Damage to Temporal Lobes can lead to…

Damage to Temporal Lobes can lead to…

• disturbance of language comprehension • altered sexual behavior (increase or decrease sex drive)• Difficulty in recognizing faces (Prosopagnosia video clip) (Clip 2)• Difficulty in understanding spoken words (Wernicke's Aphasia

clip)• Short-term memory loss• Interference with long-term memory • Right lobe damage can cause persistent talking • Increased aggressive behavior

Corpus callosumCorpus callosum

Video snippet severed corpus callosum (5 min)

axonal fibers that connect the 2 hemispheres to allow neurons to share information

The Limbic System : AHH!!(AKA “inner brain”)

• LOCATION: Deep within brain, next to thalamus, at top of brain stem

• FUNCTION? – The 4 F’s : fight, flight,

food, fornication!– & memory!!

MNEMONIC: AHH!! I scream AHH because my limbic system is active when I am excited, happy, in pain, emotional, surprised, or remember something…

Hypothalamus: “body’s regulator” 1. In charge of endocrine system2. Regulates

– hunger & thirst• if ventromedial hypothalamus is

stimulated, rats STOP eating • if lateral hypothalamus is stimulated, rats

eat• if lateral hypothalamus is lesioned, rats

will not eat– response to pain– levels of pleasure (reward centers)

– rats self-pleasure ‘til point of exhaustion– reward deficiency syndrome liked with addiction

– sexual satisfaction– anger and aggressive behavior

3. Regulates the autonomic nervous system pulse, blood pressure, breathing, and arousal in response to emotional circumstances.

Pituitary Gland --master gland of endocrine system

1. Regulates body temperature2. Creates and releases:

– Growth hormone– prolactin (tells woman’s breasts

to produce milk after giving birth)– hormone to signal sperm

production and releases of eggs3. Creates hormones messages and

directs body’s other glands to produce hormones for:– stress

• cortisol released by adrenal glands

Amygdala: Emotions, stress, fear, memories

• Location: Within temporal lobe• Function:1. Directs aggressive and fearful responses

– Lesion=less aggression, more mild, meek demeanor

– stimulation=extreme aggression!2. Plays role in formation of emotionally

charged memoriesInteresting facts:1. Size positively correlates with levels of

aggression 2. Shrinks by 30% in castrated males!!

video on flight or fight response

Mnemonic: my gd!! (OMG) I’ve been frightened, surprised, angered!! my gd!! I’m an emotional firepot!!

Hippocampus

• Converts short-term explicit memories to long-term

Video clip: John Forbes story (start @ 9:55 go to end of part 2)

Mnemonic: the hippo goes to college campus to learn facts and party and he remembers the facts and parties!

How do we know what we know about the brain? How do we know what we know about the brain?

• Technology that allows us to see brain at work– EEG –charts brain’s electrical brain waves E for electricity! Output is a

graph of lines registering different brain wave patterns– PET—shows where brain activity is occurring by showing where glucose is

being consumed after person given radioactive glucose Mnemonic: Give your “pet” some “sugar” and watch how it responds!

– MRI—shows soft tissue areas of brain using magnetic pulses (good for finding tumors or enlarged/smaller than usual areas) m for magnetic

– fMRI—measures second-by-second images of blood flow to show which part of brain is active during certain mental functions f for function

– CAT (CT) --x-ray of brain, similar to MRI think of your cat having x-ray vision

• Research, clinical observation, and case studies (HM anterograde amnesia)• Split-brain patients (Sperry, Gazzaniga)• Lesions and stimulation experiments (rats, cats)

start at 5 min. video clip brain surgery

A look at scans and how they are doneA look at scans and how they are done

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

6. 6. 7. 7.

1. PET scan2. CAT scan3. MRI4. MRI or PET

machine5. fMRI6. EEG7. EEG output

video clip MEG start at 4 min

Recovering from brain or spinal injuryRecovering from brain or spinal injury

1. neural prosthetics2. neurogenesis: regrowth of brain cells3. brain plasticity: rewiring of neural networks to

compensate for lost networks/functions • (note: sometimes this rewiring messes up and you end up

with phantom limb sensations! e.g. when arm amputee’s face is stroked, her unused sensory cortex that used to respond to hand being touched responds!)

4. constraint induced therapy5. phantom limb treatment

Quick quiz

• Label your brain in the lecture packet

Answer Key: How’d you do at labeling your brain?Answer Key: How’d you do at labeling your brain?

