daniels lane, st austell, cornwall. · the cornwall and west devon mining landscape world heritage...

Daniels Lane, St Austell, Cornwall.

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

© Context One Archaeological Services 2016

Daniels Lane, St Austell, Cornwall.

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

for

Lidl UK

by

Brickfield Offices, Maperton, Wincanton, Somerset. BA9 8EG. T: 01963 824696 E: [email protected] W: www.contextone.co.uk

COAS reference: C1/DBA/16/DSC National Grid Reference: centred on SX 03636 52706

COAS project team: Project Director: Richard McConnell Fieldwork Manager: Stuart Milby Post-excavation Manager: Dr Cheryl Green Walkover survey: Dr Cheryl Green Report: Orlando Prestidge and Dr Cheryl Green Illustration: Tara Fairclough

January 2016

Context One Archaeological Services Ltd shall retain the copyright of any commissioned reports, tender documents or other projected documents, under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 with all rights reserved, excepting that it hereby provides an exclusive licence to the client for the use of such documents by the client in all matters directly relating to the project as described in the Project Design/Specification/Written Scheme of Investigation.

Front cover image: View of across the Site from the south-west (© Context One Archaeological Services 2016)

Contents Non-technical summary............................................................................................ i 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 1 2. Statutory and non-designated heritage assets.................................................................. 1 3. Site location, topography and geology........................................................................... 3 4. Archaeological and historical resource.......................................................................... 3 5. Walkover survey..................................................................................................... 10 6. Setting................................................................................................................ 12 7. Discussion............................................................................................................. 13 8. COAS acknowledgements........................................................................................... 13 9. Bibliography.......................................................................................................... 13 Appendices Appendix 1. Heritage Assets within c. 500m of the Site...................................................... 15 Appendix 2. Historic maps and documents...................................................................... 18 Appendix 3. Extract of St Austell Tithe Apportionment, 1840............................................... 18 Illustrations Figure 1. Site setting............................................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Site setting showing relevant heritage assets within a 500m radius............................ 6 Figure 3. Historic map regression................................................................................. 8 Figure 4. Detailed Site setting showing walkover survey photo viewpoints................................ 9 Plates Plate 1. The Site from the western edge, showing concrete base surrounded by car parking and

waste ground (from E).............................................................................................. 10

Plate 2. The Site with commercial units & factory to the N, & residential properties to the NW & W (from SSE).........................................................................................................

11

Plate 3. Concrete base across the Site (from SE).............................................................. 11 Plate 4. The southern part of the Site with superstore & petrol station to the S (from NW)........... 12

i

Non-technical summary Context One Archaeological Services Ltd (COAS) carried out an archaeological desk-based assessment during January 2016 in support of a planning application for development at Daniels Lane, St Austell, Cornwall. The project was commissioned and funded by Lidl UK. A walkover survey was conducted on 13 January 2016in addition to consulting desk-based sources. The assessment is intended to determine the archaeological potential of the Site and to inform the scope and nature of any archaeological constraints with relation to any future proposals for development. The Site is not covered by any statutory designations, and is outside a Conservation Area and a World Heritage Site. There are no heritage assets recorded within the boundary of the Site. Bronze Age funerary monuments are present within the surrounding area, although there is no indication that similar features were in close proximity to the Site. Analysis of historic mapping shows that the Site was an open area andremained largely undeveloped until the second half of the 20th century, by which time a large terrace had been created to house a factory. Coupled with the construction of the now-demolished factory buildings in the mid-1970s, these factors are likely to limit the potential for the survival of extant archaeological remains. The Site now largely sits under a concrete raft relating to the pre-existing factory, although if any potential archaeological remains are to survive, they could be present along the southern extent of the Site which has been less effected by the terracing. Consideration of setting has concluded that the development is unlikely to have any significant impact on the setting of the Conservation Area, World Heritage Site or any nearby heritage assets.

Daniels Lane, St Austell, Cornwall. 1

1. Introduction

1.1 Context One Archaeological Services Ltd (COAS) carried out an archaeological desk-based

assessment in support of a planning application for development at Daniels Lane, St Austell, Cornwall (the ‘Site’), during January 2016. The project was commissioned and funded by Lidl UK.A walkover survey was conducted on 13 January 2016 in addition to consulting desk-based sources.

