4-3 GDP Share in 4 Townships

2-21


The table above shows the number of workers in the different industry sectors. Although the data

source is the Yangon southern district general administration office, which provides official data,

Thanlyin’s number is quite small and Khayan’s number is large, considering the over 18 years old

population. The percentage of agricultural workers shares 0.8% to 34.9% of the total. According to

the area of agricultural land use and the results of the field survey, the percentage is considered

small. Landless farmers are involved in farmland activities as temporary workers, so temporary

workers should usually be considered as agriculture workers.

In addition, the share of the primary industry sector is 59.8% (Agriculture: 34.9%; Livestock:

0.7%; Temporary workers: 24.2%), in Thanlyin, 73.9% (Agriculture: 20.4%; Livestock: 20.8%;

Temporary workers: 32.7%), and in Kyautan, 50.4% (Agriculture: 21.8%; Livestock: 10.0%;

Temporary workers: 18.6%) in the Yangon southern district. The percentage of the primary industry

sector is relatively large compared to other sectors. However with the percentages of the primary

industry sector in Kyautan being 37.0% (Agriculture: 12.0%; Livestock: 12.0%; Temporary

workers: 13.0%) and Thongwa being 10.2% (Agriculture: 0.8%; Livestock: 0.7%; Temporary

workers: 8.7%), as well as a large number of others (Kyautan: 34.3%; Thongwa: 39.5%), these

figures might include a significant number of agricultural workers.

Table 2-4-4 No. of Worker by Township by in 2012

Township Name Thanlyin Kyautan Thongwa Kayan

Yangon Southern

District

(No.) (%) (No.) (%) (No.) (%) (No.) (%) (No.) (%)

Government

Employee 6,335 33.5 1,720 1.7 2,579 2.5 1,864 1.3 23,683 3.3

Labor 813 4.3 14,500 13.9 31,472 30.1 9,837 6.6 101,963 14.1

Agriculture 6,596 34.9 12,538 12.0 843 0.8 30,270 20.4 157,272 21.8

Livestock 130 0.7 12,500 12.0 721 0.7 30,872 20.8 72,453 10.0

Trader 216 1.1 13,500 13.0 15,324 14.6 16,386 11.1 100,093 13.8

Industrial Worker 20 0.1 100 0.1 3,255 3.1 3,378 2.3 11,545 1.6

Temporary Worker 4,569 24.2 13,585 13.0 9,150 8.7 48,446 32.7 134,130 18.6

Others 235 1.2 35,765 34.3 41,287 39.5 7,067 4.8 121,829 16.9

Total 18,914 100.0 104,208 100.0 104,631 100.0 148,120 100.0 722,968 100.0

Source: Yangon Southern District, General Administration Department.

(3) Factories and the employees

Table 2-4-5 summarizes the number of factories and workers in the project area. The largest

number of factories and workers is in Thanlyin with 47 factories and 6,327 workers (male: 2,536;

female: 3,791), followed by Kyautan with 15 factories and 2,503 workers (male: 1,882; female: 621).

2-22


There are no factories in Thongwa and Kayan. Thanlyin is located on the left banks of the Bago and

Yangon Rivers where there are ports. Therefore, several factories are located around those ports.

Table 2-4-5 No. of Factories and Laborers in 2013

Township Name No. of

FactoriesNo. of Labor

Male Female Total

Thanlyin 47 2,536 3,791 6,327

Kyautan 15 1,882 621 2,503

Thongwa - - - -

Kayan - - - -

Total 62 4,418 4,412 8,830

Yangon Southern District 72 4,503 4,640 9,143

Source: Yangon Southern District, Department of Labor

2-5 Present Situation of the Water Utilization of the Survey Areas

The subjects to be considered of the present situation of the water utilization of the survey areas are

classified into following three items.

- Water for Agriculture - Water for Industry - Water for Domestic use

The developing level of the survey areas are still low, the irrigation system and water supplying

system are almost not yet implemented. The other side, the survey areas are expected as the one of the

future Greater Yangon City Area.

2-5-1 Present Situation of the Agriculture in the Target Area

Agriculture shares the first priority in the structure of the GDP of 27.8% in Myanmar, and even as it

is going toward a manufacturing industry nation in the future, agriculture is the main industry at this

moment. Since the natural resources of the Earth and the Water are essential components for

agriculture, agricultural field is the biggest user for the water resource.

Fundamental information for the grasp of the agricultural field is summarized below. The data for

the agricultural fields of the Thanlyin Township, the Kyauktan Township, the Thongwa Township and

the Kayan Township which are target areas of the survey have not yet been collected by the formal

administrative organ. The survey team collected the related data from the respective townships by

conducting interviews. The data are summarized below.

2-23


(1) Present situation of the agricultural foundation

Table 2-5-1 Fundamental information for the grasp of the agricultural field

Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan Total

Yangon Southern District

Administrative Area (km2)

372.9 843.7 835.5 613.2 2,665.3 5,030.9

Population less than 18 years

53,903 47,740 53,493 46,825 201,961 410,825

Population greater than 18 years

154,532 113,284 109,391 112,379 489,586 917,692

Total of Population 208,435 161,024 162,884 159,204 691,547 1,328,364

Farming household 6,463 12,290 14,214 12,127 45,094 80,827

Farmer engaged 6,596 12,538 843 30,270 50,247 157,272

Cultivated area (ha) 24,762 62,883 58,805 44,063 190,513 357,337

Sown area (ha) 46,652 96,904 110,396 84,549 338,501 491,350

Monsoon Paddy(ha) 24,802 63,144 59,783 44,825 192,554 321,336

Summer Paddy (ha) 642 21 0 81 744 25,108


Yangon Southern District, General Administration Department

Yangon Southern District, Department of Agriculture

(2) Present Water Demand for Irrigation

To grasp the water demand for irrigation, the water supply for the monsoon paddy isn’t needed

because of the rainwater falling throughout the season; however, the water supply for the summer

paddy needs irrigation water throughout the season. The real water demand volume on the survey

area has not been grasped by the Irrigation Department, which has the responsibility for this issue

country-wide. Therefore, the following estimation formula will be applied, which is used for the

making a preliminary plan for the water resource development study in the Irrigation Department.

Pre-condition for the sown area of the summer paddy 1)

The summer paddy can be cultivated by sustainable irrigation water throughout the season. The

sown area of summer paddy is appropriated as 744 (ha) in the four townships.

Estimation formula for the irrigation water demand volume 2)

The Irrigation Department is applying the following formula to grasp the irrigation water

demand.

2-24


Water Demand Volume (acre-feet/year) = 6 (acre-feet/acre)×Irrigated area (acre)

For making the water resource development plan for the irrigation project, in the Irrigation

Department, the required annual irrigation water volume shall be estimated based on the unit

consumptive use water depth of six (6) feet.

The converted formula from acre-feet to ha-m3 is shown below.

Water Demand Volume (m3/year) =18,295 (m3/ha)×Irrigated area (ha)

Irrigation Water demand volume 3)

The irrigation water demand volume can be estimated below.

Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan Total

Cultivated area (ha) 24,762 62,883 58,805 44,063 190,513

Summer Paddy (ha) 641 21 0 81 744

Water demand volume(106 m3)

11.7 0.4 0 1.5 13.6

The water demand volume is considerably small because of a sowing area for the summer paddy

of 744 (ha). This means that future water demand, because of an increasing of the sowing area of

the summer paddy, will be increased by an incentive for farmers through the implementation of the

irrigation project.

2-5-2 Present Situation of the Industry in the Target Area

Industry consists of the manufacturing and processing and shares 19.8% of the structure of the GDP

in Myanmar. It is the third priority following Agriculture and Trade.

Fundamental information is provided for the Industry sector of the Thanlyin Township, the

Kyauktan Township, the Thongwa Township and the Kayan Township, the target areas of the survey.

The data are summarized below.

2-25


Table 2-5-2 Fundamental Information for the Industry Sector Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan Total

Population 208,435 161,024 162,884 159,204 691,547

Number of Factories 47 15 - - 62

Number of Workers 6,327 2,503 - - 8,830

Annual used water volume (106m3)

unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown

The data on the water resources in Japan, summarized by the Ministry of the Land Infrastructure

2-5-3 Present Situation and Future image of the Domestic Use in the Target Area

There are 12,400 shallow wells which are used for living purposes. At first, people store the

rainwater during the monsoon season, and then the groundwater will be used to cover any volume

shortage of the domestic use water. Even the public water supply system can be used, which peoples

will use for limited purposes and in limited volume amounts.

There are some number of the small ponds for the domestic use water and agricultural water in the

part of the agricultural activities. There are some families to use the rain water by using the roof and

gutters with the roof. These water resources are used for the subsidized water in the rainy season.

The public water supply system is used in the Thanlyin Township and Kyauktan Township under

management of the regional development committee, the penetration rate is still few percent. There is

a plan to provide the water from the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) in these areas in

future, but it should prepare the bridge or crossing facilities to cross the Bago River. To realize this

plan, it takes much cost. It should pass the barriers to reach the implementation. The salt intrusion in

to the river discharge around these area are confirmed, it is difficult to obtain the safety and

sustainable water though the Bago River. The population density is still low except a part of the areas,

due to the low effect of the cost/benefit ration, regional development is still low.

2-6 Agriculture in the Project Area

2-6-1 Agricultural Land Use

Table 2-6-1 shows agricultural land use in the project area and in the Yangon southern district.

More than 96% of all agricultural land is lowland in the project area. Thanlyin has a slightly larger

percentage of gardens compared with the others; it is located near Yangon city in a relatively hilly

portion. Compared to the Yangon southern district, the project area could be characterized as a

dominant are of paddy cultivation.

2-26


Table 2-6-1 Agricultural Land Use in the Project Area

Tounship Name Thanlyin Kyautan Thongwa Kayan Yangon Southern

District

Land Category Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%)

Lowland 23,917.8 96.6 62,131.0 98.8 58,181.3 98.9 43,615.4 99.0 320,270.1 89.6Shoal and

Riverbank Field - - - - - - - - 474.7 0.1

Garden 673.8 2.7 486.0 0.8 384.9 0.7 433.4 1.0 34,760.1 9.7

Nipa Field 170.8 0.7 265.9 0.4 238.4 0.4 14.2 0.03 1,832.0 0.5Total Agricultural

Land 24,762.3 100.0 62,882.9 100.0 58,804.5 100.0 44,063.0 100.0 357,336.9 100.0


2-6-2 Planted Area, Production and These Trend in Recent Years

(1) Planted Area and Production

The monsoon paddy takes the largest harvested area with the second being green gram in the

project area in 2012/13, and the order is the same as in the Yangon southern district. Though the

harvested area of the Yangon southern district is 25,107.9 Ha, the total harvested area of the project

area is only 743.3 Ha (Thanlyin: 642.2 Ha; Kyautan: 20.6 Ha; Kayan: 80.5 Ha).Due to the lack of

irrigation facilities, the summer paddy area is smaller than that of other townships in the Yangon

southern district.

Table 2-6-2 Harvested Area and Production by Crop in 2012/13

The trends of crop production by each crop from 2008 to 2013 are shown in Figure 2-6-1. During

this time, the production of the monsoon paddy and green gram were approximately constant in all

townships, but the summer paddy production decreased in Thanlyin. The sunflower production also

decreased, becoming quite small in 2011/12. Production of groundnut, which was widely produced

in Thongwa and Kayan, decreased in 2010/11 to approximately a quarter of what was produced in

2009/10 and 2012/13.