2.1.

3. 4.

5. 6.

Fill in the boxes with the terms:autonomic, CNS, parasympathetic, PNS, somatic, sympathetic

II. The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

What is the PNS? The nerves that run throughout your body connecting your sensory organs (skin, eyes, ears, tongue, nose) & internal organs to your brain and spine (CNS)

1. Sensory/afferent nerves: The body’s organs use these to send sensations to the brain

e.g. afferent nerves on tongue (taste buds) sense flavor, afferent nerves on skin senses touch, afferent nerves on in ears sense sound waves, etc.

2. Receptors: the part of the sensory organ that receives information (sound, light, heat, pressure, flavor, smell) from environment (auditory receptors, olfactory, visual, kinesthetic, taste buds)

3. Motor/efferent nerves: carry outgoing signals from the CNS to the muscles, skin, and glands of body triggering movement

4. Interneurons: CNS neurons in spine and brain that receive incoming from sensory receptors so brain can process/perceive and so brain can send outgoing information to motor neurons

1. Sensory/afferent nerves: The body’s organs use these to send sensations to the brain

e.g. afferent nerves on tongue (taste buds) sense flavor, afferent nerves on skin senses touch, afferent nerves on in ears sense sound waves, etc.

2. Receptors: the part of the sensory organ that receives information (sound, light, heat, pressure, flavor, smell) from environment (auditory receptors, olfactory, visual, kinesthetic, taste buds)

3. Motor/efferent nerves: carry outgoing signals from the CNS to the muscles, skin, and glands of body triggering movement

4. Interneurons: CNS neurons in spine and brain that receive incoming from sensory receptors so brain can process/perceive and so brain can send outgoing information to motor neurons

• 2 parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic – Sympathetic: Drives

flight or fight response during stressful/strenuous events

• Speeds up heart• directs blood flow to

muscles that need most oxygen

• suspends digestion• adrenal glands

release epinephrine (AKA adrenalin)

– Parasympathetic: relaxation, returns systems to normal speed (homeostasis) after shock, stress

Autonomic system

mnemonic: para means to stop in Spanish!parachute slows your fall

III. Endocrine SystemIII. Endocrine System• What? Network of glands

located in brain and body • Function? Sends hormone

chemical messages through blood stream to body’s organs to control:

– metabolism– growth– sexual development– flight or fight response

• In females: ovulation, menstruation, and lactation

• In males: sperm production, deepening of voice, growth of sex organs

• What? Network of glands located in brain and body

• Function? Sends hormone chemical messages through blood stream to body’s organs to control:

– metabolism– growth– sexual development– flight or fight response

• In females: ovulation, menstruation, and lactation

• In males: sperm production, deepening of voice, growth of sex organs

III. Endocrine System (cont)III. Endocrine System (cont)• Thyroid gland produces hormone that

regulates metabolism (how quickly/slowly one digests food)– Not enough hormone (hypothyroidism)=

sluggish, no appetite– Too much hormone

(hyperthyroidism)=eat a lot, hyperactive• Adrenal glands release cortisol & epinephrine

(adrenalin) when person frightened or angry• Hypothalamus (part of limbic system)

coordinates communication between endocrine and nervous systems

• Pineal gland “3rd eye” releases melatonin which regulates sleep cycle (circadian rhythms)

• Pituitary gland—”master gland” Maker of growth hormone, second in command to hypothalamus directs other glands to produce/release hormones

• Parathryroid—produce calcium for bone growth

• Thyroid gland produces hormone that regulates metabolism (how quickly/slowly one digests food)– Not enough hormone (hypothyroidism)=

sluggish, no appetite– Too much hormone

(hyperthyroidism)=eat a lot, hyperactive• Adrenal glands release cortisol & epinephrine

(adrenalin) when person frightened or angry• Hypothalamus (part of limbic system)

coordinates communication between endocrine and nervous systems

• Pineal gland “3rd eye” releases melatonin which regulates sleep cycle (circadian rhythms)

• Pituitary gland—”master gland” Maker of growth hormone, second in command to hypothalamus directs other glands to produce/release hormones

• Parathryroid—produce calcium for bone growth

If time...

6 min video snip: Review the brain’s regions

1 more mnemonic: Myelin sheath : without it I will get MS (multiple sclerosis) with symptoms of loss of motor control