1.2 The assessment is intended to determine the archaeological potential of the Site and to inform

the scope and nature of any archaeological constraints with relation to development proposals for the erection of a new supermarket store.

1.3 The request for the archaeological work follows advice given by Central Government as set out in

the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), which states that:

‘Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation’ (DCLG 2012, para 128).

1.4 The assessment was carried out in accordance with the current guidelines as defined by the

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) formerly the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA) (2014). The purpose of an assessment is to establish the known or potential cultural heritage resource in a local, regional, national or international context. This specifically includes:

• the identification of site specific statutory and non-statutory cultural heritage constraints (including planning constraints) • the identification of published and unpublished archaeological events • the examination of available cartographic and documentary sources • a walkover survey to assess the surviving cultural heritage resource •an assessment of potential impacts upon the setting of nearby heritage assets

1.5 This report summarises the topographical, geological, archaeological and historical background of

the Site and provides an assessment of its current archaeological potential.

2. Statutory and non-designated heritage assets

Statutory designated heritage assets 2.1 Statutory designations include Scheduled Ancient Monuments as set-out in the Ancient Monuments

and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as Amended (1983); registered battlefields; listed buildings; registered Historic Parks and Gardens; UNESCO World Heritage Sites; and Conservation Areas. This legislation identifies archaeological sites and remains that are regarded as nationally and internationally important and which merit protection by statute. This is recognised also in the prevailing local and county structure plans.

2.2 There are no statutory designations on the Site. However, a single Grade II Listed building

comprising a post-medieval milestone is located within the 500m research radius (see Section 4 &Appendix 1). The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site is located in the vicinity, with an area of former mining activity located c. 290m south of the Site. The Charlestown Conservation Area (designated 1967 and extended 1990) is also located c. 300m to the south. The entirety of the Site area is covered by EvUID - ECO49 (Curatorial Advice, Assessment, Management Recommendations, Site Survey/China Clay Leader II Programme Area). This relates to the widespread extraction of china clay in the area during the 18th and 19th centuries.


Figure 1. Site setting


Non-designated heritage assets 2.3 Non-designated heritage assets are buildings, monuments, sites, places, areas or landscapes that

are similarly recognised in the prevailing national, county and local planning policies. These could include, Sites of Archaeological Importance/Interest and assets identified by the local planning authority (including the local listing).

2.4 There are no non-designated heritage assets recorded within the area of the Site. However, 27

non-designated heritage assets are recorded within a c. 500m radius. This includes a redundantmine working (MonUID. MCO1935), presently recorded as a barrow, located directly north of the red-line boundary of the Site (see Section 4 & Appendix 1). Three sites noted within Cornwall Council’s Historic Land Characterisation survey are also noted within the research radius.

3. Site location, topography and geology

3.1 The Site (centred on NGR SX 03617 52604) covers c. 2.35 acres and is located on the south-eastern

edge of St Austell, c. 2.3km east of the town centre within an industrial and residential zone(Figure 1). A light industry unit with associated car parking is located directly north of the Sitewith a large factory immediately north again, with light industry to the east, and a Tesco store and petrol station to the south on the opposite side of an access road. The Site is bordered by Daniels Lane to the west, with residential areas (houses constructed in the 1960s) on the western side of the road. Virtually the entire Site area is covered by a concrete raft with some small areas of scrubland around the periphery of the Site.

3.2 The Site occupies a flat area of land at c. 42m above Ordnance Datum (aOD), and is one of a series

of terraces cut in to the hillside which originally sloped gently from north to south. 3.3 According to the British Geological Survey (BGS 2016), the underlying geology is Meadfoot Group,

a formation of Slate, Siltstone and Sandstone, with no recorded superficial deposits. The soils are characterised by loamy soils with naturally high groundwater (http://www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes).

4. Archaeological and Historical Resource

4.1 The archaeological background for the Site has been drawn primarily from the Cornwall Historic

Environment Record (HER), and documentary and literary sources held at the Cornwall Studies Library and the Cornwall Records Office. Heritage assets within a 500m radius of the Site are located and enumerated on Figure 2 (see also Appendix 1). The primary and secondary records held at the Cornwall Records Office (Appendix 2) include the tithe map with other sources cited in the text as appropriate.

