DANIELKAHNEMAN

TDUYNHANHVCHM

BnquyntingVit2013CngtySchAlpha

Ebookminphti:www.Sachvui.Com

http://sachvui.com/

NhnglitndngcunschEbookminphti:www.Sachvui.Com

Vinhngaiquantmnuthochnhviconngi,cunschcaKahnemanlmtcunngc.Trongcunschny,ngchrarngtrongkhichngtalunchorngnhngquytnhmmnharalhpl,sthcthchngtalimcphinhngthnhkin.tnhtcunschcngemnchongicchitthntrnhnhngsailmhaygimthiuchng.

_LarrySwedroe,CBSNews.

DanielKahnemanthhinmtcchmnhmtrongcunschmicamnhvviclmthnoconngiddngtchkhishpl.

_ChristopherShea,TheWashingtonPost.

LilcTnykhngthnihtctmquantrngcanhngnggpcaDanielKahnememantrongvichiucchthcchngtatduyvlachn.ngnggianhngngikhngl,mttaythdtvinhngsichcaCharlesDarwin,AdamSmithvSigmundFreud.Gingnhccnhtmlhcquantrngbcnhttronglchsnhnloi,Kahnemannhhnhlitmlhcnhnthc,phntchtnhhplvltr,hiubitvnguyc,nghincuvhnhphcvansinh...Mttcphmkitxut,gyntngmnhmtrongchnhthamvngcan,truyntirtnhiukinthc,skhnngoanvitmthihtsckhimtnvnhnvnsusc.Nutrongnmnaybnchccmtcunsch,tikhuynbnnnchncunny.

_JaniceGrossStein,TheGlobeandMail.

Mtcuchuynhtscsuscvhpdn,lshaquyngianhngnghincucamnhvcaccnhtmlhc,kinhtvchuyngiatrongnhiulnhvckhc...Kahnemanmthngthpknghincuvchtlcnhnggitremlibitbaoiuthv,hpdnchocgi.ythcslmtcunschrtngc.Bilnkhngphilmtcunschkhoahcbnhthng,chcmtvichngutinhuch,thv,cnccchngsaulirttnht.Cunschnylmttrnghpngoil

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himhoi.Tonbcunschlshpdnkhtvchngtahontoncthpdngnhngiuvocucsnghngngy.Ttcmingiunncn.

_JesseSignal,BostonGlobe.

Quthc,chngtcnphibitnsusctcgiKahnemanvemnchochngtamtcunschhtscthv.Ngiptahiuccckhacnhthcttrongtnhcch,bnchtcachnhmnh.

_FreemanDyson,TheNewYorkReviewofBooks.

Cnhiucunschhayvnhnthcltnhvcmtnhcaconngi,nhngchcmtkittc.KittcchnhlcunschTduynhanhvchmcaDanielKahneman.ylmttrongnhngcngtrnhnghincusnht,hpdnvnhnthccaconngimtitngc.

_WilliamEasterly,FinancialTimes.

TicmtntngcbitviTduyDoThi.Aicngchorngngi

DoThithngminhcbit.Nhngnmtihctptitrngihcvlmnghincusinh,sinhvinDoThidngnhlcnocnglnhngngingulp.CchtduycangiDoThilunkhinchngtabtngvlunthivngsauhthngtduylg?ChngticmaymnclmvicvinhiungiDoThililc.Khichi,tisaongiDoThilithngminhnhvy.Tinhnctrlirngchnhldonnvnhavcchgiodcemlihthngtduyttchkhngphigenditruyn.Thtvy,nubnntncIsrael,bnsthyngiDoThicngcmuda,chngtckhcnhau.ChnhccyuththngtrongtduyctruynliquavnhavgiodckhinchonhngngiDoThitrnnkhcbit.

DanielKahneman,mtngiDoThiinhnhvlnhtmlhcxutchngtngctraogiiNobelkinhthcnm2002.Quatcphmny,DanielKahnemandndtchngtavviqutrnhkhmph,nghincuhn30nmcangvngnghip,virtnhiuthnghimcthitkthngminhvchnhxc.Thnhqucanhngnmthnglaongmitmichnhligiivcchthcchngtacmnhnthgiivtngtcvichngnhthno.lcchthcmnochngtavnhnh,vi2hthngmDanielKahnemangilHthng1vHThng2.NunhH

thng1vicchnghnhanh,tng,cmtnh,rpkhunvtimthcthHthng2liccchnghchm,ihinlc,dnglogic,ctnhtonvthc.Hthng2chnhlcchmcnhnchngtanghvciti,bnng.Vcch1cnovnhnhthngxuyn,trongkhicch2litkhicsdngn.

Cchhotngca2hthngtrong1conngi,khicnhnnhntrnquymlnhn,cnghartlnivihotngkinhtxhi.HaihthngnychnhlconngiKinhthcusngtrnmnhtlthuytvconngiHnhngtrongthgiithcti.Cctchc,bngcchnocngangpdngcchnhthctngtnhcchthngnycpcnhn.Htrnharaccquytnhsailmbngccquytrnhckhoahcha&hthngha,ngthichophpphnbinmangtnhxydng.

Titinrngcunschnysemlinhiukinthcbchgipchngtahiucnnglctduycachnhmnhvphthuyn.

ChtchTponFPT

TrngGiaBnh

LigiithiuNguynVnTun-Giosykhoa,VinnghincuykhoavihcNewSouthWales,Sydney,Australia.

Bncangcmtrntaymtcunschhay.Haytnidung,hmlng

thngtinhcthut,nvnphong.Nucmttcphmnogipchochngtabnvtihiuhnvchnhmnh,thylmttcphmnhth.Bngmtvnphongngin,trongsngvckhiddm,GiosDanielKahnemandndtbnquahnglotthnghimtmlxhimngvngnghipthchintrongsutbnthpninqua.Ktqucanhngthnghimcckttrongquynschny.Nhngktquthnghimsthchthcsuynghcabn,ngthicungcpnhngkinthcuynbcbncthhiuvhnhvicamnhvcanhngngixungquanh.Cihaycaquynschkhngchlhmlngtrithchcthutmcnmangtnhgiitr.cnchngcuicngvgpquynschli,bncscmthyticnuirngtisaomnhkhngbitnhngthngtinnysmhn!

Ninschmkhngcpntcgilmtthiustln.TcgiDanielKahnemanlgiostmlhcthucihcPrinceton.ngcxemlmtnhtmlhcvinhttrnthgiicnsng.nglngigcDoThi,ttnghiptmlhctihcJerusalem(1954),vphcvtrongquniDoThinhmtchuyngiatml.Nm1958ngsangMhcvttnghiptinstmlhcihcCalifornia,Berkeley(1958).CngvingingnghipthnthitlGiosAmosTversky(ihcStanford),ngthchinhnglotthnghimtmlvcnhiuphthinrtquantrngvhnhviconngi.Nhnhngcngtrnhtph,nm2002,ngctraogiithngNobelvkinhtvnhngphtkinvlthuytvincnh(ProspectTheory).GiosTverskykhngmaymnquaivonm1996,nnkhngcduynvigiiNobelmnglrangcngKahnemanchias.CthnikhngngoarngcunschbnangcmtrntaylmtcktnhngnghincungcpNobel.

NgivitbinylmquenvinhngcngtrnhnghincucaKahnemanvTverskytuthpnin2000.Lc,timibtumtdnnghincuvnguycgyxngtheonguynlcnhnhoiutr

(personalizedmedicine).Vnctraltruyntthngtinvnguycnbnhnhnnhthnochiuqunht,vtisaodcnhiuthuciutrlongxngrtchiuquvanton,nhngbnhnhnkhngchudngthuc.NhngthnghimccksngtovlthcaKahnemanvTverskysoisngvcungcpchotirtnhiucutrli.cnhnggKahnemanvit,tithyhnhnhngbitrtnhiuvti!Do,khicunschcnhnh,tivitbiimschtrnThiboKinhtSiGnvothng11nm2012,vnaytirthnhnhgiithiucunschnynbnc.

CunschctalTduynhanhvchm(Thinking,fastandslow).Tuylschdnhchoichng,nhngtrongtcgithutlinhngnghincutmlvxhihccthitkmtcchthngminhvktqulmchobnphisuynghlichnhmnh.Chnghnnhchngtavntngrngconngivnyltr,quytnhcsuytnhcnthn,nhngDanielKahnemanvAmosTverskychngminhtrongcucsnghngngyvcisngkinht,chngtathngquytnhmtcchthiunhtqun,cmtnh,vchquan.Kahnemanchngminhrngchngtathnnhnggchngtatng:lchngtakhngbitnhnggchngtakhngbit!

TrongtcphmTduynhanhvchm,Kahnemanmthaicchthc(hayninghnlhaihthng)mnochngtavnhnh.nggilHthng1vHthng2.Hthng1,cngilcchnghnhanh,tng,thngxuyncsdng,cmtnh,rpkhun,vtimthc.Hthng2,cngilcchnghchm,ihinlc,tcsdng,dnglogic,ctnhton,vthc.Trongmtlotthnghimtml,KahnemanvTverskychngminhrngconngichngtathnginquytnhtheocchnghnhanhhnlnghchm.Phnlnnidungcacunschlchranhngsailmtronghthng1.

Suynghnhanh,theocchnivvoncangiVitchngta,ltrngmtmbthnhdong.Tclmtcchsuynghdavonhngtnhiuskhi,thayvtnhtoncnthnvsuyondavologic.Cthlintngvcchnghnhanhquavivdcth.Khilixegnmynmtngt,chngtackhichcnnhnvonhmtngilixeidinquytnhcbngquanghaykhng.Hoctrcthngtinrngtlmcbnhungthvngnngthncaohnvngthnhth,chngtacthnghngayrngvdchvytvngnngthnkmhnvngthnhth.Nhngnucthngtinchorngtlmcbnhungthvngnngthnthphnvngthnhth,clchngtanghrngcdnnngthnkhngsngtrongmitrngnhimnhcdnthnhth,nncdnnngthncnguyc

ungththphnthnhth.VicngidnditnkhikhuvcSngTranhIIcllmtquytnhtheocchnghnhanh.Chnhcchsuynghnhanhnygipchoconngitntiquahngtriunm,dtrongthctcngsailmrtnhiu.

Nhngsailmtrongcch1cchngminhquahnglotthnghimrtniting.ClthnghimnitingnhtlVnLinda.Trongthnghimny,ccitngthamgianghincuccungcpthngtinvmtphn(hcu)tnlLinda,31tui,cthn,tnhtnhthngthn,rtthngminh,vthicnlsinhvintritihccthnghayquantmnnhngvnkthchngtcvbtbnhngxhi.NhngngithamgianghincuchirngLindal:

(a)mtnhnvinphcvkhchhngngnhng(bankteller);

hay

(b)lmtbanktellervutranhchonquyn(feminist).

Phnln(85%)ngithamgianghincuchncutrli(b)lkhnngcaonht.Nhngcutrliviphmquylutxcsut!KahnemanvTverskygisailmnylnghchllinhp(Conjunctionfallacy).

Trongmtthnghimkhc,KahnemanvTverskytinhnhvimtnhmbcsckinhnghimtrn15nmvmtvnrtnginnhsau.Trongmtcngngc1%nbbnhungth.Ccnhkhoahccmtphngphpxtnghimrtchnhxcphthinungth.Viphngphpnyivinhngngimcbnh,xtnghimschoraktqudngtnh95%;ivinhngngikhngmcbnh,xtnghimschoraktqumtnh80%.Numtphntrongcngngixtnghimvcktqudngtnh,khnngmngiphnmcbnhungthlbaonhiu?iasccbcschorngkhnngmcbnhl90%.Nhngcutrlisai.Sailvbcs(haychngtanichung)lnlngiaxcsutmcbnhnuktqudngtnhvixcsutcktqudngtnhnucnhnmcbnh.Kahnemangiylnghchltsutnn,vhqulnhiubnhnhnbchnonsai,vbcsdngcchsuynghnhanh.

Trongmtthnghimniting,KahnemanvTverskychoccitngchnmttronghaibaoth.Baoththnhtcchcchn200-la;vbaoththhaiihiitngphitungmtngxu,numtspxuthinthc400-la,mtngathkhngcngno.Ktquchothyphn

lnitngthamgianghinculachnbaoththnht(dhailachnnythtracgitrkvngychangnhau)!Ktqunychothychngtathchschcchn.XuhngnydnKahnemanvTverskyphttrinlthuytvincnh,vlmtcngtrnhctraogiiNobelKinhtnm2002.

Mtthnghimcckcochothychngtartdbchiphibiconsln.itngnghincucacho2lachn:(a)viphuthutA,90%sngst;(b)viphuthutB,10%tvong.PhnlnitngchnphuthutA.Mtthnghimtngt,mtheomtnhmitngcchobitrngxcsutmhmcbnhl1trn10,mtnhmkhccchobitxcsutmcbnhl100trn1000.Ktquchothynhmthhaicxuhngchpnhniutrhnnhmthnht,dnguycmcbnhcahainhmychangnhau!KahnemanvTverskygilhiungkhung(framingeffect).

Chngtathngnhgivnquavicthamkhokinhnghimnibtvothiimgnnht,chkhngphixemxtntonbqutrnhtheothigian.VitnytichtnhnmtnhnxtcaNhcscHuyrngngicascthbtubihtkhngt,nhngkhioncuibihtcdintthnhcngthkhngisxemlmttrnhdinthnhcng.Kahnemanxemylimmchngtartgingchut.

Numtnhkhoahcrtgiivmtlnhvcno(nhctraogiiNobelyhc),ngitathngginhrngnhkhoahccngamhiuttcnhngvnkhc,dbnthnnhkhoahckhngnghvy.iunygiithchtisaokhicntranhthvnngmtvnxhino,ngitathngtmnnhngngisaoinnh,khoahc,ththao,...Kahnemangilhiunghoquang(haloeffect)cnglmtcchsuynghtheohthng1.

CunschhaycngtrnhnghincucaKahnemancnhiunghachoccnhhochnhchnhsch.Bihclkhirachnhschhaynhngquynhcnhhngnnhiungitrongcngng,cnphivndngchngcmtcchcnthn,chkhngnncmtnhvbngbt(theohthngsuynghnhanh)vddnnsailm.Chngtacnnhvcmbunbnmmtmchvnimtinrngnhiubnhnhnttngnmmtmtrc,vktlunrngmmtmlnguynnhngydcht.Cthxemlmtsuynghtheohthng1.

Khngchcnghachoccnhhochnhchnhsch,cunschcnc

chchonhngngihnhphp.nghatnhnghiungLinda,hiungkhung,nghchltsutnn,...lkhngthvkhngnntrngmtmbthnhdong,haychdavotnhiubngoiminktnhaykthmtcnhn.Ctrnghpngitalgiirng60%nhngcatiphmthiuninxutphttnhnggianhlydhayv,vinktlunrnglydlmtnguynnhnhayngungccatiphmthiunin.Nhngktlunkhnglogicvrtcthsai.cnglmtngubinrtphbin(prosecutorfallacy).Ngybinxyralvngitalisuyngh,vvlibingsuynghnnngitachsdnghthng1(mkhngsdnghthng2).

Ngynay,ranhsch,chngtaddngthykhnhiuschvhnhviconngi.Nhiuschhayvinhngvdrtsngngkmtheonhngthnghimcxemltinphong,rilgiiithayichnhsch,lutphp,vcchkinhdoanh.NhngcunTduynhanhvchmthkhc,vylcunschchtptrungvokhoahc,vinhngtringhimcnhncatcgi.Mctiucacunsch,nhKahnemanvit,llmgiungvngchomingikhiinmtquytnhtrongcucsng.TcgicnvitrngngkvngcunschsgipchchocgitrongnhngcuchuynphimvtraoihaynitheoNguynDulmuavuicngcmtvitrngcanh.Tinghtcgivtramctiukhimtn.ylcunschmbtkaiccngsthyhohngngaytchngu,vktthcvissngkhoi,lmchochngtahiuvchnhmnhnhiuhn.Mtcunschnhthnnccmttrngischcanhngaiquantmnhnhvivkinht.

Xintrntrnggiithiu!

Mu

Tichorngbtktcgino,khivitmtcunschuhnhdungsn

trongunhnglichmcgislnhhicsaukhicn.Viti,lichcaviccschcnddihnhnhchicbnungnccttrongccvnphng-nimingithngngitraoikin,haytruyntainhaunhngcuchuynphim.Tihyvng,cunschnyslmgiuvnngvngchocgimikhiinmtviquytnhnhanhtrongcucsngnh:Khichngtabnvnhngphnonvlachncangikhc,hocnhngchnhschmicacngty,haynhngquytnhutcamtngnghip.Tisaochngtaliquantmnnhngcuchuynphim?Biktihaynixungikhcbaogicngddngvthchthhnltnhnralilmcachnhmnh.Ngayctrongnhngiukinthunlinht,tcuhiivinhnggtahngtintngvhammunlvcngkhkhnnhngmaymnlchngtacthtipthucnhngkintngikhc.Rtnhiungitrongschngta,tnhinontrccphnngvdoncabnb,ngnghipvcclachncamnh;vvygitrvnidungcanhngcuchuynphimlitrthnhnhngchnngxoayquanhchicbnungnc.Nhngcuchuynphimhuchlngcthcyconngitatphbnhvnhnnhnbnthnmtcchnghimtchn,ikhilichmnhngcuchuynphimnymanglicnctcdnghncbnkhochnhgihngnmcamichngta.

Muntrthnhmtbcsgiithngithythucphihiurrtnhiuloibnhvinhngtriuchngkmtheotrcvsaukhiphtbnh,cngnhphiphnoncnguynnhnvhuqucabnh,thmchctharacphciutrchobnh.Hcnghthucihingithythucphihccthutngcaykhoa.Cnghiusuvccphnonvlachnscngihichngtaphisdngvntvngphongphhnsovingnngthngngy.Mttchcccanhngcuchuynphimlngipchngtanhnbitcnhngsailmmconngithngmcphi.Chngchnhlnhnglisaihthngvclpilplimtcchcchchtrongmtshoncnhnhtnh.Vd,khimtdingiintraivttinbclnsnkhu,bncthdoncrngkhngisdnhchobidinthuytcaanhtanhiucmtnhhnsovitinngdinthuytcaanhta.KhnngchnonnhngsailchnycngilHiu

nghoquangvnhcHiunghoquang,nhngbnlunvnhngtraoixungquanhcuchuynphimcachngtastrnndon,dnhnravdhiuhn.