Township Name Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Khayan Yangon Southern

District

Crop Name (Ha) (MT) (Ha) (MT) (Ha) (MT) (Ha) (MT) (Ha) (MT)

Monsoon Paddy 24,802.0 86,077.8 63,144.0 222,323.1 59,782.6 219,348.4 44,824.6 162,096.8 321,335.7 1,119,597.8

Summer Paddy 642.2 2,558.7 20.6 91.7 - - 80.5 301.8 25,107.9 108,224.2

Groundnut 11.7 11.7 3.6 5.1 41.3 57.2 124.6 176.0 191.0 257.6

Sunflower 4.0 1.0 21.0 7.7 19.8 5.0 175.6 69.8 250.5 94.6

Black Gram - - - - - - 6.9 5.7 118.2 96.4

Green Gram 21,180.1 17,183.4 32,949.1 40,769.3 50,418.2 63,838.2 39,187.0 47,087.1 143,925.8 169,075.8

French Bean - - - - - - - - 52.6 47.9

Other Beans 11.7 9.4 765.7 60.8 134.0 150.2 149.7 116.9 367.9 338.2

Source: DOA, Yangon Southern District

2-27


According to the result of an interview with DOA officers, farmers could not select planting crops

freely even if the farmer had a right of land to use before 2010. It is considered that low profit crops

such as summer paddy, sunflower and groundnut were not very attractive for farmers; a profitable

crop, green gram, was produced stably though. However, the production of green gram did not

increase from 2010; in other words, low profit crop production was not changed to profitable crops.

It is considered that the place where sunflower and groundnut were planted has lower water

potential; therefore, the place was not suitable for green gram cultivation. It also might be

considered that even if the farmer has land, temporary work is more attractive than unstable and low

profit crop production. Therefore, the number of temporary workers is high in the project area.

2-28


Source: Yangon Southern District, Department of Agriculture

Figure 2-6-1 Trend of Crop Production from 2008 to 2013

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

(MT

)

Monsoon Paddy

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

(MT

)

Summer PaddyThanlyinKyauktanThongwaKhayan

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

(MT

)

Green Gram

0

50

100

150

200

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

(MT

)

Other Beans ThanlyinKyauktanThongwaKhayan

0

300

600

900

1,200

1,500

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

(MT

)

Sunflower

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

(MT

)

GroundnutThanlyinKyauktanThongwaKhayan

2-29


(2) Planted Area and Production under Irrigation

Irrigated areas in the four survey townships and the Yangon southern district in 2011/12 are

shown in Table 2-6-3. The percentages of irrigated areas in Thanlyin, Kyautan, Thongwa and

Khayan were 15.6% (3,851.0Ha in 24,762.3Ha); 3.2% (2,023.4Ha in 62,882.9Ha); 23.8%

(14,016.3Ha in 58,804.5Ha); and 34.1% (48,912.0Ha in 357,336.9Ha), respectively. The

percentages were higher than the percentage in the Yangon southern district (13.7%), except

Kyautan.

The summer paddy area in the four townships was 857.5Ha; it takes up no more than 6% of the

Yangon southern district (14,310.9Ha). The variation of the summer paddy harvested area from

2008/09 to 2012/13 is shown in Figure 2-6-2. It was changed about 300Ha in Thanlyin from 2008 to

2012, but it did not clearly show large changes among other townships. Therefore, the small number

of summer paddy planted areas was not related with the policy change after 2010, which allowed the

farmers to decide on the crops they wanted to grow in their own fields. The summer paddy which

required much irrigation water was not a major crop grown in the project area.

The total irrigated area in the four townships is relatively larger in the Yangon southern district;

however the amount of distributable water is small. Hence, most of the irrigable area planted pulses

which required small amount of water rather than summer paddy. Actually, triple crop farming is

possible in a year in the area. It is considered that if abundant irrigation water is provided by an

irrigation facility in the project area, it makes it possible to increase and stabilize crop production.

Table 2-6-3 Irrigated Areas in 2011/12

Township

Name Thanlyin Kyautan Thongwa Kayan

Yangon Southern

District

Crop Name (Ha) (%) (Ha) (%) (Ha) (%) (Ha) (%) (Ha) (%)

Summer Paddy 830.0 21.6 - - - - 27.5 0.2 14,310.9 29.3

Green Gram 2,967.6 77.1 2,023.4 100.0 13,856.4 98.9 14,793.7 98.3 33,767.4 69.0

Sunflower - - - - - - - - 327.8 0.7

Groundnut 53.4 1.4 - - 89.0 0.6 141.6 0.9 284.1 0.6

Cow pea - - - - - - 62.3 0.4 69.6 0.1

Black gram - - - - - - 4.0 0.03 50.2 0.1

Vegetable - - - - 70.8 0.5 13.4 0.1 102.0 0.2

Total 3,851.0 100.0 2,023.4 100.0 14,016.3 100.0 15,042.6 100.0 48,912.0 100.0

Source: DOA, Yangon Southern District, Department of Agriculture

2-30


The irrigated area was increasing in Thanlyin, Thongwa and Kayan from 2008 to 2012 (Figure

2-6-3). The increase might have been caused by the 30-mile greening project which the irrigation

department (ID) pushes forward continuously. That project is not completed yet due to the increase

of the canal length or its connection to the existing canal; the water in the canal can be used for the

winter crop supplementary.



Figure 2-6-2 Trend of Summer Paddy Harvested Area from 2008 to 2012

Figure 2-6-3 Trend of Total Irrigated Area from 2008 to 2013

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12

(Ha) Thanlyin

KyautanThongwaKayan

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12

(Ha)

ThanlyinKyautanThongwaKayan

2-31


2-6-3 Agricultural Tools and Machineries

The number of owned agricultural materials and machines by townships are shown in Table 2-6-4.

It is an error that the number of hand tractor in Thanlyin is 0, obviously. In whole, the numbers of

traditional tools, harrows (40,471), ploughs (53,331) and bull carts (24,240) are larger than those of

tractors (1,316) and hand tractors (4,722). This suggests that the way of agricultural operation is still

traditional in the area; therefore, agricultural mechanization is expected which might contribute to

agricultural labor-saving and labor provision for the industrial sector in Yangon City.

Table 2-6-4 No. of Agricultural Materials in 2012/13

Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Khayan Total

Traditional Harrow 6,941 10,008 12,498 11,024 40,471

Traditional Plough 8,150 12,785 18,619 13,777 53,331

Bull Cart 4,513 5,551 7,151 7,025 24,240

Tractor 169 199 567 381 1,316

Water Pump 332 68 63 848 1,311

Hand Tractor 0 1,624 1,934 1,164 4,722

Planting Machine 0 0 10 0 10

Harvester 3 3 3 0 9

Thresher 50 44 35 275 404

Source: Yangon Southern District, General Administration Office

2-7 Water Right and Organization of the Water Utilization

2-7-1 Water Right

There is no Law of the Water Right in Myanmar therefore, there is no definition of the Water Right

not only for the surface water resource but also the groundwater. Since there is no Law of the water

resource development, the decision making and responsibility of the project plan and implementation

of the project belong to the ministry individually. The procedure for giving the permission regarding

the water utilization facilities, which are the bridge, dredging, river improvement, embankment of the

dike and construction of the weir, are not defined by the Law. The construction of those facilities are

implemented by the regional government with the budget given by the Union Government, the

implementation agencies asking the cabinet for the budget allocation of the each implementation plan

individually. Substantially, the Implementation Ministry has responsibility for the projects, the water

right also belonging to the Ministry individually.

The groundwater development consist of the shallow wells for personal use, public water supply

system and irrigation water resource development in the Central Dry Zone. Even these development

2-32


plan is not controlled by the any kinds of the law. The developer has to entry the basic data on the

ledger at the township office without regard to the capacity of the developed groundwater resource. It

has no water right administratively.

2-7-2 Water Users Association

There is no institution for the collection of the water utilization fee due to the fact that the Water

Users Association has not been organized under the management by the ministry of agriculture and

irrigation which is largest organization for the water resource in Myanmar. There is the rationale on

the present situation of the maintenance systems for the main canals and the secondary canals by the

Irrigation Department.

But the maintenance fee for the tertiary canals and the terminal level canals are not collected from

the beneficiaries anymore; therefore, the maintenance fee is lacking from the annual budget and all

facilities have become superannuated.

In a similar way, the City Development Committee (CDC) has a responsibility to manage the

domestic water supply system instead of the Water Users Association. It mean that the domestic water

supply system is not managed by the self-support accounting.

Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation

Figure 2-7-1 Organization chart of the related ministries -1

2-33


Irrigation Department (ID)

Director General

Deputy Director General (1)

Deputy Director General (2)

Head Office Director Construction (1)

Director Administration

DirectorPlanning&Works

Director Procurement

Director Account

Director Inspection

Director Design

Director Investigation

Director Hydrology

Director Geology

DirectorDrilling & Blasting

Director Construction (2)






DirectorConstruction(8)

DirectorConstruction (9)

Director Maintenance Kachin State

DirectorMaintenance

Mandalay Div

Dy Director Maintenance Kayar

State

Dy Director Maintenance Kayin

State

Dy Director Maintenance Chin

State

Director Maintenance

Sagaing Region

Deputy Director Maintenance

Tanintharyi Region

Director Maintenance Bago

Region

DirectorMaintenance Mon

State

Director Maintenance Rakhine State

DirectorMaintenance Yangon Div

DirectorMaintenance Shan

(South)

Dy Director Maintenance Shan

(East)

Dy Director Maintenance Shan

(North)


Ayeyarwaddy Div


Magway Region

Chief Mechnical Engineer

Director Mech: Div 1(Ygn)

Director Mech: Div 2 (Taungoo)

Director Mech: Div 3 (Magway)

Director Mech: Div 4

(Mandalay)

Hydropower Branch

Deputy Director Irrigation

Training Center

Water Resource Utilization Department

Planning Division

Administration Division

Diretor General

Deputy Director General

Groundwater Division

Water Punm Division

Production and procurement Division

Gravity Flow and Civil Work Division


2-34


Ministry of Electric Power No.1

Ministry of Electric Power No.2

Department of Hydroelectric Planning

Minister

Deputy Minister

Department of Hydroelectric Implementation

Hydropower Production Enterprise

Department of Electric Power

Minister

Deputy Minister

Myanmar Electric Power Enterprise

Electricity Supply Enterprise

yangonElectricity Supply Board

Ministry of Transport


CHAPTER 3

SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER

3-1


CHAPTER 3 Survey and Analysis of Groundwater

3-1. Outline

3-1-1 Purpose

A survey and analysis of groundwater was carried out to estimate the groundwater development

potential in the area shown in Figure 3-1-1-1 for the Thilawa SEZ and the adjoining area.


Figure 3-1-1-1 Groundwater Survey Area and Topography

3-1-2 Definition of Groundwater Development Potential

Here the “groundwater development potential” means a groundwater amount which can be sustainably

supplied for the Thilawa SEZ and the adjacent area without socially unallowable environmental impact.