4.2 The centre of the Site is c. 300m to the north of the northern edge of the Charlestown Conservation

area (designated 1967, and extended in 1990) which covers the historic urban and industrial areasurrounding the port. A number of areas are recognised in the Historic Landscape Characterisation(HLC) and are shown on Figure 2. To the south of the Site lies an area of 20th century settlement(4 on Figure 2), the Cornish Main Line railway (classified as a communication landscape by the HLC) (5 on Figure 2) and an area of post-medieval enclosed land (6 on Figure 2).

4.3 An area of The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

(inscribed in 2006), is located c. 290m south of the Site. The landscapes of Cornwall and West Devon were radically reshaped during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by the process of deep mining predominantly for copper and tin, and heritage assets relating to this period remain today in the form of mines, engines houses, smallholdings, ports, harbours, canals, railways, and tramroads (UNESCO 2015). A number of heritage assets relating to this landscape are recorded within the research radius, and are discussed below.

Bronze Age (2500 BC – 801 BC) 4.4 The oldest recorded heritage assets within the vicinity of the Site comprise a group of Bronze Age

barrows and an associated findspot (19, 20, 21 and 31 on Figure 2). These features are located


throughout the research radius, indicating a strong prehistoric funerary presence within the area.The findspot (MonUID. MCO440; 20 on Figure 2), located c. 490m south-west of the Site, comprised an urn which was excavated from a barrow. A further barrow located c. 370m to the south-east (MonUID. MCO2756; 31 on Figure 2) was excavated in 1740 and, although it was located within an area which is currently used as pasture, no visible remains appear extant.

4.5 Two further heritage assets (MonUID. MCO1936, MonUID. MCO1935; 10 and 13 on Figure 2) are

described in the HER entries as barrow cemeteries. However, upon closer examination of documentary evidence this interpretation is now challenged. The ‘barrow’ (MonUID. MCO1935; 13on Figure 2) located directly north of the Site’s red line boundary was situated within a field (plot 2423), which is said to be recorded in the 1840 St. Austell tithe award as ‘Blue Barrow’ (Cornwall & Scilly HER). However, on viewing the original tithe award as part of this research, the name of plot 2423 was found to be 'Blue Borrow'. A ‘borrow’ or ‘burrow’ is a regional term meaning a pile of waste material, usually from a mine or quarry, and features heavily on documentary evidence of mining areas across the south-west of the UK (Cornish Mining World Heritage Website 2015). The feature also corresponds with a ‘shaft’ shown on the 1888 first edition OS map (see Figure 3), which supports the reinterpretation of the barrow as a mining feature. This area is now under hardstanding and it is considered likely that any extant standing evidence of the asset was lost during the development of the industrial estate.

4.6 A further asset described as a ‘barrow cemetery’ located c. 350m north-west of the Site (MonUID.

MCO1936; 10 on Figure 2) is recorded as comprising three barrows, the northernmost of which was recorded in 1840 (Cornwall & Scilly HER). However, this asset also corresponds with a ‘shaft’ marked on the 1888 map, suggesting an identical misinterpretation of a mining feature as a barrow. This asset is now located within an area of residential development and is no longer extant.

Medieval (AD1066 – AD1485) 4.7 There is no evidence of any archaeological activity within the Site or environs dating to the

medieval period, although the development of Charlestown in the late 18th century (Conservation area to the south of the Site) overlies two medieval hamlet settlements, namely Higher and Lower Polmear (Cornwall Council 2013). The settlements were first recorded as Porthmeur in 1403, with the place name deriving from the Cornish elements of Porth meaning ‘cove’ and ‘meur’ meaning ‘big or great’. This contrasts with the settlement of Porthpean (located c. 1.4km to the west) which means ‘small cove’. A surviving pattern of medieval fields can be traced around the former hamlets, particularly to the east of the village (ibid).

Post-medieval (AD1485 – AD1900) 4.8 The late eighteenth century saw rapid economic advancement in the St Austell area with an

intensification of mineral extraction and the rapid development of the china clay industry(reflected by the EvUID - ECO49 classification). By the mid-19th century 65000 tonnes of china clay were being mined in the St Austell area yearly by approximately 7000 workers (Cornwall Guide Website 2015). This fuelled a widespread expansion in population and villages such as Charlestown(as it became to be known), which had a pre-china clay population of nine, was thoroughly transformed by local landowner and entrepreneur Charles Rashleigh (ibid). Rashleigh invested in a harbour, and houses and factories for workers and the population grew rapidly to over 3000 as the area developed into an industrial hub for the china clay industry (ibid).

