ĐÁnh giÁ tÁc ĐỘng. của nhà máy hóa chất

B Ti nguyn v Mi trng Tng cc Mi trng *****************

HNG DN K THUT LP BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG CC D N SN XUT HA CHT C BN

H ni, 2009

MC LCGII THIU CHUNG ............................................................................................................. 3 1. Khi qut v vic trin khai cc d n Sn xut ha cht c bn ....................................... 3 2. Cn c php lut v k thut ca vic thc hin nh gi mi trng............................... 4 3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh TM ...................................................................... 6 4. T chc thc hin TM ..................................................................................................... 7 CHNG 1. M T TM TT D N ............................................................................. 1 1.1. Nguyn tc ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. M t tm tt d n...................................................................................................... 1 CHNG 2. THU THP S LIU, KHO ST, M T V NH GI HIN TRNG MI TRNG NN .............................................................................................. 17 2.1. Nguyn tc ..................................................................................................................... 17 2.2. iu kin t nhin khu vc d n ................................................................................. 18 2.2.1. iu kin v a l, a cht ................................................................................... 18 2.2.2. iu kin v kh tng, thu vn ........................................................................... 19 2.3. Hin trng cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin khu vc d n .................................... 23 2.3.1. Hin trng cht lng mi trng nc mt .......................................................... 23 2.3.2. Hin trng cht lng mi trng nc di t ................................................... 25 2.3.3. Hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh ......................................................... 26 2.3.4. Hin trng ting n ................................................................................................. 27 2.3.5. Hin trng rung ng .............................................................................................. 28 2.3.6. Hin trng cht lng mi trng t .................................................................... 29 2.3.7. Hin trng h sinh thi ............................................................................................ 31 2.4. iu kin kinh t x hi khu vc d n ......................................................................... 31 2.4.1. iu kin v kinh t - x hi................................................................................... 31 2.4.2. i tng v hnh thc iu tra thu thp thng tin ................................................ 32 2.5. nh gi v tnh nhy cm v sc chu ti ca mi trng khu vc d n ................... 35 CHNG 3. NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG .......................................... 39 3.1. Nguyn tc nh gi ...................................................................................................... 39 3.2. Nhng ngun gy tc ng ............................................................................................ 40 3.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi ........................................................... 40 3.2.2. Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi ................................................ 46 3.3. i tng, quy m tc ng ......................................................................................... 46 3.4. nh gi cc tc ng lin quan n cht thi .............................................................. 48 3.4.1. Tc ng mi trng khng kh ............................................................................. 48 3.4.2. Tc ng mi trng nc .................................................................................... 58 3.4.3. Tc ng mi trng t ........................................................................................ 62

3.4.4. Cht thi rn............................................................................................................ 63 3.5. nh gi tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi .......................................................... 65 3.5.1. Ting n .................................................................................................................. 65 3.5.2. rung ................................................................................................................... 66 3.5.3. nhim nhit ......................................................................................................... 67 3.5.4. Tc ng ch thu vn ....................................................................................... 67 3.5.5. Tc ng mi trng t ........................................................................................ 68 3.5.6. Tc ng mi trng sinh thi................................................................................ 68 3.5.7. Tc ng n mi trng kinh t-x hi ................................................................ 68 3.6. nh gi ri ro, s c mi trng ................................................................................. 69 3.6.1. Ngun gc pht sinh ri ro, s c ........................................................................... 69 3.6.2. nh gi ri ro, s c mi trng .......................................................................... 69 3.7. nh gi mc tc ng tng th ............................................................................... 70 CHNG 4. CC BIN PHP PHNG NGA, KHC PHC, GIM THIU CC TC NG TIU CC CA D N N MI TRNG ........................................... 73 4.1. Bin php gim thiu tc ng xu trong giai on chun b mt bng v thi cng xy dng ...................................................................................................................................... 73 4.1.1. Giai on quy hoch mt bng ............................................................................... 73 4.1.2. Giai on thi cng xy dng................................................................................... 74 4.2. Bin php gim thiu tc ng xu trong giai on vn hnh d n ............................. 76 4.2.1. Gii php k thut x l kh thi ............................................................................ 76 4.2.2. Gii php k thut x l nc thi ......................................................................... 80 4.2.3. Cc gii php khng ch ting n v rung ng..................................................... 82 4.4. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu n mi trng sinh thi ................................ 84 4.4. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu n mi trng kinh t-x hi ........................ 84 4.5. Cc bin php phng nga v ng ph s c mi trng ............................................. 85 CHNG 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V QUAN TRC, GIM ST MI TRNG ................................................................................................................................ 88 5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng .................................................................................. 88 5.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trng ................................................................................ 89 5.2.1. Gim st cht thi ................................................................................................... 89 5.2.2. Gim st mi trng xung quanh ............................................................................. 91 5.2.3. Gim st khc ........................................................................................................... 93 5.3. D ton kinh ph cho hot ng qun l v gim st mi trng ................................. 93 CHNG 6. THAM VN KIN CNG NG............................................................ 94 6.1. i tng tham vn ....................................................................................................... 94 6.2. Hnh thc tham vn ....................................................................................................... 95 6.3. Ni dung tham vn ........................................................................................................ 97 6.4. kin ca ch d n trc kt qu tham vn cng ng ............................................. 98

CHNG 7. KT LUN, KIN NGH V CAM KT ................................................... 99 PH LC NH KM ........................................................................................................ 100

DANH MC BNG

Bng 1-2. Sn phm v qui cch sn phm .............................................................................. 12 Bng 1-3. Thit b chnh ca dy chuyn sn xut xt - clo .................................................... 13 Bng 1-4. Thit b chnh ca dy chuyn sn xut axt sunfuric .............................................. 14 Bng 1-5. Thit b chnh ca dy chuyn sn xut axit photphoric ......................................... 15 Bng 1-6. Tin thc hin d n ........................................................................................... 16 Bng 2-1. Nhit trung bnh thng khu vc d n ................................................................ 19 Bng 2-2. m tng i trung bnh thng khu vc d n ................................................... 20 Bng 2-3. S gi nng trung bnh thng khu vc d n ........................................................... 20 Bng 2-4. Tc gi trung bnh thng khu vc d n ............................................................. 21 Bng 2-5. Lng ma trung bnh thng khu vc d n ........................................................... 21 Bng 2-7. Kt qu phn tch cht lng mi trng nc mt i vi d n sn xut ha cht c bn ....................................................................................................................................... 24 Bng 2-8. Kt qu phn tch cht lng mi trng nc di t ........................................ 25 Bng 2-10. Gi tr trung bnh nng cc cht kh v bi theo 8h hoc 24h .......................... 27 Bng 2-11. Gi tr ting n trung bnh ..................................................................................... 28 Bng 2-12. Gi tr trung bnh mc rung ................................................................................... 29 Bng 2-13. Cht lng mi trng t..................................................................................... 30 Bng 2-14. Hin trng s dng t (hoc quy hoch s dng t n nm) ........................ 30 Bng 2-15. Cc thng s cn kho st nh gi iu kin t nhin, mi trng v kinh t x hi khu vc i vi d n sn xut ho cht c bn ............................................................ 32 Bng 3-1. Ngun pht sinh cht thi trong qu trnh chun b mt bng v xy dng ............ 40 Bng 3-2. Ti lng thi SO2 t cc nh my sn xut axt sunfuric....................................... 42 Hiu sut chuyn ha SO2 thnh SO3 (%) .............................................................................. 42 Bng 3-4. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi t bi cha gp ..................................... 44 Bng 3-5. i tng v phm vi chu tc ng ........................................................................ 46 Bng 3-6. H s pht thi bi trong xy dng .......................................................................... 49 Bng 3-7. H s pht thi ca cc ngun thi di ng c trng ............................................ 49 Bng 3-8. Ti lng cc cht nhim trong kh thi ca my pht in dng du DO .......... 54 Bng 3-9. Nng cht nhim trong kh thi ca my pht in ......................................... 54

Bng 3-10. Cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot (nh mc cho 1 ngi) ......................... 59 Bng 3-11. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot ............................................ 59 Bng 3-12. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi giai on xy dng ............................ 60 Bng 3-13. Tnh cht cht thi rn ca Cng ty Supe Pht pht v Ho cht Lm Thao ........ 63 Bng 3-14. Tnh cht cht thi rn ca Nh my Supe Pht pht Long Thnh ....................... 64 Bng 3-15. Mc n ti a ca cc phng tin vn chuyn v cc phng tin thi cng ....... 65 Bng 3-16. Mc gy rung ca mt s my mc xy dng .................................................. 66 Bng 3-17. H thng phn loi IQS ......................................................................................... 70 Bng 4-1. c tnh ca cc thit b x l kh ........................................................................... 76

DANH MC HNHHnh 1-1. S cng ngh sn xut xt km theo dng thi ..................................................... 3 Hnh 1-2. S cng ngh sn xut axit Clohyric km theo dng thi ................................... 6 Hnh 1-3. S cng ngh sn xut axit Sunfuric ( H2SO4) t nguyn liu l lu hunh ........ 7 Hnh 1-4. S dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut a xt Phtphoric ( theo cng ngh bn quyn ca Prayon-Mark IV B) ........................................................................................................ 10 Hnh 4-4. S x l nc thi nhim du ............................................................................. 81 Hnh 4-5. S nguyn l trm x l nc thi tp trung....................................................... 82 Hnh 4-6. S thu gom v x l cht thi rn ....................................................................... 83

LI NI U nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) l mt cng c mang tnh khoa hc v k thut c s dng d bo cc tc ng mi trng c kh nng xy ra bi d n u t, trn c s ra cc gii php v bin php nhm tng cng cc tc ng tch cc, gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc, gp phn lm cho d n u t c bn vng trong thc t trin khai. Mc chnh xc ca vic d bo tc ng s xy ra ph thuc vo hai nhm cc yu t c bn, l thng tin u vo cho d bo v phng php d bo. V thng tin u vo, iu ct yu l phi c cc thng tin v 2 i tng chnh: mt l, nhng ni dung ca d n c kh nng gy ra tc ng mi trng ngun gy ra tc ng; v hai l, nhng thnh phn mi trng xung quanh, bao gm c mt s yu t v kinh t v x hi lin quan, c kh nng b tc ng bi d n - i tng b tc ng. Mc i hi v mc sn c ca cc thng tin u vo ny l rt khc nhau ty thuc vo loi hnh d n, a im thc hin d n v phng php d bo p dng. V phng php d bo cng c s ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, nh: mc sn c ca cc thng tin u vo, loi hnh d n, a im thc hin d n v.v V vy, nu ch c nhng quy nh v php lut nh hin hnh th cng tc TM Vit Nam s rt kh mang li nhng kt qu mong i v rt kh to lp c nhng c s vng chc phc v cho s pht trin bn vng kinh t - x hi ca t nc. Vn cp bch t ra l phi xy dng c nhng hng dn k thut v TM i vi tng loi hnh d n u t khc nhau. Bn hng dn c lp trn nguyn tc tp trung vo nhng hng dn mang tnh k thut cho vic lp bo co TM p dng i vi loi hnh d n u t thuc lnh vc sn xut ho cht c bn Vit Nam, lm ngun ti liu tham kho cho nhiu i tng s dng khc nhau trong lnh vc nh gi tc ng mi trng (ch d n, c quan ti tr d n, cng ng chu tc ng tiu cc bi d n, cc t chc, c nhn tham gia lp bo co TM, cc c quan, t chc tham gia thm nh bo co TM, kim tra, gim st vic thc thi cc bin php bo v mi trng ca d n v cc i tng khc c lin quan). Hng dn c xy dng vi s kt hp ca nhng kinh nghim thc t thc hin TM i vi cc d n thuc lnh vc sn xut ho cht c bn v cc lnh vc c lin quan khc Vit Nam trong vng gn 15 nm qua k t khi c Lut Bo v mi trng nm 1993. Vi tnh cht phc tp v nhiu i hi t ra v mt khoa hc v k thut nh nu trn, bn hng dn ny chc chn cn nhng hn ch v khim khuyt. Mt khc, cng vi s pht trin ca cng tc TM Vit Nam v trn th gii trong thi gian ti, bn hng dn ny cng s chc chn cn nhiu im phi c tip tc cp nht. Chng ti mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp b khuyt cho hng dn ny trong tng lai.