Nucaihibnangnghg,bnstrliccuhimtcchddng.Bntinrngbnbitctrnocamnhcvnhnhbngmtnghcho,tuntdndtbnitsuynghnysangsuynghkhc.Tuynhin,khngphilcchhotngduynht,cngkhngphilcchhotnginhnhcatrno.Huhtmintngvsuynghcabnthngdinratrongtrnotheocchmbnkhngsaobitc.Bnkhngthlgiicvsaobnlitinltrnmtbncmtchicn,hoclmsaobnlicmthygingnicangibnitrninthoicthongchthnghen,hocxoayxthnobncthtrnhmttainntrnngikhinchathcsxyramchbnglinhcmcabn.Rtnhiunhngquytnhchnhthnhmtcchlnglbntronguccabnvkhitrccabnhotngssinhranhngcmxcvnhngtrcgic.

Cunschnybnrtnhiuvssailchcatrcgictrongtrccaconngi.Tuyvy,tptrungvossailchkhngnhmmcchbinhnhnthccaloingi,gingnhccnghincuyhc,squantmnghincucccnbnhkhngnmngoimcchmanglisckhetthncholoingi.Thngthnghuhtchngtaukhemnhvhuhtnhngphnonvhnhngcachngtaungn.Chngtalmchcucsngcamnh,nntthnchngtatuntheonhngntngvcmxccacnhnvttinrngnimtinbnnng,cngnhsthchcabnthnthnglngn.Nhngkhnghnth,chngtavnttinngayckhimcsailmvthngnhngngikhcdphthinrasailmhnlbnthnchngta.

Nhngphthinnychnhlmcchcatikhicpticuchuynphimtrn,nhmnngcaokhnngnhnthccabnthnkhiaraccdonvlachncangikhcbngviccungcpmtthngnngphongphhn,chnhxchnkhitholun.Bivtnhttrongmtvitrnghp,mtchnonchnhxcctharamtgiiphpgimthiuthithidonhngphnonvlachnsailmcachngtagyra.

NGUNGC

Cunschnytrnhbynhnghiubitcativsphnonvraquytnh,vnlnhnglnhvccccnhtmlhcnghincusutrong

vithpktrliy.Tuynhin,tibtutheouitngnghincunyvomtngymaymncanm1969,khitimiAmos-mtngnghipcatinnichuynbuitholun,tikhoaTmlhccatrngihcHebrewJerusalem-nitidyhckhi.AmosTverskykhiycnhgilngisaominichuynnghincuvvicraquytnh,mthcratinghngylngisaotrongmilnhvcnghincumngthamgiathnghn,vthtihnhdungchngtiscmtbuinichuynrtthv.NhiungibitAmosunghnglngithngminhnhtmhtnggp.ngxutsc,linhhotvcunht.ngcbantngmttrnhtuytvi,cngvicchnichuynhihcvkhnngsdngchngmtcchnhunnhuyn;skhngbaogicmthybunchnkhicAmosbncnh.VothiimnyAmosmi32tui,cnti35tui.

BigingcaAmoshmtrnhbyvmtchngtrnhnghincuangctinhnhihcMichigan,nhmtrlichocuhi:Conngicphilnhngnhthngktrcquantiba?Nhccbnbity,chngtavnulnhngnhngnnghctnhin:Mtatrbntuikhngcncgngcngcthtthitlpcnhngcutrcngphpkhini,mcdchngchngcnimgvstnticanhngcutrcngphpyc.Liuconngicbnnngtrcgictngtivinhngnguyntccbncaccphptnhthngk?Amostrlirng,chcchnconngickhnng.Saubuihithony,chngtiktlunlikhngccutrlinohplhncutrlitrn,rngconngickhnnglmphptnhthngk.

Amosvtiuhngthvibuitholunvktlunrngthngktrcquanlmtchhpdnvrttuytnuchaicngtiptcnghincu.ThSucatuny,chngtintratiqunCafeRimon-nigpgyuthchcagiinghsvccgiosJerusalem.Tiychngtilnkhochnghincuvkhnngthngktrcquancamtsnhnghincuthcnghiminhnh.Ktluntronglntholuntrc(tibuitholunihcHebrew)chbngtrcgiccachngtithilcha.Chodcnhiunmkinhnghimnghincuvlmvicviccsliu,chngtivnchaccnhycmbnnngaraphnonchunxcchonhngktquthngkcquanstdatrnnhmmuqunh.Vncnrtnhiunhngsailchtrongnhngnhnnhchquancachngti.Khimchngtiquhohngtintngvoccktqunghincudatrnnhngchngckhngyvqucaohotngthuthpdliudatrnnhngquanstcanhngnhmmuqunh.Mctiucanghincunylkimchngxemliunhngnhnghincukhcc

chungnhngsuynghnhchngtikhng?

Chngtichunbmtcuciutratrongphcthobkhungchonhngvnthngxuthintrongccnghincu.AmosithuthpcccutrlicamtnhmchuyngiatrongmtcuchpcaHiphiTmlTonhc,trongcchainhvitschgiokhoathngk.ngnhmongi,chngtiphthinrarngnhngchuyngianycngnhchngti,phngiqumcxcsutngccktqugccamtthnghimchdatrnlngmuqunh,mngayckhinhnlnnhiulnktquycngkhngthayi.Ccnhkhoahcnycngkhuynconsinhvincnphiphntchmctithiulngmucquansttrongthnghim,bivngaycnhngchuyngiacangnhThngkhccngkhngphilnhngnhthngktrcquantiba.

Trongkhivitbocovphthinny,cAmosvtiucmnhnlthtthvkhiclmviccngnhau.Amoslunhihcvnhscmtcang,ticngtrnnvuitnhhn,vthchngticnhiuthigianlmvicnghimtctrongbukhngkhvuinhn.Chnhnimvuimchngtitmthytrongvichptckhinchaitrnnkinnhnhn;bncngvy-sddngttontmvocngvichnkhikhngbaogicmthybunchn.Cngcth,iuquantrngnhtlchngtikhmphravkhbmt,chnhltnhcchcachaihtrrtttchonhautrongcngvic.CAmosvticnglnhngngivcnghiuthngvhayll,thmchngycnccoanhnctinhngtrongsutnhngnmcngtc,chabaoginginybcbbtckinnocangikia.Thcvy,mttrongnhngnimhnhphcnhtmticckhilmviccngAmos,lnhnggchngtithuctrthnhtisnquginhtmchaicngtchluc.

Nghincucachngtididngnhngcucithoi,trongchngtitoranhngcuhivcngnhaukimchngchngbngnhngcutrlidatrntrcgic.Micuhilmtthnghimnhvmingychngtithchinrtnhiuthnghimnhth.Chngtikhngthcsitmpnngchonhngcuhithngkmmnhtra.Mctiucachngtilnhndngvphntchcccutrlibngtrcgic-pntcthtrongu,nhngpnnysinhngaylptc,ngayckhichngtibitlmtpnsai.Chngtitintngtuytirngmtkhicbtcpntrcgicnobtratrongtrnocachaichngti,thhnlcngscrtnhiungikhccchungnhngsuynghvtktlunny,sddngchranhngnhhngcatrcgiclnccphnoncachngtanhthno.

Mtln,chngtivcnghnhphckhinhnrarng,chaicngcnhngsuynghngcnghchlinquannnghnghiptnglaicanhngembmchaicngbit,nhlchaicngnhnramtlutsbatuihayllun,hocmtgiosmtsch,haymtnhtmlhccmthngvdudng.Ttnhin,nhngtinonnyrtngngnnhngchngtivnthychngththpdn.Rrngtrcgiccachngtabdndtbitphpnhngkhunmuvmtnghnghipnhtnhno.Bitpthvnygipchngtiphttrinmtgithuytvvaitrcastngngtrongccdonmithcnghimmchngtitinhnh.Chngtiquytnhkimtravthnghimgithuytybngcchchianhgithuytythnhhngtnhngthnghimnh,sauylmtvd:

GithuytlcubSteveclachnngunhintrongsnhngmuthnghim:

Cubcmtngihngxmmtnhsau:Stevertbnlnvkhpkn,snlnggipngikhcnhngkhngmyquantmtimingihaythgiixungquanh.VysaunyStevestrthnhmtanhththhaymtanhnngdn?

NhngcimtngngtrongtnhcchcaStevekhinmingilptcnghrngcuslmnghthth,donnykhnghdatrnsliuthngkthct.baogibnquantmktquthngkthcttrntonncMltlnhngnginngdnlnamgiinhiugp20lnsovitlnhngnginamgiilmnghthth?Vbivsngilmnngdnnhiuhnrtnhiusngilmthth,nnchcchnnhngnginhumvgnghngitrongxekocmphngvdtrnsnhiuhnsngingisaubnthth.Tuyvy,chngtinhnthynhngngithamgiathnghimuphtlccconsthngkthctvlthuchontonvoccyuttngngtrongccdon.Chngtiaragithuytlhbinstngngthnhmtsuynghimnginha(ningngnlsuyondatheokinhnghim)khiaramtphnonkhkhnnhmchraccdoncah.Vicphthucvokinhnghimcnhnchnhlnguynnhntoranhngsailchcthontrc(nhnglisaihthng)trongccphngoncah.

Trongmtlnkhc,Amosvtitvnvtllyhngiaccgingvintrongtrngihccachngti.Khitracuhinychngtibtursottrongtrnhvnhnggingvinlyhnmmnhbithocngheniti,tdonxemslngnyclnkhng.Chngtigisphthucvokhnngrsotcatrnhlmtsuynghimthct.mt

snghincukhc,chngtingithamgiatrlimtcuhinginvtvngtrongmtonngvnAnhinhnhnhsau:

HynghvchciK.

ChciKthngxuthinvtrutinHAYvtrthbatrongmtt?

BtcnginohaychitrspchScrabbleubit,tmmttbtubngmtchcibaogicngdhntmmttcmtchcinmvtrthba.iunyngvimichtrongbngchci.Tchngtachorngcccutrlisphngimcthngxuynxuthincaccchcivtrutin,thmchcvinhngchci(nhK,L,N,R,V)trongkhitrnthct,thnhngchciylixuthinvitnsutcaohnvtrthba.Mtlnna,phthucvosuynghimlisinhranhngsailchcthonctrongccdbo.Vd,gnytibngnghingiumlunayvninhninh,ylhintngngoitnhccchnhtrgiaphbinhnsovihintngngoitnhcabcshayluts.Thmchticnaranhnglgiichothctny,trongphntchcccyutnhammquynlcvcmbycacucsngxagianhlnguynnhndnnhintngngoitnhny.Cuicngtilinhnrarngchngquavgiitruynthngthchsoimivocccuctnhvngtrmcanhngchnhtrgianhiuhnsovinhngcuctnhvngtrmcanhngngilmnghlutshaybcs.Rtcthntngtrcgiccatihontonphthucvotimccnhbolachnkhaithcvinnhngsuynghimcnhnvhintnglyhnny.

Amosvtidnhnhiunmnghincuvthuthptiliuvnhngsailchtrongtduytrcgic,vicngviccthnhldtrkhnngchoccskin,tinontnglaivtraccgithuytvclngtnsut.nnmthnmhptc,chngtitrnhbynhngphthinchnhcamnhtrntpchKhoahc,mtnphmdnhchocchcgirtnhiungnhkhoahc.BiboctnlPhnondisthiuchcchn:SuynghimvSailch.Nmtnhngngttrtgncatduytrcgicvgiithchkhongchng20ssailchlnhngcchthhincasuynghim,ngthilnhngminhchngchothyvaitrcanhngsuynghimtrongccdon.

Ccsgiacngthngxuynghinhnrngbtcthiimno,trongbtcngnhno,cchcgicngcxuhngaranhngphngonvitngtrongccnghincucamnh.Ccnhkhoahcxhicngkhngphilngoil,hdavobntnhtnhincaloingilm

cschohuhtnhngcuctranhlunvcchnhvingxcbitcaconnginhngrthimkhitcuhitrlichoccphnonny.Ccnhkhoahcxhitrongnhngnm1970hunhcngnhnhaitngvbntnhconngi.Thnht,lconngiltrvtduycahlnhngntngvtinhthnrtthngthng.Thhai,ccxccmnhshi,nhnivthhnxuthinhuhtkhiconngikhngkimsotcltr(haycngilconngiduyltr).Bibocachngtingmthchthcchaigithuytymkhngtranhluntrctipvochng.Chngtithuthpnhnglisaihthngtrongtduycaconngivdatrnduvtcanhnglisaihthngyphcthoracchvnhnhcanhnthcmkhngnthunchlichocmxc.

Bibocachngtithuhtcschhnsovikvngbanuvnginvnlmttrongnhngtkhacnhcnnhiunhttrongngnhkhoahcxhi(hn200bibohcthutdngbibothamchiutrongnm2010).Ccnhnghincutrongnhnglnhvckhccngnhnthybibohuch,ngthicctngvsuynghimvsailchcpdngtrongrtnhiulnhvcnghincukhcnhau,trongcchnonyhc,trithc,tichnh,thngkvchinlcchintranh.

Vd,ccsinhvinchuynngnhChnhschnhnrarngchnhnhdatrnssuynghimgiithchvsaomtsvnthuhtcschcacngchngnhiuhnsovimtsvnkhc.Conngicxuhngchtmvonhngvnquantrngmhddngtruycptrongtrnhcamnhhnlnhngvnkhkhnphctp.iunycngckimnhlngnthngquavicquanstnhngtrangnhtccbothngccngchngghinhnhanhhn.Nhngchcccphngtintruynthngcbitquantmphnnh,nsuvoucchngta,khinnhngchkhcdbchngtalngqun.Ngcli,nhngggiitruynthnglachnatinliphnnhquanimcahsaochophhpvinhngghinhutronguccacngchng.Khngphingunhinmccthchctiptivitdotruynthng(thngtinkhngcphnnhtrungthcmbbpmo,nhhngtheochtrngchnhschcachcti).Vcngchngrtdbthuhtbinhngtintcgitgn,nhngskingiitrvthngtinlinquannnginiting,truynthngntheonhngskinnhvycnglchuyndhiu.Vd,vitunsaukhiMichaelJacksonquai,nhngknhtruynhnhatinvccchkhcngoithngtinvMichaelJacksonqulrtt.Truynthngcprttnhngvnthityutrongcucsngnhngnhngtintcnycngctruyntikmhpdn,nhlcungcp

nhngchitittkchtnh,tchinhngchunmcgiodchaychiqunhiutinchothucmenvonhngnmcuii.(Khivitnhvy,tiphighichthmlnhngvdvnhngtitcatincngvncdndtbinhngthngtincsn.Nhngchkhngctichnlmvdcngvncgiitruynthngcpthngxuyn,nghalscncnhngvnquantrngkhcnanhngkhnghxuthintronguccati.)

Chngtikhnghontonnhnthcciunynhngcmtldolmtchititphtrongcngviccachngtikhinchsuynghimvsailchhpdnhnbncnhccyuttml:Chngtithngnhtonbbibovinhngbngcuhimchngtittrachobnthn,cngnhnhngngithamgiathnghimcngtrli.Nhngcuhinynhmmcchchngminhchocgithynhngsuynghcahbnhhngbinhngsailchcanhnthcnhthno.TihyvngbncngcctringhimtngtkhiccccuhivththSteve,mcchlgipbnnhgiyscmnhcastngng,nhlmtumimbnthychngtaddngbquanhngdliuthngkthctyvchngcmilinquanvinhaunhthno.

Vicsdngcclunchngcungcpchocchcginhiuchuynngnh,cbitlccnhtrithcvkinhthc,lmtchihimctptrungchncclisaicthxyratrongdngchytduycachnhmnh.Khichngkinsthtbicabnthn,ccnhkhoahccngtrnnthathitvicuhicanhnggithuytvonvnhnthccaconngi,cbitltrongthikmtmlconngiccholltrvlogic.Lachnphngphpquytnhvic:Nuchngtiaranhngktquchdatrnccthnghimthngthng,biboskmtincyvtcnhti.Hnthna,nhngcgikhtnhcthnhnraktquthuthptrongthnghimthngthngnykhngphnnhngconngih,bihchorngnhnglisaitrongdonythucvnhngngichcvntrungbnhvnlnhngitngphbincngnhTmlhcquantmnghincu.Ttnhin,chngtikhngchncclunchngnmngoitiuchunchungcathnghimmchncclunchngcutinhntrongccthnghimcamnh,bivchngtikvngnghincunysnhhngnccctritgiahayccnhkinhthc.Vchngtimaymnlachnphngphpny,cngnhmaymnnhiuvnkhcnatrongsutqutrnhthchinnghincuny.Mtchthngxuynxuthintrongcunschnylsmaymnngvaitrrtlntrongmicuchuynthnhcngcamichngta;ngitacththngxuynvddngnhndinmtsthayinh

trongtonbcuchuyn,cthtrthnhmttrongnhngnglcchomtthayilnhn.Cuchuyncachngticngkhngnmngoingoilthngthng.

Phnhiivinghincucachngtikhngchtonlnhngnhgitchcc,cbitphntptrungvossailchbchtrchlaraccquanimrttiuccvkhngcngbng.ngnhmongicachngti,trongccngnhkhoahcthngthng,mtvinhnghincunhgicaotngcachngtinhngcngcngiliaranhnggiiphpnhmthaythtng.Tuyvy,iuthnhcngnhtlnhnchungmingichpnhntngchorngtrnocaconngicthmcphinhnglisaihthng.Nghincucachngtivsdonctcngngiikhoahchnnhiusovimongibanu.

