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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Lighting is the largest consumer of electricity in India. If we are capable to

do the usage savings (kWh), then indirectly we are reducing the energy demands.

The quality and work life of the lighting devices can be increased by utilizing the

devices with dimming control.

It also indirectly controls the lighting pollution and wild life habitat

destruction. By implementing technologies in diming, scheduling, occupancy an

fixtures, we can able to achieve up to 30% to 70% of energy savings.

Smart grid is a term referring to the next generation powergrid in which the

electricity distribution and management areupgraded by incorporating advance

communication and capabilities for improved control, efficiency, reliability

andsafety.

The Smart Grid is expected to affect all areas of theElectric Power System,

from generation, to transmission, todistribution and to end use consumers and

citizens and theirelectric vehicles, street and in-building lighting services, and

other household devices. New industrial approaches have been developed recently

inorder to achieve an efficient lighting, which can be summarized in improvements

in lamps technology and electronic ballasts, soft start systems, and

lightingautomatisms. Traditional energy saving techniques includetotal or partial

shutdown, but those techniques involve loss ofthe lighting uniformity and suppose

a very strong impact inthe lamp life expectancy. Saving energy in lighting can be

also achieved by dimming.

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1.1 ENERGY CONSERVATION

One of the most wanted applications of automated buildings and homes is to

save operational costs. This is particularly valid for commercial buildings but

slowly makes its way into private homes as well. Taking influence on the

consumption of buildings and homes falls into the category demand side

management. This ranges from changing light bulbs or insulation up to

sophisticated energy information systems (EIS) and automated load management

systems.

The possibly most important aspect of energy management is energy

efficiency. Efficient buildings can save emissions and costs. The main hurdle for

making the right efficiency decisions is typically the lack of information. The

operators of buildings usually have no idea about where and how their building

uses(and maybe wastes) energy and how it compares to similar(size, climate, etc.)

buildings. An EIS is the tool of choice for this problem. Integrating a large variety

of data sources (sensor networks, meters, databases, statistics, structural data, etc.

An energy consultant needs to increase the efficiency of a building.

The active load management. Depending on the incentive, a building might

react to online energy prices or to messages from the grid operator. Such demand-

responsive buildings are a hot research topic and are expected to be a valuable

contribution to stable and economic grid operation .

The basis for responsive buildings is the fact that several processes in the

building allow for temporary shedding. The most prominent ones are those with

some hidden storage characteristics or (thermal) inertia like heating or air

conditioning.

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However, even lighting is a candidate for demand response. Dimming the

lights by 15% for an hour will not harm anyone and is fast and clean.Classically, a

building only consumes energy, although that might even change if distributed

energy resources and local generation become more widespread. In this case,

automation and integration are even more important.

1.1.1 Building Automation

The technology area of building automation/management systems

(BAS/BMS) andcontrols includes a variety of systems, over a wide range of

complexity, designed for the control, monitoring and optimization of various

functions and services provided in a building, including heating and cooling,

ventilation, lighting and often the management of electric appliances[3].

They make environments more comfortable, safe and efficient by integrating

systems such as heating, air conditioning, lighting, security and

telecommunications rolled into one centrally controlled, automated system[5]. In

order to do this effectively different systems need to be able to communicate and

interact with each other.

Objective

The primary objective of such a system is to achieve an optimal level of

control ofoccupant comfort while minimizing energy use. Monitoring temperature,

pressure,humidity occupancy and flow rates are key functions of modern building

control systems.A BMS has to be properly installed and commissioned for optimal

operation and to realize potential savings. Energy efficiency can be optimized by a

combination of scheduling, controlling temperature and using system economizer

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functions. Sensors outof calibration can lead to enormous energy waste. Integration

of other auxiliary functions such as fire detection and suppression and security and

occupancy detection can result insubstantial cost savings.The basic control

technologies have been in existence for some time.

Systems available range in complexity, from the extreme case of the timer-

controlled water heateror thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs), to the so-called

intelligent houses whichmanage everything from the security and safety systems

to the air conditioning, lighting and ventilation system, to telemetric services and

to most appliances of a house according to efficiency criteria.The use of these

technologies allows the optimization of various services oftenwith large energy

savings. There are numerous methods by which building serviceswithin buildings

can be controlled.

Most systems seek to control either by:

Time: when a service such as heating or lighting is provided and when it

should not be provided a parameter representative of the service like temperature

for spaceheating or luminance for lighting. This can also vary with time.

1.1.3 Control Networks

There are many ways to create automated systems, from pneumatics to

custom,proprietary hardware and software solutions to open interoperable

standards-basedcontrol networks. The open device networks have common traits

including an openprotocol a prescribed architecture (flat or tiered); device level

interoperability; and a network operating system for easy management, installation

and remote services[5].