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Mi kin ng gp v thng tin phn hi v bn hng dn ny xin gi v Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng, Tng cc Mi trng, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng theo a ch: Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng 85 Nguyn Ch Thanh, H Ni in thoi: 844-37734246 Fax: 844-37734916

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GII THIU CHUNG

1. Khi qut v vic trin khai cc d n Sn xut ha cht c bn Trn th gii hin nay cng nghip ha cht c coi l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip trng im i vi nhng quc gia mun phat trin kinh t theo con ng cng nghip ha t nc. Cng nghip ha cht cung cp nhiu sn phm ha cht phc v cho cc ngnh cng nghip v cho i sng dn sinh.S pht trin cng nghip ha cht trong nhng na cui ca th k 20 li nhng du n c bit t nhng sn phm ha du. Hin nay trn th gii, cng nghip ha cht oc tp trung vo pht trin trong nhng lnh vc sau: 1. Cc sn phm ha du .Kt hp c hiu qu gia khai thc du , lc, ha du ,ch bin kh to nn cc sn phm gc lm nguyn liu cho cc ngnh cng nghip khc; 2. Cc sn phm ha cht phc v sn xut cng nghip, bao gm sn phm ha cht c bn nh cc loi axit, xt, cht ty ra v cc sn phm khc nh cc sn phm in ha; 3. Cc sn phm ha cht phc v sn xut nng nghip nh cc sn phm phn bn ha hc v c , cc sn phm phn bn ha hc hu c sinh hc, cc loi phn bn hn hp v cc sn phm thuc bo v thc vt v kh thch tng trng; 4. Cc sn phm ha cht tiu dng nh cc ha m phm, ha cht dc phm, cht ty ra, sn mu, . Ty theo c im v yu cu thc t m cc quc gia s c nhng nh hng khc nhau cho qui hoch pht trin ngnh ha cht ca mnh. Vi xu hng pht trin kinh t th gii hin nay, nhiu Cng ty ha cht pht trin theo hng a quc gia v c c s sn xut ha cht t ti nhiu nc trn khp cc lc a, c bit l cc nc ang pht trin nhm tn dng nguyn liu ti ch v cung cp sn phm ha cht cho khu vc. Vit Nam, ngnh cng nghip ha cht cn nhiu non tr v ch mi tp trung pht trin trong khong vi chc nm gn y. Cng nghip ha cht ca Vit Nam ban u tp trung vo sn xut phn bn phc v nng nghip nh phn m, phn ln nung chy, phn Super ln, v phn hn hp cng vi mt s ha cht c bn nh axit , xt, v bc u quan tm ti vic u t cc nh my sn xut cc sn phm ha du. Nhn thc c vai tr quan trng ca ngnh cng nghip ha cht trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t, Chin lc pht trin ngnh ha cht Vit nam n 2010 (c tnh n 2020) c xy dng v c chnh ph ph duyt theo quyt nh 207/2005/QD-TT. Trong ni dung ca bn chin lc ny cp ti vai tr quan trng ca cng nghip ha cht i vi kinh t Vit nam, coi l mt trong cc ngnh cng nghip trng im c u tin pht trin ph hp vi chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi ca t nc trong tng thi k v vi mt trong cc mc tiu chung l xy dng ngnh cng nghip ha cht c c cu tng i hon chnh, bao3

gm c sn xut t liu sn xut v t liu tiu dng, phc v nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc v p ng ngy cng tt hn nhu cu trong nc v y mnh xut khu. Trong qui hoch pht trin ngnh Cng nghip ha cht Vit nam n 2010 ( c tnh n 2020) c chnh ph ph duyt theo quyt nh 343/2005/QD-TTg nhn mnh rt c th mt trong cc mc tiu pht trin l Xy dng ngnh cng nghip ha cht c c cu tng i hon chnh, bao gm cc lnh vc ch yu nh phn bn, cao su k thut v tiu dng, ha cht c bn (k c hu c v v c), ha du, ha cht tinh khit, ha dc, ha cht tiu dng p ng nhu cu trong nc, hi nhp kinh t khu vc v th gii. Ring i vi ha cht c bn th nh hng pht trin mt s sn phm vi mc tiu c th l m bo axit sulfuric, axit photphoric cho sn xut phn ln, phn DAP v cc ngnh kinh t khc. u t c s sn xut xt v sa nhm phc v sn xut PVC, cc cht ty ra tng hp v cc mt hng khc nh giy, alumin. Sn xut axit nitric sn xut thuc n phc v cho khai thc m v an ninh quc phng. Sn xut cc loi oxyt cho cng nghip gm s, bt mu cho sn, nhum v cc ngnh cng nghip khc. Gii php thc hin mc tiu v nh hng trn, theo qui hoch pht trin s l Pht trin nhng cm nh my ln, gn vi quy hoch xy dng cc vng nguyn liu hoc cc h tiu th chnh. u t d n sn xut xt, phc v cho sn xut PVC, boxit, nhm, giy,... y mnh vic sn xut cc loi ha cht s lng nh, ha cht tinh v tinh khit, bao gm vic nng cao cht lng sn phm hin c v a dng ha sn phm. Pht trin khai thc cc loi ti nguyn nh vi, qung apatit, qung boxit, qung imenhit, nc bin, mui m kali... phc v sn xut ha cht c bn. Nhp k thut sn xut cc loi ha cht c bn i hi cng ngh phc tp v trong vic trin khai cc d n, chng trnh KHCN, cn c bit ch ti cc gii php v mi trng, m bo pht trin bn vng. Tng hp cc d n , ang v s u t theo qui hoch pht trin ngnh ha cht ti 2020 theo qui m c nc hoc theo vng c th tham kho ti ph lc. 2. Cn c php lut v k thut ca vic thc hin nh gi mi trng C s php l (nu y , chnh xc m s, tn, ngy ban hnh, c quan ban hnh ca tng vn bn): Lut u t 2005 c k hp th 8 Quc hi kho XI thng qua ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2005; Lut Bo v mi trng 2005 c k hp th 8 Quc hi kho XI thng qua ngy 19/11/2005; Ngh nh s 108/2006/N-CP ngy 22/9/2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut u t; Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 9/8/2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng; Ngh nh 117/2009/N-CP ngy 31/12/2009 ca Chnh ph v x l vi phm php lut trong lnh vc bo v mi trng; Ngh nh 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28/02/2008 ca Chnh ph v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 8 nm 2006 ca4

Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng; Ngh nh s 63/2008/N-CP ngy 13/05/2008 v ph bo v mi trng i vi khai thc khong sn; Ngh nh s 82/2009/ND-CP ca Chnh ph ngy 12/10/2009 sa i mt s iu ca Ngh nh 63/2008/ND-CP v ph bo v mi trng i vi khai thc khong sn; Ngh nh s 68/2005/N-CP ngy 20/5/2005 ca Chnh ph v an ton ha cht; Ngh nh s 108/2008/N-CP ngy 07/10/2008 ca Chnh ph v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Ha cht Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 9/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l cht thi rn; Ngh nh s 149/2004/N-CP ngy 27/7/2004 ca Chnh ph quy nh vic cp php thm d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, x nc thi vo ngun nc; Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13/06/2003 ca Chnh Ph v Ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi; Ngh nh s 04/2007/N-CP ngy 08/01/2007 v Ngh inh s 26/2010/N ngy 22/03/2010 ca Chnh Ph v vic sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13/06/2003 ca Chnh Ph v Ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi; Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 8/12/2008 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng; Thng t s 12/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng dn iu kin hnh ngh v th tc lp h s, ng k cp php hnh ngh, m s qun l cht thi nguy hi; Thng t s 13/2007/TT-BXD ngy 31/12/2007 ca B Xy dng hng dn mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 9/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l cht thi rn; Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 ca B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic ban hnh danh mc cht thi nguy hi; Cc TCVN/QCVN v mi trng lin quan: - Cc vn bn ban hnh cc QCVN v mi trng: Quyt nh 04/2008/QBTNMT, Quyt inh 16/2008/Q-BTNMT, Thng t 16//2009/TT-BTNMT, Thng t 25/2009/TT-BTNMT; QCVN v khng kh: QCVN 05:2009, QCVN 06:2009, QCVN 19:2009, QCVN 20:2009;5

TCVN v n v rung ng: TCVN 5949:1998, TCVN 3958:1999, TCVN 6962:2001; TCVN v QCVN v nc: TCVN 5945:2005, QCVN 13:2008, QCVN 08:2008, QCVN 09:2008, QCVN 10:2008, QCVN 14:2008 TCVN v cht thi nguy hi: TCVN 6705:2000, TCVN 6706:2000; TCVN 6707:2000; TCVN 7629:2007 Quyt nh s 3733/2002/Q-BYT ngy 10/10/2002 ca B trng B Y t v vic Ban hnh 21 tiu chun v sinh lao ng, 05 nguyn tc v 07 thng s v sinh lao ng; Cc vn bn php l lin quan n vic thc hin d n Vn bn k thut Lit k cc vn bn k thut thc hin lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng: Bo co nghin cu kh thi hoc bo co u t. Nin gim thng k Cc ti liu k thut khc Cc ngun ti liu, d liu s dng trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng (tn gi, xut x thi gian, tc gi, ni pht hnh ca ti liu, d liu) Ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho; Ngun ti liu, d liu do ch d n t to lp.

3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh TM i vi cc d n sn xut ha cht c bn, vic nh gi tc ng mi trng thng c tin hnh bng nhng phng php sau y: Phng php thng k: Phng php ny nhm thu thp v x l cc s liu v kh tng thu vn, kinh t x hi, mi trng ti khu vc thc hin d n. Phng php iu tra x hi hc: c s dng trong qu trnh iu tra cc vn v mi trng, kinh t x hi, ly kin tham vn lnh o UBND, UBMTTQ v cng ng dn c xung quanh. Phng php mng li: Ch r cc tc ng trc tip v cc tc ng gin tip, cc tc ng th cp v cc tc ng qua li ln nhau. Phng php tng hp, so snh: Dng tng hp cc s liu thu thp c, so snh vi Quy chun, Tiu chun Mi trng Vit Nam. T nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nn ti khu vc nghin cu, d bo nh gi v xut cc gii php gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng do cc hot ng ca d n.

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Phng php nh gi nhanh trn c s h s nhim ca WHO: c s dng c tnh ti lng cc cht nhim pht sinh khi trin khai xy dng v thc hin d n. Phng php m hnh ho: S dng cc m hnh tnh ton d bo lan truyn cc cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh t xc nh mc v phm vi tc ng. Phng php ly mu ngoi hin trng v phn tch trong phng th nghim: Nhm xc nh v tr cc im o c, ly mu cc thng s mi trng phc v cho vic phn tch, nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng khu vc d n. Phng php hi tho khoa hc: Tham vn kin cc chuyn gia v cc vn mi trng ca d n. 4. T chc thc hin TM Nu tm tt qu trnh thc hin lp bo co TM bt u t kho st, thu thp, nghin cu ti liu c lin quan, ly mu phn tch, gp a phng bao gm chnh quyn a phng, c quan qun l mi trng a phng. C quan t vn: tn c quan, a ch, ngi ng u, danh sch nhng ngi tham gia thc hin chnh. Lu : cn c i din ca ch d n tham gia lp bo co TM.

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CHNG 1. M T TM TT D N

Yu cu: Ni dung m t s lc v d n sn xut ha cht c bn phi c trnh by ngn gn, y , r rng v cn c minh ho bng nhng s liu, biu bng, bn , s vi t l thch hp.

1.1. Nguyn tc M t s lc d n phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau: Tp trung m t cc ni dng ca d n lin quan n mi trng v phi ph hp vi bo co nghin cu kh thi, bo co d n u t xy dng cng trnh, bo co kinh t - k thut hoc bo co khc tng ng; Th hin y cc la chn u t d n (phng n v a im, phng n v quy m, cng sut, phng n v cng ngh, sn phm); Vic m t phi r rng, d hiu (khng dng qu nhiu t chuyn mn) v c minh ho bng nhng s liu, biu bng, s , bn theo ng quy phm v t l thch hp. Nn c chuyn gia v cng ngh sn xut ha cht c bn tham gia t vn cho phn vit ny

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1.2. M t tm tt d n 1.2.1. Tn d n Nu chnh xc tn d n trong bo co TM ph hp vi bo co nghin cu kh thi, bo co u t xy dng cng trnh d n, bo co kinh t - k thut hoc bo co khc tng ng; 1.2.2. Ch d n Nu y tn ca c quan ch d n, a ch v phng tin lin h vi c quan ch d n; h tn v chc danh ca ngi ng u c quan ch d n. 1.2.3. V tr a l ca d n M t r rng v tr (bao gm c ta , ranh gii, din tch) ca a im thc hin d n trong mi tng quan vi cc i tng t nhin (h thng i, ni; h thng sng sui, ao h v cc vc nc khc), cc i tng v kinh tx hi (khu dn c, khu th, cc i tng sn xut-kinh doanh-dch v, cc cng trnh giao thng, cng trnh vn ha-tn gio, cc di tch lch s) v cc i tng khc phn b xung quanh khu vc d n, km theo s hoc bn v tr a l th hin cc i tng ny m bo tun th danh php v quy phm ca bn ;1

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Nhn nh s b v nhng thun li, cn tr v mi trng v iu kin t nhin (tiu thot nc ma, ngun tip nhn nc thi), kinh t-x hi (n b, gii phng mt bng) ca v tr c la chn i vi d n.

1.2.4. Ni dung ch yu ca d n Ni dung c bn ca d n c phn nh thng qua cc trnh by v mc tiu, quy m ca d n, cc hng mc cng trnh, khi lng xy lp; cng ngh sn xut; nhu cu v nng lng, nguyn nhin vt liu, thit b my mc v tin thc hin. y l nhng ni dung cn thit lin quan mt cch hu c vi qu tnh thc hin TM ca d n. Mc tiu, quy m ca d n Mc tiu sn xut ca D n; Quy m ca d n: vn u t (trong nc, ngoi nc), hnh thc kinh doanh, cng sut thit k ca d n khi d n i vo hot ng n nh (sn phm/nm), th trng phc v (% ni a, % xut khu); Nhu cu nhn lc, b my t chc qun l.

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Cng ngh sn xut M t chi tit, r rng v d hiu t u vo nguyn liu n sn phm cui cng bao gm cng ngh sn xut, vn hnh cng ngh sn xut hoc ca tng hng mc cng trnh ca d n, trong tp trung vo cc cng on sn xut pht sinh cht thi c bit l cht thi nguy hi. Phn ni dung ny c minh ha bng cc s cng ngh, trn ch ra cc yu t mi trng c kh nng pht sinh nh ngun cht thi v cc yu t gy tc ng khc (nu c). Ngnh sn xut ho cht c bn sn xut ra cc sn phm gm axt sunphuric, axt photphoric, axt clohydric, axt nitrc, xt, sa, bt nhTuy nhin do Vit Nam ngnh sn xut ny cha tht pht trin v mi ch gii hn trong vic sn xut 3 ho cht c bn l xt-clo, axt sunphuric v axt phtphoric, do vy, trong hng dn ny ch trnh by tham kho v c im cng ngh sn xut 3 loi ho cht c bn ni trn. Cng ngh sn xut xt Ton b dy chuyn sn xut xt (NaOH) l da trn phn ng in phn nc mui (nc ci). Trong qu trnh ny dung dch mui (NaCl) c in phn thnh clo nguyn t (trong bung ant), dung dch natri hyroxit, v hidro nguyn t (trong bung catt). Nh my c thit b sn xut ng thi xt v clo thng c gi l nh my xt-clo. Phn ng tng th sn xut xt v clo bng in phn l: 2Na+ + 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2NaOH Phn ng in phn dung dch mui n l: 2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2 (iu kin: in phn c mng ngn)

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Hnh 0-1. S cng ngh sn xut xt km theo dng thi Quy trnh sn xut c hnh thnh t 3 cng on sn xut chnh gm: Cng on sn xut nc mui, cng on in phn v cng on c c.2+

Cng on tinh ch nc mui

Mui nguyn liu c hm lng NaCl khong 90%, cha mt s tp cht nh Ca , Mg2+, SO42-, cc tp cht c hc nh t, ctgy nh hng xu n qu trnh in phn, lm gim hiu sut ca qu trnh. Do vy, nhim v ca cng on ny l lm sch mui cng nghip t tiu chun k thut cho cng on in phn tip theo. Mui nguyn liu c ho tan bng nc mui thu hi ca cng on c c v c sc hi nng tng tc ho tan. Nc mui i t di ln qua ct mui t nng 310 - 315 g/l (gn bo ho). Tip cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-- c nh hng xu n qu trnh in phn c kt ta bng Na2CO3, BaCl2, NaOH theo phng trnh : SO42- + BaCl2 ---- > BaSO4 + 2 ClCa2+ + Na2CO3 ---> CaCO3 + 2 Na+3

Mg2+ + NaOH ---> Mg(OH)2 + 2 Na+ Kt ta cng vi tp cht khng tan c loi khi nc mui nh thit b lng trong. Sau khi lng trong, nc mui c a ti khu x l nc mui th cp. Ti y cht khng tan cn li trong nc mui c tip tc loi b bng ct lc antraxit. Sau nc mui c trung ho, gia nhit v kh cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+ .... bng cch cho i qua ct trao i ion. Nc mui sau khi ra khi ct trao i ion c tinh khit rt cao s c bm ln thng cao v trc khi cp vo thng in gii.

