Taraxacum

Dandelion redirects here. It may refer to any ofthe genus Taraxacum or specically to Taraxacumocinale. For similar plants, see False dandelion. Forother uses, see Dandelion (disambiguation)

Taraxacum /trkskm/ is a large genus of oweringplants in the family Asteraceae and consists of speciescommonly known as dandelion. They are native toEurasia and North America, and two species, T. oci-nale and T. erythrospermum, are found as commonplacewild owers worldwide.[2] Both species are edible in theirentirety.[3] The common name dandelion (/dndla.n/DAN-di-ly-n, from French dent-de-lion, meaning lionstooth) is given to members of the genus. Like othermembers of the Asteraceae family, they have very smallowers collected together into a composite ower head.Each single ower in a head is called a oret. ManyTaraxacum species produce seeds asexually by apomixis,where the seeds are produced without pollination, result-ing in ospring that are genetically identical to the parentplant.[4]

1 Description

The species of Taraxacum are tap-rooted perennialherbaceous plants, native to temperate areas of the north-ern hemisphere. The genus contains many species whichusually (or in the case of triploids, obligately) repro-duce by apomixis resulting in many local populations andendemism. In the British Isles alone, 234 microspeciesare recognised in 9 loosely-dened sections, of which 40are probably endemic.[5]

In general, the leaves are 525 cm long or longer, sim-ple, lobed, and form a basal rosette above the central tap-root. The ower heads are yellow to orange coloured, andare open in the daytime but closed at night. The headsare borne singly on a hollow stem (scape) that is usuallyleaess and rises 110 cm or more[2] above the leaves.Stems and leaves exude a white, milky latex when bro-ken. A rosette may produce several owering stems ata time. The ower heads are 25 cm in diameter andconsist entirely of ray orets. The ower heads matureinto spherical seed heads called blowballs[6] or clocks (inboth British and American English)[7][8][9][10] containingmany single-seeded fruits called achenes. Each acheneis attached to a pappus of ne hairs, which enable wind-aided dispersal over long distances.

The ower head is surrounded by bracts (sometimes mis-takenly called sepals) in two series. The inner bracts areerect until the seeds mature, then ex downward to al-low the seeds to disperse. The outer bracts are often re-exed downward, but remain appressed in plants of thesections Palustria and Spectabilia. Some species drop theparachute from the achenes; the hair-like parachutes arecalled pappus, and they are modied sepals. Betweenthe pappus and the achene, there is a stalk called a beak,which elongates as the fruit matures. The beak breaks ofrom the achene quite easily, separating the seed from theparachute.

1.1 Seed dispersal

Segment of pappus ber showing barbs.

A number of species of Taraxacum are seed dispersedruderals that rapidly colonize disturbed soil, especiallythe common dandelion (T. ocinale), which has been in-troduced over much of the temperate world. After ow-ering is nished, the dandelion ower head dries out fora day or two. The dried petals and stamens drop o, thebracts reex (curve backwards), and the parachute ballopens into a full sphere.

1.2 False dandelions

Many similar plants in the Asteraceae family with yellowowers are sometimes known as false dandelions. Dan-delions are very similar to catsears (Hypochaeris). Bothplants carry similar owers, which form into windborneseeds. However, dandelion owers are borne singly onunbranched, hairless and leaess, hollow stems, whilecatsear owering stems are branched, solid and carrybracts. Both plants have a basal rosette of leaves anda central taproot. However, the leaves of dandelionsare smooth or glabrous, whereas those of catsears arecoarsely hairy.Early-owering dandelions may be distinguished fromcoltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) by their basal rosette ofleaves, their lack of disc orets and the absence of scaleson the owering stem.[11]

1

2 4 NAMES

Hawksbeard ower heads and ripe seeds are sometimes confusedwith dandelions.

Other plants with supercially similar owers in-clude hawkweeds (Hieracium) and hawksbeards (Crepis).These are readily distinguished by branched oweringstems, which are usually hairy and bear leaves.