In this sense, automation networks have evolved similarly to PC networks.

There are two competing standards today, LONWORKS and BACnet. The two

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architectures aspire the same goals of vendor independence and interoperability

with very different implementation requirements

1.1.4 Role of Sensor Networks

The field of building automation can reap great rewards from the advent of

the wireless sensor networks. A BAS already employs a wide variety of sensing

peripherals that are networked together to provide a wired sensor network[3].

Adding wireless sensory terminals/peripherals can greatly reduce the cost and time

required for installation and maintenance of such systems.

Addition of wireless nodes to the existing systems has caught the attention

of control systems manufacturers, who are now actively involved in seeking

solutions in this space. As a result sensor network companies are gearing towards

providing wireless nodes that can be easily integrated into existing open system

architectures[7].

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

K. Gill, S. H. Yang, F. Yao, and X. Lu, A ZigBee-based home

automation system, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 55, no. 2,

pp.422-430, May 2009.This paper describes features of the ZigBee standard

that is great solution for wireless sensor network. Four popular

microcontrollers was selected to investigate memory requirements and

power consumption such as ARM, x51, HCS08, and Coldfire.

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D. M. Han, and J. H. Lim, Design and implementation of smart home

energy management systems based on ZigBee, IEEE Trans. Consumer

Electron., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1417-1425, Aug. 2010.This paper develop a

new routing protocol DMPR (Disjoint Multi Path based Routing) to improve

the performance of ZigBee sensor networks and this paper introduces the

proposed home energy control system's design that provides intelligent

services for users.

D. Dietrich, D. Bruckner, G. Zucker, and P. Palensky,

Communication and computation in buildings: a short introduction and

overview, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 3577-3584, Nov.

2010. This paper is an introduction for the special IEEE TRANSACTIONS

ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS SECTION ON BA.BA not only has a

huge economic potential but also is of significant today.

F. Ferreira, A. L. Osorio, J. M. F. Calado, and C. S. Pedro, Building

automation interoperability A review, 17th Int. Conf. on Systems, Signals

and Image Process (IWSSIP), Jun. 2010. The paper presents a comparison

between the characteristics of the BACnet, LonWorks or KNX protocols and

the best one to implement an open building automation system is chosen.

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1.3 EXISTING SYSTEM

Both IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE.802.15.4n have brought about the boomof

wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and its application into Smart Home and Smart

Grids appliances.

No routing mechanism,star and peer-to-peer network topologies. As can be

seen, star topology is most useful when several end devices are located close

together so that they can communicate with a single router node. That node can

then be a part of a larger mesh network that ultimately communicates with the

network coordinator.

Mesh networking allows for redundancy in node links, so that if one node

goes down, devices can find an alternative path to communicate with one another.

As regards the lighting control protocol, it can be chosen between an open

protocol, like

TCP/IP

BAC Net

DMX 512

LONWorks

X-100-10 V or DALI

KNX

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1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

DALI stands for Digital Addressable Lighting Interface, it was defined by

annex E.4 of IEC 60929 as a digital signalcontroller for control interface ballasts

and modified by IEC62386, which also integrates other application of DALI apart

from lighting and extend the kind of lamp to high intensitydischarge (HID),

halogens, incandescent, LEDs, etc.

This Project focuses on developing a lighting managementsystem by making

use of wireless sensor networks and DALIballasts, materials used in the system are

described and resultsabout tests and measurements are presented.

DALI is the ideal, simplified, digital way of communication tailored to the

needs of present day lighting technology. Communication and installation have

been simplified as much as possible. All intelligent components communicate in a

local system in a way that is both simple and free of interference[8].

The use of wireless sensor network greatly reduces the size and cost of the

system and is suitable for a lighting system[1]. In the proposed system, there is an

array of light sensor nodes which can communicate with a master node(MN),

providing information about the light conditions at each sensor node.

Based onthe feedback information the MN decides which all light sources to

control. Once this is decided the MN transmits the data frame to a particular light

control node to control the light, which is electrically connected to it. Each DALI

loop can support up to 16 individual groups. The illumination level can be varied

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from 3% to 100%[9]. Similarly Scenes may be applied to individual ballasts or

applied to the group of ballasts.

CHAPTER 2

DIGITAL ADDRESSABLE LIGHTING INTERFACE (DALI)

2.1 INTRODUCTION

DALI is an acronym and stands for Digital Addressable Lighting

Interface. It is an international standard that guarantees the exchangeability of

dimmable ballasts from different manufacturers. The DALI-interface has been

described in the fluorescent lamp ballast standard IEC 60929 under Annex E.

DALI is the ideal, simplified, digital way of communication tailored to the needs

of present day lighting technology. Communication and installation have been

simplified as much as possible. All intelligent components communicate in a local

system in a way that is both simple and free of interference[8].