Generally, to estimate the groundwater development potential, first the following four items are assessed,

and then, comprehensively considering the results, the amount is fixed:

(1) Water Budget

A development amount must be lower than the groundwater recharge in a target area. If there is

existing groundwater use, the amount of the present usage must be withheld from the amount. In

addition, it must be considered that it is impossible to take all excess water in a water budget, because

3-2


some parts of groundwater would flow out of the area. Therefore, a part of the groundwater recharge

could be developed.

(2) Water Quality

The water quality of the developed water must fit the purpose of usage, or the treatment cost of the

water to be used must be economical enough to be acceptable.

(3) Hydraulic Ability

The hydraulic ability of the aquifer must be high so as to allow collecting water into intake facilities

effectively and economically.

(4) Environmental Impact

The environmental impact of the water development must be as small as the negative impact to make

it negligible, or the negative impact must be reduced with a mitigation measure so as to be acceptable.

Ordinarily, small groundwater development is planned only with well capacity and water quality. But

the well capacity shows only the hydraulic ability of the aquifer. For a larger scale development, the

water budget and environmental impact must be considered as well. For the development in an area

where groundwater is already being used, its environmental impact on the existing usage often limits the

potential.

3-1-3 Topography

As shown in Figure 3-1-3-1, the target area consists of a low-relief hill and a flat plain surrounded by

the Bago, Yangon and Hmaw Wun Rivers, and Tan Bin Creek. The total area is about 930 km2.

The hill occupies the western side of the area with the towns of Thanlyin and Khauktan on it. The

ground elevation ranges from about 5 m to 25 m. The Thilawa SEZ is located on the western flank. The

hill is sometimes called the “Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge”

The plain covers most of the area extending to the east. The ground elevation ranges mainly from 1m to

4m. There are many creeks and canals connected to each other. Because sluice gates are installed at the

exit of the main creeks along the Bago River, and a main water divide of the plain runs along the road

which connects Thanlyin and Thongwa, the northern part of the plain is protected against saline water

intrusion into creeks in the dry season, though it is not perfect. In the southern part, the creeks remain

tidal and salty water is moving through them.

In the northern part of the survey area, the old river channels of the Bago River are easily traceable on

the satellite image as shown in Figure 3-1-1-1.

Along the eastern side of the survey area, the Sagain Fault, a famous active fault, runs.

3-3


Source: Google Earth satellite image; retouched.

Figure 3-1-3-1 Bird’s-eye View of Groundwater Survey Area

3-1-4 Geology

Figure 3-1-4-2 shows the geological map and Table 3-1-4-1 shows the stratigraphic table of the

Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge. The map was compiled based on geological maps by Win Naing et al. (1991)

and Aye Thanda Bo (2001), topographical analysis of a satellite image, and outcrop reconnaissance.

According to existing geological maps including regional ones, geologic units distributed in the area

are the Irrawaddy Formation in the north and the Pegu Group in the south. They contact each other on an

inferred fault running near Kyaik Kauk Pagoda in Thanlyin. Another fault is inferred along the eastern

edge of the hill, because it shows a clear lineament. Considering the Bouguer anomaly map shown in

Figure 3-1-4-1, it is probable for a fault to run along the western edge of the hill.

The Irrawaddy Formation consists of semi-consolidated medium- to coarse-grained sandstone with

mudstone layers. The Pegu Group comprises an alternation of shale (or mudstone) and fine- to

medium-grained sandstone with ferruginous bands. According to the core boring and test well drilling

results by the present survey (later described in detail), sandstone of the Irrawaddy Formation distributes

down to approximately 100 m from the ground and mudstone prevails below this depth. In the southern

area where the Pegu Group distributes, the ground is covered mainly with mudstone. However sandstone

prevails in the core sample obtained at an eastern edge of the central part of the hill. The ferruginous

bands were found in the core above 100 m from the ground.

It is generally difficult to grasp the bedding condition in the hill, because outcrops are rarely distributed.

However, dip and strike can be measured at some outcrops in a small valley, developed land and wall of

3-4


dug well. An anticline axis is inferred along the ridge in the Irrawaddy Formation. In the central part of

the Pegu-Group-covering area, it is inferred from the drilling result by the present survey that as a whole,

layers dip gently to the east and, and near the eastern edge of the hill, they dip more. Along the riverside

of the Hmaw Wun River, there is a continuous outcrop of the Pegu Group. The layers there dip with as

much as 30 to 60 degrees to the east.

In the surface of the hill, the lateritic soil develops. Generally a few meters of the surface are reddish

brown or brownish in color and contain spherical or sphere-connected ferruginous concretions in the

middle and lower portions. In the test well site in Thanlyin where the Irrawaddy formation distributes,

lateritic weathering is as remarkable as that the layer is brownish down to 25 m below ground and a thick

tabular iron vein 5 cm thick was found. In the Pegu-Group-covering area, lateritic weathering reaches

about five meters. Such a surface layer of the hill was used as fill material for the embankment in SEZ

and the nearby development area. This material is generally not permeable, because its mother rock is

mainly mudstone and it contains much silt and clay as well as the concretions.

The plain is underlain by unconsolidated Quaternary alluvial deposits. The thickness is 50m ~ 70m. It

consists mainly of fine alternation of very fine sand, silt and clay (clayey deposits), and a basal sand layer

with granules lies on the bottom. Less consolidated Tertiary deposits underlie the layer unconformably.

Table 3-1-4-1 Stratigraphic Table of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge (Win Naing et al., 1991)

Geologic Age Geologic Units Symbol Lithology Lithology (detail)

Recent Alluvium A Sands and ClaysYellowish grey, bluish grey, brownish grey colouredsands and clyas.

PlioceneIrrawaddyFormation

ISand rocks interbedded withClays and Mudstones

Medium to coarse grained sand rocks interbeded withclays and mudstones.

Oligocene ? toMiocene

Pegu Group PAlternationof Shale andSandstone with ferrugenousbands

Alternation of shales and well consolidatedargillaceous, bluish grey to brownish grey coloured,fine to mediumgrained micaceous sandstone withferrugenous band.

3-5


Figure 3-1-4-1 Bouguer Anormaly near Yangon and Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridges

Source: Original – MOGE; Excerpt from Thint Lwin Swe (2008), retouched.

3-6


Source: Compiled based on geological maps by Win Naing et al. (1991) and Aye Thanda Bo (2001), topographical analysis of satellite image and outcrop reconnaissance. Inferred faults indicated only for majors.

Figure 3-1-4-2 Geological Map of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge

3-7


3-2. Groundwater Survey

3-2-1 Outline

To estimate the groundwater development potential of a region, we must survey the target items shown

in Table 3-2-1-1. The following methods are applied for the present survey:

1) Review of Existing Reports

2) Well Inventory Survey

3) Geophysical Survey

4) Core Boring

5) Test Well

6) Pumping Test

7) Water Quality Survey and Test

8) Outcrop Reconnaissance

9) Groundwater Head Monitoring

Figure 3-2-1-1 shows the main locations and area of the survey.

Table 3-2-1-1 Survey Items Related to GW Potential and Methods Applied in this Survey


Explanation Method of Survey Applied

Aquiferdistribution

A place of movement andstorage

Well inventory suevey (14,691 facilities), geophysical survey (VES43 points, TDEM 60 points), core boring (2 points), test well (5sites, 16 wells), outcrop recconnassance, topographic analysis withsattelite image.

Groundwatertable

1) A result of water budget.2) The gradient shows GWmovement direction.

Observation of GW level: Automatically & hourly - 16 wellsGW level measurement at dug wells

Groundwaterrecharge

Input of water budgetCollection of metrological and hydrological data (rainfall,evapotranspiration, tide level, etc.), confirmation of water bodylocation, creation of landcover map with sattellite image.

Groundwaterrunoff

Output of water budget Estimation of GW use amount through well inventory survey.

Requirement fromdevelopment purpose

Water quality measurement/analysis: 200 exhisting wells - Twice a year, in-situ measurement 16 test wells - sampled during pumping test and monthly, in-situand in laboratory analysis. 13 test wells - Isotopic analysis

Controling rechrage and watermoving rate. Affects economyof development.

Pumping test at test well (16 wells) and existing wells (3 wells).Well capacity data in existing reports

Impact provider Water development plan (Amount and facilities allocation to be assumed)Impact receiver Water use and land use Water use facilities inventory survey. Landuse survey.Field of impact

transmissinAquifer (See the methods for water budget and hydraulic ability)

Target Item of Survey

Water Budget

EnvironmentalImpact

Assessment

Water Quality

Hydraulic Ability

3-8



Figure 3-2-1-1 Main Locations of Groundwater Surveys

3-9


3-2-2 Review of Existong Reports and Data

3-2-2-1 Existing Reports and Data

Two study reports shown in Table 3-2-2-1 were reviewed. The general geology, well logs and water

quality data on the reports are useful to understand the outline of hydrogeology in the area.

Table 3-2-2-1 Existing Hydrogeological Study Reports


Each township administration has a well inventory, which provides an outline of groundwater use in

the township, including the number of wells and the condition of the public water supply. This inventory

became a base for a detailed exhaustive well survey carried out by the present survey.

Only these are the obtainable comprehensive reports and data. Since there are many wells in the area,

well-construction contractors might have information on well log and aquifer location. But it is difficult

to collect such information in fact, because they are private and rarely leave documents.

3-2-2-2 Geologic and Well Logs

Table 3-2-2-2 shows a list of all geologic and well logs collected from the above-mentioned reports and

obtained through the JICA survey including the present one. Figure 3-2-2-2 to Figure 3-2-2-4 show their

locations. All the logs are attached in the ”Supporting Data”. Figure 3-2-2-1 shows an example.

CitationAbbreviated

Win Naing et al. (1991) Aye Thanda Bo (2001)

Author Aung Aung Tin, Win Naing and Maung Maung Aye Thanda BoYear 1991 2001Title Hydrogeology of Thanlyin - Kyauktan Area Urban Geology of Thanlyin Area

PublicationDiploma Article, Applied Geology Department,Yangon University

Diploma Article, Department of Engineering Geology,Yangon Technological University

Target Area Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge and nearby area Thanlyin

Study Oulline

・Collection of 6 well logs and 36 tube well data・Water quality analysis at 44 wells(dug and tubewell)・Collection of information on water supply andtreatment in Kyauktan・Creation of hydrogeological maps

・Collection of 9 engineering boring logs (with soil tstdata), 8 investigation drilling logs and 7 well logs・Summarization of water use and water quality・Geo-engineering consideration on land use andfoundation

Geological map Geological mapLocation map of well Water quality map (main ions, iron ion)Map of water supply system of Kyauktan Hydrogeological mapWater table depth map Land Use MapHydrogeological map Geotechnical classification map of foundaionIon balance charts

Main FiguresPresented

3-10


Geologic Log Well Log

Source: Original data by Aye Thanda Bo (2001): Compiled by JICA study team.