Ngaysaukhihonthnhnghincutngquanvssailch,chngtilptcchuynsquantmcamnhnnghincuvvicraquytnhtrongnhngiukinkhngchcchn.MctiucachngtilphttrinmthcthuytTmlhc,trongnghincuxemconngiaranhngquytnhnhthno.Bncthhnhdungvlthuytythngquamttrchinginsau:Vd,bncngnhcctungngxu,nutungcmts,bnthngvginhc130-la,cnnuramtngi,bnthuavmt100-la?Nhnglachncbnnhthtlucsdngkimchngchonhngcuhibaoquthnvvicraquytnh,vdmilinhtngikhiconngiquytnhthamgiavonhngvicmhchcchnmangliktquttnhngcuicngktqulikhngttnhmongicah.Phngphpcachngtikhngthayi:chngtidnhnhiungyxemxttnhhunglachnvkimnghimxemtrcgiccachngtacnhhngnhthnoivislachnlogic.Mtlnna,nhtrongmtdon,chngtinnhngsailchhthngtrongccquytnhcacnhn,ccthamchiutrcgichnhthnhnnnhngnguyntcthityutrongcclachnltr.5nmsaukhibibocngtitrntpchKhoahc,chngtixutbncunLthuytvincnh.ylcunschphntchvquytnhtrongnguyc,mthcthuytvchnlatrongtnhnccyutnhhnghnnnghincucachngtivdbovnlmttrongnhngnghinculmnnmngchoshnhthnhvphttrincakinhthchnhvisauny.

Ngayckhichngtigpcntrvkhongcchal,Amosvtivncngnhautnhngnimhnhphctuytvicchiasnhngsuynghcngnhauvnimhnhphccngsmaymnkhicctmiquanh

bnghu,gipchngtilmvicvuivvhiuquhn.ShptccachngtitrongqutrnhnghincuvdbovraquytnhmanglichotigiiNobelvonm2002,nglAmoscngscngtichiasnimhnhphccbclnbcnhngiiNobelnynungkhngquaitui59,vonm1996.

CHNGTAANGU?

CunschnykhngnhmmcchtrnhbynhngnghincucativAmos,vnnycrtnhiutcgicpntrongrtnhiunmqua.Mctiuchnhcatikhivitcunschnynhmgiithiuncgimtgcnhnvcchthchotngcatrno,mcchnhnnynhdunhngphttringnycanghincuvnhnthcvtmlxhi.Chnglmttrongsnhngphttrinquantrng,hnnalgiychngtahiucskdiucngnhnhngsailmtrongcchvnhnhcatduytrcgiccachngta.

Amosvtikhngcnhnhmthngtinhngtrcgicthngchiunhlnhngphngonsuynghimkhhuchnhngikhicngdnnnhnglisainghimtrngvlisaihthng.Chngtitptrungvonghincunhngsailch,utinlvchaicngnhnthytthnnhngsailchnylmttinghincurthpdnvbivhinnhinchngcungcpbngchngchonhngphngonsuynghim.Chngtithirng,liumiphngontrcgictrongnhngtnhhungkhngrrngucsinhranhnhngsuynghimmchngtinghincuhaykhng;githticthktlunlkhng.cbit,chngtacthgiithchvicccchuyngiactrcgicchnhxcmtcchhplhn,lktqucavicchngcthchnhnhiuln,chkhngphilnhvokhnngsuynghimcaccchuyngiany.Giychngtacthphctholnmtbctranhvcctnhhungphongphhn,cnbnghn,trong,mtsknngvsuynghimlngunlcthaythchoccphnonvlachndatrntrcgic.

NhtmlhcGaryKleinkcuchuynvmticuhatronglngiicumtnginhbchygianbp.Ngaykhibtulpvinc,bngnhinngichhuydngnhnghethymttingnivanglntbntrong:Rtkhiy,mau!Tonbsnnhdichngnnhspxungngaykhiicuhavartkhicnnh.Ttcchdatrnthctlkhivacmttihintrng,ngiitrngbngcmnhncsimnglthngcangnlavcmthytaicamnhphichuscnngbtthng.Cnglc,ttcnhngcmnhnytothnhmtntngmng

gilgicquanthsuivisnguyhim.ngkhngbitcthchnglg,mchbitchcchnrngciugbtnspxyra.Saunyngitamibitctmcangnlakhngnmgianbpmnmngaytnghmbndichicuhong.

Hnchngtacngtngnghenhngchuyntngtnhvyvtrcgiccaccchuyngia,nhl:Mtcaothcamncvuacthchcningangqua,licmtvomtbnctrnngphlcthtuynbquntrng,3nc,chiutngmkhngcnngli,hocmtbcschcnlicmtnhnbnhnhnlctharanhngchnonphctpcamtcnbnh.ivichngta,trcgicchunxccaccchuyngialmtkhnngkdiu,nhngthctkhngphinhvy.Michngtacngcthcctrcgicchnhxcnhthnhluyntpmingy.Trongmtstnhhung,huhtchngtauddngnhnthysnguyhimngaytlnutinnghetingcakctronginthoi,hayddngnhnratachnhlnhnvtchnhcacuchuynphimngaykhibcchnvomtcnphng,vckhnngphnngtcthivinhngduhiunguyhimtimnrttinhtkhinhnthygtixlnxebncnh.Khnngtrcgiccachngtacngkhnghkmtinhanhsovitrcgiccamtanhlnhcuhakcuhaycamtbcsnhiunmkinhnghim,mdohcluyntpthngxuynhnchngtamthi.

Yuttmlcatrcgicchunxccngkhngphilmtphpmubn.ClcchlgiingngnnhtcHerbertSimonvi,mtkthcaocnggiithchrngsauhngngngiluyntpkhinchocckthcckhnngnhntngvungtrnbnckhchnsovikhnngcamichngta.BncthcmthySimonennnngkhiphntchyutthnthoicatrcgicchuyngiakhingvit:Chnhhoncnhlimmucht,ngipcccaothxmnhpcvokholutrthngtintrongbnhvnhngthngtinnycungcpcutrli.Trcgicchnhlsnhnthc,khnghn,khngkm.

Chngtacngkhngngcnhinkhimtatrhaituinhnmtconchvni:Chi!bivchngtaququenvikhnnghchikdiucatremkhinhndinvttnchoccsvt.QuanimcaSimonvnhngiukdiutrongtrcgicchuyngiacngtngtnhvy.Nhngtrcgicchunxcphttrinkhiccchuyngiahcccchnhndinnhngyutquenthuctrongmthoncnhmivxltheonhngcchphhpvin.NhngphnontrcgicchunxccnglptcxuthintrongucconnginhhintngniChi!caembhaituivy.

ngticlkhngphimitrcgicnghnghipucccchuyngiathts.Cchynhiunm,tigpmtgimcutcamtcngtytichnhln,ngnivitirngngmiutvichctriu-lavocphiucahngtFord.Khitihivsaongliaraquytnhutny,ngtrlilgnyngcthamdmtbuitrnhdintcahngxeny,ngrtthchvrtntngvibuitrnhdin.Cu,hqulnhngtaybitlmxehiy!lligiithchcang.ngtinvocmgiccamnhvnghontonhilngvicmgiccngnhvicquytnhmuacphiucabnthn.Tinhnramtiulngtahunhkhnghquantmtimtcuhimnglmtgimctichnhnhngphihi:LiucphiucahngxeFordhinthicbnhgithphnsovigitrthctcankhng?Ngcli,ngchnghetheotrcgiccamnh,ngthchxehi,ngthchcngtynyvngthchtngshucphiucan.Vinhnghiubitcachngtavthtrngcphiu,thcthtinrngnhutnykhngbitmnhanglmg.

NhngsuynghimcbitmAmosvtinghincucthlgiictnhiuldovsaonhutkialiquytnhutvocphiucahngxeFord,nhngvihiubitvnhnthcrnghnvsuynghimthgiychngtacthgiithchhplchovd.Mtbctinquantrnglgiytahiurarng:Cmxccnhhngrnttrongmiphnonvlachncatrcgiccamichngta,giychngtachiubitvtrcgichntrckiartnhiu.Quytnhcaccchuyngiangynaycthmtnhmtvdinhnhvhiungsuynghim,nhngphngonvquytnhcdndttrctipbicmgicthchhaykhngthch,virttcnnhcvll.

Khiimtvimtvn,dchlimtncchayquytnhutvocphiu,thbmytduytrcgicvnchyhttclccan.Numtngicnhngkinhnghimphhp,snhnnhctnhhnhvckhnngaraccgiiphptrcgicchunxcrtcao.chnhxclnhnggdinra,khimtkthnhnvomtbncrirm:Nhngncclptcxmchimlyanhta.Khicuhitrakhhnvmtgiiphpkhthikhngxuthin,trcgiclcnyvncnlmttngmh.Cutrlicthxuthinnhanhchngtrongunhngkhngphilcutrlichocuhigc-cuhimvchuyngiaphiimt(liuticnnutvocphiucaFord?)qukhnhngcutrlichomtcuhidhnvclinquan(liuticthchxeFordkhng?)xuthinrrttronguvdnnquytnhlachncang.ychnhlimctyucasuynghimtrcgic:Khiimtvimtcuhikh,thayvtr

litrctipvocuhi,chngtalithngtrlivocuhidhnvthnglchngtakhngnhnrashoniny.

ikhibnkhngthlptctmramtgiiphptrcgicno,ngaycgiiphpcachuyngialnpnsuynghimukhngxuthin.Trongnhngtrnghpny,chngtasnhnthybnthntduycachngtaschuynquamtdngthctduychmrihn,chnhxchnvihinhiunlchn.chnhlcchtduychmmticpntiucacunschny.Tduynhanhlibaogmhaidngthcltduytrcgiccaccchuyngiavsuynghimtrcgicnthun,cngnhtonbhotngtrnotnganhnthcvobnh,nhnghotngchophpbnnhnthcrngcmtchicntrnmtbnhaynhratnthcancNga.

Skhcbitgiatduynhanhvtduychmcccnhtmlhckhmphthn25nmqua.Tisgiithchyhntrongchngsau,timthotngtrnobnghnhnhndcahainhnt,cgilHthng1vHthng2,trongmihthngidinchomtqutrnhltduynhanhvtduychm.Tinhcnccyutnynhlntctrngcanhnthccmtnhvnhnthcltnh,cngnhlnhngcimvthinhngtduycahaitnhcchtrongbnocachngta.Nhntngthbctranhnghincutrongthigiangny,Hthng1nhhngtichngtanhiuhnsovitringhimcachngtavltcnhnbncartnhiulachnvphngonmbnara.CunschnydnhphnlnnghincuvcchthchotngcaHthng1vsnhhngqualigianviHthng2.

Chuyngtiptheo

Cunschcchiathnhnmphn.Phn1giithiunhngyutcbncacchtipcnhaihthng,khiaraccphngonvcclachn.NmtchititskhcbitgiavictchctngcaHthng1vvictchcckimsotcaHthng2,ngthichothybnhlinkt,Hthng1lintcdindchxemchuyngangdinratrongthgiicachngta,tibtcthiimno.Tisnlcchngminhchothysphctpvphongphcaqutrnhhotngtngvthnglvthcnmnsutrongtduytrcgiccamichngta.Vqutrnhtngnygiithchchonhngphnonsuynghimcdinranhthno.Mcchcatilgiithiumtthngnngcatduyvtingnicatrcnbnc.

Phn2cpnhtnhngnghincuvnhngphnonsuynghimvkhmphmtvncbnl:Tisaoconngilikhkhntduydatrnnhnghinthcthngk?Chngtaddngtduylintng,tduynd,haytduynguynnhnhqunhngchngtalithykhkhntduydatrnhinthcthngk,bistduynyihibnocachngtaphitduyvrtnhiuthxyracngmtlc,chnhliumHthng1khngcthitkmnhim.

NhngimkhcatduydatrnhinthcthngklchchnhcaPhn3,trongmtnhnggiihncaucchngtanh:Nimtinthiquvonhnggchngtatinlmnhhiubitvhinnhinchnhlsbtlccachngtatrongvicnhnrasvtricachnhmnhcpcaonhtcaqutrnhnhnthc,vsthiuchcchncathgiimchngtaangsng.Chngtaddinhgiqucaoshiubitcamnhvthgii,bncnhlinhgiquthpvaitrcaccchitrongmiskindinrahngngy.ychnhlsttinthiqucchnhotnggitrvsnhnthcmunnuinng.QuanimcativchnybnhhngbiNassimTaleb,tcgicahcthuytTheBlackSwan(Thinngaen).Tihyvngnhngcuchuynphimbnbnungncvnphngmrachochngtanhngbihchuchmmingicthhctptqukhtrongkhicngliviscquynrcanhnthcmunvotngvgitr.

Phn4tptrungvotraoigiaccnguyntccangnhKinhthcvbnchtcavicraquytnhviginhccnhntkinhthclltr.Phnnycacunschtitrnhbymtgcnhnhinnayvnhngkhinimchnhtronghcthuytvincnhchnhthnhbimtmhnhhaihthng,mtmhnhcaslachnmAmosvtixutbnnm1979.Ccchngtiptheochramtvilachnsailchcaconngisoviccnguyntcchungcatduyphiduyl.Tirtkhkhncthtchbitccvncanguyntctduyphiduyl,ikmvicchqu,niccquytnhcaradatrnnhngyutbthpl.Nhngquanstnhvy,hontoncthcgiithchbngHthng1,trthnhmtthchthclniviginhccyutchuntrongKinhthcultrvnrtcachung.

Phn5mtccnghincugnymtrongnghincuchngtigiithiunbncskhcbitgiahaiciti,mtcitikinhnghimvmtcitighinh,chaicnhngmiquantmring.Vd,chngtacththyconngichaikiutringhimkhngmydchu.Mtstringhimcachngtadinratrongmtthigiandi,dochcchnnl

tringhimthihnnhngtringhimcnli.Nhngchcnngtngcabnh-mttnhnngcaHthng1-cnhngnguyntc,mchngtacthlidngsaochonhngkcthncghinhtthn.Sauny,khiconngilachnnhnghicnhli,mtcchtnhin,hscdndtbisghinhbnthnvnhvo(citikinhnghim)ginnhngkckhngcnthit.Sphnbitgiahaiciticngdngkimnghimhnhvi,chngtalimtlnnanhnthycigkhinchocitikinhnghimhnhphchorakhnghontonlcilmthomnchocitighinh.Lmthnohaicitinytrongcngmtcth,cththeouihnhphclmtcuhikhtrliiviccnhnvcxhi,tronghnhxngncaiasmingitrthnhmtchunmcchungcquycvcngnhnlcchxskhchquan,ashnhxngnslthamchiuchungnhgihnhngcatngcnhnringl.

Chngktlunphthinraccngdngcabanlckhcnhautrongcunschlgii:Giacitikinhnghimvcitighinh,giakhinimvccnhnttrongngnhKinhthccinvKinhthchnhvi(csvaymntngnhTmlhc)vgiaHthngtng1vHthngnlc2.Titrlivnvcuchuynphimxoayquaybnungnctrongmttchc,cnhhngvmrabihctchcnycthcithinckhnngphnoncngnharaquytnhchotchcmnh.

PHNI.HAIHTHNG

Chng1.Nhngnttnhcch

cthkhmphtrccabnkhinvnhnhchtngrasao,

xinmilicmtnhnxungbchnhdiy.

Kinhnghimcabnkhinhnvokhunmtcangiphnnydatrnskthpnhunnhuyngiaquanstvtduytrcgic.Rtnhanhvrtrrng,vathotnhnbnnhnrangiphnnycmitctimuvctaangrtgind.Hnthna,nhnggquanstcncbnlintngntnglai.Bncmnhnrngngiphnnyspsaphunranhnglicavirtnhiukhnnglbngmtchtginglnhltnxuynthumngnhnginghe.Linhcmvhnhngtiptheocangiphnnyxuthintrongtrccabnmtcchtngmchngcntiutnmtchtnlcnocmnhncn.Bntuytnhinkhngcchthuhiutmtrngcacta,cngnhkhnghcgngdonnhnggmctaslm;phnngcabnivihnhnhnyhontonkhngmanglicmgicnhbnvathchinmthnhngno.Chnginlndinramtcchvthcnhthtrongtrccabn.chnhlmtvdinhnhcthhiucvcchtduynhanh.

Githbnhyxemxtvntiptheo:

17x24

Ngaylptc,bnbitylmtphptnhnhncatonhc,cthbncbtchvgiy,hockhngcgichngnathbncngthakhnnggiicphptnhny.Trongtrccabncngxuthinmtviphnonlmcatrcgicvmtdinhngpngnngchophptnhnhnny.Cthrtnhanhbnnhnthychaipn12.609hay123ukhngng.Tuyvy,nukhngdnhthigianngitnhton,cthbncngkhngdmchc568cngkhngphilmtpnng.Mtpnngkhngxuthintrongucbnvbncmthytthnhtlmnhnnlachnchicmytnhlmphptnhnhnny.Nubnvnkhngmunnhnchicmytnhy,thgibnthcngitnhphp

tnhnhnnyxemno.

Bntringhimtintrnhtduychmkhicccngonnhtrntuntdinratrongu.utin,bncgngkhiphctrnhcamnhvlptrnhlichngtrnhnhnthclinquannphpnhnmbnchckhingitrnghnhtrng,saubnthpdngnvophpnhnny.Hnhnglimytnhralmtkhuynhhngcaqutrnhkhiphctrnh.Bncmthykhkhnkhiphihuyngqunhiudliutrongbnh,trongkhibnvncngicnbngnhnthcxemmnhanguvsiu,trongkhivnphichtmtivictmngayrapn.ychnhltintrnhhotngcatrno,l:Cnnhc,nlc,tuntvlmtbnmucatduychm.Cimytnhkhngphilskinduynhtnhyratronguccabn,thmchngayccthbncngthamgiavotintrnhtduyny.Ccccabngngln;huytptngcaovnhptimpnhanhhn.Nucainhnsuvomtbntrongkhibnangxlvnny,hsthyngtcabnginra.ingtstrlitrngthibnhthngngaysaukhibntmrapn(nhntin,chobnbitpnngl408)hocngaykhibntbphptonny.

Haihthng

Vithpktrliy,ccnhtmlhcdnhrtnhiucngscnghincuvhaihnhthcthctduycaconngi,thngquavdvbchnhmtngiphngindvvdvmtphptnhnhnmhgnchochngrtnhiuduhiu.TitipthunhngthutngvnchainhtmlhcKeithStanovichvRichardWestxutvsachngvohaihthngtduylHthng1vHthng2.