4.9 This expansion, and as well as the advancement of tin and copper mining is reflected in the

nineteen post-medieval assets that are recorded within the research radius (Cornwall Council 2013). These largely comprise 18th and 19th century settlement and industrial activity relating to the development of the mining landscape. This includes Buckler’s mine (MonUID. MCO11839; 11on Figure 2) located 150m to the north of the Site, on land now occupied by an industrial unit south of Lyons Road. The West Wheal Eliza mine (MonUID. MCO11838; 12 on Figure 2) was located c. 330m to the north-east, adjacent to land where ‘tips’ (likely of mining waste) are still recorded on mapping. A further mine shaft (MonUID. MCO35380; 26 on Figure 2) is recorded to the south-east of Church Road, c. 480m south of the Site and within the area of the World Heritage Site. This feature was first recorded on 1825 mapping, although it is no longer visible from aerial photographs and the area appears to be occupied by the Church Hall (MonUID. MCO35361; 27 on Figure 2) of


the mid-19th century St. Paul’s Church (MonUID. MCO35362; 24 on Figure 2). The traditional extraction method for tin in the vicinity was tin streaming, and it is likely that the mine shafts present are associated with this practice.

4.10 Two bridges carrying the Cornish Main Line railway (14 and 30 on Figure 2), which came to the

town in 1859, are present to the south and south-west of the Site and are still in use today. Along with the industrial expansion, the early 19th century also saw a rapid rise in the requirement for residential and religious buildings in the vicinity. A number of 19th century workers’ cottages (23, 25 and 28 on Figure 2) are recorded within the research radius, with four non-conformist chapels (7, 8, 18 and 29 on Figure 2), along with a cemetery (MonUID. MCO34281; 32 on Figure 2) and a mortuary chapel (MonUID. MCO55625; 33 on Figure 2). A saw mill (MonUID. MCO34378; 16 on Figure 2) is recorded c. 80m south of the Site on 1906 OS mapping, and although the mill is stillpresent on 1988 OS mapping, the area now forms part of the Tesco superstore car park.

4.11 A single Grade II Listed structure is present within the research radius. This comprises an 18th

century milestone (Historic England (HE) Ref. 1394418; MonUID. MCC53308; 15 on Figure 2) thatsurvives on the north side of the A390 Holmbush Road, c. 220m south-west of the Site.

Modern (AD1901 – present) 4.12 Two 20th century heritage assets are recorded within the vicinity of the Site. A cast iron finger

signpost (MonUID. MCO35361; 9 on Figure 2) is located c. 440m north-east of the Site at the crossroads of Bethel Road, Bucklers Lane, Trenoenowah Road and Brockstone Road. A Sunday school hall (MonUID. MCO35361; 27 on Figure 2) is located c. 400m to the south, first recorded in 1907 and still in use today.

4.13 Despite the industrial and residential expansion noted within the vicinity, no archaeological

activity has been recorded on the Site itself, and the area appears to have been occupied by enclosed agricultural land from at least the second half of the 19th century until 1975, by which time a large industrial building had been constructed. This building is marked as the Automatic Controls Factory and was present on the Site until its recent demolition in 2015.

4.14 No archaeological investigations have been recorded within the research radius, although there

were (aforementioned) antiquarian studies of a number of Bronze Age barrows to the north-west and south-east of the Site in 1740 and 1840.


Figure 2. Site setting showing relevant heritage assets within a 500m radius


Historic Map Regression 4.15 The Tithe Map of 1842 and associated apportionment of 1840 is held at the Cornwall Record Office

(CRO). All other maps are available on www.oldmpasonline.org and are listed in Appendix 2. Pre-tithe estate maps held by CRO for the area were viewed and are also listed in Appendix 2, however the Site was not identifiable on any of these maps.