Figure 3-2-2-1 Example of Geologic and Well Logs

3-11


Table 3-2-2-2 List of Geologic and Well Logs

No. Kind NameDepth

(m)Depth

(ft)Reference Location Longitude Latitude Source

1 C D2 272 892.4 Thilawa SEZ Supporting Committee Compound 96.30803 16.68694 JICA-12 C D4 248 813.6 No.6 Express Road between Kan Myin and Thaik Tu Gan, Thongwa 96.43456 16.74736 JICA-13 TW D-1-0 52 170.6 SEZ Class A 96.28331 16.67314 JICA-14 TW D-1-1 85 278.9 SEZ Class A 96.28339 16.67319 JICA-15 TW D-1-2 150 492.1 SEZ Class A 96.28322 16.67317 JICA-16 TW D-1-3 330 1082.7 SEZ Class A 96.28328 16.67314 JICA-17 TW D-2-0 56 183.7 Thilawa SEZ Supporting Committee Compound 96.30764 16.68681 JICA-18 TW D-2-1 97 318.2 Thilawa SEZ Supporting Committee Compound 96.30794 16.68672 JICA-19 TW D-2-2 150 492.1 Thilawa SEZ Supporting Committee Compound 96.30786 16.68686 JICA-1

10 TW D-2-3 330 1082.7 Thilawa SEZ Supporting Committee Compound 96.30811 16.68658 JICA-111 TW D-3-1 80 262.5 Chaung Zauk 96.35294 16.71714 JICA-112 TW D-3-2 180 590.6 Chaung Zauk 96.35278 16.71711 JICA-113 TW D-3-3 330 1082.7 Chaung Zauk 96.35264 16.71711 JICA-114 TW D-4-1 85 278.9 No.6 Express Road between Kan Myin and Thaik Tu Gan, Thongwa 96.43511 16.74739 JICA-115 TW D-4-2 146 479.0 No.6 Express Road between Kan Myin and Thaik Tu Gan, Thongwa 96.43511 16.74742 JICA-116 TW D-5-1 65 213.3 Thanlyin Center 96.24714 16.76911 JICA-117 TW D-5-2 100 328.1 Thanlyin Center 96.24700 16.76911 JICA-118 TW D-5-3 350 1148.3 Thanlyin Center 96.24708 16.76911 JICA-119 TW TW3 198.1 650 SEZ Class A 96.26307 16.68047 JICA-220 TW TW4 198.1 650 SEZ Class A 96.26503 16.67393 JICA-221 TW TW5 204.2 670 SEZ Class A 96.27952 16.67967 JICA-222 TW TW6 198.1 650 SEZ Class A 96.26977 16.67615 JICA-223 TW TW7 195.1 640 SEZ Class A 96.27813 16.67202 JICA-224 TW TW8 198.1 650 SEZ Class A 96.27200 16.66782 JICA-225 TW TW9 198.1 650 SEZ Class A 96.28752 16.67463 JICA-226 TW TW10 198.1 650 SEZ Class A 96.28852 16.67010 JICA-227 W PW1 91.4 300 SEZ Class A 96.27837 16.6712 JICA-228 W PW2 91.4 300 SEZ Class A 96.28857 16.6698 JICA-229 W PW3 91.4 300 SEZ Class A 96.28253 16.6658 JICA-230 W PW4 91.4 300 SEZ Class A 96.26985 16.6762 JICA-231 E BH.A 30.5 100 SEZ near Zamani Inn Reservoir 96.2682 16.6978 JICA-232 E BH.B 30.5 100 SEZ near Thilawa 96.2682 16.6590 JICA-233 E BH.C 30.5 100 SEZ near Ship Breaking Yard 96.2687 16.6128 JICA-234 W No2 72.5 238 Aungmingalar-4, Thanlyin 96.2474 16.7680 Ref135 W No6 116.7 383 Prguzy, Tynalyin 96.2479 16.7583 Ref136 W No14 114.3 375 Tin Smelting and Refinery Plant.1, Thanlyin 96.2650 16.7315 Ref137 W No23 62.5 205 Shwegon 2, Kyauktan 96.3230 16.6506 Ref138 W No24 67.1 220 Singan 3, Kyauktan 96.3310 16.6393 Ref139 W No34 88.4 290 Hospital 16, Kyauktan 96.3268 16.6370 Ref140 E BH1 64.3 211.0 YGN-TLN Bridge BH1 96.2434 16.7828 Ref241 E BH2 20.4 67.0 Glass Factory Extension BH-1 96.2311 16.7197 Ref242 E BH3 24.8 81.5 Thanlyin-Thilawa-Padagyi Road, Bridge No.2/1 96.2468 16.6978 Ref243 E BH4 21.8 71.5 Thanlyin-Thilawa-Padagyi Road, Brige Site, Mile Post 2/4 &2/5 BH-1 96.2660 16.6721 Ref244 E BH5 24.8 81.5 Thanlyin-Thilawa-Padagyi Road, Brige Site, Mile Post 5/4 BH-1 96.2743 16.6615 Ref245 E BH6 42.3 138.8 Thilawa Port Project, Site BH-B-24 96.2474 16.6683 Ref246 E BH7 35.4 116.1 Thilawa Ship Breaking Yard Projrct, Site S-15 96.2610 16.6133 Ref247 E BH8 36.2 118.8 Thilawa Port Project, Site BH-B-13 96.2526 16.6630 Ref248 En Bn5 11.0 36 96.2304 16.7147 Ref249 En Bn6 20.1 66 96.2336 16.7115 Ref250 En Bn7 19.8 65 96.2432 16.7097 Ref251 En Bn8 16.8 55 96.2429 16.7050 Ref252 En Bn9 16.5 54 96.2662 16.7171 Ref253 En Bn10 16.5 54 96.2654 16.7216 Ref254 En Bn11 16.8 55 96.2658 16.7316 Ref255 En Bn12 13.7 45 96.2660 16.7351 Ref256 W Wn1 54.9 180 96.2693 16.7464 Ref257 W Wn10 48.8 160 96.2674 16.7421 Ref258 W Wn11 44.2 145 96.2685 16.7465 Ref259 W Wn4 45.7 150 96.2215 16.7567 Ref260 W Wn37 42.7 140 96.2327 16.7493 Ref261 W Wn46 42.7 140 96.2404 16.7739 Ref262 W Wn52 45.7 150 96.2483 16.7641 Ref263 E Bmmu 18.3 60 Myanmar Maritime University 96.2660 16.7029 Ref4

Note -C: Core boringTW: Test WellW: WellE: Geoengineering boring with geotechnical data En: Geoengineering boring with no geotechnical data

Source: JICA-1 The present JICA Study Team.JICA-2 Nippon Koei Inc. (2013)Ref1 Aung Aung Tin, Win Naing and Maung Maung (1991)Ref2 Aye Thanda Bo (2001)Ref3 Kunio Watanabe, Htike Htike and Hidehiko Kazama (2004)

3-12

Data C

ollection Survey on Water R

esources Potential

for Thilawa Special E

conomic

Zone andA

djoiningA

reas


Figure 3-2-2-2 Location of Geologic and Well Logs (Whole Area)

3-13


Figure 3-2-2-3 Location of Geologic and Well Logs (Northern Area)


3-14


Figure 3-2-2-4 Location of Geologic and Well Logs (Southern Area)


3-15


3-2-2-3 Aquifer Depth and Hydraulic Ability

(1) Aquifer Depth

Aye Thanda Bo (2001) summarizes the aquifer features in the Thanlyin area as Table 3-2-2-4.

According to this, there are two aquifers, upper and lower. The upper aquifer is located around 30 to 40

m underground and the lower one is 60 to 70 m and 80 to 100 m underground.

Win Naing et al. (1991) presented deep well data as shown in Table 3-2-2-5. Figure 3-2-2-5 and

Figure 3-2-2-6 show value distribution of the data. In the table, the wells in Thanlyin are presumed to be

located in the Irrawaddy Formation and those in Kyauktan are in the Pegu Group. The screen depth of

the wells in Thanlyin mostly corresponds to the aquifer depth of the lower one. The wells in Kyauktan

have similar screen depth to those in Thanlyin, though the formation is different.

According to the result of the well inventory survey explained later, the frequency of well depth

shows a large peak at an interval between 30 and 40 m, as well as a small peak between 90 and 100 m.

These peaks fit with the above-mentioned two aquifers’ depths. However, the aquifer depth may vary,

as there are a considerable number of wells whose depths are between and beyond the two peaks.

(2) Hydraulic Ability

Based on Table 3-2-2-4 and Table 3-2-2-5, the capacity and specific capacity of the wells is

summarized in Table 3-2-2-3. The yield of a well is presumed to be a few hundred m3/day maximum.

Table 3-2-2-3 Outline of Aquifers in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas by Existing Reports

Note: Table 3-2-2-4 and Table 3-2-2-5 combined.

Table 3-2-2-4 Outline of Aquifers in the Thanlyin Area (Aye Thanda Bo, 2001)

Source: Main text description of Aye Thanda Bo(2001).

Upper 30 - 40 44 - 65 3 - 24 2" well60 - 70 216 - 648 12 - 15680 - 100

50 - 100 72 - 864 2.4 - 31 4" well

IrrawaddyFormation

(Thanlyin Area)Lower 8-10" well

Pegu Group(Kyauktan Area)

AquiferDepth Well Capacity Specific Capacity

Remarksm m

3/day m

3/day/m

Upper 30 - 40 3 - 6.1 44 - 65 3 - 24 for 2" well 1 - 4.659 - 73 436 - 655 28 - 54 for 10" well 1 - 2.179 - 102

IrrawaddianLower

SWL

m m m3/day m

3/day/m m

AquiferDepth Thickness Well Capacity Specific Capacity

3-16


Table 3-2-2-5 Deep Well Data in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas (Win Naing et al., 1991)

WellDia-

meter

WellDepth

AquiferThick-ness

StaticLevel

Draw-down

in m m m m m3/hｒ m

3/day

m3/hr

/mm

3/day/m

1 Thanlyin East 10 136 121 - 136 15 - - 20 490 -2 Aungmingalar-4 10 73 59.1 - 72.5 13 17 36 23 550 0.6 153 Aungmingalar-5 10 94 50.3 - 59.4 9 24 40 18 440 0.5 11

79.2 - 94.5 154 Aungmingalar-6 10 104 56.4 - 62.5 6 23 37 18 440 0.5 12

91.4 - 104 125 Municipal 10 90 71.6 - 89.9 18 12 23 24 580 1.1 256 Peguzu 10 110 27.1 - 34.1 7 - - 25 610

97.2 - 110 13 7 MPE Thanlyin 10 84 37.2 - 83.8 47 - - 27 6508 Housing Project 8 118 110 - 116 6 23 44 25 590 0.6 139 Marble Factory 4 43 36.6 - 42.7 6 11 21 14 330 0.6 15

10 Marble Factory 4 43 33.5 - 39.6 6 9 20 15 350 0.7 1811 Thilawa Port 2 54 50.9 - 53.9 3 5 - 8 20012 Trade School-2 8 70 57.9 - 64 6 9 29 18 440 0.6 15

65.8 - 68.9 313 Trade School-1 6 107 85.3 - 88.4 3 11 27 23 550 0.8 20

96 - 99.1 3102 - 105 3

14 Tin Plant.1 8 114 95.1 - 99.1 4 4 7 45 1090 6.5 156102 - 112 10

15 Tin Plant.2 8 107 86.9 - 89 2 5 9 41 980 4.6 11195.1 - 105 10

16 Glass Factory-1 8 76 41.1 - 47.2 6 5 14 36 870 2.7 6466.8 - 75.9 9

17 Glass Factory-2 8 85 73.2 - 85.3 12 3 12 19 450 1.6 3918 Glass Factory-6 8 82 70.1 - 82.3 12 4 30 9 220 0.3 719 Glass Factory-7 8 88 73.2 - 88.4 15 6 29 27 650 0.9 2320 Glass Factory-8 8 85 61 - 73.2 12 15 32 18 440 0.6 14