2 ClassicationThe genus is taxonomically complex, with some botanistsdividing the group into about 34 macrospecies, and about2000 microspecies;[12] approximately 235 apomictic andpolyploid microspecies have been recorded in GreatBritain and Ireland.[13] Some botanists take a much nar-rower view and only accept a total of about 60 species.[12]

2.1 Selected species Taraxacum albidum, a white-owering Japanesedandelion.

Taraxacum aphrogenes, Paphos dandelion Taraxacum brevicorniculatum, frequently misiden-tied as Taraxacum kok-saghyz, and a poor rubberproducer

Taraxacum californicum, the endangered Californiadandelion

Taraxacum centrasiaticum, the Xinjiang dandelion Taraxacum farinosum, Turkish dandelion Taraxacum holmboei, Trodos dandelion Taraxacum platycarpum, the Korean dandelion Taraxacum japonicum, Japanese dandelion. No ringof smallish, downward-turned leaves under the ow-erhead.

Taraxacum kok-saghyz, Russian dandelion, whichproduces rubber[14]

Taraxacum laevigatum, Red-seeded dandelion; ach-enes reddish brown and leaves deeply cut throughoutlength. Inner bracts tips are hooded.

Taraxacum erythrospermum, often considereda variety of Taraxacum laevigatum.[15]

Taraxacum ocinale (syn. T. ocinale subsp. vul-gare), common dandelion. Found in many forms.

Taraxacum ceratophorum, Northern dandelion[16]

2.2 Cultivars 'Amlior Coeur Plein' - Yields an abundant cropwithout taking up much ground, and tends to blanchitself naturally, due to its clumping growth habit.

'Broad Leaved' - The leaves are thick and tenderand easily blanched. In rich soils they can be up to60 cm wide. Plants do not go to seed as quickly asFrench types.

'Vert de Montmagny' - large leaved, vigorousgrower, matures early.[17]

3 HistoryDandelions are thought to have evolved about thirty mil-lion years ago in Eurasia.[18] They have been used byhumans for food and as an herb for much of recordedhistory.[19]

4 Names

Leaf resemblance to lion tooth

The Latin name Taraxacum originates in medieval Per-sian writings on pharmacy. The Persian scientist Al-Razi

5.2 Medicinal uses 3

around 900 (A.D.) wrote the tarashaquq is like chicory.The Persian scientist and philosopher Ibn Sn around1000 (A.D.) wrote a book chapter on Taraxacum. Gerardof Cremona, in translating Arabic to Latin around 1170,spelled it tarasacon.[20]

The English name, dandelion, is a corruption of theFrench dent de lion[21] meaning lions tooth, refer-ring to the coarsely toothed leaves. The plant is alsoknown as blowball, cankerwort, doon-head-clock, witchsgowan,milk witch, lions-tooth, yellow-gowan, Irish daisy,monks-head, priests-crown and pu-ball;[22] other com-mon names include faceclock, pee-a-bed, wet-a-bed,[23]swines snout,[24] white endive, and wild endive.[25]

The English folk name "piss-a-bed" (and indeed theequivalent French "pissenlit") refers to the strong diureticeect of the plants roots.[26] In various north-eastern Ital-ian dialects, the plant is known as pisacan ("dog pisses"),because they are found at the side of pavements.[27]

In Swedish, it is called maskros ('worm rose') after thesmall insects (thrips) usually present in the owers.[28] InFinnish and Estonian the names (voikukka, vilill) trans-late as 'butter ower', due to the color of the ower.

5 Properties

5.1 Edibility

Dandelions are found on all continents and have beengathered for food since prehistory, but the varieties cul-tivated for consumption are mainly native to Eurasia. Aperennial plant, its leaves will grow back if the taproot isleft intact. To make leaves more palatable, they are oftenblanched to remove bitterness.[19] or sauteed in the sameway as spinach.[29] Dandelion leaves and buds have beena part of traditional Slovenian, Sephardic, Chinese, andKorean cuisine. In Crete, Greece, the leaves of a vari-ety called Mari (), Mariaki () or Kopro-radiko () are eaten by locals, either raw orboiled, in salads. Taraxacum megalorhizon, a species en-demic to Crete, is eaten in the same way; it is found onlyat high altitudes (1000 to 1600 m) and in fallow sites,and is called pentaramia () or agrioradiko().[30]