4.16 The earliest available map which covers the Site is the Tithe Map. This shows the Site as plots of

agricultural land bordering the road which would become ‘Daniel’s Lane’ (now Daniels Lane) to the west, with further fields to the north and east, and a stream to the south (a on Figure 3). At the core of the Site were the parcels of land designated 2423 and 2424, with a small area to the south-east of the Site also occupying some of plot 2422.

4.17 The 1840 tithe apportionment (see Appendix 3) documents the land owner as Colonel Edward

Carlyon & Samuel Trewin, his lessee and the occupier as Peter Knight. All the plots are recorded as being in an arable state of cultivation, with plot 2422 described as Middle Field, 2423 as Blue Borrow and 2424 as Long Close. As described in section 4.5, the name of Blue Borrow likely relates to mining waste, and with Plot 2394 to the north of the Site being described within the apportionment as waste, it is likely that the area was heavily scarred by mine workings and associated waste tips.

4.18 On the 1881 1st edition Ordnance Survey (OS) map (b on Figure 3) the majority of the Site is still

open ground. However, the expansion of the mining landscape is evident from the number of shaftsvisible to the north and west of the Site. The shaft directly north of the red-line boundary of the Site is located in the Blue Borrow field identified on the tithe map and corresponds with the misidentified ‘barrow’ discussed above (MonUID. MCO1935; 13 on Figure 2).

4.19 The 1908 2nd edition OS map (c on Figure 3) shows a very similar layout to the earlier OS map,

although the mine workings are no longer visible and larger buildings, labelled on later maps as Sawmills (MonUID. MCO34378; 16 on Figure 2), are visible to the south of the Site. The layout remains largely the same on OS mapping from 1935 and 1945 (d and e on Figure 3). Although the Site area itself remains unchanged on the 1970-71 OS map (f on Figure 3), a large residential development is visible directly west of the Site, bordering Daniels Lane, and the sawmill buildings to the south have been enlarged.

4.20 The 1988 OS map (g on Figure 3) is the first to show any development on the Site, with a building

marked as the Automatic Controls Factory visible. This building was constructed in the mid-1970s and was present on the Site until its recent demolition in 2015.

Air Photograph Analysis 4.21 No air photographs were readily available for inclusion in this analysis.


Figure 3. Historic map regression

Daniels Lane, St Austell, Cornwall 9

Figure 4. Detailed site setting showing walkover survey photo viewpoints


5. Walkover Survey

5.1 A walkover survey of the Site was carried out on 13 January 2016 during sunshine and showers. The

viewpoints of the digital photographs taken during the walkover survey are shown on Figure 4. 5.2 The Site is largely covered by a flat concrete base, with tarmac areas along the western and

southern edges currently used for car parking, and some areas of waste ground or scrubland aroundthe periphery (Plates 1 & 2). The scrubland at the northern end of the western side of the Site occupies a man-made bank (Plate 1). The terrace upon which the Site lies also encompasses the light industrial unit to the north, although the associated car park slopes up towards the north where the larger factory is situated (Plates 2 & 3). To the west, the light industrial buildings occupy the same terrace as the Site, however the road to the south is situated on a lower terrace which is also home to the Tesco superstore and garage (Plate 4).

5.3 No undisturbed ground was identified during the walkover survey, with most of the area occupied

by the concrete raft of the Automatic Controls Factory surrounded by tarmac for car parking and limited landscaping along the northern part of the western boundary. Consequently, no heritage features could be visually identified within the plot during the visit.

Plate 1. The Site from the western edge, showing concrete base surrounded by car parking and waste ground (from E)


Plate 2. The Site with commercial units & factory to the N, & residential properties to the NW & W (from SSE)

Plate 3. Concrete base across the Site (from SE)


Plate 4. The southern part of the Site with superstore & petrol station to the S (from NW)

6. Setting

6.1 The setting of a heritage asset is concerned with the surroundings in which it is experienced (English

Heritage 2011, 4). The extent of setting is not fixed and can change as the asset and the surroundings evolve (ibid.). The significance of setting in relation to a heritage asset can also change and result in a positive, negative or neutral contribution to it (ibid.). Setting is predominantly considered in visual terms and historic relationships between places.