Cng on in phn

Mc ch ca cng on ny l sn xut ra xt lng, kh clo v kh hydr. Nc mui m bo ch tiu k thut t cng on nc mui c bm ln thng cao v ri xung thit b trao i nhit, ti y c nng nhit ln 80 - 90oC sau chuyn xung thng in phn. Ti y, di tc dng ca dng in mt chiu qu trnh in phn xy ra theo phn ng: 2 NaCl + 2H2O ----> 2 NaOH + Cl2 + H2 Xt sau khi ra khi thng in phn c nng 10% v lng mui cn nhiu do hiu sut phn hu mui khong 50%, dung dch xt long ny c bm sang thng cha ca cng on c c.

Cng on c c

Mc ch ca cng on ny l nng cao nng NaOH v tch thu hi lng mui trong dung dch xt. Dung dch xt long c bm cp vo thit b c c c ng tun hon trung tm. Ti y, dung dch in phn long i trong ng, hi nng c nhit cao i ngoi ng cp nhit lm bc hi nc trong dch nng cao nng xt. Mt khc, thu hi lng mui c trong dung dch xt, dng bm tun hon qua Xyclon lng tch mui. Dung dch xt t nng c lm lnh v a v thng cha. Lng xt v mui sau khi tch xyclon lng c a xung thng lc mui. Ti y, dng nc ra ht lng xt ko theo ri dng kh nn lng dch ra nn ra thng cha dch xt vo c c li. Lng mui tinh th nm trong thng lc c ho tan bng nc ri nh kh nn, nn sang cng on nc mui ho tan mui nguyn liu. Hin nay c nhiu cng ngh sn xut NaOH. im phn bit gia cc cng ngh ny l phng php ngn cn khng cho natri hyroxit v kh clo ln ln vi nhau, nhm to ra cc sn phm tinh khit.

Bung in phn kiu thy ngn: Trong bung in phn kiu thu ngn th khng s dng mng hoc mn chn m s dng thu ngn nh mt phng tin chia tch. Bung in phn kiu mng chn: Trong bung in phn kiu mng chn, nc mui t khoang ant chy qua mng chia tch n khoang catt; vt liu lm mng chia tch l amian ph trn catt c nhiu l.4

Bung in phn kiu mng ngn: Trong bung in phn kiu mng ngn th mng chia tch l mt mng trao i ion

Vi c im cng ngh nu trn, ngun gy nhim khng kh ch yu l kh clo thot ra. Cng ngh sn xut axt Clohyric (HCl) Axt HCl c tng hp t kh clo v kh hyr lm ngui, iu kin p sut dng. Qu trnh tng hp l phn ng gia kh clo v hyr xy ra trong thp tng hp theo phn ng 1. Kh HCl to ra c lm ngui v hp th bng nc trong thit b hp th m theo phn ng 2. H2 (K) + Cl2 HCl(K) + H2O 2 HCl(K) HCl.H2O (1) (2)

Qu trnh phn ng xy ra trong thp din ra theo nguyn tc: Kh i t di ln nc ti t trn xung to ra axit HCl. Axit HCl c a sang thit b trao i nhit bng nc cng nghip lm ngui ri chy v thng cha. Phn kh HCl cha c hp th ht a sang hp th li bng nc thit b hp th thi, phn dch ny c ln mt phn axit cho qua b x l ri thi. Axit long nhn c t thp thu hi HCl c a tr li ti thp hp th lm tng nng axit n khi t yu cu. Dng kh lin tc vo thp tng hp nh h thng ht chn khng (qut hoc s dng hi hoc nc c p lc) t sau hp th thu hi kh HCl. Ra khi h thng thp tng hp, axit sn phm c nng t yu cu 31% HCl c cha trong bn cha bng composit. Nhit sinh ra do phn ng tng hp HCl c ti i nh h thng nc lm ngui. Vi c im cng ngh ni trn, kh thi ra t cng on sn xut ny s c hi HCl, Cl v nhit sinh ra ln ti xp x 40oC. Nc thi cha axit HCl c s dng sn xut axit HCl nng 32%. Cht thi rn t cng on sn xut ny l cn mui, bn thi cha canxi, manh v cht khng tan khc.

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Hnh 0-2. S cng ngh sn xut axit Clohyric km theo dng thi Cng ngh sn xut axt sunfuric Axt sunfuric c sn xut t hai dng nguyn liu chnh l lu hunh nguyn t hoc qung cha lu hunh (nh qung pyrt) da trn hai phng php chnh: Phng php tip xc n v hp th n vi hiu sut chuyn ho SO2 t 98%: Nguyn liu s dng l qung pyrit s c tim nng cao gy nhim mi trng bi: Kh thi cha SO2, H2SO4 , bi x pyrit vi nng cao; Nc thi c tnh axt cao v x pyrit c cha hm lng lu hunh ng k (4% i vi l t ghi bng v 1% i vi l t tng si). Do vy, hin nay phng php ny gn nh khng cn c p dng; Phng php tip xc kp v hp th kp vi hiu sut chuyn ho SO2 thnh SO3 trong khong 99,5 - 99,9%. Phng php ny s dng 2 thit b chuyn ho (chuyn ho 2 cp), do hiu sut chuyn ho cao nn gim c lng SO26

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thot vo kh quyn v do hiu sut hp th SO3 vi nc cao nn gim c lng SO3 tht thot ra ngoi. Vi vic p dng cng ngh ny ng thi nguyn liu s dng l lu hunh thay cho pyrit, sn xut axit sunfuric gn nh l cng ngh khng c nc thi v cht thi rn v kh thi c cha cht nhim vi nng thp. Di y l nhng trnh by tham kho v cng ngh sn xut axit sunfuric bng phng php tip xc kp v hp th kp, nguyn liu s dng l lu hunh nguyn t.

Hnh 0-3. S cng ngh sn xut axit Sunfuric ( H2SO4) t nguyn liu l lu hunh Cng ngh sn xut axt sunfuric theo cng ngh ny c hnh thnh t 3 qu trnh c bn gm: t lu hunh, chuyn ho SO2 v sy kh kh v hp th SO3. Qu trnh 1: t lu hunh Bn cht ca qu trnh ny l xi ho (t) lu hunh to thnh SO2: S + O2 SO2 Do vy, trong qu trnh ny, lu hunh nguyn t trc ht c lm nng chy, c lc v sau c bm p lc cao phun vo thit b t. Lu hunh b7

chy vi khng kh kh v sch c sy t thp sy a ti (s dng axt H2SO4 93 -95%). Kh giu SO2 nng c nng khong 10,5% th tch c lm ngui trong ni hi tn dng nhit v thit b gia nhit hi qu nhit. Nhit kh ra khi thit b t l gn 1050oC v nhit kh ra khi thit b hi qu nhit l 450oC. Qu trnh 2: Chuyn ho SO2 Bn cht ca qu trnh 2 l oxy ho SO2 tr thnh SO3: 2 SO2 + O2 2SO3 Kh SO2 c xy ho thnh SO3 vi s tr gip ca xc tc trong thit b chuyn ho. Thit b ny gm 4 lp xc tc, trong 3 lp u thuc giai on chuyn ho th nht v lp cn li thuc giai oi chuyn ho th hai. Kh giu SO2 c nhit 430oC i vo lp xc tc th nht. Qua ba lp xc tc khong 85% SO2 chuyn ho thnh SO3. Phn ng chuyn ho l to nhit v nhit ny dng gia nhit kh SO2 tun hon li thp hp th th nht n nhit 430oC v nhit cn li dng gia nhit nc cp cho ni hi trong thit b tn dng nhit u tin. Giai on chuyn ho th hai, t c hiu sut chuyn ho 99,7% v nhit phn ng cng c tn dng ti thit b tn dng nhit th hai. Qu trnh 3: Sy kh khng kh v hp th SO3 Bn cht ca qu trnh ny l SO3 c hp th bng nc trong dung dch axt sunfuric tr thnh H2SO4: SO3 + H2O -----> H2SO4 Vic cung cp khng kh kh cho thit b t lu hunh c thc hin nh qut ht qua thp sy thu hi nc trong khng kh bng axt sunfuric v to ra kh kh. Cng ngh sn xut axit sunfuric s pht sinh ra kh thi gm bi lu hunh t cng on cung cp lu hunh bt v kh SO2 , m axit trong kh thi sau thp hp th. Cht thi rn ch yu l cn lu hunh khng chy ht trong l t lu hunh. Qu trnh sn xut ny hu nh khng c nc thi. Cng ngh sn xut axt photphoric C hai phng php sn xut axt photphoric: Phng php t: Qung pht pht phn ng vi axt sunfuric. Phng php kh: Qung pht pht cng vi SiO2 c gia nhit trong l in, dng than kh thnh photpho sau c xi ho v hirt ho.

i vi qung pht pht ca Vit nam, phng php t c la chn do chi ph sn xut thp hn. Trong phng php t, axt photphoric c to ra do phn ng gia axt sunfuric (H2SO4) vi qung pht pht. Qung pht pht c sy, nghin cho ti khi 60 - 70% ht qung c kch thc nh hn 0,15 mm v sau c a lin tc vo thit b phn ng vi axt sunfuric. Phn ng cn kt hp canxi trong qung pht pht8

vi sunfat to thnh CaSO4, hay c gi l gp. Gp c tch ra khi dung dch phn ng bng cch lc. Phn ng ho hc chnh sn xut axt photphoric bng phng php t nh sau: Ca3(PO4) + CaF2 + 10H2SO4 6H3PO4 + 10CaSO4 + nH2O +2HF Axt photphoric c thu hi bng cch lc v tch ra khi bn to thnh khi phn hu hai ln qung pht pht bng axt sunfuric. Trong qu trnh phn ng, tinh th gp b kt ta v c tch ra khi axt bng qu trnh lc. Cc tinh th c tch ra cn phi c ra thu hi c t nht 99% axt photphoric trong phn lc c. Nh vy, qu trnh sn xut axit photphoric gm 5 cng on nh sau: Cng on1 : Chun b bn qung Qung pht pht c a ti h bn qung qua cn cp lng khng i. Trong h qung pht pht c trn vi nc chun b bn qung vi nng gn 40% trng lng. Cng on 2 : Phn hu Bn qung pht pht c cp vo thit b trn s b v b phn hu mt phn bng axt sunfuric c pha long t (98% n 70 - 80% trng lng) v axt photphoric ly ra t cng on lc. Bn pht pht trn v hn hp axt c chuyn ti thit b phn hu photphat to thnh axt photphoric. iu khin nhit bng cch thi khng kh trn b mt bn qua mt s ng v gi nhit khong 85-900C, c khong 80% photphat c phn hu. Axt photphoric ngm 1/2 nc l cht khng n nh c a vo cng on tip theo. Cng on3 : Kt tinh Ra khi thit b cui cng, bn nng c a khi thit b kt tinh lin tc qua mng chy trn trong thit b kt tinh c lm ngui gi nhit 55 -60oC bng cch thi khng kh t nhit bn ti u cho kt tinh v hidrat ho gp ngm 1/2 H2O chuyn thnh gp ngm 2H2O. Cui cng thu c axt photphoric cha 28 - 30% P2O5 v gp ngm 2 H2O c cht lng mong mun. Cng on 4 : Lc Ra khi thit b kt tinh, bn c bm i lc gm 3 bc lc tch bn ra khi axt photphoric ln gp. Axt sn phm l nc lc 1 ca bc lc th 1 c cha trong thng v chuyn ti cng on c c. Nc lc 2 ca bc lc ln 2 l axt nng trung bnh c chuyn ti cng on phn hu c gi l axt tun hon. Sau khi iu chnh nng P2O5 bng cch thm vo 1 lng nh ca nc lc ln 1.9

Nc lc 3 t bc lc th 3 c dng lm nc ra cho bc lc 2. Nc lc 4 c dng lm nc ra cho bc lc 3. B gp t c chuyn ti bi cht ng gp bn ngoi bng ti. Cng on 5 : C c axt Thit b c 2 cm c c gm bung bc hi, bm tun hon cho bung bc hi, b phn gia nhit v my to chn khng. Axt tun hon c gia nhit khi n qua cc ng ca b phn gia nhit v nc trong axt c bay hi trong bung bc hi. Ngun nhit cung cp cho b phn gia nhit l hi nc p sut thp bung bc hi duy tr chn khng nh h thng to chn khng. Kh flo bay hi trong khi c c c thu hi dng dung dch 20% H2SiF6 (theo trng lng) bng thp ra kh flo.