The ower petals, along with other ingredients, usu-ally including citrus, are used to make dandelion wine.The ground, roasted roots can be used as a caeine-free dandelion coee.[31] Dandelion was also traditionallyused to make the traditional British soft drink dandelionand burdock, and is one of the ingredients of root beer.Also, dandelions were once delicacies eaten by the Vic-torian gentry, mostly in salads and sandwiches.Dandelion leaves contain abundant vitamins and miner-als, especially vitamins A, C and K, and are good sourcesof calcium, potassium, iron and manganese.[32]

5.2 Medicinal uses

Main article: Medicinal properties of dandelion

Historically, dandelion was prized for a variety of medic-inal properties, and it contains a wide number of pharma-cologically active compounds.[33] Dandelion is used as aherbal remedy in Europe, North America and China.[33]It has been used in herbal medicine to treat infections,bile and liver problems,[33] and as a diuretic.[33]

5.3 Food for wildlife

Taraxacum seeds are an important food source for certainbirds.[34]

Dandelions are also important plants for northern hemi-sphere bees, providing an important source of nectar andpollen early in the season.[35] Dandelions are used asfood plants by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera(butteries and moths). See List of Lepidoptera that feedon dandelions. They are also used as a source of nectarby the pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne), oneof the earliest emerging butteries in the spring.

5.4 Benets to gardeners

The dandelion plant is a benecial weed, with a widerange of uses, and is even a good companion plant for gar-dening. Its taproot will bring up nutrients for shallower-rooting plants, and add minerals and nitrogen to soil. Itis also known to attract pollinating insects and releaseethylene gas which helps fruit to ripen.[36]

5.5 Cultural importance

Four dandelion owers are the emblem of White SulphurSprings, West Virginia.[37] The citizens celebrate springwith an annual Dandelion Festival.The dandelion is the ocial ower of the University ofRochester and Dandelion Yellow is one of the schoolsocial colors. The Dandelion Yellow is an ocial Uni-versity of Rochester song.[38]

5.6 Dangers

Dandelion pollen may cause allergic reactions wheneaten, or adverse skin reactions in sensitive individuals.Contact dermatitis after handling has also been reported,probably from the latex in the stems and leaves.[39] Due toits high potassium level, dandelion can also increase therisk of hyperkalemia when taken with potassium-sparingdiuretics.[40] The consumption of dandelion leaves hasalso been implicated in occurrences of fasciolosis.[41]

4 7 REFERENCES

5.7 As a noxious weed

The species Taraxacum ocinale is listed as a noxiousweed in some jurisdictions,[42] and is considered to bea nuisance in residential and recreational lawns in NorthAmerica.[43] It is also an important weed in agricultureand causes signicant economic damage because of itsinfestation in many crops worldwide.[42]

5.8 As source of natural rubber

Dandelions secrete latex when the tissues are cut or bro-ken, yet in the wild type the latex content is low and variesgreatly. Using modern cultivation methods and optimiza-tion techniques, scientists in the Fraunhofer Institute forMolecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) in Ger-many developed a cultivar that is suitable for commer-cial production of natural rubber. The latex produced ex-hibits the same quality as the natural rubber from rubbertrees.[44] In collaboration with Continental Tires, IME isbuilding a pilot facility. As of May 2014, the rst pro-totype test tires made with blends from dandelion-rubberare scheduled to be tested on public roads over the nextfew years.[45]

6 See also List of benecial weeds

List of companion plants

7 References[1] Adrian John Richards (1985). Sectional nomenclature

in Taraxacum (Asteraceae)". Taxon 34 (4): 633644.JSTOR 1222201.

[2] Luc Brouillet. "Taraxacum F. H. Wiggers, Prim. Fl. Hol-sat. 56. 1780. Flora of North America.

[3] Wild About Dandelions. Mother Earth News.

[4] J. Doll & T. Trower. Dandelion. WeedScience.University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original onOctober 22, 2008.