6.2 This Site is surrounded on all sides by modern commercial or residential development. The nearest

recorded heritage asset comprises 19th century mine workings (MonUID. MCO1935; 13 on Figure 2) and is located directly north of the red-line boundary of the Site. However, this asset is no longerextant. The closest (and indeed only) Listed structure within the research area comprises an 18th

century milestone (HE Ref. 1394418; MonUID. MCC53308; 15 on Figure 2) that survives on the north side of the A390 Holmbush Road, c. 220m to the south-west, however there is no inter-visibility with the Site.

6.3 At ground level, the Site is entirely screened by modern development and there do not appear to

be any extant heritage assets from which a view of the Site is possible, including the Charlestown Conservation Area and the UNESCO World Heritage Site (Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape). It is suggested that the proposed development will not adversely affect the present visual setting of any of these assets.


7. Discussion

7.1 The assessment has demonstrated that the Site was peripheral to large scale development until

the second half of the 20th century. Situated on the south-eastern fringes of St Austell and to the north of the industrial centre and port of Charlestown, throughout the 19th century the Site comprised arable fields with mine workings located to the north and west. Despite the expansion of the mining industry in the vicinity, the Site layout remained largely unaltered until it was developed as the location for the Automatic Controls Factory in the mid-1970s.

7.2 No heritage assets are recorded on the Site, although it is situated in an area containing a range

of heritage assets, with a total of twenty-seven recorded within a 500m radius. However, the non-designated assets closest to the Site (comprising 19th century mine workings and 20th century industrial buildings) are no longer extant. No archaeological features were identified during the walkover survey, with the vast majority of the Site area being covered by a concrete raft surrounded by tarmac.

7.3 The earliest assets recorded within the vicinity comprise a number of Bronze Age barrows and an

associated findspot. This would seem to place the Site within a prehistoric funerary landscape, however the barrows closest to the Site have been reinterpreted as upcast from late 19th century mine workings, meaning the supposed Bronze Age barrows are situated some distance to the south of the Site. Late 19th and 20th century industrialization is reflected in the terracing of the Site and surrounding area, which may have originated with mining activity but is essentially the result of modern development.

7.4 Consideration of the setting of the heritage assets within the Site environs suggests that the

proposed development would not affect the present visual settings of any of the extant heritage assets within a 500m radius, and that the Site is screened from view from the Charlestown Conservation Area and the World Heritage Site of the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape.

7.5 In conclusion, the Site is not covered by any statutory designations and is located outside of the

Charlestown Conservation Area and the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site. Analysis of historic mapping shows that the Site was an open area and remained largely undeveloped until the second half of the 20th century, by which time a large terrace had been created to house a factory. Coupled with the construction of the now-demolished factory buildings in the mid-1970s, these factors severely limit the potential for the survival of any extant archaeological remains. If any such remains survive, the most likely location might be along the southern extent of the Site, which has been less effected by the terracing.

8. COAS acknowledgements

We would like to thank the following for their contribution to the successful completion of this

project: Ian O’Gorman, Lidl UK Staff at the Cornish Studies Library and Cornwall Record Office Staff at Cornwall HER

9. Bibliography

British Geological Survey, 2015 http://www.bgs.ac.uk (accessed: 29 December 2015) Chartered Institute of Field

Archaeologists (CIfA), December 2014 Code of Conduct, Reading: CIfA

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists

(CIfA), December 2014 (rev. 2015) Regulations for professional Conduct, Reading: CIfA

Cornish Mining World Heritage

Website, 2015 Cornish Mining World Heritage; Glossary


https://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/delving-deeper/glossary (accessed: 20 January 2016)

Cornwall Council, 2013 Charlestown Conservation Area Character Appraisal

& Management Plan, Cornwall Council Cornwall Guide Website, 2015 Cornwall Guide; China Clay

http://www.cornwalls.co.uk/history/industrial/china_clay.htm (accessed: 21 January 2016)

Department for Communities and

Local Government (DCLG), 2012 National Planning Policy Framework London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office

English Heritage, 2011 The Setting of Heritage Assets. English Heritage

Guidance English Heritage Publications National Soil Resources Institute

(NSRI), 2015 http://www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes/ Cranfield University (accessed: 29 December 2015)

UNESCO, 2015 Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape

http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1215/ (accessed: 31 December 2015)


Appendix 1. Heritage Assets within c. 500m of the Site (No. as indicated on map)

Historic England – Grade II listed building

Figure 1 Ref.