Hnh 0-4. S dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut a xt Phtphoric ( theo cng ngh bn quyn ca Prayon-Mark IV B) Qu trnh sn xut axit photphoric s pht sinh cht thi gm kh thi v cht thi rn. Kh thi ch yu l HF v SiF4 (trong kh thi thu c t phn ng gia H2SO4 vi qung apatt to H3PO4). Cht thi rn l gyps (CaSO4.2H2O). Nguyn liu s dng: qung apatit 32% P2O5 (tnh trn c s kh);10

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Sn phm u ra: acid H3PO4 52% P2O5. Thnh phn cht thi: l b gp vi thnh phn chnh l thch cao: CaSO4 .2H20. Cht thi kh: Hm lng Flo 5mg/Nm3; bi 49mg/Nm3.

Cc hng mc cng trnh v khi lng xy lp 1. Lit k y , m t chi tit v khi lng xy lp v quy m khng gian (din tch t chim dng) ca tt c cc hng mc cng trnh cn trin khai trong qu trnh thc hin d n. Vic m t cc cng trnh c phn lm 2 loi: Cc cng trnh chnh: l cc cng trnh phc v mc ch sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v ca d n (nh xng.); Cc cng trnh ph tr: gm h thng cung cp in, cung cp nc; h thng thot nc ma, nc thi sn xut, h thng cy xanh, trm x l nc thi, ni thu gom hoc trm tp kt cht thi rn (nu c), cng trnh giao thng ni b

Phn ni dung ny cn c minh ha bng mt s mt bng tng th th hin mt cch r rng tt c cc hng mc cng trnh ca d n (k c v tr cc cng trnh x l, lu gi cht thi) hoc cc s ring l cho tng hng mc cng trnh (ch cn c c s cp thot nc ca khu vc d n) 2. Trnh by chi tit v y v phng thc, khi lng vt liu (t, , ct, si) cung cp cho d n san lp mt bng hoc khi lng t o, bc v vt liu xy dng khc xy dng cng trnh. Nhu cu v nng lng, nguyn, nhin vt liu phc v sn xut Nhu cu nng lng, nguyn, nhin vt liu phi c th hin mt cch nh lng theo cc tiu ch nh nh mc tnh theo tn sn phm v tng lng tnh theo cng sut cho mt nm. Cc loi nguyn liu phi nu r thnh phn cc cht c trong nguyn liu. i vi ha cht s dng phi th hin r tn thng hiu, cng thc ho hc da vo lp phng n bo qun, vn chuyn, s dng, phng chng s c chy n. Di y l nhng trnh by v nhu cu nguyn vt liu, ho cht cho sn xut mt s ho cht c bn tham kho. Nguyn liu v ho cht chnh sn xut xt - clo Nguyn liu chnh l mui clorua natri cng nghip (NaCl). Thng thng yu cu cht lng mui dng in phn sn xut xt ti thiu phi t 93% NaCl v c thnh phn nh trnh by ti Bng 0-1.

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Bng 0-1. Thnh phn mui nguyn liu (Phn tch trn mu cn bn kh)Thnh phn % NaCl 96,46 Ca 0,18 Mg 0,10 SO421,00 Cht khng tan 0,30

Ngun: Trung tm K thut mi trng v Ho cht, 2002

Ngoi mui ra, nguyn vt liu khc c s dng gm: du t, sa, bariclorua, sunfit natri, cht tr lng, nha trao i ion, mng trao i ion. i vi dy chuyn axit HCl, nguyn liu dng tng hp l kh clo, kh hyro. Ngoi ra trong qu trnh tng hp axit HCl cn cn dng kh nit chng chy n, s lng khng nhiu. Phng n sn phm v qui cch xem Bng 0-2. Bng 0-2. Sn phm v qui cch sn phmTT Sn phm Qui cch NaOH : 31,5% NaCl < 0,004% NaClO3 < 0,002% Fe2O3 < 0,004% Na2CO3 < 0,3% Cl2 99,5% HCl > 31% Fe3+ < 0,0005% Cl t do < 0,001% D20oC 1,555 g/l Cht khng tan < 0,01% Bao b Ghi ch

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Xt

Thng phi 2001

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Clo lng

Bnh chuyn dng nhp ngoi - Can nha 25 l - Stec lt cao su 10 m3, hoc bng vt liu Composit

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Axit HCl

Ngun: Trung tm K thut mi trng v Cng nghip ho cht, 2002

Nguyn liu v ho cht chnh sn xut axt sunfuric Nguyn liu chnh sn xut l lu hunh c cc c tnh: Hm lng S: 99,5 99,8% KL, tro: 0,1 - 0,5% KL, tp cht hu c: 0,04 - 0,08% KL, v khng c asen. Tiu hao nguyn liu ring l 0,35 tn S (99,8%)/ 1 tn axit sn phm. Ngoi ra, cn cn mt lng nguyn liu xc tc V2O5 s dng thc hin qu trnh chuyn ha SO2 thnh SO3. Tiu hao ring l 0,16 kg/ 1 tn sn phm. Nguyn liu v ho cht chnh sn xut axt photphoric Nguyn liu v ho cht chnh sn xut axt photphoric (42%P2O5) gm: Qung pht pht (apatt) 32% P2O5. Axt sunfuric nng 98%

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Tiu hao nguyn liu ring l 1,33 tn photphat / 1 tn H3PO4 v 1,19 tn axt sunfuric / 1 tn H3PO4. Thit b cng ngh chnh Trong phn ni dung ny, cn lit k y cc loi my mc, thit b cn c ca d n km theo ch dn v xut x, nm sn xut v hin trng (cn bao nhiu phn trm, mi hon ton). Di y l nhng trnh by v thit b sn xut mt s ho cht c bn tham kho. Cc thit b sn xut xt - clo Cc thit b chnh sn xut xt - clo chnh c phn nh ti Bng 0-3. Bng 0-3. Thit b chnh ca dy chuyn sn xut xt - cloTT 1 1 2 2 Thng in phn o lng, iu khin - Dng c o nhit , p sut - T iu khin 3 Dng c o lng, t ng ho /khin bng PLC Thit b o p sut, nhit , lu lng, o mc, van t ng kh nn Bm trc ng Vt liu titan Vt liu thp /FRP Vt liu thp /FRP D 650 x H25001 Graphit Vt liu graphit Thit b o p sut, nhit , t trng, van t ng PTFE, PVC/FRP Tn thit b 3 c tnh k thut

A. Dy chuyn xt clo

4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3

M t iu tc thit b lng Bm nc ngng clo Qut clo Thit b lng Thit b lc Thp kh hp th clo Thp tng hp Thit b ngng t to chn khng Thit b o lng, iu khin

B. Dy chuyn HCl

4 5

ng ng, van Vt t d phng 13

C. H thng ph tr C1. Cp in 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 My pht in Thp lm lnh Bm nc lm lnh Van cc loi Thit b lc Thit b chm ho clo Dng c o lng Cp hi - Ni hi cng ton b h thng ng ng, in, p sut 10 Kg/m2 dng c o 8 H thng nit - Bn cha (bao gm van gim p, cng tc bo p Thp cacbon,, 4 Kg/cm2 sut cao, ng h p, ng gp kh) Ngun: Trung tm K thut mi trng v Cng nghip ho cht, 2002 Nhit , p sut, lu lng Thp cacbon Lc t ng 380 V, C2. H thng lm lnh nc

Cc thit b sn xut axt sunfuric Cc thit b chnh cho sn xut axit sunfuric c phn nh ti bng 1.4. Bng 0-4. Thit b chnh ca dy chuyn sn xut axt sunfuricTT 1 Tn thit b My thi kh Tua bin Kiu Vt liu Thp Cacbon Thp c lt vt liu chu nhit

2

L t lu hunh ( bao gm c nu Hnh tr hoc nm ngang chy Lu hunh)

3

Thp hp th

Hnh tr ng

V: FRP m: P.P Phun: P.P Kh mi: P.P Lt cao su Thp cacbon Thep c lt vt liu chu axit

4 5

Thp xy ho Thit b sy

Hnh ch nht Hnh tru ng,

14

6

Bm vn chuyn axits v nc Ly tm nm ngang lm mt sau hp th Thit b lm mt axit hoc Oleum ng khi ng chm hoc dn ti

Vt liu chu a xit

7 8

Vt liu chu axit Thp mn chu n


Cc thit b sn xut axt photphoric Cc thit b sn xut axit photphoric c phn nh ti bng 1.5 di y. Bng 0-5. Thit b chnh ca dy chuyn sn xut axit photphoricTT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Tn thit b Thit b phn ng Thit b lc Thit b c c axit Bun ke qung Bm bn Bm cp bn Thng cha bn qung My khuy cho TK-2101 B cha bn qung My khuy cho D-2101 Thng lng Thng sc bn Bng ti cn qung My trn s b Kiu Hnh tr B nhiu ngn Hnh tr Hnh tr ng Ly tm ng Ly tm tr Hnh tr thng ng Mi cho 3 tng Hnh ch nht Hnh tr thng ng Hnh cn ng Hnh tr ng Cn nh lng hng s Hnh tr ng Vt liu Thp c bc vt liu chu axit Vt liu chu axit Vt liu chu axit Thp cacbon Gang Gang Thp cacbon Thp cacbon B tng Thp cacbon Thp cacbon Thp cacbon Thp cacbon + bng cao su Thp cacbon + ltc cao su v gch cacbon


Ch : Cn nu r ngun gc thit b, nm sn xut v tnh trng thit b( % tt hay qua s dng. T chc thi cng v tin thc hin d n T chc thi cng Trnh by k hoch t chc thi cng cng trnh bao gm:

15

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S lng, chng loi phng tin (trng ti), thit b my mc s dng hng ngy vo qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, san lp mt bng v xy dng cng trnh; S lng cng nhn tham gia xy dng cng trnh; t chc n , sinh hot; K hoch t chc thi cng xy dng cc hng mc cng trnh ca d n.

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Tin thc hin d n Phn ni dung ny th hin lch trnh tin hnh thc hin cc hng mc cng trnh ca D n t giai on chun b n giai on hon thnh a cng trnh vo vn hnh th gm: Tin gii phng mt bng; Tin xy dng, lp t thit b sn xut v thit b x l mi trng; Tin vn hnh th. Tin thc hin d n c th c minh ho nh bng di y. Bng 0-6. Tin thc hin d nNm Nm th 1 Nm th 2 Nm th 3

Giai on thc Thng Thng Thng Thng Thng Thng Thng Thng Thng hin d n 1 2 ..... 1 2 ..... 1 2 ..... San lp bng mt

Thi cng xy dng Lp t thit b Vn hnh th

Phng php tip cn v nh gi, la chn a im trin khai d n V loi hnh sn xut ha cht c bn tim n nhiu kh nng nhim nn cn ht sc ch ti vic nh gi a im la chon d n.Nn c phn tich v u nhc im cua a im c la chn .vI du c thun li cho vic cung cp v vn chuyn nguyn nhin liu v sn phm, c gn cc c s sn xut c th co tc ng tng h hay khng, c gn cc cng trnh vn ha, lch s, kinh t hay khng? Ngun cp nc v ngun tip nhn nc thi, cng nh kh nng qun l v x l cht thi.... T chc sn xut v nhu cu nhn lc Nn c s t chc sn xut ca d n t lnh o chung xung cc phng ban v cc xng sn xut.Cn c b phn qun l an ton ha cht v mi trng Nhu cu nhn lc nn nu r nhu cu nhn lc cho tng b phn ca d n, d kin s cn b chuyn mn thuc cc lnh vc , s cng nhn v ch nu r ngun cung ng.16

CHNG 2. THU THP S LIU, KHO ST, M T V NH GI HIN TRNG MI TRNG NN (Cc c im t nhin, mi trng, kinh t - x hi khu vc d n v cc khu vc khc c lin quan n d n). Yu cu: D n sn xut ha cht c bn l loi hnh sn xut chu nh hng cng nh s tc ng nhiu ti mi trng v vy cc c im t nhin, mi trng kinh t - x hi khu vc d n cn c m t rt c th v tp trung vo cc thnh phn mi trng v cc thng s cht lng mi trng c kh nng chu nh hng ca loi hinh sn xut ny nhm phc v tt nht cho vic nh gi tc ng ca loi hnh d n sn xut ha cht c bn n mi trung t nhin, kinh t x hi.... (Cn ch r mc chi tit ca tng c im c m t, cc yu cu chuyn mn ca cc s liu, d liu, thng s c s dng sao cho ph hp vi quy nh hin hnh v phc v tt nht cho vic nh gi tc ng ca loi hnh d n c th n mi trng t nhin, kinh t - x hi)

2.1. Nguyn tc M t iu kin t nhin, mi trng v kinh t - x hi khu vc thc hin d n phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau: Ch tin hnh thu thp, o c, iu tra cc s liu v iu kin t nhin, cc thnh phn mi trng v kinh t-x hi ca khu vc thc hin d n v khu vc ln cn chu tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip ca d n. Trnh thu thp cc thng tin, s liu qu mc yu cu, khng cn thit, hoc cho mt khu vc qu rng khng ph hp vi d n; Ch m t nhng i tng, hin tng, qu trnh c tim nng b tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip bi d n, c bit l nhng tc ng c lin quan n hot ng sn xut ha cht c bn nh cc ha cht gy nhim hoc c hi ti sinh vt sng Vic m t iu kin t nhin, mi trng v kinh t-x hi khu vc phi c minh chng bng cc s liu nh lng c tin cy, r rng v ngun gc xut x v phi c cp nht n thi im thc hin TM; S liu phn nh iu kin kh tng, thu vn khu vc phi m bo chui thi gian quan trc di, i biu, c trng cho gi tr trung bnh max, min cc thng trong nm v nm. Phng php ly mu v phn tch mu phi tun th tiu chun, quy chun k thut cho php; Cc my mc thit b o lng ngoi thc a v trong phng th nghim phi c chun ho theo quy nh;17

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-

-

-

-

Cc im o c, ly mu phi c m s, c ch dn v thi gian, a im ng thi phi c th hin r rng trn cc s , bn hp quy chun v t l thch hp.