[5] Stace, C.A. (2010). New ora of the British isles (Thirded.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p.712. ISBN 9780521707725.

[6] blowball. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientic & Tech-nical Terms, 6E. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.2003. Retrieved 26 January 2013.

[7] Blowball entry, Collins Dictionary

[8] Blowball, InfoPlease Dictionary

[9] dandelion clock - Denition from Longman English Dic-tionary Online. Jonas: Mosbys Dictionary of Comple-mentary and Alternative Medicine. (c) 2005, Elsevier.Ldoceonline.com. Retrieved 2010-07-03.

[10] Clock entry, American Heritage Dictionary

[11] Blamey, M.; Fitter, R.; Fitter, A (2003). Wild owers ofBritain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British andIrish Flora. London: A & C Black. p. 274. ISBN 978-1408179505.

[12] A. J. Richards (1970). Eutriploid facultative agamo-spermy in Taraxacum". New Phytologist 69 (3): 761774. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1970.tb02461.x. JSTOR2430530.

[13] Richards, A.J. (1997). Dandelions of Great Britain andIreland (Handbooks for Field Identication). BSBI Publi-cations. p. 330. ISBN 978-0-901158-25-3.

[14] Plants for a future: Taraxacum kok-saghiz.

[15] Flora of North America. Eoras.org. Retrieved 2012-08-29.

[16] Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute - Taraxacumceratophorum. Retrieved 2013-08-29.

[17] Dandelion. Fondation Louis Bonduelle.

[18] Gardening in Western Washington: Dandelions. Gar-dening.wsu.edu. 2003-05-04. Retrieved 2012-08-29.

[19] McGee, Harold (2004). A survey of common vegeta-bles. On Food and Cooking: the science and lore of thekitchen. New York: Scribner. p. 320. ISBN 0-684-80001-2.

[20] Reported in An Etymological Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage, by Walter W. Skeat (1888) (Downloadable atArchive.org). In An Etymology Dictionary of Modern En-glish by Ernest Weekley (1921) it is reported that Arabictarashaqun is derivable in turn from Persian talkh chakok,bitter herb (Downloadable at Archive.org).

[21] S. Potter & L. Sargent (1973) Pedigree: essays on the et-ymology of words from nature. Collins New Naturalistseries Volume 56

[22] Britton, N. F.; Brown, Addison (1970). An illustratedora of the northernUnited States and Canada: fromNew-foundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Vir-ginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102dmeridian. New York: Dover Publications. p. 315. ISBN0-486-22644-1.

[23] Common Dandelion_Family: Asteraceae (PDF).

[24] Loewer, Peter (2001). Solving weed problems. Guilford,Conn.: Lyons Press. p. 210. ISBN 1-58574-274-0.

[25] Dandelion clock. TheFreeDictionary.com.

[26] Taylor, Joseph (1819). Antiquitates curiosae: the etymol-ogy of many remarkable old sayings, proverbs and singularcustoms explained by Joseph Taylor (2nd ed.). T&J All-man. p. 97. Retrieved 25 May 2010.

5[27] Anon. Dandelion - far more than a weed (PDF).Frapez.com. Frapez soothie spa. Retrieved 30 May 2010.

[28] Den virtuella oran: Taraxacum F. H. Wigg. -Maskrosor (in Swedish). Linnaeus.nrm.se. Retrieved2010-07-03.

[29] Sauted Dandelion Greens, ItalianFoodForever.com

[30] Kleonikos G. Stavridakis , . (2006). Wild edible plants of Crete - . Rethymnon Crete. ISBN 960-631-179-1.

[31] Castronovo Fusco, MA (2008-04-15). Dandelion as un-derrated as underfoot. New Jersey On-Line. Retrieved2011-03-07.

[32] Dandelion greens, raw. Nutritiondata.com. Retrieved2011-03-07.

[33] Katrin Schtz, Reinhold Carle & Andreas Schieber(2006). "Taraxacuma review on its phytochemical andpharmacological prole. Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy 107 (3): 313323. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.021.PMID 16950583.