79.2 - 85.3 621 Glass Factory-9 8 98 79.2 - 97.5 18 11 26 32 760 1.2 2922 Glass Factory-10 8 110 97.5 - 110 12 9 13 36 870 2.8 6723 Shwegon 2 4 61 51.2 - 57.3 6 1 17 23 550 1.3 3124 Singan 3 4 67 50 - 56.1 6 11 38 3 70 0.1 225 Singan 4 4 107 80.8 - 83.8 3 5 31 25 610 0.8 19

85.3 - 88.4 326 Shwegon 5 4 70 51.8 - 57.9 6 2 28 30 720 1.1 2627 Shwegon 6 4 67 53.3 - 59.4 6 3 35 14 330 0.4 928 Shwegon 7 4 70 51.8 - 57.9 6 2 35 18 440 0.5 1229 Shwegon 8 4 73 57.9 - 64 6 3 38 9 220 0.2 630 Shwegon 9 4 67 53.3 - 59.4 6 4 28 13 310 0.5 1131 Hospital, 10 4 88 73.2 - 82.3 9 8 41 7 160 0.2 432 Shwegon 11 6 79 61.9 - 71 9 5 31 23 550 0.7 1733 Shwegon 12 4 146 79.2 - 91.4 12 5 28 14 330 0.5 1234 Hospital 16 4 104 84.4 - 93.6 9 6 34 11 270 0.3 835 Police Station 15 4 55 23.8 - 29.9 6 3 28 5 110 0.2 436 Regiment (90) 3 6 79 53.3 - 59.4 6 11 24 15 360 0.6 15

Note: Original unit: feet & gallon

CapacitySpecificCapacity

m

Thanlyin

Kyauktan

Area No Location

Depth toAquifer

3-17


Figure 3-2-2-5 Value Distribution of Deep Well Data in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas

(Win Naing el al., 1991) (1/2)

3-18


Figure 3-2-2-6 Value Distribution of Deep Well Data in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas

(Win Naing el al., 1991) (2/2)

3-19


3-2-2-4 Water Quality

Win Naing et al. (1991) carried out water quality analysis of wells located in the Thanlyin-Kyauktan

ridge and nearby area. Table 3-2-2-6 and Figure 3-2-2-7to Figure 3-2-2-9 show its results.

In groundwater in the area, chloride and sodium ions occupy a large proportion among the main anions

(Figure 3-2-2-7). Therefore, chloride ion concentration and electric conductivity (EC) have a good

relationship, and it is presumed that approx. 750 μS/cm of EC correspond to 200 mg/l of chloride

concentration beyond which people possibly feel water is salty (Figure 3-2-2-9). A large content of the

two ions may be derived from sea salts. Saline water intrusion is reported in Alluvium near the river at the

northeastern and western edges of Thanlyin hill.

It is generally said that if iron concentration exceeds 0.3 mg/l, water gets color, and beyond 0.5 /l～

1.0 mg/l, people feel a metallic taste. Groundwater in the area often has an iron concentration exceeding

such guideline values (Figure 3-2-2-8). The pH ranges widely from 5.2 to 8.7 (Table 3-2-2-6).

Data in the eastern plain is rare. According to what has been heard, the aquifer is salinized down to 100

m below the ground near Thongwa town.

Table 3-2-2-6 Water Quality Analysis Result of Wells in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan Areas

（Win Naing et al., 1991）

CO3

(ppm)

HCO3

(ppm)

CL(ppm)

SO4

(ppm)

Ca(ppm)

Mg(ppm)

Na&K(ppm)

Fe(ppm)

1 Nan oo kaung Hand dug 7.62 130 70 18 31 4 7.21 2.4 10.01 0.032 Taukthordwin Hand dug 7.54 110 70 16 36 4 5.61 2.88 122.23 Thanlyin downtown Hand dug 6.52 330 200 12 80 8 4 6.72 17.034 Nyaungthonbin Hand dug 7.53 60 30 12 23 4 2.4 2.4 8.85 Natsingon Hand dug 6.16 50 30 14 19 1.68 4.8 0.96 5.23 36 Okkyin Hand dug 8.68 2300 1600 8 20 720 12 19.23 24.96 263 2.097 Aungthukha Hand dug 7.23 620 400 22 170 32 46.49 9.6 39.4 0.348 Daragah Hand dug 6.78 430 280 12 77 10 15.23 8.64 16.1 Dried in summer9 Thanpigon Hand dug 6.71 350 220 18 92 4 8.01 6.24 29.810 Pegusu Hand dug 6.13 280 180 12 77 4 8.01 4.32 24.711 Myothit Hand dug 5.21 100 60 12 23 6 12.02 2.4 2.4512 Western ward Hand dug 5.76 130 80 18 34 6 6.4 5.28 9 Sometimes dried in summer13 Sanchcinhmi Hand dug 8.32 550 350 8 18 130 30 23.24 40.8 3.814 Singon Hand dug 6.03 140 90 14 41 4 4 2.88 14.8515 Kyaukyedwin Hand dug 6.89 60 40 16 15 3 5.61 2.88 3.1 0.616 Chanmyeithaga Hand dug 6.9 130 80 16 41 4 6.41 4.56 12.6 0.717 Aungdnantha Hand dug 6.31 140 90 14 42 3 5.61 4.32 12.2 0.318 Shegon Hand dug 8.04 70 45 12 12 2.6 5.61 2.64 5.1 0.8 Dried in summer19 Kyaukyedwin Hand dug 8.48 40 26 4 12 12 2 4.8 0.96 7.5 0.920 Lehyetsang Hand dug 6.17 60 36 14 14 2.14 4.8 1.44 10 0.621 Pyindaunggyaung Hand dug 6.55 40 24 12 12 1.68 4 0.48 6.922 Kyaukyedwin Hand dug 7.73 45 30 10 10 2.14 4.8 0.48 5.3 1.5 Dried in summer23 Ale ywa Hand dug 7.31 130 84 14 22 8 12.02 0.48 5.424 Kyaungkan Hand dug 7.21 40 26 12 22 3.42 4.8 1.67 8.5 Dried in summer25 Myayayo Hand dug 7.19 140 96 12 40 3.62 6.41 3.36 11.926 Shanzu Hand dug 8.03 50 32 14 19 2.12 5.61 0.48 6.627 Alat ywa Hand dug 8.43 80 50 10 28 3.21 7.21 2.85 7.5 Dried in summer28 Nyaungwaung Hand dug 8.72 80 50 12 27 2.26 6.41 1.44 8.1 229 Banbwegon Hand dug 7.93 70 45 12 32 3.12 5.61 2.54 11.8 Dried in summer30 Shwebyauk Hand dug 7.72 110 70 10 32 1.84 4.8 2.88 7.6 2.08 Dried in summer31 Kuaikkamau Hand dug 6.72 60 36 12 30 2.42 4 3.36 5 0.7532 Pdanpetaya Hand dug 6.69 60 36 12 22 1.22 5.61 1.92 5.1 0.6533 Aduttaw Hand dug 6.55 100 60 10 34 1.48 4.8 1.92 1134 Padagyi Hand dug 5.2 60 36 8 26 1.44 4 1.92 5.1 1.3435 Glas factory Hand dug 6.35 120 70 10 37 4.24 6.41 5.28 6.9 2.6236 Shwegon Tube well 6.49 250 150 16 50 28 4.01 5.28 20.6 5 well no. 2/637837 Singam Tube well 6.58 100 50 40 24 16.8 2.4 8.16 12.4 0.5 well no. 4/637938 Shwegon Tube well 6.83 220 140 26 40 23.84 16.08 2.88 11.8 4.5 well no. 42/638039 Shwegon Tube well 6.75 200 130 20 40 49.92 4.8 2.88 27 3.09 well no. 5/638140 Shwegon Tube well 7.27 180 100 20 17 12 4.81 3.36 47 6 well no. 7/638341 Shwegon Tube well 6.75 250 150 16 46 26 8.81 8.64 11 5 well no. 9/638542 Hospital Tube well 6.29 120 70 10 20 16 4.008 3.89 9.1 2.54 well no. 10/638643 Regiment(90) Tube well 6.15 130 100 12 100 20 4.81 5.76 37.2 4.25 well no. 13/638944 Police station Tube well 7.59 350 220 22 120 32 14.42 12 36 4.5 well no. 15/6391

Remarks

Major Anions Major CationsSample

No.Location Well Type pH

EC(μ

S/cm)

TDS(ppm)

3-20


Dug Well Tube Well

Data source: Win Naing el al.(1991) Graph redrawn by JICA study team,

Figure 3-2-2-7 Tri-linear Diagram of Main Ions of Well Water near Thanlyin-Kyuaktan Ridge

Data source: Win Naing el al.(1991) Data source: ditto.

3-2-3 Well Inventory Survey

3-2-3-1 Outline

The well inventory survey, that is, a well survey (including ponds) based on existing inventories, was

carried out over a period of four months from Oct. 2012 to Jan. 2013. The work was entrusted to the

National Engineering and Planning Services Co., Limited (NEPS). The survey purposed to infer the

ability of an aquifer around Thilawa's Special Economic Zone (SEZ) and the adjacent area through

grasping the present groundwater use in the areas, as well as to obtain basic information for estimating

groundwater development potential around SEZ in future. The outline of the survey is as follows.

y = 4E‐05x2 + 0.2063x + 7.9143

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Cl‐Concentration (mg/l)

EC (μS/cm)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43

Fe Concentration (m

g/l)

Sample No.

Dug Well Tube Well

Figure 3-2-2-9 Relationship between Electric

Conductivity and Chloride Concentration

Figure 3-2-2-8 Iron Concentration of Well Water

3-21


(1) Target Area

The target area consists of 92 village groups in 4 townships: Thanlyin, Kyauktan, Kayan and

Thongwa. Figure 3-2-3-1 shows the location of the village groups.

Thanlywin Township (29 village groups)

Kyauktan Township (25 village groups)

Kayan Township (17 village groups)

Thongwa Township (21 village groups9

(2) Procedure and Time of Survey

The survey first picked up fundamental information of wells from existing inventories and input it

onto a questionnaire shown in Table 3-2-3-1. Then the field survey was carried out on all the wells to

obtain data lacking on the questionnaire. It was completed at the end of December 2012, so the

information collected represents that as of the end of 2012. Finally, the information was input into a

database.

Procedure of Inventory Survey

Collection and check of existing inventories

Input of fundamental information to questionnaire

Field survey of facilities on the inventory

Input of survey results to database

(3) Field Survey and Number of Facilities

The field survey was carried out by teams from the first week of October, after the rainy season had

just ended, and continued until the end of December. The registration information of facilities was

collected from existing inventories in each township, and then the surveyors visited all the facilities and

conducted hearings with the owners, making necessary measurements. Among the registered 15,252

facilities, approx. 4% could not be found due to maybe having been abandoned or collapsed, but 14, 691

facilities were identified and confirmed as still being used. Table 3-2-3-2 shows the number of facilities

by township, and Figure 3-2-3-2 shows their location.