2.2. iu kin t nhin khu vc d n Hot ng ca ngnh cng nghip sn xut ho cht c bn thng pht thi mt lng nc thi, kh thi tng i ln v c cha cc kh nhim c hi vi nng cao. Qu trnh lan truyn, pht tn v chuyn ho ca cc cht nhim trong mi trng c bit l mi trng nc v mi trng khng kh ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin t nhin khu vc. Do vy, c cn c nh gi c mt cch s b sc chu ti mi trng khu vc v l c s cho vic TM, iu kin t nhin khu vc cn phi c phn nh r rng v y M t v iu kin t nhin khu vc d n ch yu c th hin thng qua cc ni dung v iu kin a l, a cht; iu kin kh tng, thy vn v hin trng cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin khu vc. 2.2.1. iu kin v a l, a cht Phn ni dung ny ch cp v m t nhng i tng, hin tng, qu trnh b tc ng bi d n. Trng hp d n c lm thay i cc yu t cnh quan th phi m t mt cch chi tit. Ch dn ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, s dng. Thng thng, phn ni dung ny c cp ti c im a hnh, iu kin a cht cng trnh v a cht thu vn khu vc d n. Lu , khng m t iu kin a l, a cht cho c mt khu vc rng ln quy m cp tnh hoc vng. c im a hnh M t khi lc c im a hnh (ni, i, ng bng, cao tuyt i, c im phn ct a hnh...) khu vc d n v ln cn c bit ch trng m t k nhng c im a hnh c th cn tr qu trnh thot nc mt, qu trnh khuych tn cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh hoc gy ng ngp, st trt t. a cht cng trnh M t khi lc c im, tnh cht c l ca cc lp t cu to nn nn mng ca cng trnh, trong c bit th hin r cc lp t yu c tim nng gy st ln, nt v cng trnh. Ni dung ny cn c minh ha bng nhng mt ct a cht in hnh trong th hin c cc yu t v a tng, kin to v cc c im v tnh cht c l ca tng. a cht thu vn iu kin a cht thu vn khu vc c m t thng qua c im phn b (theo khng gian, su) ca cc tng cha nc trong khu vc d n c bit i vi cc tng cha nc c tim nng b nh hng bi hot ng khai thc nc di t phc v d n hoc kh nng thm thu nc thi ca d n. Ni dung ny nn c18

minh ha bng nhng mt ct a cht thy vn vi vic th hin r cc tng cha nc ca khu vc d n. Khong sn M t s b v cc im/m khong sn chnh trong khu vc d n v ln cn gm: c im phn b, tr lng, cht lng khong sn v hin trng khai thc. 2.2.2. iu kin v kh tng, thu vn Qu trnh lan truyn v chuyn ho cc cht nhim trong mi trng ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin kh tng, thu vn khu vc d n. Do vy, nhng yu t kh tng quan trng nht lm c s cho vic thc hin TM s gm: Nhit khng kh v m tng i ca khng kh; Ch ma, nng v bc x mt tri; Ch gi (tc gi v hng gi ch o theo ma); Mt s hin tng kh tng c bit nh sng m, bo l, ging...

Phn nh iu kin thi tit kh hu khu vc d n phi da vo ngun s liu thng k ti cc trm quan trc trong mng li quan trc kh tng thy vn quc gia hoc ca a phng gn v tr d n v thuc a bn tnh ni d n s c thc hin. S liu phi c thng k trong vng t 5-10 nm gn nht vi thi im thc hin TM. Nhit khng kh Nhit khng kh c nh hng n s lan truyn v chuyn ho cc cht nhim trong khng kh gn mt t v ngun nc. Do vy, cc gi tr c trng v nhit khng kh gm: Nhit khng kh trung bnh nm; Nhit khng kh trung bnh thng cao nht; Nhit khng kh trung bnh thng thp nht.

Cc s liu phn nh iu kin nhit khng kh khu vc thng thng c th hin nh Bng 0-1 di y. Bng 0-1. Nhit trung bnh thng khu vc d n(n v tnh: oC) Thng I Trm-nm Trung bnh Ngun: II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

19

m khng kh m cao ca khng kh to iu kin cho vi sinh vt t mt t pht tn vo khng kh pht trin nhanh chng, lan truyn trong khng kh v chuyn ho cc cht nhim trong khng kh gy nhim mi trng. Do vy, phn ni dung ny cn phn nh r v nh lng cc gi tr c trng v m ti khu vc d n gm: m khng kh trung bnh nm; m khng kh trung bnh thng cao nht; m khng kh trung bnh thng thp nht.

Cc s liu phn nh iu kin m khng kh khu vc c th hin nh Bng 0-2 di y. Bng 0-2. m tng i trung bnh thng khu vc d n n v tnh: %Thng I Trm-nm Trung bnh Ngun :.. II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Ch nng v bc x Ch nng lin quan cht ch vi ch bc x v tnh trng my. Cc thng s c trng v nng ca khu vc gm: - Tng s gi nng trung bnh nm; - Thng c s gi nng trung bnh ln nht; - Thng c s gi nng trung bnh thp nht. Cc s liu phn nh ch nhit khu vc thng thng c th hin nh Bng 0-3 di y. Bng 0-3. S gi nng trung bnh thng khu vc d nn v tnh: gi Thng I Trm-nm Trung bnh Ngun : .. II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

20

Ch gi v hng gi Gi l yu t kh tng c bn nht c nh hng n s lan truyn cc cht nhim trong khng kh v lm xo trn cc cht nhim trong nc. Cc thng s c trng v tc gi v hng gi khu vc d n nh sau: Vn tc gi trung bnh nm; Vn tc gi trung bnh thng ln nht; Vn tc gi trung bnh thng b nht; Hng gi ch o v ma h; Hng gi ch o v ma ng. Bng 0-4. Tc gi trung bnh thng khu vc d nn v tnh: m/s Thng I Trm-nm Trung bnh Ngun : .. II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Cc s liu phn nh tc gi khu vc c th hin nh Bng 0-4 di y.

Hng gi c th hin bng cc hoa gi theo cc ma trong nm. Ch ma Ma c tc dng lm sch mi trng khng kh v pha long cht thi lng. Do vy, cc thng s c trng v ch ma ti vng d n gm: Lng ma trung bnh nm; Lng ma trung bnh thng cao nht; Lng ma trung bnh thng thp nht. Cc s liu phn nh ch ma khu vc c th hin nh Bng 0-5 di y. Bng 0-5. Lng ma trung bnh thng khu vc d n n v tnh: mmThng I Trm-nm Trung bnh Ngun :. 21 II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

bn vng kh quyn bn vng kh quyn c xc nh theo tc gi v bc x mt tri vo ban ngy v che ph my vo ban m. Da vo bng 2.6 xc nh n nh kh quyn ca khu vc d n. Bng 0-6. Phn loi bn vng kh quyn (Pasquill, 1961)Tc gi ti cao 10m (m/s) 6 Ghi ch : Bc x mt tri ban ngy Mnh Trung bnh Yu ( cao mt ( cao mt ( cao mt tri >60) A A-B B C C tri 35-60) A-B B B-C C-D D tri 15-35) B C C D D my ban m It my < 4/8 E D D D Nhiu my > 4/8 F E D D

A - Rt khng bn vng; B - Khng bn vng loi trung bnh; C - Khng bn vng loi yu;

D - Trung ho; E - Bn vng trung bnh; F - Bn vng;

Ch thu vn M t mng li thu vn ti khu vc d n, c bit i vi ngun tip nhn trc tip hoc gin tip nc ma chy trn v nc thi ca d n. c im ch thu vn phi c phn nh mt cch y c bit i vi cc ngun tip nhn trc tip nc thi ca d n l sng, h, knh, mng hay bin gm: i vi sng: ch dng chy (lu lng, vn tc dng chy); c im qu trnh bi t, xi l lng sng, b sng theo cc ma trong nm (c bit chi tit i vi phn b sng ln cn d n); mc ch s dng (cp nc sinh hot, nui trng thy sn, nng nghip...). i vi h: c im hnh thi, dung tch, c im thu vn (bin ng mc nc, c im phn tng nhit ca nc h,...), xi l b, bi t, ngun cp nc cho h, ngun tip nhn nc h v mc ch s dng (cp nc sinh hot, nui trng thy sn, nng nghip...). i vi bin: ch sng, dng chy ven b, xi l, bi t b.

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Qua phn trnh by v iu kin kh hu, thy vn trn, cn c nhng phn tch, nh gi s b v: Nhng thun li v tr ngi ca iu kin kh tng, thu vn khu vc i vi vic pht trin d n; Kh nng chu ti ca mi trng khu vc d n.

22

Hin tng thi tit bt thng Trnh by v cc hin tng thi tit bt thng nh bo, l, lt, hn hn, l qut, trt l t, hin tng nghch o nhit. xy ra trong khu vc theo cc ni dung sau: - Quy m, cng ; - Tn sut xut hin (chui thi gian theo tiu chun, quy chun i vi cng trnh xy dng); 2.3. Hin trng cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin khu vc d n Cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin khu vc bao gm thnh phn vt l (khng kh, nc mt, nc di t, t) v thnh phn sinh hc (h sinh thi trn cn v di nc) s chu tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip trong thi gian ngn hay di ca qu trnh thc hin d n. Mc chnh xc ca vic nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng t nhin khu vc ph thuc vo nhiu yu t trc ht l ngun ti liu, s liu hin c v c bit quan trng l s liu nh lng t cc hot ng kho st, o c, phn tch cc thnh phn mi trng vo thi im chun b thc hin d n. Cht lng ca cc s liu ny li ph thuc vo vic la chn cc thng s phn tch, la chn v tr, s lng cc im ly mu, thi im, quy trnh ly mu v phng php phn tch mu. nh gi v cht lng ca tng thnh phn mi trng t nhin khu vc c cn c vo cc quy chun k thut, tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng hoc quy chun, tiu chun quc t tng ng v s b phn tch nguyn nhn nu thnh phn mi trng c biu hin b nhim. 2.3.1. Hin trng cht lng mi trng nc mt Phn ni dung ny cn phn nh c c im phn b cc ngun nc mt, cht lng nc v hin trng s dng nc (cho mc ch sinh hot, ti tiu, nui trng thu sn hoc khc) ca tng ngun nc mt v c nh gi thng qua so snh vi cc TCVN hoc QCVN hin hnh Cc ngun nc mt ch yu Thng thng, cc ngun nc mt trong khu vc gm: sng, sui, ao h; knh, mng c mc ch s dng r rng; bin (trng hp d n s dng hoc thi nc thi ra vng nc bin). Xc nh v tr cc im ly mu nc mt V tr v s lng cc im ly mu nc phi c la chn v xc nh m bo i din cho hu ht cc ngun nc mt trong khu vc v c m t qua cc ni dung sau: V tr: m t mng li cc im quan trc, ly mu nc vi vic gii trnh r c s ca vic la chn ny. i vi tng im cn nu r v tr (km ta ), khong cch n v tr d n;23

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iu kin kh hu ti thi im ly mu; Thi gian ly mu v phng php ly mu.

Cc thng s phn tch cht lng nc mt Phn ni dung ny cn phn nh r cc thng s c la chn nh gi cht lng nc mt v phng php phn tch i vi tng thng s c la chn. i vi d n sn xut ho cht c bn, cc thng s phn tch cht lng nc mt thng tp trung vo : nhit , pH, BOD5, COD, DO, tng N, tng P, TSS, pht pht, fluoride, amoniac, axt H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4, HF, SiF4, du m, coliform. Ngoi ra, tu thuc vo c th ca nguyn nhin liu cng nh sn phm ca ha cht c bn c th cn phn tch thm mt s thng s nh kim lai nng, asen, uranium, vanadi v radium. Kt qu phn tch mu nc c th hin theo mu ti bng 2.7. Bng 2-7. Kt qu phn tch cht lng mi trng nc mt i vi d n sn xut ha cht c bnTT Thng s phn tch n v Mu S 1 Mu S 2 Mu S 3 Quy chun, tiu chun hin hnh (V d QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 15 16

Nhit nc pH c SS DO BOD5 COD Tng N Tng P Du m H2SO4 H3PO4 HCl As Cc kim loi nng khc(ty theo c im) Coliforms

o

C

NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Hot phng x Bq/l

17

MPN/100ml

Ngun:. Nhn xt cc kt qu sau khi so snh vi qui chun , tiu chun cho php, ng thi c gng gii thch nguyn nhn v sao c thng s vt tiu chun24

2.3.2. Hin trng cht lng mi trng nc di t Phn ni dung ny cn phn nh r c im phn b ca cc ngun nc di t, cht lng nc di t v hin trng s dng ca tng ngun nc di t trong khu vc d n (c bit i vi cc ngun nc di t c tim nng chu tc ng trc tip ca d n). Cc ngun nc di t ch yu Thng thng, cc ngun nc di t trong khu vc gm: ging o (mch nng), ging khoan (mch su), cc l khoan thm d nc v mch nc di t xut l di dng ngun nc t nhin. Xc nh v tr cc im ly mu nc di t V tr v mt cc im ly mu nc phi c la chn v xc nh m bo i din cho hu ht cc ngun nc di t trong khu vc v c m t qua cc ni dung sau: V tr: m t mng li cc im quan trc, ly mu nc vi vic gii trnh r c s ca vic la chn ny. i vi tng im cn nu r v tr (km ta ), khong cch n v tr d n. i vi ging khoan, ging o cn nu r su mc nc, tn ch ngun nc, a ch. iu kin kh hu ti thi im ly mu; Thi gian ly mu v phng php ly mu.