HE No. Building Name

Summary NGR

1 1394418 Milestone on Holmbush Road

A legible and intact example of a late-C18 milestone which remains in its original position.

SX 03465 52425

World Heritage Committee of UNESCO – World Heritage Site

Figure 1 Ref.

Site Name

Date of Inscription

Summary NGR

2 Cornwall and West

Devon Mining

Landscape

2006 Much of the landscape of Cornwall and West Devon was transformed in the 18th and early 19th centuries as a result of the rapid growth of pioneering copper and tin mining. Its deep underground mines, engine houses, foundries, new towns, smallholdings, ports and harbours, and their ancillary industries together reflect prolific innovation which, in the early 19th century, enabled the region to produce two-thirds of the world's supply of copper.

SX 03627 51894

Cornwall Council – Conservation Area

Figure 1 Ref.

Conservation Area Name

Date of designation

Summary NGR

3 Charlestown 1967 and subsequently

extended in 1990

Charlestown is an attractive historic port popular as a tourist destination. It has great historic and cultural significance being one of the finest examples of a late eighteenth/early nineteenth century industrial harbour in Britain and the best preserved china clay and copper ore port of its period in the world.

SX 03652 51938

Cornwall Council - Historic Landscape Characterisation

Figure 1 Ref.

HLC Name HLC Character

4 Settlement: C20 Settled areas from larger farming settlements upwards. 5 Communications A and B roads, all railways and all operational airfields 6 Post-medieval

Enclosed Land Land enclosed in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, usually from land that was previously Upland Rough Ground and often medieval commons. Generally in relatively high, exposed or poorly-drained parts of the county.

Cornwall & Scilly Historic Environment Record

Figure 1 Ref.

MONUID No.

Monument Type

Monument Name

Summary NGR

Bronze Age - 2500 BC to 801 BC

10 MCO1936

Barrow cemetery

GWALLON DOWNS - Bronze Age barrow cemetery

The northernmost of the group of three barrows recorded in 1840 (Now reinterpreted as 19th century mine workings. Please see text).

SX 0343 5291


13 MCO1935 Barrow GWALLON DOWNS - Bronze Age barrow

One of three barrows that stood on Gwallon Downs (now reinterpreted as 19th century mine workings. Please see text).

SX 0362 5264

19 MCO2439 Barrow CHARLESTOWN - Bronze Age barrow

The northernmost outlier of the line of seven barrows on the downs near Charlestown.

SX 0329 5233

20 MCO2440 Barrow CHARLESTOWN - Bronze Age barrow

This barrow was given the same name as one later flattened and this barrow may have some survival.

SX 0330 5224

20 MCO440 Findspot CHARLESTOWN - Bronze Age findspot

An urn was found in one of these barrows. SX 0330 5224

21 MCO2433, MCO2435-2438

Barrows CHARLESTOWN - Bronze Age barrows

A line of seven barrows near Charlestown. SX 0341 5224

31 MCO2756 Barrow GWALLON DOWNS - Bronze Age barrow

The southernmost of the group of three barrows, excavated in 1740.

SX 039 523

Post Medieval - 1540 AD to 1900 AD

7 MCO33003 Nonconformist Chapel

ST AUSTELL - Post Medieval nonconformist chapel

Bible Christian chapel and attached Sunday school.

SX 0345 5302


BETHEL - Post Medieval nonconformist chapel

The first Bible Christian chapel at Bethel was built in 1822, 50 yards to the west of its successor and is now converted into two cottages. Replaced in 1836.

SX 0339 5300

11 MCO11839 Mine BETHEL - Post Medieval mine

Site of Bucklers mine. SX 036 528

12 MCO11838 Mine BETHEL - Post Medieval mine

West Wheal Eliza mine. SX 039 529

14 MCO54723 Railway bridge HOLMBUSH ROAD - Post Medieval railway bridge

A bridge carrying the GWR main line over the public road.

SX 0325 5241Mile stone

15 MCO53308 Milestone ST AUSTELL - Post Medieval milestone

An C18 milestone survives on the north side of the A390.

SX 0346 5242

16 MCO34378 Saw mill ST AUSTELL - Post Medieval saw mill

A saw mill recorded here on the 2nd Edition 1:2500 OS map c1906 and the 1933 OS Revision no longer survives.