Hthng1hotngtheocchtngvmaul,virtthochunhkhngcncgngvkhngtngkimsot.Hthng2huyngschnnhnghotngtduyihisnlc,baogmnhngphptnhphctp.CchhotngcaHthng2thnggnvinhngkinhnghimchquan,slachnvtptrungcachth.

ThutngHthng1vHthng2csdngrngritrongngnhTmlhcnhngtrongcunschny,tistiptcosuvnny,bnccthcschnhxemmtvkchtmlvihainhnvtchnhlhaihthngny.

Khinghvbnthn,chngtathngnhnramnhgnviHthng2,lmtconngithcvduyl,cctin,lunsuynghchnchntrongtnghnhngkhiphiaranhngquytnhvlachn.Hthng2lunnghrngnchnhlngungccahnhng,tuynhin,Hthngtng1milngihngcavkchtmlny.TimtHthng1nhlnhngntngvcmxcthngbanulngungcchnhhnhthnhnhngnimtinvlachncntrngcaHthng2.CchtngcaHthng1hnhthnhlnnhngtngvinhngkhacnhphctpngkinhngcnhngHthng2chmchpmickhnngcutrclinhngsuynghtunttheotngbc.TicngmtnhngtnhhungmHthng2ginhquynkimsot,thngthvtdothcy,linktviHthng1.Bnccngsthsuynghvhaihthngnhnhngnhnvtvinhngkhnng,hnchvnhngchcnngringbit.

Chnhbisphctp,xingiithiumtsvdvnhnghotngtnglmnnHthng1:

Phthinramtvtnmxahnsoviccvtkhc.nhhngniphtramtmthanhl.HonthnhcubnhmvNhnmtkhixemmtbcnhgmghic.Nhnrasthnghchtrongmtgingni.Trlicuhi2+2=?cchtrnnhngtmbinhiuln.Lixetrnmtconngvng.imtnccnhcao(nubnlmtkthloluyn).Hiunghanhngcungin.Nhnracmtmtnginhumvgngh,"mchngithucloinghnghipno.

Ttcnhnghintngtrnonyikmvihnhnhngiphngind,udinramtcchtngvkhngihiphinlc.KhnngHthng1cnbaogmcnhngknngbmsinhcaloingicngnhcaccloingvtkhc.Chngtasinhraucchunbnhnthcvthgiixungquanh,nhnbitccvt,nhhngsch,lngtrnhsmtmtvkhipsnhngconnhnchnylng.Nhnghotngtrnokhctrnnnhanhvtngnhvicchngthngxuyncluyntp.Hthng1cnhccchlinktcctng(vd:"ThcancPhplg?"),ncnghccnhngknngnhcvhiunhngscthikhcnhautrongnhngtnhhungxhikhcnhau.Mtviknng

nhtmranhngncccchcthcnhngkthcaocng.Nhngknngchiccbncnlithaicngcthcc.Khnngphthinmtstngngvimtkhunmunghnghipihishiubitrngrivngnng,vnhavmaymnlhuhtchngtacngucnhngkhnngny.Trithcclutrtrongbnhvchngtatruycpvonmkhngcnhuyngscgngcngnhphicstptrungcao.

Mtvihotngtrnotrongdanhschtrndinramtcchhontontngkhngcnbtcstptrungno.Bnkhngthngnvicmnhcthhiunhngcuninginbngngnngmcamnhhaynhnramthanhlbtchtxuthinphtratnino,cngnhbnkhngthngncnbnthnbitcphpcng2+2=4haynghnPariskhicainhcnthcancPhp.Nhnghotngkhc,vdnhnhaikocaosudbquylhnhngcchcachngtanhngthngthngylilhnhngtheohngtng.Vickimsotstptrung,chngbchiphibihaihthng.nhhngniphtramthanhthngthnglthaotckhngchcaHthng1,nhngngaysaulptcdchchuynthnhstptrungcchchcaHthng2.Cthbnschngncnmnhhngstptrungvphamthanhmphtrahocmtlinhnxtctrongmtbaticngngi,nhngdchobnkhngquayuli,thschcabnngaytubhngvpha,tnhtltrongchclt.Tuynhin,bncthchuynhngschkhimtmctiukhngmongmun,trchtlbngvicbnshngstptrungcamnhsangmtmctiukhc.

CchotngcaHthng2rtadngnhngchngcmtimchung:Chnguihischvsktthckhibnkhngcntptrungna.DiylvihotngthuccchhotngcaHthng2:

Dngtailnitingsngrahiubtumtcucua.Tptrungchvonhngchhtrnsnkhuxic.Tptrunglngnghetingnicamtnginhtnhtrongmtcnphngngcvno.Tmkimmtphntcbc.Lctrongtrnhtncamtcakhcctruyntibimtginghthayrtcunht.Duytrtcibnhanhhntcibbnhthngcabn.iuchnhhnhvingxsaochophhpvitnhhungxhicth.mslnxuthincachciatrongmttrangdycch.

Choaibitsinthoicabn.uxetrongmthp(dnhchohuhtmingitrnhnvingara).Sosnhhaichicmygitdatrngitrsdngcachng.inbngkkhaithu.Kimtratnhhplcamtlplunlogicphctp.

Trongttcnhngtnhhungtrn,bnbucphitptrungchvhiuquthngkm,thmchlthinubnkhngsnsnghocschcabnbchuynhngsangccchkhngthchhp.Hthng2ckhnngthayicchthchotngcaHthng1,bngcchlptrnhtngnhngchcnngchvghinhthngthng.Vd,trongkhiangchimtngihhngmtnhgangc,bncxuhngchnhnvonhngngiphntcbchocnhngnginngrmru,lcchnngcaokhnngphthincngibnangchntkhongcchxa.BncngcthhngbnhcamnhtmkimtncanhngthbtubngchciNhoctncanhngcuntiuthuythinthccaPhp.VkhibnthumtchicxehicasnbayHeathrowLondon,ngilixecthnhcbnnhrng:ychngtilixebnphatring.Trongttcnhngtnhhungy,bncyuculmmtiugkhcsovicchthngthngmbnvnhaylmvbnsnhnthyrngscgngduytrhnglotnhngyucunhvyihibnphinlchnbnhthng.

Cmthaycsdngtptrungchlchmtnnglng:Bnphisdngschtmthicabnthn,ilibncthphnonccchotngvnubncgngsdngvtqukhnngchcamnh,bnsthtbi.chnhlduhiucanhnghotngihischmchngcstngtcqualilnnhau,lldovsaobnrtkhhockhngthxlvivnphctpdinracngmtlc.Bnkhngthvatnhnhmphpnhn17x24tronglccrtrikhianglixetrnmtconngngngiquali,thctlbncngkhngnnth.Bncthlmviviccngmtlcnhngchlnhngvicnginvkhngbthcp.Cthsvnantonkhibngpchuynvicuvihnhkhchkhianglixetrnmtoncaotcvngvrtnhiubcphhuynhthnhnviichthilirnghcthvactruynchoconnghevanghnmtvnkhc.

Ttcmingiuccnhbovkhnngtptrungschtmthi,xtvhnhvixhi,khnngcachngtatngthchvinhnggiihnny.Vd,khimtngitixanglixevtmtchicxetitrn

mtonnghp,nhnghnhkhchnhycmnhnravlptcngngtrchuyn.Hhiurnglmphntnschcatixvolcnykhngphilviclmngnvngthimongrngbctixtmthikhngnghethynhngghni.

Tptrungcaovomtnhimvcthkhinngitatmthithcsuim,ngaycvinhngtcnhnmbnhthngvnthuhtcschcah.BngchnggykinhngcnhtcChristophervDanielSimonschratrongcunschTheInvisibleGorilla(Tmdch:Chkhtvhnh)camnh.Htinhnhsnxutmtonphimngnvtrnucahaiibngchy,mtimcotrngvmtimcoen.Sau,yucungixemmsvnngvinmcotrngmkhngcnnnhngvnngvinmcoenangilitrnsnthiu.Nhimvnyrtkhkhnvcckcunht.ngiaonphim,mtngiphnmangtrnmnhbcamtconkhtxuthin,chyngangquasnvnng,vaivamthmthpvongc.Ngiphnmcbkhtxuthintrongvng9giy.Hngngnngixemonphimvkhongmtnatrongskhnghphthinraiugbtthng.Nhimvmvcbitlyucumcccuthcamtivphtlcccuthicnlitorasmqungtmthi.Khngmtaikhngbgnvonhimvkiakhixemonphimmkhngphthinrangiphnmcbconkht.NhnvnhhnglnhngchcnngtngcaHthng1nhngchngbphthucvosnhvcamtsschivicckchthchclinquan.Cctcginhnmnhrngquanstcgitrnhttrongnghincucamnhlaicngnhnthyktqunythcsngkinhngc.Thctthttcnhngngikhngnhnthyngiphnmcbkhtlcuuchcchnlkhnghcngiphnmcbkhtnoht,hkhngthtngtngnirng,mnhbquamtskinconvy.NghincuChkhtvhnhminhhachohaithctquantrngvuccachngta:Chngtacthmtrcsththinnhinvchngtacngmtrcsmqungcachnhbnthnmnh.

Tmttdn:

Stngtccahaihthnglchlpilplitrongcunschnyvthchinmtbntmttvnlmtyucucnthit.Trongcuchuynmtisktiy,Hthng1vHthng2uckchhotmikhichngtathcdy.Hthng1hotngtngvHthng2ththnghotngchthoimikhngihinhiunlc.Hthng1lintcphtinhngtnhiugichoHthng2nhl:ntng,trcgic,s

chvcmxc.NuchngcHthng2xcnhn,ntngvtrcgicschuynthnhnimtinvthcychngtrthnhnhnghnhngtng.Khimithhotngnhunnhuyn,vnthngntronghuhtthigian,Hthng2stipnhnsgicaHthng1mrttthayihockhngthayig.Thngthngbntintngvonhngntngcamnhvhnhngtheothch,iuthngltt.KhiHthng1gpmttnhhungkhkhn,nsgiHthng2rahtrthchinnhngtintrnhchititvcthhncthxlccvntithiim.Hthng2schuyngkhinysinhmtvnmHthng1khngtharacligiip,cthltnhhungkhkhnkhibnphitrli17x24bngbaonhiungaylptc.Hockhingcnhintrciug,bncngsnhnrasxuthinmtcmgiccachtimthc.Hthng2ckchhotkhimtskinbphthinvedanhnhmuthgiimHthng1duytr.TrongthgiimHthng1quyc,nbnkhngnhynhtvchkhngsa,cngnhkhtkhngchyquachylisnbngchy.ThnghimChkhtvhnhchngminhrngmtvischliucnthitphthinranhngtngtcgykinhngc.Sau,skinhngckchhotvnhhngnschcabn;bnstptrung,ribnslctmtrongkcmtcuchuynsaochothchhplgiichoskingykinhngcy.Hthng2cngngthighinhnsnhhngtipdintronghnhvicachnhbn,nhlskimsotgipbngilchskhianggindvcnhbokhibnanglixetrongmti.

Hthng2chuyngtngcngscgngkhinphthinramtlisaicthxyra.Hynhlcbnbtngbutmingthtramtlinhnxtcvnhxembnphicgngnhngnokhiphcliskimsotcabnthn.Tmlil,huhtnhnggbn(tcHthng2cabn),nghvlmucngungctHthng1nhngHthng2nhntrchnhimxlkhimivictrnnkhkhnvnthngchutrchnhimraquytnhcuicng.

SphncnglaonggiaHthng1vHthng2cckhiuqu:Ngimthiutiasnlccachngtaviuchnhktqutheocchmchngtamun.SspxphotnghiuqutronghuhtthigianbivHthng1thchinttvaitrcamnh:Ccmhnhvcctnhhungquenthuccanrtchnhxc,nhngdbongnhnvnhngphnngbanurtmaulcantrcccthchthccngthngchunxcvthngthchng.Tuyvy,Hthng1cssailchvinhnglisaihthngcthinhngnysinhtrongnhngtnhhungcth.Chngtacththy,ikhicnhngcutrlilidhiuhnlcuhivbivcu

hithhinskhnglogicvthngk.MthnchnacaHthng1lnkhngthbginon.Nutrcmtbnxuthinmtbnghiucvitthtingmbnbit,bnsddngcn,trkhischcabnkhiyhontontptrungvochkhc.

MUTHUN

Mtmthnhbinthcamtthnghimcintrnhbysmuthungiahaihthng.Bnnnlmbitpnytrckhictip.

Trongchainhimv,huhtmingiucngcct,vhnlccbncngnhnthytrongminhimvthcmtschdchnrtnhiusovichkhc.Xcnhccchvitinhoavinthngctbntridhn,cnctbnphikhinbnphicchmlivckhibncnnilphocnivp.Khibnxcnhvtrcacct,ctbntrilikhhnvctbnphilidhnnhiu.

Nhimvutincabnlhycttrnxungdichaict,ctolnxemtnocvitinthng,tnocvitinhoa.Khiktthcnhimvutin,tiptccttrnxungdiccctlimtlnna,lnnycxemtnoccnltrivtnoccnlphi,bng

cchcln(hocnithmvibnthn)TRIhayPHI.

NhngnhimvnythucvHthng2,bihnhngnitolntvit

hoa/thnghoctnmphi/trikhngphilhotngthngthngkhinhnmtctttrnxungdi.Mttrongsnhngiumphicgnglmkhithchinnhimvny,llptrnhtrnhcamnhsaochovicphtranhngtclinquan(inhoavinthngivinhimv1)trthnhphnxcaming.Khicctutin,vicutinivimtstcchnkhhiuquvviccnglikhngcnhngtcnlilmtnhimvtngiddngnhngnctthhaibaogmnhngtmbnlachnctheoquylutvbncthlinghacachng.Huhtmingiucththchinchnhxcnhimvnynhnglpilplicccutrlinglrtkhvlmbncngthng,nkhintctrlicabnchmli.Vylbnphiimtvimuthungiavicbnphicgngthchinmtyucu,trongkhicmtcutrlikhcctngxenvo.

Smuthungiamtphnngtngvmtnlckimsotdinrartphbintrongcucsngcachngta.Chngtaubitcmgiccgngkhngnhnchmchmvomtcpinvnkccbnkbntrongmtnhhng.Chngtacngbitcmgiccgngtptrungcmtcunschtnht,ikhibnphiclicmtonvnvbnchnghiunvitvcig.nhngvngcmangkhcnghit,rtnhiutixnhcmgickhixecahmtphanhtrnngbngtuytvphicgnggililmtheochdnvningclivinhnggmthngthnghvnlm:nhlitheohngngcli,dclmgina,chcngvomphanh!Hayttcmingisngtrninynhnthcrngngnnnguynraaictxungangc.MttrongnhngnhimvcaHthng2lvtquanhngthithccaHthng1.Nicchkhc,Hthng2mnhimphntchtrongmichngta.

OGIC

hiurgitrclpcaHthng1,cngnhphnbitskhcnhaugiantngvnimtin,mibnhynhnkhnhs3.

Hnhnhnykhngcgcbit:Haionthngvidikhcnhau,cgnthmvy,chvhaiphakhcnhau.onthngbndirrngldihnonthngbntrn.lnhnggttcchngtaunhnrarttnhin,chngtatintngnhnggmnhvatrngthy.Tuynhin,nubntngbithnhnhnytrc,bnsddngnhnraychnhlminhhanitingvogiccaMuller-Lyer.Vbngcchdngthco,bncthddngovbitcdicachnglbngnhau.

Githbnochnhoi,bn-tcHthng2cabn,ciconngiltrmbngiltiy-gicmtnimtinmi:BnhayHthng2bitrnghaionthngtrncchiudibngnhau.Nuchibnvdicachng,bnsniiumbnvamibit.Nhngnuchnhnthbnvnthyonthngphadidihnonthngphatrn.Bnbucphitinvosoc,nhngbnkhngthngncnHthng1lmnhimvcan,bnkhngthbtmtmnhHthng1nhnthyhaingthngdibngnhau,mcdbnHthng2bitchcchniu.chngliogic,chcmtcchduynht:Bnphihccchhoinghichnhcmgiccamnhvchiudicacconthngkhichngcgnthmvy.pdngcnguyntc,bncthnhnranhngogicvnhlinhnggbncbitlchnhxc.Nubncthlmciuny,bnskhngbaogiblabinhngminhhacaMuller-Lyer.Nhngdthnoina,bnHthng1svnthymtonthngdihnonthngcnli.

Khngphimiogicucthnhnthybngmtthng.Ccnhngogictrongsuyngh,mngitaginlogicnhnthc.Khivattnghipihc,tithamgiavikhahcvnghthutvtml.Trongmtbiging,thygiocachngtigingchochngtimtmutruynngngn.ylnhnggthyk:Risclcccbngpphimtbnhnhn,anhtachiasvibnvsnhngsailmmanhta

phichungtrongnhnglniutrtrc.Bnhnhnnymiutmtcchrnhrtchuynccnhtrliuhiusaivanhtanhthno,anhtanhnrarngbnkhcnhngbcstrc.Bnngcmvianhta,bnbthuytphcrngbnhiuanhtavbnchnhlngickhnnggipanhta.nonny,thygioctcaoging:ngbaoginghnchuynchatrchobnhnhnny!Hytnganhtarakhiphngkhm!ylloibnhnhntmthnnhtvkhngbaogiccbncthgipcanhta.

RtnhiunmsaunytimihccrngnhnggthygiocnhbochngtichnhlschnglischpdncatmlvkhitrthnhchuyngiaungnhnghincuvTmltrliutimithynhnglikhuyncangthykialngn.HintngnytngthchviogicmMullerLyertrnhbylnhnggchngticdykhngphilcmthythnovbnhnhn.Hinnhinlthygiochorngcmgiccmthngcachngtisbmtkimsot;ntridytHthng1.Hnna,thngthngkhngaidychngtiphinghingcmxccamnhivibnhnhn.Vicbhpdnbimtbnhnhn-ngiclpilplitinsiutrbthtbicamnhlmtduhiunguyhim-gingnhnhngchicvygnvohaionthngsongsong,chngnhlchngschcachngta.chnhlmtogiccgitnlmtogicnhnthc-vti(hayHthng2cati)cdycchlmthnonhnranvckhuynlngctintngvoncngnhhnhngdatrnn.

