darcy ogada and martin odinos143e6d802589d7f3.jimcontent.com/download/version... · 2014. 4....
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Poisoning of vultures and other wildlife in East Africa (Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda)
Darcy Ogada and Martin Odino
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Biggest challenges
Poisons are cheap and easily accessed and the most cryptic of killers
If there are not concerned individuals on the ground, poisoning is overlooked.
The vast majority of poisoning in East Africa goes undetected.
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Legislation
In all East African countries using poisons to hunt wildlife is illegal
Kenya: hunting is illegal, the use of poisons to kill problem animals is illegal
Tanzania: possession of poison with intention is an offence
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Poisoning hotspots in East Africa
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Pesticides used
Carbamates Carbofuran Carbosulfan Acaricide Amitraz Pyrethroid Cyhalothrin Alkaloid Strychnine – suspected for feral dogs
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Human-wildlife conflict Method: baiting carcasses or other food sources, e.g. pumpkins, watermelons, maize cobs Species most targeted include: Bees Hyenas Lions Birds of prey – eagles, kites, sparrowhawks Elephants Crocodiles Otters Rodents
Most affected include: Vultures Medium to small carnivores: jackals, mongoose, small cats, monitor lizards Tawny Eagles
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May 2009 Masai Mara Reserve, Kenya 36 vultures and a pride of 5 lions found poisoned by tourists at a cow carcass suspect carbosulfan
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January 2011 Chyulu Hills, Tanzanian-side 1 adult lion Carbofuran Teeth and claws removed to sell to tourists
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Tomato laced with furadan to kill rodents and mousebirds
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For food
Methods used for birds: soaking rice grains, baiting snails
Species most targeted:
Birds in rice schemes including, ducks, geese, doves, storks, widowbirds, weavers, godwits
Methods used for fish: pouring pesticides into lake and churning with boat engine
Fish through mainly localised fishing for tilapia in Lake Victoria
Other species affected:
Otters, crustaceans, dragonflies
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Open-billed storks
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Doves
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Control of feral dogs
Methods used:
Baiting carcasses
Species affected:
Black kites
Crows
Marabou storks
Hooded vultures
Pet dogs
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Use of vultures in traditional medicine
Roasted vulture heads
Maswa Game Reserve
Tanzania
Methods used: baiting carcasses
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Prevention
Difficult but most realistic chances of success
Control of feral dogs because it is typically controlled by local authorities, i.e. the veterinary department
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Obstacles to testing samples
1) Getting reports and samples from the field
2) Getting samples to testing facilities and under cold storage
3) Expense
4) If government wildlife authority tests samples, getting the results
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Testing facilities
Local universities Pros:
1) will usually agree to do testing
2) No hidden agenda
Cons:
1) often not cost effective to test single or small samples
Government labs Pros:
1) Can test single or small samples
Cons:
1) Difficult to know methods used and if they are using latest equipment
2) Can refuse to test samples, or charge exorbitant rates
3) May have hidden agenda, i.e. can you trust the results?
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