There are no special requirements for the wiring of data cables, and there is

no need to install termination resistors on the cables to protect them against

reflections.

Users have the following options when installing DALI - ballasts in their

lighting system:

Simple wiring of control lines (no group formation, no polarity)

Control of individual units (individual addressing) or groups (group addressing)

is possible

Automatic search of control devices

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Simple formation of groups through flashing lamps

Automatic and simultaneous dimming of all units when selecting a scene

Logarithmic dimming behaviour matching the eyes sensitivity

Operational tolerances of lamps can be stored as default \values (for example for

the purpose of energy savings maximum values can be set)

Fading: adjustment of dimming speed

Identification of unit type

Options for emergency lighting can be chosen (selection of specific ballasts,

dimming level)

No need to switch on/off the external relay for the mains voltage (this is done by

internal electronic components)

Lower system cost and more functions compared to 110V-systems

DALI has been defined for:

a maximum of 64 single units (individual addresses)

a maximum of 16 groups (group addresses)

a maximum of 16 scenes (scene light values)

The intelligence of the system has not been centralized for the purpose of

defining the DALI-interface for control devices. This means that many of the set

points and lighting values are

stored within the individual ballast:

Individual addresses

Group assignments

Light scene values

Fading times

Emergency lighting level (System Failure Level)

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Power On Level

Operational tolerances of lamps can be stored as default values (for example for

the purpose of energy savings maximum values can be set)

Fading: adjustment of dimming speed

Identification of unit type

Options for emergency lighting can be chosen (selection of specific ballasts,

dimming level)

No need to switch on/off the external relay for the mains voltage (this is done by

internal electronic components)

Lower system cost and more functions compared to 110V-systems

Characteristics and features of the digital interface

Definition in IEC 60929 this allows the combination of units from

different manufacturers. It must be emphasized as a special fact that all

manufacturers, who are represented in the AG DALI, have made a joint effort to

verify the compliance of their units with this standard to guarantee a high

functional security.

Effective data transfer rate (1.200 bits/sec.) It enables an interference-

free operation of the system. The physical low-level has been defined with the

interface voltage at 0 Volt (- 4.5 Volt to + 4.5 Volt) on the receivers side. The

high-level condition is represented by the interface voltage of 16 Volt (9.5 Volt to

22.5 Volt) on the receiving side. A maximum voltage decrease of 2 V between

sender and receiver is admissible on the leads of the interface.

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Safety distance of interference voltage a safe operation is guaranteed by

the large-scale interference voltage distance between the sender and the receiver

side.

Data coding the Manchester-Code has been used here; its structure allows

the detection of transmission errors.

Limited system size the maximum number of 64 units with an individual

address can be distinguished within a system.

Two-wire control lead two base-isolations should be provided between

two leads. A single-threaded isolation of a lead is therefore sufficient.

The maximum lead length between two connected systems must not exceed 300

meters.

No termination resistors required it is not necessary to terminate the

interface leads with resistors.

Dimming range 0.1 % 100 % the lower limit depends on the

manufacturer. The course of the dimming curve is standardized and adapted to the

sensitivity of the eye (logarithmic dimming curve). The impression of a similar

brightness, when electronic ballasts of different manufacturers are used, is a result

of the standardization. This requires however, that the lower limit of the dimming

range is equal for all units (e.g. all units show a lower dimming range of 3 %)

belonging to the same power class (lamp power).

Programmable dimming times special adjustments like adjusting light

change speeds are possible.

Interruption of the data transfer fixed light adjustments are interpreted

automatically (emergency operation).

Storage of lighting scenes a storage of up to 16 scenes is possible.

Connection to Building Management Systems by converters

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the very first design intent has been to apply the interface in rooms for an

integration into BMS by means of converters.

2.1.1 Selection of units

The draft standard allows for the compatibility of the ballasts. For all other

variants, such as sensors and controllers, the planner has the responsibility to

ensure in the product specification that the compatibility can be guaranteed.

The draft standard defines the following types of units:

Type 0 Standard units

Type 1 Units for emergency lighting

Type 2 Units for discharge lamps

Type 3 Units for low voltage halogen lamps

Type 4 Dimmable units for incandescent lamps

Type 5 1-10V interface converter

Types 6-255 Reserved for future units.