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Cc thng s phn tch cht lng nc di t Phn ni dung ny cn phn nh r cc thng s c la chn nh gi cht lng nc di t v phng php phn tch i vi tng thng s c la chon. i vi d n sn xut ho cht c bn, cc thng s xc nh cht lng nc di t ch yu gm: pH, , DO, TSS, cc ion clorua, fluoride, amoniac, Nitrat, Nitrit, Sunphat, Cianua, fenol, cc kim loi nng nh Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, Hg, Fe, SeAs, E-coli, v coliform. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc di t c th hin theo mu ti bng 2.8. Bng 2-8. Kt qu phn tch cht lng mi trng nc di tTT Thng s phn tch pH cng TSS DO Tng N Fenol n v Mu S 1 Mu S 2 Mu S 3 Quy chun, tiu chun cho php, vi d QCVN 09:2008 /BTNMT

1 2 3 4 5 6

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l 25

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

ClFSO4-2 CNFe Pb As Cr Cac KL nng khc Coliforms

mg/l

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100 ml

.. . Ngun:

Nhn xt cc kt qu sau khi so snh vi qui chun , tiu chun cho php, ng thi c gng gii thch nguyn nhn v sao c thng s vt tiu chun 2.3.3. Hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh Phn ni dung ny cn phn nh c mt cch nh lng nht cht lng mi trng khng kh theo thi gian v khng gian ca khu vc d n. Xc nh v tr cc im o c, ly mu khng kh V tr v s lng cc im o, ly mu khng kh phi c la chn v xc nh m bo tnh i din v ph hp vi c im a hnh, kh tng ca khu vc v c m t gm: V tr: m t mng li cc im quan trc, ly mu vi vic gii trnh r c s ca vic la chn ny. i vi tng im cn nu r v tr (km ta ), khong cch n v tr d n. Thng thng phi c im quan trc, ly mu cc khu dn c bn ngoi d n theo hng gi ch o ca cc ma trong nm. iu kin kh hu ti thi im ly mu; Thi gian ly mu v phng php ly mu.

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Cc thng s phn tch cht lng khng kh Phn ni dung ny cn phn nh r cc thng s c la chn nh gi cht lng mi trng khng kh khu vc d n v phng php phn tch i vi tng thng s c la chon. Thng thng cc thng s c la chn phn nh cht lng mi trng khng kh gm 2 nhm: nhm cc thng s phn nh v kh tng v nhm cc thng s c th ca d n phn nh v cht lng khng kh. Cc thng s v kh tng: Nhit kh, nhit t, m, hng gi, vn tc gi, p sut kh quyn;26

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Cc thng s phn tch cht lng khng kh: bi, SO2, CO, NOx,VOC, kh Clo, flo, SiF4, m axt H2SO4, H3PO4 , H2S, HCl.v cc kh c trng cho qu trnh sn xut ha cht c bn

Kt qu o c kh tng v phn tch cht lng mi trng khng kh khu vc c th hin theo mu ti cc bng 2.9 v 2.10. Bng 2-9. S liu quan trc kh tngThi gian quan trc 7h00 - 8h00 8h00 - 9h00 Ngun:.. Hng gi Vn tc gi (m/s) Nhit tk ( C)o

t ( C)

o

m (%)

p sut (mbar)

Bng 2-10. Gi tr trung bnh nng cc cht kh v bi theo 8h hoc 24him quan trc A1 A2 A3 TCVN hoc QCVN hin hnh Cc thng s khc H2S SO2 NO2 Bi CO H2SO4 do c im ca d 3 (mg/m3) (mg/m3) (mg/m3) (mg/m3) (mg/m ) (mg/m3) n

Ngun:.... Nhn xt cc kt qu sau khi so snh vi qui chun, tiu chun cho php, ng thi c gng gii thch nguyn nhn v sao c thng s vt tiu chun 2.3.4. Hin trng ting n nh gi hin trng n khu vc ph thuc vo vic xc nh ng v cc ngun pht sinh n v vic la chn cc im o, thi im o mc n mt cch thch hp. Cc yu t ny m bo mc chnh xc v tnh i din ca kt qu o. Cc ngun gy ting n Cn xc nh y v m t chi tit cc ngun gy ra ting n nh hng n cht lng sng ca dn c trong vng. Thng thng, cc ngun gy n chnh trong khu vc gm ch yu l t hot ng giao thng, hot ng ca cc c s sn xut v27

sinh hot ca nhn dn trong vng. Xc nh v tr cc im o ting n V tr v s lng cc im o ting n phi c la chn v xc nh m bo tnh i din v ph hp vi c im a hnh ca khu vc. Do vy, v tr, mt cc im o ting n phi c b tr v mt khng gian mt cch khoa hc, hp l trong mi quan h gia cc ngun pht sinh ting n v cc im nhy cm v ting n trong khu vc. Phn ni dung ny c m t gm: V tr: m t mng li cc im quan trc ting n vi vic gii trnh r c s ca vic la chn ny. i vi tng im cn nu r v tr (km ta ), khong cch n v tr d n. Thng thng phi c im quan trc ting n ti cc khu dn c, trng hc, bnh vin, nh cha quanh khu vc d n. iu kin kh hu ti thi im o; Thi gian o v phng php o. Thng s nh gi mc n gm: Cc thng s phn tch ting n theo tch phn: LAeq, LAmax, LA50 (dBA). Cc thng s ny c p dng ph bin hin nay nh gi tc ng ca ting n. Kt qu o mc n c phn nh theo mu ti bng 2.11. Bng 2-11. Gi tr ting n trung bnhMc m (dBA) LAeq N1 N2 Quy chun, tiu chun cho php hin hnh ( TCVN 5949-1998) Ngun: . LAmax LA50

-

Cc thng s nh gi mc n

-

Cc thng s phn tch ting n theo di Octa: 63 - 16.000Hz t c p dng.

Nhn xt cc kt qu sau khi so snh vi qui chun , tiu chun cho php, ng thi c gng gii thch nguyn nhn v sao c thng s vt tiu chun 2.3.5. Hin trng rung ng nh gi hin trng rung ng khu vc ph thuc vo vic xc nh ng v cc ngun gy rung ng v vic la chn cc im o, thi im o mc rung ng mt cch thch hp. Cc yu t ny m bo mc chnh xc v tnh i din ca kt qu o. Xc nh cc ngun gy rung ng Cn xc nh y v m t chi tit cc ngun gy rung ng nh hng n28

cc cng trnh xy dng v cht lng sng ca dn c trong vng. Thng thng, cc ngun gy rung ng chnh trong khu vc gm ch yu l t hot ng giao thng, hot ng ca cc c s sn xut v sinh hot ca nhn dn trong vng. Xc nh v tr cc im o rung ng V tr v s lng cc im o rung ng phi c la chn v xc nh m bo tnh i din v ph hp vi c im a hnh, cu to nn mng ca khu vc. Do vy, v tr, mt cc im o rung ng phi c b tr v mt khng gian mt cch khoa hc, hp l trong mi quan h gia cc ngun pht sinh rung ng v cc im nhy cm v rung ng trong khu vc. Phn ni dung ny c m t gm: V tr: m t mng li cc im quan trc rung vi vic gii trnh r c s ca vic la chn ny. i vi tng im cn nu r v tr (km ta ), khong cch n v tr d n. Thng thng phi c im quan trc rung ng ti cc cng trnh xy dng quan trng, khu dn c, trng hc, bnh vin, nh cha quanh khu vc d n. iu kin kh hu ti thi im o; Thi gian o v phng php o. Kt qu phn tch hin trng mc rung ng khu vc c th hin trong bng 2.12. Bng 2-12. Gi tr trung bnh mc rungim quan trc V1 V2 V3 Quy chun, tiu chun cho php Ngun:. Mc rung (dBA) Lva(x) Lva(y) Lva(z)

-

Cc thng s phn tch mc rung : Lva(x), Lva(y), Lva(z)

Nhn xt cc kt qu sau khi so snh vi qui chun , tiu chun cho php, ng thi c gng gii thch nguyn nhn v sao c thng s vt tiu chun 2.3.6. Hin trng cht lng mi trng t Phn ni dung ny cn phn nh r c im, tnh cht ca tng loi t v hin trng s dng t ca khu vc d n c minh ha bng bn t l thch hp. Xc nh v tr cc im ly mu t V tr v mt cc im ly mu t phi c la chn v xc nh m bo i din cho ton vng v c m t qua cc ni dung sau:

29

-

V tr: m t mng li cc im quan trc, ly mu nc vi vic gii trnh r c s ca vic la chn ny. i vi tng im cn nu r v tr (km ta ), khong cch n v tr d n; c im phu din (loi t, su phn b); iu kin kh hu ti thi im ly mu; Thi gian ly mu v phng php ly mu.

-

Cc thng s phn tch cht lng t Cc thng s phn tch cht lng mi trng t gm: pH, m, t trng, tng N, tng P, d lng ho cht, axt, du m v kim loi nng (Pb, Cr, As). Kt qu phn tch hin trng cht lng t khu vc c th hin theo mu ti bng 2.13. Bng 2-13. Cht lng mi trng t n v tnh : mg/kgim quan trc S1 S2 S3 Quy chun, Tiu chun Vit nam cho php Ngun:.. pHkcl Tng N Tng P Du m As Pb Cr Hg

Nhn xt cc kt qu sau khi so snh vi qui chun , tiu chun cho php, ng thi c gng gii thch nguyn nhn v sao c thng s vt tiu chun Hin trng s dng t khu vc d n c phn nh theo cc ni dung nu ti bng 2.14. Bng 2-14. Hin trng s dng t (hoc quy hoch s dng t n nm) TT Mc ch s dng 1 2 3 4 5 6 n t nng nghip t nui trng thu sn t lm nghip Rng ngp mn t t cng nghip . Din tch cc loi t (ha) Tng I II III Cc vn mi trng lin quan

Tng cng30

2.3.7. Hin trng h sinh thi H sinh thi trn cn M t v h sinh thi trn cn ch thc hin i vi khu vc chu tc ng trc tip ca d n v ln cn (khng m t cho c mt khu vc rng ln quy m tnh, vng) gm cc ni dung chnh sau: H thc vt: Thnh phn loi, c im phn b cc loi thc vt chim u th, c th c bit i vi cc loi thc vt qu him; H ng vt: Thnh phn loi, c im phn b cc loi ng vt chim u th, c th c bit i vi cc loi ng vt hoang d, cc loi ng vt qu him c trong sch ; nh gi mc nhy cm ca h sinh thi trn cn.

-

H sinh thi di nc M t v h sinh thi di nc ch thc hin i vi khu vc chu tc ng trc tip ca d n v ln cn (khng m t cho c mt khu vc rng ln quy m tnh, vng) gm cc ni dung chnh sau: Thc vt phiu sinh: Thnh phn loi, s lng, mt , loi chim u th, c im phn b; ng vt phiu sinh: Thnh phn loi, s lng, mt , loi chim u th, c im phn b; ng vt y: Thnh phn loi, s lng, mt , cc loi chim u th, c im phn b; nh gi mc nhy cm ca h sinh thi di nc.

2.4. iu kin kinh t x hi khu vc d n 2.4.1. iu kin v kinh t - x hi iu kin v kinh t ch cp n nhng hot ng kinh t (cng nghip, nng nghip, giao thng vn ti, khai khong, du lch, thng mi, dch v v cc ngnh khc) trong khu vc d n v vng k cn b tc ng bi d n trong cc nm gn nht (phm vi x phng hoc KCN, CCN l ni d n u t). Trong tp trung vo cc hot ng kinh t a phng c bit l cc ngnh ngh truyn thng pht trin trn khu vc d n; kh nng kim sng, thu nhp (t cc hot ng kinh t gia nh, hot ng khc) v mc sng ca cc h dn chu tc ng trc tip ca d n nh b chim dng t, b mt ngh kim sng, b nh hng sc khe do mi trng sng b nhim, suy thoi do cht thi ca d n. Nhng ni dung trn cn c minh chng bng cc s liu cng nh lng cng tt. iu kin v x hi: ch cp n nhng cc cng trnh vn ho, x hi, tn gio, tn ngng, di tch lch s, khu dn c, khu th v cc cng trnh lin quan khc trong vng d n v cc vng k cn b tc ng bi d n;Ch ti31

-

tnh hnh sc khe cng ng dn c khu vc; ch dn ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, s dng. 2.4.2. i tng v hnh thc iu tra thu thp thng tin Ngun thng tin v iu kin kinh t khu vc c th c thu thp t cc bo co v tnh hnh pht trin kinh t - x hi hng nm ca a phng. Ngoi ra, d n cn c thm cc thng tin t cc hot ng iu tra, thu thp thng tin trc tip. Cc hnh thc v i tng iu tra thu thp thng tin gm: Hnh thc iu tra: Phiu iu tra (hnh thc gin tip) hoc kho st, iu tra, trao i, phng vn (hnh thc trc tip); i tng iu tra, phng vn thu thp thng tin cn phi c la chn cn c trn c s quy m v phm vi tc ng ca d n. i tng iu tra chnh l chnh quyn a phng (UBND, Mt trn t quc cp x), cc h dn b tc ng trc tip bi d n (mt t, mt vic lm, chu tc ng tiu cc bi cht thi ca d n).

Cc thng s v iu kin t nhin v mi trng cn tham kho phc v nh gi hin trng mi trng khu vc c nu tng qut tham kho ti bng 2.15. Bng 2-15. Cc thng s cn kho st nh gi iu kin t nhin, mi trng v kinh t - x hi khu vc i vi d n sn xut ho cht c bnCc yu t Thng s t nhin v x hi (1) 1.1 (2) V tr a l (3) I. iu kin t nhin - a danh, ta v a l ca khu - Ti liu d n hoc atlat vc thc hin d n. V tr hnh quc gia chnh v giao thng - M t nhng c im a hnh - Ti liu d n hoc a l, ca khu vc d n mt cch chi a cht khu vc. tit(ni, i, ng bng...). Phng php kho st v phn tch (4)

1.2

c im a hnh, a mo.

1.3

c im kh - Nhit . - Ti liu ca cc trm kh hu, kh - Lng ma, m tng thy vn khu vc v tng. quan trc ti hin trng. - Ch gi. -Cc hin tng thi tit bt thng. II. c im kinh t - x hi Dn c - lao - Ch n tnh hnh dn c kim Theo s liu thng k ca a sng trong nhng khu vc thc phng v ti ng hin d n v chu tc ng ca d n. Kinh t. -Vic pht trin d n trong mi 32 S liu iu tra, phng vn

2.1

2.2

lin quan n Quy hoch pht trin khi kho st. kinh t ca vng, tnh. 2.3 Tnh x hi. hnh - Dn s, mc sng, Nh mc 2.2 - iu kin v sinh,y t v sc khe cng ng. - Mng li v tnh hnh gio dc dn tr. - Vic lm v tht nghip. ha - Cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s, du lch c gi tr trong khu vc d n hoc nhng khu vc ln cn chu tc ng ca d n. - Thun phong m tc v phong tc tp qun ca dn a phng c th c nh hng n vic thc hin d n. nguyn - Tng din tch t t nhin v Nh mc 2.2 cht lng. - Hin trng s dng t (nng nghip, lm nghip, chuyn dng, t , s dng khc, t cha s dng).