SX 0368 5248

17 MCO34379 Public house ST AUSTELL - Post Medieval public house

The Holmbush Inn previously known as the Cottage Inn.

SX 0386 5254



Site of a Methodist Chapel. SX 0399 5261

22 MCO4666 Foundary CHARLESTOWN - Post Medieval foundry

Charlestown foundry was established in 1817; the site has been adapted for a variety of tasks and processes and the works have been remodelled many times.

SX 0348 5216

23 MCO35358 Row CHARLESTOWN - Post Medieval row

Two short rows of cottages built between 1825 and 1842.

SX 0357 5211

24 MCO35362 Church CHARLESTOWN - Post Medieval church

St Paul's church is the principal focus at the northern end of Charlestown village, and was built in 1851 as a chapel of ease to St Austell.

SX 0364 5211

25 MCO35359 House CHARLESTOWN - Post Medieval house

A small double-fronted cottage on Church Road was built between 1825 and 1842.

SX 0361 5216

26 MCO35380 Shaft CHARLESTOWN - Post Medieval shaft

A mine shaft is recorded to the south-east of Church Road in 1825.

SX 0367 5216

28 MCO35360 Row CHARLESTOWN - Post Medieval row

A row of four cottages on Church Road were built between 1825 and 1842.

SX 0364 5220



Site of a Weslyan Methodist Chapel, in existance by 1881and demolished by 1906.

SX 0372 5240

30 MCO54724 Railway bridge HOLMBUSH ARCH - Post Medieval railway bridge

A bridge carrying the Cornwall Railway over the public road.

SX 0377 5234


32 MCO34381 Cemetery ST AUSTELL - Post Medieval cemetery

The eastern part of the cemetery has been set out on an earlier quarry or mine site. Two mortuary chapels are located at the western side of the cemetery.

SX 0401 5225

33 MCO55625 Mortuary Chapel

St AUSTELL CAMPDOWN - Post Medieval mortuary chapel

A pair of c1900 semi-detached chapels, located at the western end of Campdown cemetery.

SX 0398 5224

20th Century - 1901 AD to 2000 AD

9 MCO56826 Signpost BETHEL - C20 signpost

A cast iron fingerpost located on the south side of a crossroads comprising of Bethel Road, Bucklers Lane, Trenoenowah Road and Brockstone Road.

SX 0344 5299

27 MCO35361 Church hall CHARLESTOWN - Modern church hall

A Sunday school hall, first recorded in 1907 is still in use.

SX 0366 5217


Appendix 2. Historic maps and documents

Map date Type Reference Comments

1736 A Plan of the land

belonging to the Hon

Rich Edgcumbe Esq,

lying in Tregrehan in

the parish of St Blazey

Cornwall Record Office

ME 2367

Site not covered

1775 &

1776

A Map or Plan of the

Manor of Tregrehan in

the Parishes of St

Austell & St Blazey


ME 2368 1-4

Site not covered

1775/1776 A Map or Plan of the

Manor of Bodrugan.

Surveyed in 1775 &

mapped in 1776


ME 2421 1-4

Site not identifiable

1842 Tithe Map of St Austell

(number 3)


Archangel

Fields crossed by soft boundaries.

Encompassed by 3 different plots

1840 Tithe apportionment of

St Austell


Archangel

Relevant items transcribed and given in

Appendix 3.

1881 OS Map – 6 inch www.oldmpasonline.org 1st edition

1907 Field map of Crinnis

Down in St Austell

lands


CN 1837/1

Identical to 1st ed OS map

Photographed

1908 OS Map – 6 inch www.oldmpasonline.org -



1970-71 OS Map – 25 inch www.oldmpasonline.org -


Appendix 3. Extract of St Austell Tithe Apportionment, 1840

Apportionment no.

Landowners Occupiers Names & Description of Lands & Premises

State of Cultivation

2422 Colonel Edward Carlyon & Samuel Trewin, his lessee

Peter Knight Middle Field Arable


Peter Knight Blue Borrow Arable


Peter Knight Long Close Arable

2394 Colonel Edward Carlyon

William Hooper Daniel Waste -

daniels lane, st austell, cornwall. · the cornwall and west devon mining landscape world heritage...

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