Cuhitral:Ckhinochngtacthchnglicschpdncankhng.Thngiptrongnhngvdnykhngphiinhnh.TrongkhiHthng1hotngmtcchtngvkhngthchngngtmchththngrtkhphthinngnchncclisaicasuynghtimthc.Khngphilcnocngcthtrnhcccsailchtronghotngtduyny,bivHthng2khngcbtcmtuminolinhvicclisai.Ngayckhiccumilinktvilisaidngnhrtrrng,cclisaichcthcngnngakhicshtrgimstvnhnghotngrtnlccaHthng2.Tuynhin,khngaicthnmtaysutttinsng,tuynhin,viclintccaocnhgickhnghnttvthctlcchchcchnkhngkhthi.BivlintctcuhivichnhnhngsuynghcamnhskhinbntrnnrtmtmivcchvnhnhcaHthng2thquchm,khnghiuqukhinphimnhnvaitrcaHthng1trongvicphiraquytnhlintc.iuttnhtbncthlmlthahip:Hyhccchnhnbitcctnhhungdnysinhsailmvcgngtrnhccsailmhinnhinhtmccth

trongcctnhhungcbongkhncp.Cunschnycvitvitinlbaogingitacngdnhnralilmcangikhchnlnhnralilmcabnthnmnh.

HCUHUCH

Vylbncgiithiuvhaihthngnhhainhnttrongmttrnovinhngphmcht,khnngvgiihnrtring.Tithngsdngcccuvn,trongcchthngccoinhnhngchng,nhHthng2suytnhhqu.

Vicsdngngnngnybcoilmtlisaivthngkhngcgiikhoahcchpnhn,bivndngnhlgiirngccsuynghvhnhngcamtconngilibchiphibisuynghvhnhngcanhngnhnvtthonsngbntronguccaanhta.Vmtngphp,thcunyccutrcgingnhNgiqungiahayncpvt.Ccngnghipcatischrarnghnhngcangiqungia,trnthct,giithchchosbinmtcamntinvhcquyntcuhivvicliuHthng2giithchthnovhqutnhton.CutrlicatilnghacacuchngngngnlthuctnhtnhtoncaHthng2cgitrnhmtsmt,chkhngphimtligiithch.Nlcuniginlccacuny:Tnhnhmlmthnhngtnhinihisnlc,mtakhngnnthchinkhiangcrtrivclinhvisginnngtvtngnhptim.

Tngtnhvy,cutuynbkiulixebonbontrnngvngthucvHthng1nghaliukhinmtchicxevongrlmthnhngmangtnhtngvhunhkhngcnnsnlcno.Ncngngrngmttixkinhnghimcthlixetrnmtonngcaotcvngvmvncththamgiangthivomtcuctrchuyn.Cuicng,Hthng2cnhboJameskhiphnngngungctrnhbnchinghalJamescthhnhxindihnnunhnlckimsotcaanhtabthtbi(nhkhianhtasaybt).

Hthng1vHthng2lnhnvtchnhtrongcuchuynmtisktrongcunschny,tichchnphilmrmtiu,rngchnglnhngnhnvthcutrongmtcuchuyntngtngmtimunlgiivcchvnhnhtrnocaconngi.Hthng1vHthng2khngphilnhngthcthinhnhcccbphncamtcthvilcphngtng.Vcngkhngcphnnotrongnobhaybtchthngnocgilunochhuy.Rtcthbnshi:Vythgiithiuccnhnvt

hcuvinhngcitnxuxlmgtrongcunschnghincuny?Cutrlilcunschnycncccnhnvtny,bivnidinchomtsthiquentronguccachngta,ccabnvcati.Ngitacthddnghiuvmtcuvnnuncmiutdidngmtnhnt(Hthng2)hnlmtcig,mtphmchtno.NicchkhcHthng2slchngchomtcutthnlmtphptnhnhm.Trc-cbitlHthng1-dngnhcmtkhuynhhngcbitxydngvdingiinhngcuchuynvccnhnttchcc,victnh,thiquenvkhnnghnhoi.Bnsnhanhchngnhhnhnhngquanimxuvmtloqungiancpvt,bnsnghlocnhiuhnhvixuvbnsnhvlo,dchltrongmtkhonhkhc.cnglhyvngcatikhisdngngnngcahthngbnglihnhvnnygipccbnshiuhnvhaihthng.

TisaoligichnglHthng1vHthng2chkhngphilmiutknhHthngtngvHthngnlc?Ldortngin:NiHthngtngdihnsoviHthng1vchimnhiudintchtrongbnhcabnhn.iunycnhhngy,bivbtcthgchimnhiudintchbnhcabnulmgimthiukhnngsuynghcabn.BnnncoiHthng1vHthng2nhnhngcitnthnmt,kiunhBobvJoe,victtnchoccnhnvtsgipbnhiurhnvchngkhiccunschny.Khiphiaraccphnonvlachn,cchthnghcunygiptiddngsuynghhnvgipccbndhiuhnivinhnggtivit.

PHTNGNCAHAINHNVT:HTHNG1VHTHNG2

Anhtalngi'rtdgyntng',mtvintngcaanhtachlogic.

chnthunlphnngcaHthng1.Ctaphnngvimiedatrckhikpnhnran.

Hthng1cabnlntingy.ChmlivHthng2cabnchhuyi.

Chng2.Chvnlc

NubngnhincchibincunschnythnhmtbphimthhnH

thng2svovaimtdinvinph,songlicinhninhrngmnhlvainamchnh.Trongbphimny,imhnchcadinvinph-Hthng2nylncvnhnhbngcchnlcvmttrongnhngtnhcchinhnhcanhnvtnyllibing,nmincngutthmnlckhirivonhngtnhhungbtbuc.Hqul,nhngtduyvhnhngmHthng2tinchnlithngbnhnvtnamchnhthcs(Hthng1)cabphimcho.Tuyvy,cnhngnhimvquantrngmchmnhHthng2cththchinc,bivchngihinlcvhnhngtkimsotmbnnngvsbcngcaHthng1khngthnolmc.

NLCTINHTHN

NubnmunthnghimxemHthng2cabnkhihotnghtcngsutsnhthno,thbnthlmbitpsauy,bitpnyhuyngnlcnhnthctiacabntrongvngnmgiy.No,bnhybtuvitmtlotnhngdysgmbconskhcnhauvvitmidysvomttmth.pmtvitccdysxungmtbn.NhimvdnhchobncgilCng1.Quylutnynhsau:

Btunhnhpmtcchun(ltngnhtltheonhp1phch/1giy).Ltmtcsvcto4consln.ihainhp,sauclnmtdysgm4consmitheothtltngca4consgccngthm1.Nudystrntmthl5294,thpnngsphil6305.Quantrnglbnphiduytrnhpphch.

Mtstngicthgiiquytcbitpnyvinhiuhn4constrongnhimvCng1,nhngnubnmuniuvimtnhimvthchthchn,hythvinhimvCng3.

Nubnmunbitcthmnhlmgtrongkhiucanghotngcngthng,hyxphaichngschlnmtchicbnvng,tmtmyquaylnmtchngschvkcmcabnlnchngcnli,chomyquaytiptcghihnhvbtunhnthngvongknhmyquaytrongkhibnthchnhbitpCng1hocCng3.Sau,bnsphthinrarngngt

camnhcsthayikhixemlitonbonghihnhqutrnhlmviccngthngcabn.

TicmttringhimringvibitpCng1.KhicnlmtsinhvinkintpchuynngnhTmlhctiihcMichigan,tronglctmkimmttinghincuphhp,ticcmtbibotrntKhoahcHoaK(ScientificAmerican)trongnhtmlhcEckhardHessmtngtcamtgingnhcnhcascatmhn.Gny,khiclibibony,tivnthynvcngthv.BibobtubngvicnhtmlhcHesskchuynvcangnhnrangtcangmtohnkhingnhnngmnhngbctranhthinnhintuytpvdnglitrchaitmnhilpvhaingiphnanhnnhngtrongmtngitrnghpdnhnngicnli.Chcmtskhcbit:Cpngtcamtmrnghnkhinhnthytmnhhpdnvthuhplikhinhnthybcnhcnli.Trongbibo,Hesscnvitvloicyccdc,mtvtliulmginnngttrcythngcdnglmmphmvvnhngtnmuasmphieocpknhenkhiimuasmnhmcheivthmmunivinhngmnhng.

MttrongnhngphthincaHesscbitthuhtschcati,khingnhnmnhrngngtmtcangilnhngnhtintriccknhycmviccnlctinhthn-chngmrnghnkhiconngiphilmphptnhnhncpschaichsvchngmrnghnkhihphiimtvinhngvnkhhnsovikhigpmtbitonngin.Ccquanstnycangchrarngphnngcanlctinhthnkhcbitsovinhngxccmthngtrctrongmichngta.NghincucaHesskhnglinquannhiunngnhTmlhcnhngtirtracmtktlunrng,lduhiuthctcanlctrno,cngcthlmtchnghincutimnng.JacksonBeatty,mtsinhvinttnghiplmcngphngthnghimviticngcchungnimsaymvichyvchngtiquytnhthchinthnghimnycngnhau.

Beattyvtithitkmtphngthnghimtngtnhphngkhmmt,trongnhngngithamgiathnghimskulnmtcimycgicmvtrnrinhnthngvomyquaytrongkhilngnghemtonthngtincghimsnvtrlicccuhitheonhpphchcamtchicmyghimtsn.Cminhpphchngvimtgiylmttiachphngngoilesngvchpramttmhnh.Ktthcmiltthnghim,chngtihohngtheodinhngtmhnhcchp,sau,chngtichiunhngbcnhcangtlntrnmnhnhvdngthcoc.Phngphpnyhontonthchhpviccnhnghincutr

vthiukinnhn:Chngtignnhbitktqungaylptcvchnglunchonhngktquhtscrrng.

Beattyvtitptrungvonhngbitpnhanh,vdnhbitpCng1,mmnhbitchclcigangdinratrongucchthvobtcthiimno.Chngtighiliccdystheotingnhpphchvachoitngnhclihocbinichngtheoquytc,trongkhivnginguynnhpphch.Rtnhanhchngchngtinhnthykchcngtthayitgiynyquagiykhc,phnnhnhngyucuthayicanhimv.CutrlichobiuhnhchVngc.NubntngthbitpCng1hocCng3,nlcxuthinkhibncgngbtkpvitngcons,ringntnnhimkhibncgngtmrapnchodysmingaylptcsauhainhpngh,vlidnthlngkhibntrtbnhngdyshonthnhkhibnhngnhn.Dliungttngngvitringhimcachth:Dyscngdithngnhinlkhinngtmrnghn,sbininhimvtothnhnlcvkchcngtginhtmctngngvinhngnlccaonht.Cng1vi4conskhinngtginrahnsovinhimvnhcli7consthngthng.Cng3,vnkhhn,ihisnlccaonhtmtitngquanstthy.Trong5giyutin,ngtginnkhong50%sovithngthngvnhptimtngln7nhpmtpht.lnhimvkhkhnmconngicththchin-hschuchtnubyucucaohnna.Khichngtaarachoccitngslngconsnhiuhnmcmhcthnh,ngtcahngngginnhocthmchlcoli.

Chngtithchinthnghimnytrongvithngmttnghmrng,chngtilptmththngkhpkn,chophptrnhchiuhnhnhngtcachthlnmtmnhnhdchnhlang,chngticngcthnghethytingniphatrongphngthnghim.Myongtctrnhchiucaokhong0,3mt;quanstngtmrnghocthuhpkhiccitnganglmthnghimqulrtthvthuhtschivikhchthamquanphngthnghim.Chngtitcmthyvuisngvgyntngcvikhchkhabikhnngcthonxemkhinothitngnghincucathnghimstbmtnhimv.Trongmtphptnhnhm,thngthngtsmrngtrongvigiyvcginguynnhvytronglcitngnghincucathnghimthchinphptnh,nlptcthuhplikhiitngnytmramtpnhoctbnhimvcyuculm.Khinhnthnhlang,ikhicchnhncangtcngnhkhchthamquankhngkhingcnhinkhinghechngtihi:Tisaobnlikhngsuynghtip?Cutrlitbntrongphngthnghimlunl:Lmthnobnbitc?vcutrlicachngtis

l:Bichngtiangnhnvocastmhnbn.

ikhinhngquanstnguhngthnhlanglicgitrthngtinkhngkmgnhngktquthuctthnghimnghimchnh.Tikhmphcmtchuynrthaykhivtnhquanstngtcamtphntrongkhongthigiannghngigiahainhimvcathnghim.Cyvnginguynvtrkcm,vvyticthnhnthyhnhnhconmtcacykhictatiptctrchuynvinhngngicngangthchinthnghim.Tingcnhinkhithyngtcacvnnhvkhnghcmnhncsginnngtkhictrchuynvlngnghemingi.Khnggingnhnhngthnghimmchngtithchin,nhngcuchuynphimrrngihirtthockhngihisnlcno-cnglmchbngvicnhclihaihaybacons.chnhlkhonhkhctichtnhnrarngnhngnhimvmchngtichnchothnghimnythcsihimtnlccbit.Mthnhnhvtquatrongc:isngtrc-tilisngcaHthng2-bnhthngcvnhmtcuctnbnhnhng,ikhibngtqungbinhngonchybvthithongbinhngvnguancrt.VccbitpCng1hayCng3chnhlnhngqunguaxencrt,cnnhngcuctrchuynphimthngthngccoilmtcucdob.

Chngtanhnthyconngikhithamgiavonhngcucuaxencrttrongtrc,cthtrnnmlamtviim.CctcgicaChKhtvhnh(TheInvisibleGorilla)khinchkhttrnnvhnhbngcchkhinnhngngiquanstbntitmucmcccuthangchyquachylitrnsnu.ChngtiphthinramtvdtkchtnhhnvsmlatrongnhimvCng1.Ccitngctrnhchiumtlotnhngchcixuthinchngvnhkhihanglmvic.Hcyucutnhimvlnhngu,nhngngthihcngcyucuphibocolixemcchciKnohinratrongsutthigianhlmnhimvhaykhng.Phthinchnhlkhnngnhnravbocovmctiuchcithayitrongvng10giycabitp.NgiquansthunhkhngbaogibquachKnoctrnhchiuuhockhignktthcnhimvCng1,nhnghuhtbnhbquamctiuvokhonggiacanhimvkhitrchangnlcmccaonht,mcdconmtcahmtohtmc,nhnchmchmvonhngbchnh.ThtbitrongvicphthinitngchcicngvrashnhchVngcgingvimcangt.Stngngvnlpli:mcangtphhpvimcnlccachthvchngtacthtiptcitheocchnyhiucchhotngcatrno.

Gingnhnhngchicnghintngoinginhhaycnhcabn,ccngtcngchophpoccchsnnglngtinhthnbnangsdngthiimhinti.Haivdnyrttngthchvinhau.innngbntiutntythucvovicbnsdngthitbinno,nthpsnghaymynngbnhm.Khibnbtmtbngnhaylnngbnh,nschmcinnngncndng,khnghnkhngkm.Tngt,khichngtaquytnhlmg,chngtacngtragiihnnlckimsothnhng.Vd,ngitaachobndysgm4cons,chnghn9462,vnicucsngcabnphthucvovicbncthnhcntrongvng10giyhaykhng.Dbncyucucsngcamnhnmcnoina,thbncngkhngthsnsinhranlcivinhimvnynhiuhnnlccnthitmbnphisdngarapnchonhimvCng3,cngvi4consnyc.

CHthng2vhthnginnngtrongnhbnucgiihncan,tuynhinchngphnngkhcnhauivinguycbhotngquti.Khinhucuinnngvtmctichophp,ttcccthitbsnglotttcngmtlc.Ngcli,phnngcatrnotrongtrnghpqutilictnhchnlcvchnhxchn:Hthng2bovnhnghotngquantrngnht,chonnnvnnhncinnngmncn;khnngchutiscphnphi,giynyquagiykhcchoccnhimvkhcnhau.Trongphinbnthnghimkht,chngtakhinchonhngngithamgiatptrungutinvonhimvcccons.Chngtabithslmtheohngdnbivthigianquanstitngkhngnhhngnnhimvchnh.Nuchcicbitxuthinvonglcihistptrungcao,chthnginlkhngnhnthyn.Khinhimvthayi,tihistptrunghn,thkhnngphthinchcistrnnddnghn.

Khnngnhvschctiluynquacmttintrnhlchsphttrincanhnloi.Xcnhphnghngvphnngnhanhvinhngminguyhinghimtrngnhthaynhngchitimnngnhtcithinchisngstcaloingichngtavkhnngnychcchnkhngchthucvloingimcmunloi.Ngayciviloingihini,Hthng1vnchutrchnhimtrongnhngtrnghpkhncp,nnhmcutinchonhnghnhvibovsantoncabnthn.Thtngtngbnangiukhinmtchicxehi,tnhinbnphthinmphanhbhngmxethvaivoonngtrntrndu.Bnsthybnthnphnngvinguycnguyhimtrcmthncvicbnthcsthcyctnhhnh.

Beattyvtichlmvicchungcmtnmthinhngshptcmchngticctcngrtlntisnghipvsaucacibn.SaunyBeattytrthnhchuyngiaungnhcaphpongtnhnthccntithvitcmtcunschctalChvNlc,phnlnnidungcunschnydatrnnhnggchngtithuctrongqutrnhlmviccngnhauvckinthckhititheouinhngnghinculmtiihcHarvardvinmtipsau.Chngtihccmtiukdiuvhotngcatrno-mgitiginlHthng2-tvicsdngphpongtkhithchinccnhimvkhcnhau.

Khibnthnhthcvimtnhimvno,nsihibntnnglnghnhonthnhnhimv.Nghincunobchothynhngthnhphntrongnobthamgiavocchotnglinquantimthnhngthayikhiknngcabntngln,vitkhuvcnobthamdvovicxlhnhnghn.Hintngtngtnhvycngxuthinnhngthinti.Nhngcnhncngxutchngthkhngcnnlcnhiukhixlcngmtsvn,iunycchngminhquaginnngtcngnhhotngkhccanob.Quylutphbinvvichuyngtsnlcpdngctrongclnhvcnhnthclnhotngthcht.Quylutnychngminhnucnhiucchkhcnhaucngtmtmctiu,conngithngcxuhngsdngcchthctphihuyngnlcnht.TrongngnhKinhthc,nlcngvigithnh,cnknngctoratscnbnggialinhunvchiph.Cnslibinghnhthnhtbnnngsuthmcaloingi.