2.4

Vn lch s.

III. Ti nguyn thin nhin. 3.1 Ti t.

3.2

Ti nguyn - c im h thng thu vn mt - Thu thp thng tin, t liu trong khu vc (sng, h, knh iu tra c bn ca khu vc nc mt. mng) v kho st, iu tra b sung. - Hin trng s dng ti nguyn nc mt trong khu vc. Ti nguyn nc di t (v nc khong). - c im a cht thu vn khu Nh mc 3.2 vc (tng cha nc, tr lng, cht lng nc ngm). - Hin trng khai thc v s dng.

3.3

3.4

Ti nguyn Cc s liu v thm thc vt v h Nh mc 3.2 ng thc vt. ng vt trong khu vc thc hin d n. Cn c bit ch n nhng chng loi c th ca khu vc hoc c trong sch . IV. H tng k thut v dch v Giao thng - c im cc tuyn ng giao Ti liu ca c quan chc thng (thu, b) c lin quan n nng v qun l hnh chnh hot ng vn chuyn ca d n. a phng. - Tai nn, s c giao thng.

4.1

4.2

Dch v, - Hin trng v kh nng cung cp thng mi dch v, thng mi. 33

V. Hin trng mi trng vt l 5.1 Cht t. lng - Hm lng cht hu c - Phng php chun Mohrsau khi oxy ho mu bng kali Bicromat - Phng php Kjendahn - Phng php trc quang - My o pH -Quang ph hp th nguyn t - Nhit k - My o pH in cc thu tinh - My o c - My o khong - Winhle hoc in cc oxy - Oxy tiu th sau 5 ngy nhit 20oC - Oxy ho bng K2Cr2O7 - So mu quang ph kh bin - Quang ph hp th nguyn t - Sc k kh, theo TCVN 5070-1995 - Lc qua mng v nui cy 43oC - Phng php sc k kh theo TCVN 5972-1995 hay phng php th FolinCiocalteur Phng php Tetracloromercurat (TCM/pararosanilin) theo TCVN 5971-1995 - Phng php GrissSaltman theo ISO 6768/1995. - Phng php o khi lng, theo TCVN 50671995 - My o PM10 - My o mc n tng ng tch phn 34

- Nit tng s - Pht pho tng s - pH - Cc kim loi nng 5.2 Cht lng - Nhit nc mt, - pH nc ngm. - Hm lng cn l lng - c - Tng khong ho - Oxy ho tan (DO) - Nhu cu oxy sinh ho (BOD5) - Nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD) - Tng N, - Tng P, - Hm lng du, m - Tng s Coliform

5.3

Cht lng - CO khng kh

- SO2

- NOx

- HF, SiF4 - Bi l lng tng s (TSP) 5.4 Ting n - L50

-

- Leq Lmax

- nt - nt - My o chn ng - nt - nt -

5.5

Chn ng

- Gia tc - Vn tc - Tn s

2.5. nh gi v tnh nhy cm v sc chu ti ca mi trng khu vc d n Trong trng hp c c s d liu v mi trng, nh gi s b v sc chu ti ca mi trng khu vc d n theo tiu chun, quy chun k thut mi trng. Ch c bit ti cc thnh phn mi trng c biu bin b nhim

35

CHNG 3. NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG Yu cu: nh gi tc ng c thc hin i vi cc tc ng lin quan n cht thi v cc tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi i vi cc d n sn xut ha cht c bn.Cc ngun tc ng ca d n n mi trng c nh gi theo 3 hoc 4 giai an nu c ty theo tng loi hnh d n, gm: chun b, thi cng xy lp, vn hnh v ng ca d n). Nn phn thnh tng giai on ca d n v nh gi tc ng theo cc ngun sau: Cc ngun tc ng ca d n n mi trng do cht thi. Cc ngun tc ng ca d n n mi trng khng do cht thi. Cc ngun tc ng ca d n n kinh t x hi ca khu vc

Cc i tng chu tc ng chnh gm mi trng vt l (nc, khng kh v t), mi trng sinh thi v mi trng kinh t - x hi.

3.1. Nguyn tc nh gi nh gi tc ng ca d n ln mi trng l d bo, nh gi nhng tc ng tim nng bao gm tc ng tch cc v tc ng xu, tc ng trc tip v gin tip, tc ng trc mt v lu di, tc ng tc thi v tch lu, nhng tc ng c th v khng th khc phc ca d n n cc yu t cnh quan, mi trng t nhin, kinh t - x hi v cc gi tr khc. y l mt trong nhng chng trng tm ca bo co TM. nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi d n sn xut ha cht c bn cn m bo cc nguyn tc ch yu sau: Vic nh gi tc ng ca d n c thc hin theo 3 giai on: Giai on chun b v gii phng mt bng, giai on thi cng xy dng v giai on vn hnh d n; nh gi tc ng i vi mt d n c th phi c chi tit ha v c th ha cho d n , khng nh gi mt cch l thuyt chung chung; Ni dung nh gi tc ng phi c c th ha cho tng ngun gy tc ng v tng i tng b tc ng; Mi tc ng u phi c nh gi mt cch c th v quy m khng gian v thi gian vi mc nh lng cng cao cng tt. Phi c nhn xt v mc chi tit, tin cy ca cc nh gi; Mc tc ng c xc nh trn c s i snh vi cc quy chun k thut, tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng hoc cc tiu chun, quy chun ca cc t chc Quc t, ca cc nc tin tin khc (trong trng hp Vit Nam khng c cc quy chun, tiu chun tng ng).39

-

-

3.2. Nhng ngun gy tc ng Xc nh cc ngun gy tc ng ca d n n mi trng bao gm ngun gy tc ng c lin quan n cht thi v ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi. 3.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi Ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi bao gm tt c cc ngun c kh nng pht sinh cc loi cht thi rn, lng, kh cng nh cc loi cht thi khc trong qu trnh trin khai d n. Cn lit k chi tit, c th tt c cc ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi ca d n gm ngun pht sinh cht thi giai on chun b mt bng, giai on xy dng cng trnh v giai on vn hnh ca d n. Giai on chun b mt bng v thi cng xy dng cng trnh Trong qu trnh chun b mt bng v thi cng xy dng cng trnh s c nhiu phng tin, my mc tham gia thi cng. Cc hot ng ny ca d n s pht sinh cht thi c tc ng tiu cc nh hng n cht lng mi trng t, mi trng nc v mi trng khng kh khu vc d n. Tuy nhin, cc tc ng ny ch mang tnh nht thi, khng ko di v ph thuc vo tng hng mc cng trnh xy dng ca d n v c th l: Ngun pht sinh kh thi ch yu l bi v kh thi t qu trnh ph d gii phng mt bng, san lp nn,cc phng tin vn ti (t , vt liu), cc my mc thi cng ti cng trng (san, i, bc xc, ng cc, m nn. ; Ngun pht sinh nc thi ch yu l t qu trnh dng h b tng, lm mt my mc thit b thi cng, nc ma chy trn qua b mt thi cng v t sinh hot ca cng nhn xy dng; Cht thi rn sinh ra trong qu trnh gii phng mt bng, xy dng t lm ng, lm mng cng trnh, thi cng v hon thin cng trnh, lp t my mc, thit bgm ch yu l t thi, gch, xi mng, st thp, bao b,du m thi b v cht thi rn sinh hot.

-

-

Cc hot ng ca d n v cc ngun thi tng ng trong giai on chun b mt bng v xy dng ca d n c th hin mt cch tng qut trong bng 3.1 di y. Bng 0-1. Ngun pht sinh cht thi trong qu trnh chun b mt bng v xy dngTT 1 1 Ngun gy tc ng Cc cht nhim Hot ng ph d, gii phng mt t thi, cy ci thc vt, cht thi xy dng do bng ph d cc cng trnh thy li nh ca Hot ng o xc, san nn v vn chuyn nguyn vt liu t phc v cng trnh ch yu l hot ng ca cc loi my mc, thit b, xe, my. - Ting n, rung; - Kh thi ca phng tin vn chuyn: bi CO, SO2, NO2; - Bi cun t ng, t ct ri vi.

40

2

Xy dng nh xng, cc cng trnh - Bi t, CO, SO2, NO2; h tng k thut, - Ting n, rung; - Nc ma cha t ct, rc thi;nc thi xy dng, - Cht thi rn xy dng, du m thi b Lp t my mc, thit b - Ting n, rung; - Du m thi, rc thi.

3 4

Sinh hot ca cng nhn tham gia - Nc thi sinh hot; thi cng xy dng. - Rc thi.

Giai on hot ng ca d n Sn xut ho cht c bn vi nhng c im trnh by phn trn cho thy ngun pht sinh cht thi c hu ht cc cng on sn xut. Ngun pht sinh kh thi Cc cht gy nhim mi trng khng kh t hot ng sn xut ho cht c bn gm ch yu l: kh lu hunh (SO2, SO3, H2S), cc xt cc bon (CO, CO2), kh nit (NO, NO2), cc cht kh halogen, halide (HF, HCl, Cl2, F, SiF4). Kh oxit lu hunh: SO2, SO3 thng c hnh thnh t qu trnh sn xut axit sunfuric, qu trnh t than, du. Nng ca kh ph thuc vo hiu sut chuyn ho, hiu sut hp th v hm lng lu hunh trong nhin liu. Cc xit cc bon: CO, CO2 thng c hnh thnh trong cc qu trnh t than, du. Kh nit: NO, NO2 thng c hnh thnh t cc qu trnh chy, sn xut axit nitric Cc cht kh halogen, halide: HF, F, SiF4, thng c hnh thnh t qu trnh sn xut photpho t qung apatit. HCl, Cl2, thng c hnh thnh t qu trnh sn xut axit clohydric, kh clo.

-

Di y l nhng trnh by tham kho v ngun pht sinh kh thi trong hot ng sn xut xt-clo, axit sunfuric v axit photphoric mt s c s ang hot ng ti Vit Nam. Sn xut xt - clo Cng on in phn Kh thi pht sinh t cng on ny ch yu l kh clo. Do cc in cc lm vic iu kin chn khng thp v trong trng hp khng gi c iu kin cn thit th c th gy ra p sut v dn ti kh clo c th thot ra ngoi khng kh. Ngoi ra, cn c mt lng nh clo b thot ra do ly mu v khi thay in cc. Kh clo cng c th b thot ra ngoi ch cc van, vng m ca bm v trc ca my nn, ti khu vc cho clo vo bnh hoc thng cha clo.41

Mt ngun pht sinh kh clo khc trong cng on in phn l t x l nc mui ngho. Kh clo phn tn trong nc mui c tch ra trong thp m p sut m v sau c chuyn ha thnh axt clohydric v xy th mt phn lng kh ny c th thot ra ngoi. Dy chuyn tng hp axt clohyric (HCl) Ti cng on sn xut ny s c mt lng kh thi gm kh HCl, kh clo. Lng kh ny thot ra ngoi ph thuc vo kt cu, hiu sut ca thp tng hp. Trong cng on ny, d bo kh HCl c nng khong 500mg/m3 v nhit xp x 40oC. Sn xut axt sunfuric Nh trnh by phn cng ngh sn xut axt sunfuric bng t lu hunh sau khi qua hai cp chuyn ho SO2 thnh SO3, cc cht gy nhim trong kh thi l SO2 v m axt sunfuric do tc dng ca SO3 v hi nc trong kh cng ngh. Kh SO2 : Ti lng thi SO2 ph thuc vo hiu sut chuyn ho SO2 thnh SO3, tc l ph thuc vo s bc chuyn ho, lng cht xc tc, loi xc tc, nhit v p sut, nng xy v SO2. a vo phn ng. Mi tng quan gia hiu sut chuyn ho SO2 v ti lng thi c th hin trong bng 3.2. Bng 0-2. Ti lng thi SO2 t cc nh my sn xut axt sunfuricHiu sut chuyn ha SO2 thnh SO3 (%) Ti lng thi ( Kg SO2/Tn sn phm 93 48 94 41 95 35 96 27,5 97 20 98 13 99 7 99,5 3,5 99,7 100 2 0


t tiu chun thi, hiu sut chuyn ho SO2 ca c hai cp cn l 99,6%, khi ti lng ring kh SO2 pht thi ra ngoi khng kh khi sn xut 1 tn sn phm axt sunfuric l 2,75 kg. Nng SO2 trong kh thi vo khong 500 mg/Nm3. M axt H2SO4: M axt c hnh thnh khi SO3 kt hp vi hi nc nhit thp hn im ngng t ca SO3. N c hnh thnh ngay trong qu trnh sn xut. Ni chung, lng v kch thc cc ht m axt ph thuc vo loi lu hunh c s dng, vo m c ca axt sn phm v vo cc iu kin bn trong thp hp th. Ti lng m axt trong sn xut axt sunfuric c phn nh trong bng 3.3. Bng 0-3. Ti lng thi m axt sunfuric t cc nh my sn xut axt sunfuricNguyn liu vo Lu hunh thu hi Lu hunh Virgin sng Oleum sn phm, % tng s sn lng 0 - 43 0 42 Ti lng thi m kg/ tn sn phm 0,174 - 0,4 1,7

Lu hunh Virgin ti Lu hunh nguyn t

0 - 100 -

0,32 - 6,28 0,064


Sn xut axt photphoric Kh thi t qu trnh sn xut axt photphoric ch yu l HF v SiF4 c hnh thnh trong qu trnh phn ng gia axt sunfuric v qung apatt, t thit b ngng t v t b cha gp. Lng kh flo thot ra trong qu trnh sn xut ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh nng flo c trong qung, cng sut v cng ngh sn xut. i vi qung apatt ca Vit nam, hm lng flo trong qung vo khong 2 - 2,5% khi lng, do vy, trong qu trnh sn xut axit photphoric, vo khong 25% lng flo ny thot ra ngoi di dng kh. Vi cng sut sn xut 500 tn axt H3PO4/ngy (tnh cho 100% P2O5 ), ti lng flo thi ra vo khong 390kg/ ngy. Trong trng hp kh cha c x l, nng kh flo trong kh thi vo khong 890 mg/m3 kh. Ti lng thi kh flo khi khng c h thng x l: 0,1 - 0,45 kgF/1tn P2O5 cho h thng phn ng; 0,0025 0,01 kgF/1tn P2O5 cho h thng lc; 0,025 - 0,035 kgF/1tn P2O5 cho h thng c c. V d, i vi nh my c cng sut 150.000 tn H3PO4/nm th lng kh flo l 108,7kg/h, trong 893kg/h t h thng phn ng; 1,0kg/h t h thng c c; 15,0 kg/h t h thng lc bng v 3,4 kg/h t h thng bm chn khng (ngun: Trung tm K thut mi trng v Cng nghip ho cht, 2002). Ngun pht sinh nc thi Nc thi pht sinh t qu trnh sn xut ho cht c bn c lu lng nh v thnh phn khng nh nhau, tuy nhin c c im chung l c cha cht v c, cht hu c, c tnh axit, tnh kim v c nhit tng i cao. Cht v c: Cc cht v c thng c mt trong hu ht nc thi t cc qu trnh sn xut ho cht c bn v ngun nguyn liu sn xut a s c ngun gc khong cht. Cht hu c: Trong nc thi sn xut cng thng c cha cc cht hu c di dng ho tan hoc dng cht rn l lng. Axit v kim: Nc thi cc nh my sn xut ho cht thng c tnh axit hoc kim. Nc thi axit thng t cc nh my sn xut axit v kim l t cc nh my sn xut xt, sa, bt nh, kh cng nghip. Nhit : a s cc nh my sn xut ho cht u thi ra nc nng t ngun nc nc lm lnh hoc do nc ngng.