[34] D. L. Buckingham and W. J. Peach (2005). Theinuence of livestock management on habitat qualityfor farmland birds. Animal Science 81: 199203.doi:10.1079/asc50700199.

[35] Pellett, Frank Chapman (1920). American Honey Plants;Together With Those Which Are of Special Value to theBeekeeper as Sources of Pollen. American Bee JournalPublication. p. 178. ISBN 1-152-86271-5.

[36] Anon. Companion Planting for Vegetables & Plants.Country living and farm lifestyles. countryfarm-lifestyles.com. Retrieved 2011-03-07.

[37] Welcome to Main Street White Sulphur Springs...Makeit home. Wssmainstreet.org. Retrieved 2010-07-03.

[38] Songs of the University of Rochester.Lib.rochester.edu. 2010-01-14. Retrieved 2010-07-03.

[39] Bill Church (2006). Medicinal Plants, Trees, & Shrubs ofAppalachia A Field Guide. Lulu.com. p. 28. ISBN978-1-4116-4486-1.

[40] Lourdes Rodriguez-Fragoso, Jorge Reyes-Esparza, ScottW. Burchiel, Dea Herrera-Ruiz & Eliseo Torres (2008).Risks and benets of commonly used herbal medicinesin Mexico. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 227(1): 125135. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.005. PMC2322858. PMID 18037151.

[41] Dieter A. Strchler (2006). Exposure: a Guide to Sourcesof Infections. ASM Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-55581-376-5.

[42] Stewart-Wade, S. M.; Newmann, S.; Collins, L. L.;Boland, G. J. (2002). The biology of Canadianweeds. 117. Taraxacum ocinale G.H. Weber ex Wig-gers. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82: 825853.doi:10.4141/P01-010.

[43] Richardson, Jonathan (1985). In praise of the archen-emy. Audubon 87: 3739.

[44] Making Rubber from Dandelion Juice. sci-encedaily.com. sciencedaily.com. Retrieved 22November 2013.

[45] Fraunhofer and Continental come together when the dan-delion rubber meets the road. Retrieved 31 May 2014.

8 External links Media related to Taraxacum at Wikimedia Com-mons

6 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses9.1 Text

Taraxacum Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum?oldid=665639443 Contributors: Vicki Rosenzweig, Mav, Bryan Derksen,Robert Merkel, Tarquin, Koyaanis Qatsi, Sjc, Josh Grosse, Vignaux, Rmhermen, PierreAbbat, Deb, Karen Johnson, Ortolan88, Si-monP, Anthere, Ellmist, Mswake, AdamRetchless, Mjb, Heron, Isis~enwiki, Montrealais, Ewen, Quercusrobur, Henriette~enwiki, Oc-tothorn, Vik-Thor, Infrogmation, Michael Hardy, Booyabazooka, Liftarn, Menchi, Ixfd64, Lquilter, Anders Feder, Julesd, Glenn, Bog-dangiusca, Paulnasca, Dpol, Jiang, Jabo~enwiki, Dino, Ciampix, Dysprosia, Tpbradbury, Buckwad, Marshman, Imc, SEWilco, Ringo-massa, Jose Ramos, Biwillia, David.Monniaux, Pollinator, Carbuncle, Twang, Chuunen Baka, Robbot, Pigsonthewing, Kristof vt, Worm-Runner, Psychonaut, Naddy, Caknuck, Catbar, UtherSRG, MykReeve, Tappel, DocWatson42, MPF, Lupin, Samuel J. 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9.2 Images File:DandelionFlower.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/DandelionFlower.jpg License: CC BY-SA

3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Greg Hume File:Dandelion_pappus_fiber.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b0/Dandelion_pappus_fiber.jpg License: CC0

Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

9.3 Content license 7

File:HAWKBEARD.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/HAWKBEARD.jpg License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: Hardyplants at English Wikipedia

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DescriptionSeed dispersalFalse dandelions

ClassificationSelected speciesCultivars

HistoryNamesPropertiesEdibilityMedicinal usesFood for wildlifeBenefits to gardenersCultural importanceDangersAs a noxious weedAs source of natural rubber

See alsoReferencesExternal linksText and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license