Chngtilmthnghimvnhnghiungtngikhcnhaucanlcnhthcocoginngt.Ngaytu,ccitngthamgiathnghimnyubit,nhnthcyvchunbtmththamgiathnghimcachngti-thmchcnlintcthcvsnsnghnmcmnghincunyyucu.Lcu,khiphinhmthochaiconshayhccchlintngmttvicccons(vds3ngvitcnhca)thnobsnsinhramtshiungvatrongbnhgycngthngmctrntrungbnh,nhngcngchmctithiu,ngtginnkhong5%sovikhithchinnhimvCng3.Nhimvkhcihibnphiclngkhonghaitnnngsnlnchngnorrngskhinngtcabnphimrnghn.Nghincugnychothyvickimchxuhngchaitrirc(nhtrongHnh2cachngtrc)chihirttnlc.Ccthnghimghinhnhanh6hoc7chsihinhiunlchn.Hnccbntngtringhimvic-khicyucuctosinthoicabnhayngysinhnhtcangibni,bnschphingngliichtnhngcngphibrakhakhnlclm

n,bivnihibnphilctrongtrnhmtchuinhngconsvtrlitheongtht.Yucunhnnhmtrongugiahaisc2chshaynhimvCng3lnhngnhimvgntmcgiihnmhuhtmingicthlmc.

Vyiugkhinmtshotngnhnthcliihinhiunlchnnhnghotngkhc?iugsinhrakhichngtaphisdngschtmthi?Hthng2cthlmcnhnggmHthng1khngthlmc?Gichngtascngthitmcutrlichonhngcuhiny.

Nlccsinhrakhibnphiduytrlintctrongtrnhvitng,mitngliihinhnghnhngkhcnhau,hoccnphikthpchnglitheomtnguyntcno-vdnhnhlinhngvtdngbncnmuasmkhincasiuth,chnnmnchaythtbkhitrongnhhng,hocphntchnhngktquthvtmtcuckhostvilngthngtintccmuthrtnh.ChcHthng2micthhotngtuntheoccnguyntc,sosnhccitngtrnvitiuchkhcnhauvaranhnglachnhplnhtgiaccphngn.Hthngtng1khnghccckhnngny.Hthng1chnginlphthinramilinh(ttcbnchngugingnhau,cucontraicaohnngbrtnhiu)vnitrihnkhonphntchthngtinvmtvn,nhngnbtaykhiphixlnhiuchkhcnhauvocngmtlc,cngnhkhngphilchuyngiaphntchdliuthngkthngtinnthun.Hthng1sphthinramtnginocmtkiunhlnhtnhvrtgngh,yuthchsngnnp,gngngvcnimammviccchititthgngingvimtththththit,nhngnuphikthpbnnngphnonnyvishiubitvmtlngnhnhngngithththchcHthng2lxlc-nuHthng2bitciglphhpvimtsngi.

KhnngsngcncaHthng2lstipnhnmtlnhngnhimv:Ncthlptrnhbnhtunthmtchdnno,chophptrcvtlnnhngphnngtheothiquen.Hythlmthnghimsauy:mttcschcipxuthintrongtrangny.ycthlmtnhimvmbnchatngcbitvhimkhibncyuculm,nhngHthng2vncthmnhimnhimvny.Scnsnlcpbnthnthchinnlclmbitpny,mcdbnchcchnrngbnthnsdntinbtrongnhimvnynunhcluyntpthngxuyn.Ccnhtmlhcginlkimsotiuhnhmtstipnhnvktthcmtlotccnhimv,cnccchuyngiaThnkinhhcthxcnhctngkhuvctrongnobsmtrchnhnghotngno.Mt

trongsnhngkhuvcnysthamgiavohotngbtckhinomtmuthuncncgiiquyt.Mtkhuvckhcnmphntrccabnophttrinngimnhmhnsoviccloingvtkhcvcngthamgiavoqutrnhxlthngtin,mchngtalinhchngvitrthngminh.

Githgisnhcuitrangny,bnsnhncmthngdnkhc:Hymttcduphytrongtrangtiptheo.Nhimvnykhhn,bivbnvamilmquenckhnngtptrungschvottcccchptrongnhimvtrc.Mttrongnhngkhmphcgitrcaccnhtmlhcnhnthctrongmythpktrliylvicchuynitmtnhimvnysangmtnhimvkhcihirtnhiucgng,cbitlkhibhnchvmtthigian.YucuchuyninhanhlmttrongnhngldokhinnhimvCng3vnhimvnhnnhmtrthnhnhngnhimvrtkh.honthnhcnhimvCng3,bnphinhviconscngmtlc,linktmiconsvimtphptnhring:Viconsangxphngchcbini,mtconsthangtrongqutrnhyvnhngconskhcthayisauphptnhCng3,ttcuphiclugichoraktqucuicng.Ccbikimtrahinivsclmviccabnhyucuccitnglintcbinigiahainhimvkhcnhau,lugiccktqucamtnhimvtrongkhitiptcxlnhimvcnli.Nhngngilmttmyloithnghimnythngcxuhnglmttbikimtratrtuthngthng.Tuynhin,khnngkimsotstptrungkhngnthunlmtphngphpkimtratrtu;ccphngphpkimtrakhnngkimsotschhiuqudboaickhnngtrthnhnhkimsotiuhnhkhngluvaiciukintrthnhphicngchoKhngqunIsraelcnihirtnhiuyuthnlchdavotrthngminhthngthng.

plcthigiancnglmtnhntnaihisnlc.NubntngthchnhnhimvCng3,thsthysgpgptoraplc,mtphnlnnhpvmtphnlnkhnngtidliu.Gingnhnghstunghngvivitribngtrnkhng,bnkhngcphplmchmli,tcxldliutrongbnhquytnhnhp,khinbnphilintctipnhnxlthngtinmivlugiccthngtinctrckhibinmt.Btcnhimvnoihibnphixlcnglcvitngucchungnhntgpgpny.Trkhibncmtbnhkhngkhip,thmayrabnkhngphichuplcphilmvicqucngthng.Nhngdngthctduychmihinhiunlcnhtliihibnphisuynghnhanhnht.

ChcchnlkhithamgianhimvCng3,bntthyucmnhphi

hotngcngthngbtbnhthngnmcno.Ngayckhibnsuynghkimsng,mtvinhimvghinhtrongthigianbnlmviccngihinlcnhnhimvCng3,thmchkcyucunh6conschomtcucgikhncp.Chngtathngtrnhkhngtrcqutibngcchchiaccnhimvcamnhthnhnhiubcddnghn,accktqutcthivobnhdihnhocvitlngiyhnlchucnhqutibnh.Chngtadnhnhiuthigianchomtnhimvhnvhuyngquylutnlctithiuiukhinisngtinhthncamnh.

CHVNLCLNTING

Tiskhngthxlvnnytronglcanglixe.lmtnhimvlinquannginnngt.Nihinhngnlctrc

Quylutnlctithiuanghinhu.Anhtacngnghtcngtt.

Ctakhngquncuchp.Chlcyhontontptrungvomtvnkhckhingitachtthiimhpvchngnghethycunight.

CigtnhinxuthintrongctithlbnnngcaHthng1.Tisphibtulituvtmkimntrongbnhcamnh.

Chng3.Gkimsotlibing

Minm,tisngvithngBerkelyvmttrongsnhngnimvuikhi

sngylqungngibbndmmingytheoltrnhnhsnquaccngni,viquangcnhtuytvicavnhSanFrancisco.Tithngxuyntheodixemmnhimtbaonhiuthigianvcntnbaonhiusclcchohotngny.Ticnbitcvntccamnhlkhong17phtibcmtdm,vitcnythvicibkhgingmtcucdochinhnhng.Tichcchnrngnlcthchtmmnhphibracngnhlngcalobtchykhiitcyphicaohnnutingithgintrnghbnhnhngtithcskhngcmthycngthng,khnghnlonvcngkhngcnphirngsc.Ticnckhnngsuynghvlmvivictrongkhiibvntcyna.Thctticnhyvngvicchukhibmingynhvycthgipmnhththiuchn.

Hthng2cngcmtvntctnhinnhth.Bntiutnnnglngthnkinhchomtshotngtduyvnhnthcchuyngangdinraxungquanh,ngayckhitrccabnkhngchotnggcthnhngnvnshicngthngmtcht.Trkhibnangtrongmttnhthcmthycnphicntrnghockimsotbnthnmtcchbtthng,cnthvicnhnthcchuyngangdinraxungquanhhoctrongucbnskhnglmbntnnhiusclc.Bncthrartnhiuquytnhnhkhivnanglixe,haytipthumtsthngtinkhibnangcbovtraoimtvicuchuynvuvvibnihocngnghip,ttcutnrttsclcvbnkhnghcmthycngthng.Nhnghotngnynhnhngginghtmtcuctnb.

Thngthngthvaibvasuynghvuvlchuynbnhthngvthctlcnkhdchuna,nhngnunhnghotngnybylnmtmccngthngnothslthchthcivingunlcchncaHthng2.Bncthkimchngktlunnybngmtthnghimngin.Tronglcangdochithoimivimtngibn,hyboanhtangaylptctnhnhmphpnhn23x78,gnnhchcchnngibnnysdnglitcth.Kinhnghimcatichothytacthsuynghtronglcido,nhngkhngththamgiavomtcngvictrnoihiphitimtlngdliulntrongbnhngnhn.Nutiphisuynghmtlplunphctptrongthigianngn,chcchntismunngli,hoctt

hnlngixungthayvngim.Ttnhin,khngphimihnhthctduychmuihistptrungcngthngvvithnghimnlctnhnhmkhiidob,tinghracnhngthtuytvinhttrongcucichnhnhnhngcucidoviAmos.

Tngtclnsovitcibthngnhtcamnhlmthayihontonkinhnghimibcati,bivsthayitcphhykhnngsuynghmchlccati.Khitngtc,stptrungbgimstnhngchchoviclmquendnvitcmivchmchduytrtcminy.Khnngsuynghvaramtktlungprtchomtvncngvthtrnnkhthchin.Khitileoitctrungbnhkhong14dm/gi,thtikhngthnghcnbtciug.Bncnhnlcthchtdichuynvitcnhanhtrnsutchngng,ticnphicnlctinhthncgngkimsotbnthnngnchnhammunivitcchmli.Rrnglcstchvtduyulnhnghotngihicngmtsnlcnhnhau.

ivihuhtchngta,theouimtmchsuynghilclmchngtacaumynhntrn,haytrntrvmtvnguihistkimsot.Mcdtichatngthchinmtkhostchthngno,nhngtichorngthngxuynhoniccnhimvvtngtctrongcngvictrcvbnchtkhnghdchuchtnovmingithngcgngtrnhimtviiunykhicth.chnhlldovsaosnlctithiulitrthnhmtquylut.Ngayckhikhngbthcpvmtthigian,duytrmtdngsuynghmchlcihimtklutkhtkhe.Chkhiquanstslntikimtraemailhaylcxemtrongtlnhcnnhnggtrongkhongmtginghvitlchchothyhnhnghmchanhucubcthitcthotrakhitclmvicvinktlunrngduytrmthotnglintcihisnlctchhnnhiusovikhnngticthtptrunglmvic.

Maysao,hotngtrnokhngphilcnocngngghtvikhiconngitacntnhngsnlctrongmtkhongthigiandimkhngcnsdngnnhngchiubinghngi.NhtmlhcMihalyCsikszentmihalyilmvicchmchhnbtcainghincuhintnglmglintckhngbitmtmivttnchohintnglflow(dngchyylmtthutngcatmlhc)msaunytrthnhmtphncangnnghc.Nhngngitngtringhimdngchycmtnhthtrongtrngthitptrungcaokhngbitmtmikhinhnhmtcmgicvthigian,vbnthn,vcccvncnhn,vnhngnginymtnimvuisngcamnhkhitrongtnh

trngylrthpdn,khinCsikszentmihalyigilmttringhimsungsngnht.Rtnhiuhotngcthtoracmgicdngchyny,tvtranhchonuaxemt-vivimtstcgimtibit,vitmtcunschcngccoilmttringhimsungsng.Dngchykhcbithnsovihaidngnlc:Tptrungvomtnhimvhayduytrhotngch.uaxemtvitc150dm/givchimtvnccngthngrrngihirtnhiunlc.Tuyvy,trongtnhtrngdngchy,duytrstptrungvonhnghotnglthkhngihingitaphitkimsot,mngcli,nnglngcgiiphngtrctiptchnhnhimv,thngquaitay.

Hthng2Bnrnvsuyyu

Githmnhcxclprrngvccdngthccahotngtrcbaogmcstkimsotvsnlcnhnthc.VinghincuTmlhcchngminhconngingthicmthybththchtrcmtyucuphinhnthctrongkhiphicgngchngliscmd.Hytngtngbncyucughinhmtdysgm7constrongvngmthochaiphtvbnphidnhutincaonhtchonhimvghinhccconsy.Trongkhibnangtptrungschvocccons,bncmilachnmttronghaimntrngming:Mtchicbnhsclangonchtngivmtmnsa-ltrauqubdng.Hinnhinkhnngcaolbnslachnscmdchtngicamnbnhsclatrongkhiucvnbnrnvivicphighinhcccons.KhiHthng2angbnrn,Hthng1stcngnhnhvicachngtanhiuhn,nhtlkhibnlngihongt.

Nhngngiangbnrnvnhnthcscxuhngaranhnglachnchk,sdngngnngnhycmnhtvaranhngnhnnhhihttrongmtvitnhhungthct.Hthng2bnrnvinhimvghinhvlplicccons,khinnllvnhnthcnhngttnhingnhnngnhnthckhngphilnguynnhnduynhtlmsuyyukhnngtchcaconngi.Mtvithcungccnhaymtngvobanmcngtorahiungtngt.Khnngtchcanhngngisngbanngybsuyyuivobanmvkhnngnystheochiungcivingisngvmthkhnngtchylisuyyuvobanngy.Lolngthiquvvicphihonthnhttmtnhimvnoikhicngcntrktqu,bivbnhngnhnphilintctinhnglungsuynghcngthngvch.Ktlunrtrrng:Tkimsotihistptrungvnlc.Nicchkhc,kimsotsuynghvhnhvilmttrongnhngnhimvdoHthng2mnhim.

NhtmlhcRoyBaumeistervccngnghipthchinmtlotnhngthnghimgykinhngckhichngminhmtcchthuytphcrngttcccdngthccanlctchnhnhnthc,cmxc,haythchtuchimtnhtmtphntrongbnnglngtinhthncaconngi.Ccthnghimcahnghincuccnhimvlintipchkhngnghingvccloinhimvkhcnhau.

NhmcaBaumeisterlpilpliphthinrngscgngnlchoctchrtmtmi,nubnpbnthnphilmmtvicgy,bnsbthohchockhckhnngtchhnkhiimtvinhngththchktip.Hintngnycttnlegodepletion(Tmdch:Ssuyyucaciti).Trongmtminhchnginhnh,nhngngithamgiathnghimchngdnhykimchcmxctrcmtbphimvcngxcng,nhngsauhlidinxutrtchn,trongmtthnghimoscchungvthcht,thnghimnyxemnhngngithamgiathnghimgicmtchiclcknngtrongkhongthigianbaolu.Nhngnlccmxcgiaionucathnghimlmgimikhnngchungaundobcngc,vthcitibsuyyutrongmichngtachngmychcmphiuhngnhimv.Trongmtthnghimkhc,utinmingibvtkitsctrongmtnhimv,yucuphinchobnghtnhngnclichosckhenhtihoccnty,trongkhi,hliphicnglihammuntrcnhngchicbnhsclahocbnhquygiudngcht.Chngmychc,nhngnginysuhngnhanhhnthngthngkhiphiimtvimtnhimvtduykhkhnno.

Chonnay,cmtdanhschdivadngnhngtnhhungvnhimvccholckhnngrtkitstchcaconngi.Ttculinquannmuthunvnhucuingclixuhngtnhin.Baogm:

Trnhxanhngcongutrng.Kimchcmxckhixemmtbphimkchtnh.aramtlotnhnglachngytranhci.Cgnggyntngvingikhc.Phnngtttrcmthnhngxucabni.Giaotipvimtngikhcchngtc(ivinhngngithnhkin).Danhschnhngchdnsuyyucngcckadng:Lnthcnnking.Vungtayqutrntrongcncungmuasm.

Phnngthiqukhibkhiukhch.Cmnxithmmtchttrongnhimvnmchttay.Thhinkmtrongccnhimvtduyvkhiphiaranhngquytnhlogic.

Bngchngrtthuytphc:CchotngphctpihistkimsotthucvHthng2vqutrnhtkimsotykhintacmthykitscvkhngmydchu.Khnggingqutrnhtduy,citisuyyubmttnhtmtphnnglcsauminhimvtkimsot.Saukhihonthnhccnhimvnhth,bnccmgickhngmuncgngtrongccnhimvtiptheo,mcdnunhbtbucthbncngcththchinc.Trongvithnghim,conngicthchngcvicchiungcacitisuyyukhickhchlmnhthchinhnhng.Ngcli,khibnphinh6constrongbnhngnhn,cnglcliphithchinmtnhimvnothdcmunnlchnbncngkhnglmc.Citisuyyukhnggingnhtnhtrngbnrncatmlnhnthc.

KhmphngkinhngcnhtmnhmcanhtmlhcBaumeistercngb,lngchorngquannimcascmnhtinhthnchlphpndkhnghnkhngkm.Hthngthnkinhtiuthnhiuglucosehnhuhtccbphnkhctrongcthvccnlccahotngtinhthndngnhlkngnlngglucosekhngkhip.Khibntptrungaramtquytnhtrckhkhnhaythamgiavomtnhimvihiphikimsotbnthncao,lngglucosetrongmucabncngsttxung.Hintngtngtcngxyraivimtvnngvininkinhkhichygiaionncrt,lngglucosetrongcbpcavnngvinnycngttxung.HqurntcaquannimnylccphnngcacitisuyyucthbginondohpthlngglucosevBaumeistercngviccngnghipkhngnhgithuytnythngquavithnghim.