Many wells, as many as 90%, distribute in Thanlyin and Kyauktan where many houses are

constructed whereas approx. only 6% distribute in Kayan and Thongwa where paddy fields dominate.

Such distribution of wells meets almost all the needs of the population of the villages.

3-22


Figure 3-2-3-1 Target Village Group

3-23


Table 3-2-3-1 Questionnaire

Table 3-2-3-2 Number of Facilities Surveyed

Township

Number of

Village

Groups

Number of Facilities

Registered on

Inventory

Number of Facilities

Identified in Field

Survey

Thanlyin 29 10,849 10,786 ( 73%)

Kyauktan 25 3,028 3,025 ( 21%)

Kayan 17 1,146 651 ( 4%)

Tho ngwa 21 229 229 ( 2%)

SUM 92 15,252 14,691 (100%)

3-24


Figure 3-2-3-2 Location of Facilities

(4) Type and Use of Facilities

Dug wells, tube wells and ponds are found as water source facilities. Dug and tube wells are used for

domestic and water supply, whereas ponds are multi-purpose, such as for fishery, domestic and water

supply as well as being used partly for agriculture.

Figure 3-2-3-3 shows examples of the facilities. At the public facilities, a submergible or air lift pump

is used. Pumped water is often delivered through a pipe system. At domestic wells, a bucket, hand pump,

or airlift pump is used. At ponds, water is used often by gravity flow in the wet season but mainly by

Existing Facilities

3-25


pumping in the late dry season because of the much-decreased water level.

Figure 3-2-3-3 Example of Facilities

(5) Well Selection for Areal Observation Well and Pumping Test Well

1) Areal Observation (Monitoring) Well

Among about 12,000 wells in the investigation area, each 100 of the shallow and deep wells were

selected for areal monitoring on groundwater quality. Here it is defined that a “shallow well” is one

shallower than approx. 30 m, and a “deep well” is one deeper than approx. 30 m. The condition of

selection is:

Selected wells should distribute uniformly in the whole investigation area

Water can be sampled and, if possible, the water level can be measured as well.

All wells were classified as either shallow or deep wells, and the candidates were selected in each

village group. The results are shown in Figure 3-2-3-4 (right).

Dug well with bucket(Thanlyin)

Dug well with hand pump(Thanlyin)

Tube well with airlift pump(Thanlyin)

Pond (Thongwa, taking water with bucket for

domestic use）

3-26


2) Pumping Test Well

Pumping tests at existing wells were planned in order to widely grasp hydraulic parameters of

aquifers in the investigation area. Twenty (20) candidate wells for the test were selected as shown in

Figure 3-2-3-4 (left) from among the above-mentioned monitoring wells, considering a selection

condition that pumping for the test would be allowed by the owner.

The selected wells are concentrated in the urbanized area of the Thanlyin and Kyauktan townships.

This spatial imbalance is not avoidable because a tube well is generally closed, making it difficult to

measure the water level, and a dug well distributes in a limited area. After confirmation of the sites and

facility conditions by visiting them, three wells were finally selected, and the tests were carried out (see

“2-13 Pumping Test at Existing Wells”).

Figure 3-2-3-4 Location of Candidate Wells for Monitoring and Pumping Test

3-2-3-2 Detailed Survey Results

(1) Distribution of Water Source Facilities and Water Use Amount by Township

1) Well

Wells in the investigation area are classified into two kinds: “Tube Well” and “Dug Well”. The tube

well is drilled by a boring machine, and screen and casing with small diameter are installed. The dug

well is excavated manually with digging tools and cased with nothing or lithic material like brick and

stone. Figure 3-2-3-5 and Table 3-2-3-3 show number and estimated discharge of these wells by

3-27


township. Figure 3-2-3-7 and Figure 3-2-3-8 show spatial distribution of the wells.

There are 8,028 tube wells, among which, 90% are in Thanlyin, 8 % in Kyauktan and 1% in

Thongwa and Kayan. There are 4,381 dug wells, among which, 75% are in Thanlyin and 25% in

Kyauktan. No working dug well is present in Thongwa or Kayan. As understood with the distribution

maps, most wells are located at the Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge and its nearby area, and in the eastern

plain, only tube wells are scattered.

The discharge was estimated as follows: the first, daily discharge of a well was calculated as the

well capacity multiplied by the daily pumping hours. The daily discharge was summed up for all

data-known wells. In the end, the sum was corrected with the ratio of data-known wells to all wells.

The estimated total discharge in the area is approx. 17,000 m3/day, in which, Thanlyin gives 81%

(approx. 13,500 m3/day) and Kyauktan, 15% (approx. 2,500 m3/day). Thongwa and Kayan discharge

only 1% (215 m3/day) and 3% (586 m3/day) respectively. Most discharge of groundwater is made at

the Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge and its nearby area. In the eastern plain, the discharge is estimated to be

approx. 1,800 m3/day (11%).

Figure 3-2-3-5 Number and Discharge of Wells in the Survey Area

2) Pond

As shown in Figure 3-2-3-6 and Table 3-2-3-4, there are 2,280 ponds in the investigation area, and

most of them are located in the plain as shown in Figure 3-2-3-9. The total capacity is 13.5 MCM.

Kayan has a larger capacity of ponds. Kyauktan has a large number of ponds, but this is due to

including small ponds which were not targeted in the other Townships.

Figure 3-2-3-6 Number and Capacity of Ponds in the Survey Area

7,256

63063 79

8,028

3,307

1,073

1 0

4,381

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan Whole Area

Number of Wells

Tube Well

Dug Well

10,447

1,148215 586

12,397

3191

1303 0 0

4494

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan Whole Area

Estimated Discharge (m3/d)

Tube Well

Dug Well

221

1,322

165

572

0

500

1,000

1,500

Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan

Number

Number of Ponds

Total =2,280

1,885 2,0683,046

6,483

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan

Cap

acity (1,000m3)

Total Capacity of Ponds

Total =13,482 (x103 m3)

3-28


Table 3-2-3-3 Number and Estimated Discharge in the Survey Area

Table 3-2-3-4 Number and Capacity of Ponds in the Survey Area

Kind of Well Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan Whole Area

In use 7,113 551 59 70 7,793Out of use 143 79 4 9 235

7,256 630 63 79 8,02890% 8% 1% 1% 100%

Data Count 6,212 398 53 70 6,733

DataTotal (m3/day) 9,124 829 193 586 10,733

Max. (m3/day) 72.0 29.7 40.8 24.8 72

Min. (m3/day) 0.01 0.01 0.50 0.60 0.01

Average (m3/day) 1.46 2.08 3.65 8.37 1.59

10,447 1,148 215 586 12,39784% 9% 2% 5% 100%

In use 3,178 1,029 0 0 4,207Out of use 129 44 1 0 174

3,307 1,073 1 0 4,38175% 24% 0% 0% 100%

Data Count 1,530 47 0 0 1,577

DataTotal (m3/day) 1,536 60 0 0 1,596

Max. (m3/day) 64.8 19.2 0 0 65

Min. (m3/day) 0.00384 0.03 0 0 0.00

Average (m3/day) 1.00 1.27 0 0 1.01

3191 1303 0 0 449471% 29% 0% 0% 100%

In use 10,291 1,580 59 70 12,000Out of use 272 123 5 9 409

10,563 1,703 64 79 12,40985% 14% 1% 1% 100%

13,639 2,451 215 586 16,89181% 15% 1% 3% 100%

Note: The target area of Kyauktan, Thongwa and Kayan limited to the groundwater investigation area.Source: Inventory survey by JICA Survey Team.

Discharge

Dug Well

Estimated Total

Dschrage (m3/day)

All WellsNumber of wells

DiachargeEstimated Total

Dschrage (m3/day)

Total

Tube Well

Estimated Total

Dschrage (m3/day)

Total

Item

Number of wellsTotal

Discharge

Number of wells

3-29


Figure 3-2-3-7 Distribution of Tube Wells in the Survey Area

3-30


Figure 3-2-3-8 Distribution of Dug Wells in the Survey Area

3-31


Figure 3-2-3-9 Distribution of Ponds in the Survey Area

3-32


(2) Attributes of Tube Well

1) Installation Year

As shown in Figure 3-2-3-10, the tube wells increased their number after 1995. 1,501 wells were

installed during 2011 and 2012 mostly in the Thanlyin Township. They must be increasing even now.

2) Depth

Figure 3-2-3-11 and Figure 3-2-3-16 to Figure 3-2-3-19 show the value and spatial distribution of

depth of the tube wells. The depth differs much between Thanlyin and Kyauktan which have hills and

in Thongwa and Kayan which are located in the plain. In the former townships, the depth value has a

peak frequency at 30~40 m intervals and distributes continuously to a hundred and a few tens of

meters decreasing in number. On the contrary, in the latter townships, the depth value distributes less

than 20m and greater than 100~110 m, but does not distribute between these ranges. This implies that

there is no available aquifer between 20 m and 110 m underground in the plain. It is notable that one

smaller frequency peak is found at around 100 m in Thanlyin and Kyauktan.

3) Diameter

As shown in Figure 3-2-3-12, the diameter of the tube well is mostly 2” (0.05 m). A well with over

4” (0.10 m) diameter distributes only in Thanlyin.

4) Daily Pumping Hours

As shown in Figure 3-2-3-13, the daily pumping hours of the tube well are mostly less than one

hour and rarely exceed three hours. In Kayan, a well is used longer. This may be because it is used

mainly for public water supply, and its capacity is relatively small compared with the requirement.

5) Capacity

As shown in Figure 3-2-3-14, the capacity of the tube well has peaks of frequency around intervals

of 20~40 l/min, 60~70 l/min and 200~300 l/min. In Kayan, it ranges completely in and below 20~30

l/min. In other townships, there are also found larger capacity values such as 200~400 l/min.

6) Daily Discharge

As shown in Figure 3-2-3-15, the daily discharge of the tube well has a large frequency less than

one (1) m3 and is mostly less than a few m3/day. The average is 1.5 m3/day in Thanlyin, 2.1 m3/day in

Kyauktan, 3.7 m3/day in Thongwa and 8.4 m3/day in Kayan. A reason why the value is larger in

Thongwa and Kayan may be because the water is mainly used for public supply.