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Di y l nhng trnh by tham kho v c im nc thi t cc cng on sn xut xt-clo, axit sunfuric v axit photphoric. Sn xut xt - clo

43

Nh phn cng ngh trnh by, cc cng on chnh ca qu trnh sn xut xt-clo l in phn, tng hp HCl, tuy nhin, v mt l thuyt nc thi ca cng on ny c ti s dng cho cng on sn xut khc nn khng c nc thi. Lng nc thi duy nht l t v sinh thit b, nh xng ca cc phn xng sn xut, nc thi t phng phn tch. Cht gy nhim chnh trong nc thi ny l cht rn l lng vi thnh phn chnh l cc cht v c khng c hi. Ngoi ra, c mt lng ln nc lm lnh c thi ra ngoi, tuy nhin, nc thi ny ch c nhit tng i cao v khng b nhim. Sn xut axt sunfuric Hot ng sn xut axt sunfuric khng c nc thi, ch c nc lm lnh c tun hon s dng li (ti 90 - 95% ). Ngoi ra, cn c nc thi do lm v sinh nh xng, nhng vi lng khng ng k. Sn xut axt photphoric Nc thi chnh ca qu trnh sn xut axt photphoric l nc lm ngui, nc do c c axt. Sau qu trnh bay hi v tun hon li, nng photphat v fluoride c th ln n vi gam/lt. Ngoi ra, tu thuc loi qung, trong nc tun hon c th c mt s tp cht nh asen, cadmi, uranium, vanadi v radium. Nc lm ngui t cng on c c axt photphoric cn gi l nc lm ngui bn c cha mt t hp cht flo v axt photphoric thot ra trong ming thit b c v b cun ra cng vi hi. Nc ra khi thp lm ngui s c s dng trong sn xut axt photphoric. Nh vy, ngun nc thi ra mi trng chnh l t thit b lm mm nc, t bi cha cc, t phng th nghim v t v sinh nh xng. Nc thi ca thit b lm mm nc: Nc thi ra t vic ti sinh nha trao i ion b axt ho nh. Nc thi bi cha gp: Nc thi t bi (h) cha b gp c cha cht nhim vi nng c th hin trong bng 3.4. Bng 0-4. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi t bi cha gpThnh phn gy nhim P2O5 Fluoride Sunfat Can xi Amnic Nitrat pH Nng (mg/l ) 6.000 - 12.000 3.000 - 5.000 2.000 - 4.000 350 - 1.200 0 - 100 0 - 100 1,0 - 1,5


Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn44

Cht thi rn t cc nh my sn xut ho cht thng l b thi t cc qu trnh ho hc, x l t cc qu trnh t v bn t cc trm x l nc thi. Di y l nhng trnh by tham kho v c im cht thi rn t cc cng on sn xut xt-clo, axit sunfuric v axit photphoric. Sn xut xt clo - Cng on in phn Trong cng on ny cht thi rn chnh l cn mui (bn) t qu trnh ra mui. Lng cht rn chim khong 1% khi lng kh ca nguyn liu vo v c hm lng NaCl thng l di 1% khi lng. Thnh phn ca bn thi ch yu l cc hp cht canxi, manh v cht khng tan khc. Ngoi ra, cht thi rn cn l cc bao b ng s a, bari clorua, cht tr lng vi s lng khng nhiu. - Cng on tng hp axt HCl: khng c cht thi rn. Sn xut axt sunfuric Cht thi rn t qu trnh sn xut axt sunfuric l cht xc tc chuyn ho SO2 thnh SO3 - Xc tc V2O5 . Tiu hao ring l 0,16 kg/ 1 tn sn phm. Sn xut axt photphoric Trong qu trnh sn xut axt photphoric sinh ra mt lng ng k b thi l CaSO4 cn gi l gp. Vo khong 1,5 tn gp c thi ra khi a 1 tn qung photphat vo, hoc 5 tn gp/ 1 tn axt (tnh theo P2O5 ). Thnh phn b thi gp nh sau: CaO : 41,1 % khi lng; F : 0,2 % khi lng; SiO2 : 8,4 % khi lng; Fe2O3: 0,1 % khi lng; Al2O3: 0,1 % khi lng; MgO : 0,04 % khi lng; P2O5 : 1,0 % khi lng; H2o : 18,1 % khi lng; m: 22 % khi lng. Ngoi ra, trong b thi gp cn c cc tp cht c trong qung photphat nh cadmi, ch, nhm, flo, radium v axt pht phorc. Ngun pht sinh ting n Trong tt c cc nh my sn xut ho cht, ting n lun l ngun nhim ng k v ph thuc nhiu vo cng sut thit b. Cc ngun gy ting n ln ch yu l t hot ng ca qut, bm, my nn kh v bng ti.

45

3.2.2. Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi l tt c cc ngun gy xi mn, trt, st, l, ln t; xi l b sng, b sui, b h, b bin; bi lng lng sng, lng sui, lng h, y bin; thay i mc nc mt, nc di t; xm nhp mn; xm nhp phn; bin i vi kh hu; suy thoi cc thnh phn mi trng; bin i a dng sinh hc v cc ngun gy tc ng khc. Do vy, cn lit k chi tit tt c cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi ni trn ca d n giai on chun b mt bng, xy dng cng trnh v giai on vn hnh ca d n. Vi c im ca d n cng nghip ni chung, sn xut ha cht c bn ni ring, ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi thng ch yu tp trung vo: Nhng hot ng khai nc di t phc v d n c tim nng gy bin i mc nc di t khu vc; Hot ng thi nc thi vi lu lng ln ca d n lm bin i qu trnh xi l, bi lng lng sui, lng sng, lng h hoc vng b bin thuc khu vc d n; Hot ng thi cng xy dng cng trnh nh o p gy trt, st, l, ln t.

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3.3. i tng, quy m tc ng Cn lit k tt c v m t chi tit v cc i tng t nhin, kinh t, vn ho, x hi, tn gio, tn ngng, di tch lch s v cc i tng khc trong vng d n v cc vng k cn b tc ng bi cht thi, bi cc yu t khng phi l cht thi, bi cc ri ro v s c mi trng khi trin khai d n. Thng thng cc i tng b tc ng bi d n c lit k tham kho Bng 0-5 di y. Bng 0-5. i tng v phm vi chu tc ngi tng b tc ng Yu t tc ng Phm vi chu tc ng

I. Giai on chun b mt bng v thi cng xy dng Bi khuch tn t mt bng Mi trng khng kh khu thi cng, giao thng trn vc thc hin d n v xung cng trng ; Bi, kh thi, quanh. nhit ca cc my mc thit b tham gia thi cng xy dng. Nc thi sinh hot; Nc Thu vc nc trong khu thi xy dng. vc d n. San lp chun b mt bng Mi trng t khu vc d v thi cng nn mng cng n v xung quanh. trnh ; Cht thi rn sinh hot v xy dng 46

Mi trng khng kh

Mi trng nc

Mi trng t

H sinh thi

San lp mt bng ; Thi cng H sinh thi khu vc d n cng trnh ; Nc thi, kh thi, cht thi rn trong giai on chun b mt bng, thi cng xy dng. -Thay i c cu kinh t, Khu vc d n v xung ngnh ngh ; quanh. -Di dn, ti nh c ; -Thay i c cu x hi ; Bi, kh thi, cht thi rn, Dn c xung quanh khu vc ting n, rung ng d n.

Kinh t - x hi

Sc kho cng ng

II. Giai on hot ng ca d n 1. Sn xut xt-clo Mi trng khng kh Mi trng nc Mi trng t H sinh thi 2. Sn xut axit sunfuric Mi trng khng kh Mi trng nc Mi trng t H sinh thi 3. Sn xut axit photphoric Mi trng khng kh Kh thi: bi, HF, SiF4, Mi trng khng kh khu H3PO4, SO2, NO2, CO, vc d n v xung quanh VOC. Nc thi sn xut : pH, TSS, H3PO4, H2SiF6, tng Mi trng nc khu vc N, tng P, Fluoride, kim loi d n v xung quanh. nng (Pb, As, Cr, Hg). 47 Bi x pyrit, m axit H2SO4, Mi trng khng kh khu vc d n v xung quanh SO2. Nc thi sn xut: pH, Mi trng nc khu vc TSS, kim loi nng (As, Pb, d n v xung quanh. Cd, selen. Cht thi rn xc tc V2O5, Mi trng t khu vc v xung quanh Kh thi: bi, HCl, Cl2 , Mi trng khng kh khu vc d n v xung quanh SO2, NO2. Nc thi sn xut cha: Mi trng nc khu vc TSS, BOD, pH. d n v xung quanh. Bn thi cha NaCl, Ca, Mi trng t khu vc d Mg n v xung quanh. Nc thi, kh thi, cht thi H sinh thi khu vc d n rn trong sn xut v sinh v xung quanh hot

Nc thi, kh thi, cht thi H sinh thi khu vc d n rn trong sn xut v sinh v xung quanh. hot

Mi trng nc

Mi trng t

B gp, tp cht ca Cd, Pb, Mi trng t khu vc d Al, flo, radium v axit n v xung quanh photphoric Nc thi, kh thi, cht thi H sinh thi khu vc d n rn trong sn xut v sinh v xung quanh. hot

H sinh thi

3.4. nh gi cc tc ng lin quan n cht thi 3.4.1. Tc ng mi trng khng kh nh gi mc tc ng ca d n ln mi trng khng kh khu vc c phn nh theo tng giai on pht trin ca d n v gm cc ni dung chnh sau: nh gi tng lng cht nhim (theo tng cht) trong kh thi thi vo mi trng khng kh; nh gi phm v tc ng trong khng gian, thi gian v mc tc ng n tng i tng cn quan tm trong khu vc.

Giai on thi cng xy dng Qu trnh thi cng xy dng ch yu l vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, san i mt bng v xy dng c s h tng gm h thng ng giao thng, h thng cp thot nc, h thng cp in, cc cng trnh nh xng, kho bi v cc cng trnh ph tr khc. V mt k thut, ngun gy nhim bi v kh c trong giai on ny thuc loi ngun mt, loi ngun c tnh bin ng cao, c kh nng gy nhim mi trng khng kh khu vc vi c trng l rt kh kim sot, x l v kh xc nh theo nh lng nng v ti lng nhim. Tuy nhin, cc ngun pht sinh kh c hi ny thuc dng thp, kh nng pht tn i xa ca chng km, do phm vi nhim ch mang tnh tm thi, cc b, ch yu l nh hng trc tip n cng nhn ang lm vic trong khu vc v dn c ln cn nm trong vng bn knh nh hng trong iu kin bnh thng l khong 200m theo chiu gi thi. xc nh mc tc ng ln mi trng khng kh giai on ny c th cn c trn kt qu quan trc, o c cc thng s mi trng i vi nhng trng hp c th c quy m tng t ang c trin khai trn thc t hoc xc nh nhanh trn c s h s nhim do C quan Bo v mi trng M (USEPA) v T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) xc lp. Bi pht sinh do hot ng o p, san lp mt bng Trong giai on xy dng, bi t c th coi l tc nhn gy nhim mi trng khng kh quan trng nht. Lng bi pht sinh nhiu nht t cng on san i mt bng, lm ng, o p. Lng bi pht sinh rt bin ng, thay i ty theo hng gi v tc gi trong khu vc, ty theo m ca t, ty theo nhit khng kh trong ngy, do vy, vic, tnh ton phi c xem xt n cc yu t ny.

48

Xc nh h s pht thi nhim bi trong hot ng o p, san lp mt bng c th da vo s liu nu ti bng 3.6 do WHO xc lp hoc tnh cho tng trng hp c th theo cng thc:E = 0 ,16 k

(U / 2 , 2 )1 , 3 (M / 2 )1 , 4

Trong : E = H s nhim (kg/tn, g/m3); k = Cu trc ht c gi tr trung bnh (Khng th nguyn); U = Tc gi trung bnh (m/s); M = m trung bnh ca vt liu (%). Bng 3-6. H s pht thi bi trong xy dngSTT Ngun pht sinh bi 1 2 3 Hot ng o t, san i mt bng (Bi t, ct) H s pht thi 1 100g/m3

Hot ng bc d vt liu xy dng (xi mng, t, , 0,1 1g/m3 ct), my mc, thit b Hot ng vn chuyn ct, t lm ri vi trn mt 0,1 1g/m3 ng (bi t, ct)

Ngun: Rapid inventory technique in environmental control, WHO 1993

Ngoi ra, h s pht

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