Cctnhnguynvintrongmtnghincucxemmtonphimcmngn,trongcmtphnangtrliphngvnbngngnngcth.Trongkhihangxem,mtlotcctlintipctrnhchiuvitcchm.Nhngngithamgiathnghimcyucuphtlcctyivphitptrungvonhimvchnhlquansthnhvicangiphn.Hnhngtkimsotbnthnnymchngtacbittrc,chnhlnguynnhngyracitisuyyu.Ttcnhngtnhnguynvinucungncchanhtrckhithamgiavonhimvs2.Mtnasncchanhcphangtvingglucosevmtnacphavi

Splenda.Sauttccctnhnguynvincthamgiavomtnhimv,tronghcnphivtquacsailmcatrcgictmrapnng.NhngsailmdotrcgicxuthinthngxuynhnnhngcnhnccitisuyyuvnhngngiungncSplendachothyhdbnhhngbicitisuyyungnhccnhkhoahcdon.Ngcli,nhngngiungncngchoktqungcli.Dtrmtlngngphhptrongnobngnssuyyu.Hnlsphiutthmthigianvtinhnhnhiunghincukhckhngnhclngngglucosectcngthnoivissuyyucngnhivinhngphnngnhtthi,mbiuhincancthhinquavicginnngtvthayinhptim.

Gny,mtlunchngvtcngcasuyyutrongxncngtitrnTpchProceedingoftheNationalAcademyofSciences(HcvinKhoahcTtngQucgia).Trongmtnghincu,tmvthmphnxtduytnxIsraelvtnhtrthnhnhngngithamgiavothnghimny.Cngvichngngycahlxemxtnhnghsxinnx.Cchscgilntheothtngunhinvccthmphnsxemxttnghsmt,trungbnhmthscxemtrongmtthigianngnkhongsupht.(Trongshsxinnx,chckhong35%hscchpnhnnx.Thigianchnhxcchomiquytnhcghilivthigianlmvicmtngycaccthmphncchiaralm3lnngh-basng,batravbagiachiu).Cctcgicanghincutheoditlnhnghscchpthunnxdavothigiansaucclnngh.Tlnytngtngtsaumiban,vikhong65%hscchpthun.Trongvnghaigihochnchonlnnghtiptheo,tlchpthunnxgimu,choti0%trcbantiptheo.Nhbncthhnhdung,ylmtktqukhngmongmunvcctcgicnthnarartnhiugithuytloitr.Lngdliunhiunhtcthchmangntinxu:Khiivkht,nhngvthmphncxuhngranhngquytnhddihn,lmcnhtchicchsxinnx.Khnnglcikhtvmtmiungvaitrvoquytnhycaccthmphn.

HTHNG2LIBING

MttrongnhngchcnngchnhcaHthng2liukhinvkimsotccsuynghvhnhngcgibiHthng1,chophpmtssuynghvhnhngcthhintrctipthngquahnhvi,ngnchnhociuchnhmtshnhvikhc.

Vd,hyxemcunginny.ngcgnggii,mhynghetheotrcgiccabnnh:

Tnggicamtchicgybngchyvqubngl1.10-la

Chicgycgicaohnqubng1-la.

bnbitqubngcgibaonhiu?

Mtconsxuthintrongubn.Cons,ttnhinl10:10xu.imthvcacunginlngiramtpnhinnhinytnhtrcgichpdnvsai.Chcnlmmtphptnh,bnsthy.Nuqubngtrgi10xu,thtngtinphitrchocgyvbngphil1.20-la(10xuchoqubngv1.10-lachochicgy),chkhngphil1.10-la.pnngphil5xu.chcchnthcthnithny,pnbnnngcngcxuthintronguccanhngngiarapnngchciu,bngmtcchno,nhngnginyiukhinchnglitinggicatrcgic.

ShaneFrederickvticngnhaunghincugithuytvsphngondatrnhaihthngvngthngdngcugyvbngnghincumtcuhicho:Hthng2iukhinnhnggitHthng1nhthno?ngaralllchngtabitmtsththinnhinvnhngngiarapnqubngtrgi10xul:Ngikhngcgngkimchngxempncamnhngcha,Hthng2chpthunmtpntrcgicmngranphibloib,nuchcnbramtchtnlclcthbitcpnng.Hnthna,chngtacngbitrngnhngngiaracutrlitrcgicbquamtumiquantrngrtphbin,nglhphitcuhitisaongitalictharamtcunginvimtpnhinnhinnvy.Thtbitrongvickimchngnyrtngbivchcnbramtchtxucngsckimtrathi,chmtmthaigiytduy(vnnytngingin),chcnmtchtcngcvhiginnngtlcthtrnhcmtsailmngxuh.Nhngngiarapn10xudngnhlnhngtncungnhitcaquylutnlctithiu.Nhngngitrnhcpnsaidngnhcucnhybnhn.

Hngngnsinhvinihcthamgiatrlicuvgyvbng,ktquthtngkinhngc,hn50%sinhvinihcHarvard,MITvPrincetonarapntrcgic,ttnhinpnnysai.Tlsinhvincctrngihcnmtopdicctrngtrn,arapnsail

80%.Vnvgyvbnglcucchmtrnutincachngtivinhnnhmsaunystrthnhchcnhcnnhiulntrongcunschny:Cnhiungittinthiqu,tnvinhtrcgiccamnhqumccnthit.Rrnglhchorngnlctduy,dmctithiukhngphiliuthvvctrnhngvincngtcngtt.

Githtischchobnthymtlplunlogic-haimnhvmtktlun.Hycgngxcnh,cngnhanhcngtt,nubnthylplunnylhplogic.Thaimnhnythktlunthnychplkhng?

Hoahnglmtloihoa.

Viloihoachngtn.

Chonncviloihoahngchngtn.

asccsinhvinihcchiuchpthuntamonlunnylhplogicmkhngchtnghing.Thct,lplunnykhngcht,bivcthxyrakhnnghoahngkhngnmtrongsnhngloihoachngtn.Cnggingnhcibyca"gyvbng",mtpncvhpllptcxuthintrongubn.Trnhccibynyihiucphilmviccngthngchnglitingnikhekhctlntrongu:ngri,ngri!khinbnkhcthkimtratnhchunxccavnvhuhtmingingisuynghthuochomtvnno.

Thnghimnychothytrongcucsnghngngy,victruyncngmtsuylunlunbcntr.Naragithuytlkhiconngitatlngtinrngmtktlunlng,hcngscxuhngtintngvonhngkinbtrchoktlun,ngayckhinhnglplunnykhngccnc.KhiHthng1thamgiavoqutrnhsuylun,ktlunxuthintrctin,rimincclplun.

Tiptheo,bnhytrlicuhinyvtrlinhanhtrckhictip:

MtnmbangMichigancbaonhiukstnhn?

Cuhiny,cthitkbiShenFrederick,mtlnnalithchHthng2.CibyynmchliubncnhracDetroitlthnhphctltiphmcaothucbangMichiganhaykhng.CcsinhvinMbitiunyvcngsxcnhcchnhxclDetroitlthnhphlnnhtbangMichigan.Nhngnhnthccthcthnychngnilniught.Khngphittcnhnggchngtabituxuthintrongtr

ccachngtavongthiimkhichngtacnnchng.SnginhcrngDetroitnmMichiganvlthnhphctltiphmcaonhtnhiuhnsngikhngbitiuny,nhngphnlnnhngngitrlicuhinyukhngnghnthnhphnykhictcuhivbangny.Thcvy,tltrungbnhnhngngionvtnhtrngtiphmMichiganthphnsovinhngngichivthnhphDetroit.

CthlichocHthng1vHthng2trongvickhngnghnthnhphDetroit.Khinhcnmtbangno,thvicbnnghnthnhphnonmtrongbangphthucmtphnvochcnngtngcabnh.Vphngdinnythkhngaigingai.NhcnbangMichigan,thngmingiscnhngntngvhnhdungkhcnhauvadanhny:Thngnhngngisngtibangnysccmgicgngi,thnthin,nhiuknim,ntnghnlnhngngisngnikhcchbitsvn;nhngngibnasinhsngtiaphng,ngnhinsbitnhiuvnimnhsinhsnghnlnhngngikhckcnhngnginhanhnhn,thngminh,cthiquentmhiuklngvmtsadanhnomhthch.Trthngminhkhngchlinquannkhnngsuylun,ncnlkhnngtmranhngnguynliuthchhptrongbnhvsnsinhschkhicnthit.ChcnngghinhlthuctnhcaHthng1.Tuynhin,ttcmingiucquynlmchmlimikhilctmtrongbnhttcnhnghinthclinquannvn,cngnhhcthchmlikhikimtramtcutrlitrcgictrongvdbngvgy.Mrng,thntrngkhikimtravtmkimlmtctnhcaHthng2,bncnhthuctnhnythhinmicnhnlikhcnhau.

C3vngyvbng,tamonlunhoatnvvdvtiphmMichigan/Detroitucmtimchung:Cvnh,tnhtththtbitrongnhngbikimtranhnychrangithamgiatrlibikimtranythiunglcvkhngsuynghklng.

BtcnginovocctrngihcdanhtingucthtrlihaicuhiutinvsuynghcnthnvMichiganlcthnhrathnhphlnnhtcabangvccvnlinquanntiphmcathnhphny.Nhngsinhvinnycthgiiquytnhngbitonkhhnthnyrtnhiu,nhtlkhihkhngddngaramtpnmhbtchtxuthintronguc.Vicddngthamnlnguynnhnngncnh,tduymichnhlvnrcri.Libingcthlliphnxtnngnivikhnngtkimsotbnthncanhngthanhninnycngnh

viHthng2cah,nhngdngnhliphnxtnyhithiucngbngchoh.Nhngngitrnhclilisuynghcthgilnhngngibnrn.Hcnhgichnhayngnohn,khngdhilngvinhngcutrlinngniviv,ngthihoinghitrcgiccachnhmnh.NhtmlhcKeithStanovichthgihlnhngconngiltrhn.

TRTU,KIMSOT,LTR

Ccnhnghincupdngrtnhiuphngphpkimtramilinhgiatduyvstkimsot.Mtsngitracuhisosnhnhsau:Numtngicxphngbikhnngtkimsotvtrcgiccamnh,thliungicthtncngmtvtrchaibngxphnghaykhng?

MttrongnhngthnghimnitingnhtcalchsngnhTmlhclcaWalterMischelvccsinhvincamnh.Hnghincudatrnmttnhhunginhnhivinhngatrbntui.Chngclachn,hoclnhnmtphnthngnh(mtchicbnhOreo)lun,hocmtphnthnglnhn(haichicbnh)nuchngchukhi15pht.Cthlltrsmtmnhtrongmtcnphng,trcmtlmtchicbnvihaivt

Mtchicbnhvmtcichungdnggiccnhnvinlmthnghim.Thnghimcmtnhsau:Trongphngkhngcchi,khngcsch,tranhhaybtcthgckhnnglmphntnbnnhc.Nhngngithchinthnghimbrangoivchquaytrlisau15pht,hockhiatrrungchung,nbnh,ngdy,hockhitrcbiuhinmtmi.

Nhngatrthamgiathnghimcquanstquachicgngmtchiu,onphimquaylinhnghnhvicachngtrongsutthigianchiylunkhinngixemphibtci.Khongmtnastremthamgiathnghimckhnngnhbisnnnng,ch15pht,chyulvccembithngschcamnhkhihammunccphnthng.10n15nmsau,khongcchgianhngatrcnglicshammunvnhngatrkhngckhnngylrtln.Nhngemcnglicshammunckhnngkimsotnhnthctthn,cbitlckhnngnhhngschcabnthnmtcchhiuqu.Khitrngthnh,tlccemnydngmatycngthphn.Mtskhcbitngktrongkhuynhhngtrtucngxuthin:Nhngatrthhin

khnngkimchbnthntthnkhimichbntuivcbnstcnhngthnhtchcaohntrongccbikimtratrtu.

MtnhmnghincucaihcOregonkhmphramilinhgiakimsotnhnthcvtrtutheonhiucchkhcnhau,trongbaogmcnlcnuidngtrtubngcchnngcaokhnngkimsotstch.Trongnmphinhc,miphinkodi40pht,htrnhchiuchotremtbnnsutuivichngtrnhtrchiintcthitkcbit,ihistptrungvkimsot.Mttrongsnhngbitp,lccemsdngmtchiccnliiukhinmtchmohothnh,dichuynchmonynkhuvcbicvtrnhnhngbisnhly.Nhngngihngdnnhnthyrnluynstptrungkhngchnngcaokhnngkimsot;ccimsghictrongnhngbithitrtucngcnngcaovstinbnycduytrtrongvithng.Mtnghincukhccngdonhmnythchinxcnhcnhnggencbitthamgiavoqutrnhkimsotny,chothyccknngnuidyconcicngbnhhngrtlnnkhnngny,nghincucngchothycmilinhmtthitgiakhnngkimsotschcatrvkhnngkimsottmtrngcachng.

ShaneFredericktinhnhmtthnghimPhnchiunhnthc,trongcngtravngyvbngvhaicuhikhcclachnbichngcnglnhngthdlmnysinhnhngcutrlitrcgiccvrtngnhngthctlisai(cuhisxuthinchng5).ngnghincutnhcchcaccsinhvintimrtthptrongthnghimny,nhngnginy,chcnnggimstcaHthng2rtyuvnhnthyhcthinhngtrlicccuhibngccpnutinxuthintronguc,hcngkhngsnlngutthmcngsckimtraxemtrcgiccamnhcnghaykhng.NhngngiitheotingnicatrcgickhngsuytnhtrongcccuhicngthngcxuhngchpnhnnhnggikhctHthng1.cbit,hthngbcng,thiukinnhnvthchnhncthnhqungaytckhc.Vd,64%nhngngitrliphngntrcgicnihthchnhnlun34.000-langaytrongthnghnlchnthngsaunhnc38.000-la.Ch37%nhngngitrlingcbacuchnphngnnhnckhontinnhhnngaylptc,thayvchinhnckhontinlnhn.Khichihsnlngchibaonhiutincmtcunschngaytrongngymhvathng,nhngngiimthptrongthnghimPhnchiunhnthc(Cognitivereflectiontest)snlngtrgpisovinhngngiimcao.PhthincaFrederickchothytrongvkchtmlny,ccnhnvtcnhngctnhkhcnhau.Hthng1thbcng

vtrcgic;Hthng2thckhnngltrvrtthntrng,nhngmtsngithhthngnyrtlibing.Chngtanhnthyskhcbitlinquangiacccnhn:MtsngithchHthng2camnhhn,mtsngikhcligngiviHthng1camnhhn.Bithnghimnginnynilnnhmtnhdbochunxcnhtvthiquenlitduyloingi.

KeithStanovichvngicngslunmcamnh,RichardWestbanucngnhcnkhinimHthng1vHthng2(sauhthchgilccqutrnhKiu1vKiu2hn).Stanovichvngsnghincutrongnhiuthpkvskhcbitgiacccthkhiphiidinvimtsvnmcunschnycpti.Hhimtcuhicbntheonhiucchkhcnhau:iugkhinmtsngiddngtintngvoccdonsailchhnnhngngikhc?StanovickrtraktluntrongmtcunschcxutbnctaLtrvucphnchiu(RationalityandReflectiveMind),trongxutmtcchtipcntobovkhcbitivichcachngny.ngvramthnhminhhothhinskhcbitgiahaiphncaHthng2-thct,skhcbitscbnnmcnggichnglnhngtrckhcbit.Mttrongnhngtrc(mngginlthutton)smphnvistduychmvyucustnhton.Mtsngigiihnnhngngikhctrongnhngnhimvtrcnhthny,hthnglnhngcnhnxutsctrongnhngbikimtratrtuvckhnngchuynnhanhtmtnhimvnysangmtnhimvkhcmtcchhiuqu.Tuynhin,Stanovichlplunrngtrtuthngminhkhnglmngitaminnhimvinhngsailch.Cncmtkhnngkhccngthamgiavoqutrnhny,mngdnnhnchonlltr.KhinimcaStanovichvmtngiltrtngtnhngimlctrctidnnhnlbnrn.immuchttronglpluncanglsltrphicphnbitvitrtu.Theocchnhncang,tduynngnihaylibinglmtdngchycatrcphnchiu,mtsthtbicaltr.yquthclmttnghpdnvtobo.htrchon,Stanovichvccngstmracuhibygyvbngvnhngngikhcthchhiunlmtdngchdnchonhngnhmlnngngntrongtduyhnlmtthcothngthngchotrtu,vdccbikimtraIQ.Thigianchochngtabitskhcbitgiatrtuvltrsdndttannhngkhmphmi.

KIMSOTLNTING

Cbkhngtinongiimmthchinmtnhimvkodihnggi

c.Cblcnocngngy.

Citicaanhtablmchosuykitsaumtngydihphnh.Thlanhtaquaytrlinhngtintrnhxltrcgicthayvsuynghthuovn.

Anhtachngbunkimtraxemnhnggmnhnicgitrgkhngna.ChlanhtalcnocngcmtHthng2libing,haylanhtabmtmibtthng?

ngticlctacxuhngbutmingniranhngsuynghbtphttrongu.Hnlctacngsgpkhkhnkhitrhonmtlintngvshilng.Hthng2yukm.

Chng4.Bmylintng

btuhnhtrnhkhmphhotngkdiucaHthng1,mibn

nhnvocctsauy:

Chuinnma.

Chcnmtnhaigiy,cbitbaothlelntrongubnkhinhnvotchuinnma.Mtshnhnhvknimkhngmydchuhinratrongubn.Khunmtbnclsnhnliicht,thhinsghghvrtcth,mtcchvthcbnsycunschnyraxamnhhnmtcht.Nhptimtngln,lngttrncnhtaydnglnichtvtuynmhicabnckchhot.Tmli,bnphnngvimttmangnghakinhtmmkhnghkimsotchnhnhcamnhkhiphnngtrchinthcy.Ttcqutrnhphnngnyudinrahontonrttnhin,nmngoitmkimsotcabn.