3-33


Figure 3-2-3-10 Installation Year of Tube Well (as of Dec., 2012)

Figure 3-2-3-11 Depth of Tube Well

4 3 3 1 6 7 10 24 38154

468

1284

1545

2331

1350

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

～1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

>201

0

Frequency

Installation Year of Tube Well

Thanlyin

0 2 0 0 3 3 4 4 9

23 23

68

85

112

132

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

～1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

>2010

Frequency


Kyauktan

10 0 0 0 0 0

1 10

5

9

2022

4

0

5

10

15

20

25

～1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

>201

0

Frequency


Thongwa

30 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

2

28 29

15

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

～1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

>2010

Frequency

Installation Year of Tube Well)

Kayan

Earliest=1896

Earliest=1946

Earliest=1902

Earliest=1912

27 75

575

2904

1206

813566

321191260118 36 77 20 22 19 7 12 5 1 0 0

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

～10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

Frequency

Depth of Tube Well (m)

Thanlyin

3

63

25

116

5970 68

63

24

36 33

1526

2

16

2 1 1 1 0 1 1

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

～10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

Frequency


Kyauktan

0

38

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 03

15

14

0 0 0 1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

～10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

Frequency


Thongwa

1

18

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01

5

3

10

19

1110

10 0 0

0

5

10

15

20

～10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

Frequency


Kayan

3-34


Figure 3-2-3-12 Diameter of Tube Well

Figure 3-2-3-13 Daily Pumping Hours of Tube Well

5066

2135

26 4 1 0 1 0 11 7 50

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

～0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

>0.50

Frequency

Diameter of Tube Well (m)

Thanlyin

598

280 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

～0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

>0.50

Frequency


Kyauktan

55

8

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

10

20

30

40

50

60

～0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

>0.50

Frequency


Thongwa

79

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00102030405060708090

～0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

>0.50

Frequency


Kayan

Maybe wrongly

reported

3-35


Figure 3-2-3-14 Capacity of Tube Well

Figure 3-2-3-15 Daily Discharge of Tube Well

147

1322

2736

1448

219 23372 52 9 2 10 2 4

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

～10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

200

300

>300

Frequency

Pumping Rate of Tube Well (liter/min)

Thanlyin

713

40

106

25

9

118

3 3 1

21

51

3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

～10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

200

300

>300

Frequency


Kyauktan

0 0 0

33

0 0

5

0 0 0

3

15

00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

～10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

200

300

>300

Frequency


Thongwa

0

13

57

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

10

20

30

40

50

60

～10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

200

300

>300

Frequency


Kayan

Max=469 liter/min

Max=420 liter/min

Max=240 liter/min

Max=30 liter/min

3623

1672

395216145 35 16 30 17 16 7 17 7 0 10 2 1 3 2.0 4 10

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

～1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 >20

Frequency

Daily Discharge (m3/d)

Thanlyin

234

64

30 2315

4 1 3 4 90 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 6

0

50

100

150

200

250

～1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 >20

Frequency


Kyauktan

25

11

42 2

10 0 0 0

31

01

01

0 0 01 1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

～1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 >20

Frequency


Thongwa

9

5

8

0

1

4

0

2

10

7

4

2

6

1

4

1

0 0 0

4

2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

～1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 >20

Frequency


Kayan

Max=72.0 m3/d

Max=29.7 m3/d

Max=40.8 m3/d

Max=24.8 liter/min

3-36


Figure 3-2-3-16 Spatial Distribution of Tube Well Depth (Whole Area)

3-37


Figure 3-2-3-17 Spatial Distribution of Tube Well Depth (in and near the Hill)

3-38


Figure 3-2-3-18 Spatial Distribution of Tube Well Depth greater than 100m (Whole Area)

3-39


Figure 3-2-3-19 Spatial Distribution of Tube Well Depth greater than 100 m (in and near the Hill)

3-40


(3) Attributes of Dug Well

1) Construction Year

As shown in Figure 3-2-3-20, the dug wells also much increased their number after 1995 and they

must be increasing even now.

2) Depth

Figure 3-2-3-21, Figure 3-2-3-27 and Figure 3-2-3-28 show value and spatial distribution of depth

of dug wells. They distribute only in the Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge and its nearby area. Their depth is

mostly less than 10 m. Some wells with depths greater than 15m are found in the hill.

3) Diameter

As shown in Figure 3-2-3-22, the diameter of the dug well is mostly 0.75 to 2 m.

4) Daily Pumping Hours

As shown in Figure 3-2-3-23, the daily pumping hours are mostly less one (1) hour. 50% of the

wells have no data. They may use a bucket to take water.

5) Capacity

As shown in Figure 3-2-3-24, the pump capacity of the dug well is mainly 10 to 30 l/min.

6) Daily Discharge

As shown in Figure 3-2-3-25, the daily discharge of the dug well mainly distributes in less than one

(1) m3/day and mostly falls in less than a few m3/day. A well without the data provably discharges less

than one (1) m3/day, because water is taken with a bucket.

7) Groundwater Table Depth

A well could be dug down to a few meters below the groundwater table. As shown in Figure

3-2-3-26, the water table depth in the dug well falls mostly within 8 m.

Figure 3-2-3-20 Installation Year of Dug Well

199

42 2971

149

67

143 120179

208259

462496

603

255

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

～1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

>2010

Frequency

Installation Year of Dug Well

Thanlyin

Earliest=1563

2711 11 8 15 16

2642

63 67

41

119

170 177

102

0

50

100

150

200

～1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

>2010

Frequency

Installation Year of Dug Well

Kyauktan

Earliest=1321

3-41


Figure 3-2-3-21 Depth of Dug Well

Figure 3-2-3-22 Diameter of Dug Well

Figure 3-2-3-23 Daily Pumping Hours of Dug Well

5

319

898

1144

602

144 138

23 1 10 2 0 6 3 1 7

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

～2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 >30

Frequency

Depth of Dug Well (m)

Thanlyin

Some data maybe

wrongly reported

11

142

361

397

119

20 12 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 00

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

～2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 >30

Frequency

Depth of Dug Well (m)

Kyauktan

1314

166

32 12 11 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 20

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

～1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12

>12

Frequency

Daily Pumping Hours of Dug Well (hr)

Thanlyin

40

6

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

～1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12

>12

Frequency

Daily Pumping Hours of Dug Well (hr)

Kyauktan

Other wells (49%)

mostly use a bucket.

Other wells (96%)


44

1435

1110

14

448

17439 23 4 0 12

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

～0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

2.75

3.00

>3.00

Frequency

Diameter of Dug Well (m)

Thanlyin

26

297 302

7

223

124

24 225 0

39

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

～0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

2.75

3.00

>3.00

Frequency

Diameter of Dug Well (m)

Kyauktan

3-42


Figure 3-2-3-24 Pumping Capacity of Dug Well

Figure 3-2-3-25 Daily Discharge of Dug Well

Figure 3-2-3-26 Groundwater Table Depth of Dug Well

122

851

444

102

9 9 5 2 0 0 1 0 00

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

～10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

200

300

>300

Frequency

Pumping Rate of Dug Well (liter/min)

Thanlyin

1 0

33

8

1 0

3

0 0 0 0 1 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

～10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

200

300

>300

Frequency

Pumping Rate of Dug Well (liter/min)

Kyauktan

Other wells (96%)

mostly use a bucket.Other wells (49%)


1500

1133

393

204

25 2 1 2 0 2 4 2 2 0 0 20

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

～2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 >30

Frequency

Water Table Depth of Dug Well (m)

Thanlyin

Maybe wrongly reported

data included.

650

333

6216 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

～2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 >30

Frequency

Water Table Depth of Dug Well (m)

Kyauktan

3-43


Figure 3-2-3-27 Spatial Distribution of Dug Well Depth (In and near the Hill)

3-44


Figure 3-2-3-28 Spatial Distribution of Dug Well Depth greater than 10 m (In and near the Hill)

3-45


(4) Pond

1) Construction Year

As shown in Figure 3-2-3-29, the pond was constructed years ago, and it is understood that the pond

was a main water source facility in the region. In Kayan, many ponds were added in the 1980’s and

1990’s.

2) Length and Width

A pond has a rectangular or square configuration in the plan. As shown in Figure 3-2-3-30 and

Figure 3-2-3-31, the length and width of the pond ranges mostly from 20 to 80 m. In Kyauktan, ponds

smaller than 20 m long/wide dominate. However, in the other three townships, such small-scaled ones

are probably not included in the inventory as shown in Figure 3-2-3-35. In Kayan and Thongwa,

large-scaled ponds greater than 100 m are found. Such large ones are rarely found in Kyauktan.

3) Depth

As shown in Figure 3-2-3-32, the depth of the pond is about 1 to 5 m. The average is 2.3 m as

shown above in Table 3-2-3-4. In Thongwa, it is 3.4 m and deeper than in the other townships.

4) Capacity

As shown in Figure 3-2-3-33, the capacity of the pond mainly varies from a few to 15 thousand m3.

In Kyauktan, the dominant capacity is less than 1,000 m3. As shown in Figure 3-2-3-34, a large

capacity pond is found more in Kayan and Thongwa.

Figure 3-2-3-29 Installation Year of Pond

42

21

56 6

2

8

1112

57

1

0

5

10

15

20

25

～1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

>2010

Frequency

Construction Year of Pond

Thanlyin

Unknown for 60% ponds

1 0

4

0 0 02

8

11

26

9

25

1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

～1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

>201

0

Frequency


Kyauktan

Unknown for 93% ponds

37

11

62

1935

14 1028 21

182

143

7 2

0

50

100

150

200

～1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

>2010

Frequency


Kayan

Unknown for 1 pond

54

37

3 16 6 4

10

2

13

24

50

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

～1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

>201

0

Frequency


Thongwa

No unknown ponds

3-46


Figure 3-2-3-30 Length of Pond

Figure 3-2-3-31 Width of Pond

6

45

93

46

188

2 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

20

40

60

80

100

120

～20

40 60 80 100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

>400

Frequency

Length of Pond (m)

Thanlyin

741

455

7839 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

～20

40 60 80 100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

>400

Frequency

Length of Pond (m)

Kyauktan

3

28

4234

18 14 154 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

～20

40 60 80 100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

>400

Frequency

Length of Pond (m)

Thongwa

8

96104

81 78

41 4232 36

24

9 5 7 3 1 0 1 0 1 1.0 20

20

40

60

80

100

120

～20

40 60 80 100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

>400

Frequency

Length of Pond (m))

Kayan

15

101

75

217 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

～20

40 60 80 100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

>400

Frequency

Width of Pond (m)

Thanlyin

799

432

6222 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

～20

40 60 80 100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

>400

Frequency

Width of Pond (m)

Kyauktan

7

5241 35

9 10 8 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

～20

40 60 80 100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

>400

Frequency

Width of Pond (m)

Thongwa

40

159154

84

65

43

14 7 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 00

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

～20

40 60 80 100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

>400

Frequency

Width of Pond (m))

Kayan

3-47


Figure 3-2-3-32 Depth of Pond

Figure 3-2-3-33 Capacity of Pond

2

65

75

53

17

62 1 0 0 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

～1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ～11

Frequency

Water Depth (m)

Thanlyin

16

620

446

170

31 13 7 9 3 4 10

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

～1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ～11

Frequency

Water Depth (m)

Kyauktan

0

19

29

83

20

2

11

1 0 0 00

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

～1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ～11

Frequency

Water Depth (m)

Thongwa

0

375

10480

12 0 1 0 0 0 00

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

～1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ～11

Frequency

Water Depth (m)

Kayan

9975

2513

2 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2020406080100120140160180200

～5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

55,000

60,000

65,000

70,000

75,000

80,000

85,000

90,000

95,000

100,000

>100

,000

Frequency

Capacity of Pond (m3)

Thanlyin

867

218

81 34 31 13 18 9 8 8 4 5 5 3 4 0 0 2 2 2 40

1002003004005006007008009001000

～1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1000

0

1100

0

1200

0

1300

0

1400

0

1500

0

1600

0

1700

0

1800

0

1900

0

2000

0

>20000

Frequency


Kyauktan

43 3928

12 8 5 6 3 4 6 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 2 0 2020406080100120140160180200

～5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

55,000

60,000

65,000

70,000

75,000

80,000

85,000

90,000

95,000

100,000

>100,000

Frequency


Thongwa

182161

95

4634

17 11 11 2 2 2 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1020406080100120140160180200

～5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

55,000

60,000

65,000

70,000

75,000

80,000

85,000

90,000

95,000

100,000

>100

,000

Frequency


Kayan

3-48


Figure 3-2-3-34 Spatial Distribution of Capacity of Pond

3-49


Figure 3-2-3-35 Example of Pond Distribution in Thongwa Township

3-2-4 Geophysical Survey

A geophysical survey was made with two types of surveys aiming at 1) the confirmation of seawater

intrusion and 2) clarifying the spatial geological structure. The details of the survey result are described

below.