Khngcldocbitnobnphiphnngnhvynhngucbntnghnhthnhmtlintngtmthivmtlinhmangtnhhqu,Chuilnguynnhngybunnn(nhngchlo,mivicsmauchngquathi.)Trngthibnhcabnthayitheonhiucchkhc:Githbnsnsngnhnravphnngvinhngthvkhinimcmilinhvinnma,vdbunnn,khchu,hoclmlmvcctngclinhvichuinhmuvng,hoaqu,thmchltovdu.

Thngthng,snnmaxuthintrongmtshoncnhcth,vdnhbaticthumvquchn.Bncngthngkhngdnhnranhngtngclinhvinhngnguynnhnkhcna,chngchocngmtktqumbnkhngmongi.Hnna,Hthng1cabnghinhnthctrngvicthaitcnhnhaunhthltrivilthng:Cthtrcchabaogibnclintnghaisvicnyvinhau.Bntriquamtkinhnghimtngikhcbitsovitringhimtrcycamnh.

Mtlotphnngphctpxuthinmtcchmaul,tnhinvkhngihibtcscgngnotphabn.Bnkhngctnhnhngbncngchngthngncchngxuthin.chnhlcchvnhnhcaHthng1.Nhnghintngxuthinktrnlktqucavicnhnthy

cctngdinranhmtqutrnhgilkchhotlintng:Cctngnyckhiphttrtnhiutngkhc,chngxuthinotnhthctrongtrnocabn.imctlitronghthngphchpcchintngtrnochnhlsgnktgiachng.Mimtnhntucktnivimtnhntkhc,htrvchtr,cngcchonhntkhc.Mttkhiginhngkc,ttoracmxcvcmxcnltnlitrthnhtcnhntoranhngbiuhinkhunmtvnhngphnngkhc,vdnhtrngthicngthnghocthightm.Biuhinkhunmtvibiucmghtmcngcnhngcmgicmchngclinkttrongtrcbn.Ttcdinranhanhvngthi,tybintheonhnthc,cmxcvphnngchccatngngivttcutcngqualilnnhau,ncgiltnhlinkt.

Chtrongmtvigiy,bnhonthnhmtphnngkdiu,mtcchtngvvthc.Btutmtskinbtng,Hthng1lptctravsgithuytucvcl,vdnhthaitkhngcvglinquancnhnhau,bngcchtoracclinhnhnqutcctng;donnhngedotimnvtorakhungcnhchonhngtintrinsptibngvicchunbchobnnhngskinckhnngxyra;ncngtorakhungcnhchoskincnhcnbngcchnhgixemskincbitmcno.Bnktthcqutrnhnybngviccungcpthngtincaqukhvchunbchotnglaicthdinra.

Qutrnhvadinralthngmtim,lHthng1chlmmtvicduynhtllinkthaitvihainghanthunlivinhau.Cthbnhiplibngmtlotnhngphnngivimtthcthc,phnngcmxcvcthphnnhmtphnsdingiicacchintng.Nhngnmgny,ccnhkhoahcnhnthcluncvchotngnhnthclsthhin;bntduybngccth,chkhngchvibno.

Trtlu,ngitabitncchtoramtlotnhnghintngtrnonhtrn:Nchnhlskthpcacctng.Ttcchngtaubitrng,chnhnhkinhnghimtrongqukhcabnmcctngniuinhautuntxuthintrongtrnocamnh.CctritgiaAnhthkXVIIvXVIIInghincuccquylutgiithchchostipniny.TrongcunschNhucuhiubitvloingixutbnnm1748,nhtrithcngiScotlandDavidHumecrtrabanguyntccaslintng:Stngng,slintngvmtthigian,aimvtnhhqu.KhinimvslintngthayitrittthiHume,nhngbanguyntctrnvnngvaitrlnntngchonhngxutphtim.

Tisphttrincinhnkhiqutvthnolmttng.Cthcthhoctrutngvncthcbiuhintheonhiucchkhcnhau,didng:Mtngt,mtdanht,mttnhthaymtbiutng.Ccnhtmlhcchorngtnglmtimmuchttrongmtmngli,cgillinktkc,trongmitngliclinktvirtnhiutngkhcnhau.Crtnhiuloilinkt:Nguynnhnlinktvihqu(virus=>cmlnh);svtvithuctnh(chanh=>muxanh);svtviphmtrkhiqut(chui=>hoaqu).ChngtatinthmmtbcsovithicaHume,ltakhngcnnghrngbcphitriquamtlotnhngtnglintipvlnlt.Nunhntheocchhotngcahthngbnhlinkt,thttccdinracngmtlc.Nkchhotrtnhiutng,cngnhbnthntnglickchhotlkhingunchonhngtngkhc.Hnthna,chcvitngkchhotcsuynghmtcchcnhnthc,cnlihuhtccsuynghlinktudinratrongimlng,nmnhtrongtimthccamingi.

Rtkhchpnhnkhinimchorngchngtaphigiihntruycpvocchotngtrccaconngi,biv,tnhinmni,nxalsovishiubittrcycachngtanhnglilstht:Bnhiuvbnthnmnhhnrtnhiusovinhnggbnngh.

Skdiucahiungmi

Aicngbitrngbctphlnutintronggiihnhiubitcachngtavcchhotngcalintngchnhlstinbtrongphngphpolng.Vithpktrliy,cchduynhtnghincucclintnglihirtnhiungimtscuhinh:KhiainitBANNGYthnhngtutinbnnghnsltg?.Ccnhkhoahcghilitnsutcanhngcutrlithngxuynnht,vdnhbanm,nng,hocdilth.Vonhngnm1980,ccnhkhoahcphthinrarng,asnmttnoracthlptctoranhngsthayictholngctrongtrnghpcrtnhiutlinquannmtrongtrnglintng.NubnvanhnthyhocnghethytN(EAT),thtrongkhonhkhc,bncxuhnginchcnthiuvochtrngcaSO_PtothnhtSOUP(cho/sp)hnlSOAP(xphng).Chiungclicngng,ttnhin,nubnvanhnthytTM(SOAP).Chngtagilhiungmi,nghaltNmichotngSPvtTMmitngchotXPHNG.

Hiungmicthhindirtnhiudngthc.NutNangchimlnhucbn(dbncnhnthcciuhaykhng),th

thngbnsnhnbitctSOUPnhanhhnbnhthng,dnchcnibngmtcimpmymihaycvitbngmtbphngchmo.Vttnhinbnskhngchcmibtratnglinquannsp,mcnlhnglotcctnglinquannchuynnung,baogmda,i,bo,nking,bnh.Vnubnvanginmtcibnbcpknhtrongmtnhhng,thbncngscdndtnghnsbpbnh.Hnthna,nhngtngcmicngckhnngkhigiranhngtngkhc,ducyuthn.Nhnhngconsnglntntrnmth,mttngbnhnhmthnsicthtosnglantachonhngtngtipninhau.Giy,bnhanhnglnsngytrthnhmttrongnhngchhpdn,ngctheouinhttrongngnhkhoahcnghincuvtmlhc.

Mtbctinblnnatrongnhnthccachngtavbnhlhiungmikhngchgiihntrongcckhinimhaytng.Bnkhngthbitntntinhmttringhimmbnthccnhngbnbucphichpnhntngkqucrngcchnhngcabn,nhngtmtrngcabn,cthbdndtbinhngskinmbnthmchcnkhngnghti.Trongmtthnghimmngaysaukhicthchintrthnhmtthnghimkinhin,nhtmlhcJohnBarghvccngsyucuccsinhvinihcNewYork,huhttrongtuit18ti22thuthpbntcnghatmttphpnmt(vd:thyngtcbcph).Hnmtnasngichitrongmtnhmsinhvinnhtranhngtcnghalinquannngicaotui,vdnhFlorida,ngtr,hi,hoarmhocnhnnheo.Khihonthnhnhimv,ccsinhvinthamgiathnghimtiptcthchinmtthnghimkhctrongmtvnphngtngdi.Qungngibngnthaiimthnghimchnhliumthnghimnhmti.Ccnhnghincuknoothigiandichuyngiahaiaimcaccsinhvinny.NhBarghdontrc,nhngngitrtuivatmranhngtcnghalinquannngigiichmhnrrtsovinhngngibnhthng.

HintngFloridaylinquannhaitrngthicahiungmi.utin,mttphpcctngdndtttnglinhvingicaotui,mcdtginuakhnghcnhcti;thhai,nhngsuynghnynltn,lidndtmthnhvi,ichmvnltcslinhvingicaotui.Ttcnhngiunydinramtcchhontonkhngckimsot.Khichihclngtrciunykhng,khngsinhvinnotrongsnhngghinhnrngcctngmhthuthplicchungmtchvttcbnhukhngnhmithhlmsauthnghimutinkhnghbnhhngbinhngtngmhgptrc.H

khnghthccnhngglinquannngicaotui,yvymhnhvicahbthayi.Hintngdndtmingkinhngcny-mttngchiphithnonmthnhvi-cbitnvitngihiungvn.Mcdchcchclbnkhngthcciuny,nhngviccnhngdngnycngangdndtbn.Nubygicaiyucubnnglnilymtccnc,chcchnbnsthchinhnhngchmrihnbnhthng,trkhibnrtghtnhngngigi,trongtrnghpny,ccnhnghincuchorngcthbnsthchinhnhngnhanhhnmtchtsovibnhthng.

Lintngvncngngtrongchiungcli.MtnghincudinramtihcticlhnhnhphnchiusovithnghimngicaotuimBarghvccsinhvinthchinihcNewYork.Ngitayucuccsinhvinilitrongmtcnphngtrong5pht,vitc30bc/pht,nghalchmhnkhong1/3sovitcthngthng.Sauthnghimngn,nhngngithamgiathnghimnhnracctnglinquannngicaotuinhngtr,gi,cnnhanhhnhnsovibnhthng.Cchintngminghchvo(reciprocalprimingeffects)cxuhngsinhramtphnngrtlogicvmchlc:Nubncminghnngigi,bnscxuhnghnhngnhngigivhnhngnhngigiscngcthmsuynghcabnvngigi.

Nhngmilinktochiunhvyrtphbintrongmnglilintng.Vd,vuivcxuhngkhinbnmmci,vmmcilicxuhngkhinbncmthyvuiv.Gihythnglnvlymtchicbtch,tnngangviming,dnghaihmrngkpchicbtchli,ucmingtynmphatayphi,uchnmphataytri.Githgichtchicbtsaochouchnhmthngvphaidin,mibnschuliquanhchictyphacui.Cthbnskhngnhnthccrngmttrongnhnghnhngtrnkhinkhunmtbnbinitnhnnhsangtrngthingclilmmci.CcsinhvinihccyucunhgixphngcholottranhbimhaTheFarSidecaGaryLarsontrongkhigichicbtchtrnming.Nhngngiangmmci(mkhngbitlmnhangtrngthiy)chornglottranhbimhahihchnsovinhngngiangtrngthinhnnh.Trongmtthnghimkhc,nhngngickhunmtnhnnh(cngthmcvicnhumy)chothymtphnngctnhlinhcmxcivinhngbctranhgycmgickhchu,nhlnhngatrikht,haynhngngicinhau,hocnhngnnnhntrongccvtainngiaothng.

Thtngin,nhngiubthngthngcthnhhngmtcchv

thcnsuynghvcmxccachngta.Trongmtthnghim,ngitayucunhngngithamgianghethngipbngmtitainghemi.Ngitachobitmcchcathnghimnylthchtlngcathitbmthanhvnhngngithamgiacyucurahiubngcchsdngumikhinghethybtcmthanhmono.Mtnasngithamgiacyucugtulnxung,scnlicyuculcqualcli.Thngipmhnghethylmtbntintrniphtthanh.Nhngngigtu(mtcchngnghavisngtnh)cxuhngchpnhnthngipmhnghethy,nhngnhngngilcucxuhngbcbthngtin.Mtlnna,dkhngchnh,cmilinhthngxuyngiamtiubtchihocchpnhnvhnhthcthhinthngthngcan.Bncththytisaonhnglinhcnhthngthngnhcgngcxbnhtnhvhanhbtkbncmthythnolmtlikhuynrttt:Dngnhbncnpbicmgicbnhtnhvhanhvy.

Hiungmidndt

Nhngnghincuvhiungmiphthinrng,quannimchorngconngilunthcvclpkhiaranhngnhnnhvlachnkhngcnphhp.Vd,huhtchngtaunghbuclmthnhngccnnhcklngmkhngbbtciugtcngnvphiubucachngtakhngthnobnhhngbiaimdinracucbuc,nhngthctlibnhhng.MtnghincuvccyutlinquannbucArizonanm2000chngminh:Tlnghgyquchocctrnghctngmtcchngkkhiaimbphiucdinratrnghcsovikhitchcbucmtaimgn.Mtthnghimkhccngchothytrngbynhnghnhnhvcclphcvtrnghccnggiptngxuhngnghccsngkincanhtrngcanhngngithamgiahn.Hiunghnhnhiviphhuynhvnhngthnhphnctrikhccngkhnggingnhau.Tnhngbngchngutincanghincuvhiungmi,ngitathanhnhichmhnkhicginhcvnhngngigi.Githchngtabithiungmicthchmnmingcngchtrongisngcachngta.

Ginhcvtinbccngsinhravihiungphctp.Nhngngithamgiathnghimcachngticxemmtdanhschgmnmt,sauhstramtcucnghagmbnttheochtinbc(cao/mt/lng/bn/chitrsthnhmt(mc)lng(c)chitrcao).Nhnghiungmikhcthtinhvihnnhiu,baogmshindincanhngvtlinquanntinbccsptmtcchvltrongkhungcnh,vdnhmtbnctphcttrnbnhocmtchic

mytnhvimnhnhchlnhngng-latribngbnhtrnmtnc.

Nhngngibmitinbctrnnclphnsovikhikhngcdndtbinhngthlinquan.Hkinnhnhngngpicgngxlmtvnrthcbatrckhinhnhngngitchcthnghimgip,hquytlitchngminhsclptchcamnh.Nhngngibmilinquanntinbccngtrnnchkhn:Hkhngsnlngbthigiangipnhngsinhvinkhc.Khimtthnghimvinvngvnhrimtngbtchxungsn,nhngngithamgiathnghimbmitinbc(mtcchvthc)snhthsbtchthnsovinhngngikhngbhiungmitinbcnhhng.Trongmtthnghimkhc,nhngngithamgiathnghimcyucuthamgiamtcuctrchuynngnlmquenvimtngikhcvsau,ngitayucuhspxphaichicghtrongkhingitchcthnghimbilythngtintngikia.Nhngngithamgiathnghimcmitinbcthchngixahnsovinhngngikhngbmitinbc(118cmsovi80cm).Nhngngithamgiathnghimcmitinbccngchothyhckhnngchungvicphingimtmnhtthnnhiusovinhngngikhc.

Chchungcanhngphthinnychnhltngvchnghacnhntronghintngcmitinbc:Smincngkhiphidnhdngnngikhc,phthucvongikhchocphichpnhnyucutnhngngikhc.NhtmlhcthchinnghincuxutscnylKathleenVohskimchstchcamnhkhibnnnhngngdngcanhngphthinny,mdnhlinhimvnychonhngbnccamnh.Ccthnghimcabrtsusc,ccphthincabgiramttngrng,conngisngtrongmtmitrngsngcbaobcbimtnnvnhoginhcntinbcvnctcngtiqutrnhhnhthnhnhncchcachnhchngta,mcthnhhngtithivhnhvicachngtamchnhchngtacngkhngnhnra.Mtvinnvnhothngxuynnhcnhconngitavstntrng,mtsliginhcnChavmtvixhidndtsthunphcbnghnhnhchongngpcavlnhtknhyu.ChngphivictrngbynhannhnkhpnicchnhnhchndungcavlnhoqucgiaccxhictikhngchhmLnhtangnhnbnmcnlmsuygimnhngnghtphtcngnhnhnghnhngtdosao?

Rrnglccthnghimhiungminhcchoconngitanhrngchnhcichtlnguynnhnkhincctngctitrnnhpdnhn

vcthtrthnhphngcchhuhiulmynlngnhngkscht.NhngthnghimkhckhngnhbnchtcahcthuytFreudvvaitrcaccbiutngvndtrongccmiquanhvthc.Vd,hyxemtsauW__HvS__P.Nutrckhiinnhngchcicnthiuvoccttrn,nhngngithamgiathnghimcyucuhynghnmthnhngmhcmthyhthn,thnhngnginycxuhnginvochtrngtothnhcctnhWASH(gtra)hocSOAP(xbng)vtckhnngtoracctnhWISH(cmun)hocSOUP(mnsp).Hnthna,chnghnvicmlnsaulngngnghipcthkhinnhngngithamgiathnghimckhuynhhngimuaxbng,nctyrahocthuctythayvimuapin,ncqu,hocko.Cmgictmhncaaibnhumbncthkhinghammuntmracthschs,mtsthithccgnchotngihiungPhunhnMacbeth.

cbithnna,stmracncthcthntngbphntrncthkhimtaiclinquannmttilino.Nhngngithamgiatrongmtthnghimctvotnhhungphinidimtngibngtngtng,hocquainthoihocquathint.Ktqulsaubithnghim,ngitaocshammuncanhngngithamgiathnghimvimtviloisnphm,nhngnginiditrninthoicvthchkemnhrnghnlxphng,cnnhngngiditrtrnthintthngcli,thchxphnghnkemnhrng.

Khitimiuthiungmichokhngi,phnngcahthnglhoinghi.iukhngcgll:Hthng2tinrngnmilngichutrchnhimyvnbitldovsaoliaraccchnlay.Cthtrongubncngangtracccuhitngt:Lmsaomnhngthtmthngtrongmtkhungcnhbnhthnglicthgyranhnghiunglnnvy?Liuccthnghimcchngminhrngchngtahontonvuivvibtcthglmmitrongmtkhnggianchotrc,vobtcthiimno?Ttnhinlkhngri.Hiungmirttinhvinhngkhngnhtthitctmnhhngln.Tronghngtrmctri,chcvingikhngchcchnkhibphiulinquannccvntrnghc,hcththayiquytnhnuaimbphiudinragntrnghcchkhngphitrongnhth-nhngchviphntrmnhththicngcththayicktqucamtcucchyuabuc.

Tuyvy,tngmbnnntptrungvo,lshoinghikiakhngphilmtlach