3-2-4-1 Confirmation Survey for Seawater Intrusion

Seawater intrusion was confirmed by a (quasi-) 2D survey with the TDEM (Time Domain

Electro-Magnetic) method. The survey line is located in SEZ, settling the SEZ western border to 1.7 km

inland (eastside) of the middle of SEZ. On the survey line, 85 measuring points are placed at 20 meter

intervals with 100 meters of detective depth. In addition, the 1D survey was also made at the proposed

drilling point planned by another JICA survey (Preparatory Study of Thilawa SEZ Infrastructure

Development).

As a result of the survey (refer to Figure 3-2-4-1)1, the conductive layer (low resistivity) was found on

the western side (Yangon River) and traced inland (Thilawa Reservoir) with the form of wedging into the

deeper horizon.

Since the conductive layer shows as very low, less than 10 ohm-m, it is correlative with the saline

1 Figure 3-2-4-1 shows 10Ω‐m of resistivity with heavy line. It can correspond to 1,000 μS/cm of EC and plunges the

deeper horizon to the east.

3-50

Data C


esources Potential


conomic

Zone andA

djoiningA

reas

blackish aquifer or clay layer. This layer extends nearly all the w

estern half of SE

Z.

Figure 3-2-4-1 Summary of Survey for Seawater Intrusion

3-51


3-2-4-2 Structural Survey

Aquifer structure was detected by two methods of Electrical Survey (Vertical Electrical Sounding:

VES) and TDEM. On the field, VES points are placed on a vacant space able to maintain the necessary

distance of a measurement line to avoid obstacles of roads and houses. As for TDEM, the points are

settled on the (electro-magnetic) noise-free spaces far from power line, transformers and conductive

circuit (iron fences, bars, pipes, etc.). Finally, 43 points of VES and 60 points of TDEM are measured as

shown in Figure 3-2-1-1 (presented above).

(1) Measurement and Analysis

As mentioned above, the VES and TDEM survey are applied for the structural survey. By checking

the Electro-magnetic noise on the field, VES was carried out on the B-B’ Line crossing the populated

area which has a high intensity of noise while TDEM was made on the A-A’ Line running in the rural

area under a low noise condition. The process of analysis is as follows:

1) VES Survey

A VES Survey was carried out with a Schlumberger array, using 500m and 1000m of survey line,

which is capable to detect 150 m and 300 m deep. The survey result was arranged into ρ-a curve

(apparent resistivity-depth curve) for conforming the data reliability and providing smooth inversion

analysis. Taking specific resistivity of 15 to 20 layers by the smooth inversion, the layered analysis

was followed to fix the resistivity layered models. The analytical result of drilling points (D-2, D-5)

are shown in Figure 3-2-4-2.

Figure 3-2-4-2 Analytical Result of VES

2) TEDM Survey

Since the SEZ is covered by conductive soils so the induced eddy current is rapidly consumed

within the shallow horizon, it is hard to penetrate the deeper necessary horizons. To meet the planned

3-52


depth, the loop size is change to the larger and coil is used in the more sensitive configuration2. For

the analysis, the same as the VES procedure, a series of ρ-a curve, smooth inversion and layered

analysis were carried out to recognize the aquifer positions and their structure. The analytical result of

the drilling point (D-4) and well pints (D-3, 4) are shown below.

D-1 Drilling: Resistivity contrast is

not so clear, but relatively high and low

resistivity repeatedly appeared. High

resistive layers are found at several

horizons of 40 m to 60 m, around 100 m

and below 170 m. These are all

indicated as about 50 ohm-m which can

be considered as an aquifer. As for low

resistivity, the saline condition indicated

by several ohm-m or less was not

detected in all the layers. At least, up to

300m deep, the aquifer is supposed to

be filled by freshwater.

D-3 Test well: The low resistivity

layer less than 10 ohm-m is detected up

to 120 m deep. In particular, a

superficial zone shallower than 20 m

contains very low resistivity of 1 ohm-m

to be co-related to the saline layer. The

aquifer is expected below 150 m deep.

D-4 Test well Point: The resistivity is

low as it is less than 10 ohm-m in the

section of 20m to 100 m deep. For the

deeper section than the 100 m, the

resistivity turns into an increase and is correlated to sandy formation. Especially at 150 m deep, the

aquifer is expected to have fresh water.

2 TDEM survey is carried out with the following instruments and specification.

TDEM System: ABEM WalkTEM, Transmitter Loop:200m x 200m,Observation Configuration: Central Loop (place censor

set at the center of Tx loop),Censor coil: :RC-5(Area=5m2, LM/IM Mode) /Rc-200(Area=200m2, HM mode),Transmitter

Output: I=0.8A (LM Coil used), I=5.8A (HM Coil used), Turn-off time: 3.1μsec (LM Mode, IM Mode), 18.0μsec (HM Mode)

Depth

(m)

ρ-t 曲線

スムース・インバージョン

解析

比抵抗層構造解析

Time（sec)

Resistivity

(ohm

-m)

1e-5 1e-4 1e-3 1e-2 1e-1

1e3

1e2

1e1

1e0

10 100 10001

Resistivity(ohm-m)

D-1(TDEM A-6)

Time（sec)

Resistivity

(ohm

-m

)

1e-5 1e-4 1e-3 1e-2 1e-1

1e3

1e2

1e1

1e0

10 100 10001

Resistivity(ohm-m)

ρ-t 曲線


解析


D-3(TDEM A-18)

Time（sec)

Resistivity

(ohm

-m)

1e-5 1e-4 1e-3 1e-2 1e-1

1e3

1e2

1e1

1e0

10 100 10001

Resistivity(ohm-m)

ρ-t 曲線


解析


D-4(TDEM A-28)

ρ‐t Curve

ρ‐t Curve

ρ‐t Curve

Smooth

Inversuin Analysis

Layered

Resisitivity Analysis

Smooth

Inversuin Analysis

Layered


Smooth

Inversuin Analysis

Layered


Figure 3-2-4-3 Result of TDEM Survey (e.g.)

3-53


(2) Resistivity Profile

The resistivity survey, either VES or TEDM, aims to estimate the geological structure by the

measurement of the earth’s “resistivity”. Along with this purpose, the 1-D (vertical) survey was

conducted for obtaining the specific resistivity at 103 points made up of 60 TDEM points and 43 VES

points. These results were then arranged in the A-A’ line (East-West line, 40 TDEM points) and B-B’

line (South-North Line, 41 points), and used for delineating the resistivity profiles. In the interpretation

for them, the resistivity continuities (or discontinuities) are traced in the profiles and are correlated with

the geological boundaries and faulting systems (refer to Figure 3-2-4-4 and Figure 3-2-4-5). The

interpretation for resistivity profiles are described below.

A-A' Profile (Section): The line was arranged in the east-west direction and was 33 km long. Its

western margin (A) was set at the center of SEZ and the eastern end (A’) was placed at the center of

Thongwa T/S. The resistivity values measured show the wide range from 1 ohm-m (> 1,000 μS/cm) to

several 100 ohm-m (< 10 μS/cm) and their resistivity structure is traced in the horizontal (east-west)

direction especially in the upper horizon. The conductive layer, indicating the less than 5 ohm-m, lies on

the Thanlyin-Kyauktan Hill and extends over 25 km to the east with the increment of its depth. So, the

layer thickness is thinner at the western side and became thicker towards the east by which the

maximum thickness of 100 meters is at the eastern end of line. In addition, the very low resistivity layer

indicated as a saline layer is also in place inter-bedded at the superficial zone. With the comparative

interpretation between the resistivity pattern and geologic structure, this conductive layer is correlative

with the alluvial layer mainly composed of the clayey deposits with the saline sands.

The lower layer below the Alluvial layer is relatively resistive and is divided into four (4) layers of:

(1) Slightly Low (5-10 ohm-m); (2) Medium (10-50 ohm-m); (3) Slightly High (50-100 ohm-m); and

(4) High (over 100 ohm-m). In comparison with the theoretical standard, if an unknown effect from

pore-water is eliminating, they are respectively correlative with: (1)Mudstone; (2) Muddy Alternation;

(3) Alternation; (4) Sandy Alternation; and (5)Sandstone. The Sandstone is observed at

Thanlyin-Kyauktan Hill (4km-6km section) and the western border of Thongwa T/S (14 km-22 km

section). On the other hand, Mudstone is detected at the eastern border of Thongwa T/S (30 km-33 km

section). At the eastern end of the A-A’ line, there is a dissentious zone which is close to the assumable

position of the (concealed) Sagaing Faults.

B-B' Profile (Section): The line lies in the east-west direction and is 26 km long. Its southern end (B)

is at the Hmaw Wun River of SEZ while the northern end (B’) reaches the Bago River. The resistivity

has a range from the several ohm-m (several 1,000 μS/cm) to the several 100 ohm-m (around 10 μS/cm)

and generally shows higher resistivity than that of the A-A’ section. The horizontal (north-south)

continuity is clear as the high resistivity zone (>100 ohm-m) at the cross-point with the A-A’ section. It

extends toward the north with the increases of its depth up to 200 meters max. With the comparison to

3-54


the surface geologic structure, the zone can be corresponded to the Irrawaddy Group.

The lower horizon overlain by the Irrawaddy Group is characterized by medium resistivity (10-50

ohm-m) and can correlate to the Pegu Group. The boundary between Irrawaddy and the Pegu Group has

in general the gentle undulation dipping as low as 1 to 2 degree of the apparent dipping, even though it

partly involves a structural disturbance being a steep or even reverse angle.

At the Thanlyin T/S, located at the northern end of the line, the high resistivity (assuming as the

Irrawaddy Group) is traced with a thick zone, while the low resistivity exits at the other end of the line

near the Hmaw Wun River. At this riverside, very low resistivity is observed and traced vertically to the

deeper horizon. Its resistivity contrast may be derived from the existence of faulting systems (at 2 km

and 9 km of section).

As a result of the analysis for the resistivity classification of the A-A’ and B-B’ sections, both the

Medium resistivity (10-50 ohm-m showing as ‘Yellowish Green’ in Figure 3-2-4-4 and Figure 3-2-4-5)

and Slightly High resistivity (50-100 ohm-m showing as ‘Yellow’ in Figure 3-2-4-4 and Figure 3-2-4-5)

are correlative with a productive aquifers.

3-55

Data C


esources Potential

for Thilawa

SpecialEconom

ic Zone andA

djoiningA

reas

Figure 3-2-4-4 Resistivity Profile (A Line)

3-56

Data C


esources Potential


conomic

Zone andA

djoiningA

reas

Figure 3-2-4-5 Resistivity Profile (B Line)

data collection survey on water resources potential … · 3-5-1 assessment of key items on...

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