It has a set of rules from ballast perspective as follows

Power connection

Lamp response

Control interface

Command set

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2.1.2 PROGRAM FLOW

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2.1.3 COMMAND SETS

Off

Step Up

Step Down,

On and Step Up

Set Max

Step Down and Off

Set Min

Go to Max

Go to Min

Up to Max

Down to Min

Fade to Level

Set Actual Level

Set Power On Level

Set System Failure Level

Set Fade Time

Set Fade Rate

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May assign a 6 bit address by disconnecting a lamp from the

ballast

Group Addressing is also possible with DALI interface. Each DALI loop

can support up to 16 individual groups. Each ballast may belong to any or the

entire 16 available groups. Another important feature of the DALI is the scene

setting. For example a same room/ hall can have as many as 16 preset levels of

lighting. The illumination level can be varied from 3% to 100%. Similarly Scenes

may be applied to individual ballasts or applied to the group of ballasts.

2.1.4 TRANSCEIVER DIAGRAM

This project examines the use of Wireless Sensor Networks interfaced with

light fittings to allow for daylight substitution techniques to reduce energy usage in

existing buildings. This creates a wire free system for existing buildings with

minimal disruption and cost.

This project proposes a dynamic automated power conservation system

which uses wireless sensor networks (WSN). The advantage of using WSN is that

this system can be easily installed in already existing buildings where as a wired

system will be expensive and difficult to install in the same scenario. The use of

wireless sensor network greatly reduces the size and cost of the system and is

suitable for a lighting system[9].

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Figure 2.1 Block Diagram of Transceiver

Figure2.1 shows a Wireless Sensor Network system which can provide work

plane light measurements, and is integrated with a standard building monitoring

system, the wireless network controls the dimmable ballast elements, allowing the

retrofitting of existing installations without the need to re-cable and with minimal

disruption.

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2.2WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed

autonomous sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental

conditions, such astemperature, sound, vibration,pressure,motion or pollutants.

The development of wireless sensor networks was motivated by military

applications such as battlefield surveillance[1]. They are now used in many

industrial and civilian application areas, including industrial process monitoring

and control, machine health monitoring, environment and habitat monitoring,

healthcare applications,home automation,and traffic control.

A sensor network normally constitutes awireless ad-hoc network,meaning

that each sensor supports a multi-hop routing algorithm (several nodes may

forward data packets to the base station)[7].

2.2.1 CHARACTERISTICS

Unique characteristics of a WSN include:

Limited power they can harvest or store

Ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions

Ability to cope with node failures

Mobility of nodes,communication failures

Dynamic network topology

Heterogeneity of nodes

Large scale of deployment

Unattended operation

Node capacity is scalable, only limited by bandwidth of gateway node.

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2.2.2 OPERATING SYSTEMS

Operating systems for wireless sensor network nodes are typically less

complex than general-purpose operating systems both because of the special

requirements of sensor network applications and because of the resource

constraints in sensor network hardware platforms. For example, sensor network

applications are usually not interactive in the same way as applications for PCs.

Because of this, the operating system does not need to include support for user

interfaces. Furthermore, the resource constraints in terms of memory and memory

mapping hardware support make mechanisms such as virtual memory either

unnecessary or impossible to implement.

2.2.3. APPLICATIONS

The applications for WSNs are varied, typically involving some kind of

monitoring, tracking, or controlling. Specific applications include habitat

monitoring, object tracking, nuclear reactor control, fire detection, and traffic

monitoring. In a typical application, a WSN is scattered in a region where it is

meant to collect data through its sensor nodes.

Area monitoring

Area monitoring is a common application of WSNs. In area monitoring, the

WSN is deployed over a region where some phenomenon is to be monitored. For

example, a large quantity of sensor nodes could be deployed over a battlefield to

detect enemy intrusion instead of usinglandmines[5].

When the sensors detect the event being monitored (heat, pressure, sound,

light, electro-magnetic field, vibration, etc), the event needs to be reported to one

of the base stations, which can take appropriate action (e.g., send a message on the

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internet or to a satellite). Depending on the exact application, different objective

functions will require different data-propagation strategies, depending on things

such as need for real-time response, redundancy of the data (which can be tackled

via data aggregation and information fusion techniques), need for security, etc.

Environmental monitoring

A number of WSNs have been deployed for environmental monitoring.

Many of these have been short lived, often due to the prototype nature of the

projects. Examples of longer-lived deployments are monitoring the state of

permafrost in the Swiss Alps:The Per ma Sense Project,Per ma Sense Online DataViewer andglacier monitoring.

Industrial monitoring(Water/Wastewater Monitoring)

There are many opportunities for using wireless sensor networks within the

water/wastewater industries.

Facilities not wired for power or data transmission can be monitored using

industrial wireless I/O devices and sensors powered using solar panels or battery

packs.

As part of theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA),funding

is available for some water and wastewater projects in most states.

Vehicle Detection

Wireless sensor networks can use a range of sensors to detect the presence of

vehicles ranging from motorcycles to train cars.

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2.3 IEEE.802.15.4 NETWORKS

Motivation For IEEE.802.15.4

IEEE.802.15.4 is a worldwide open standard for wireless radio networks in

the monitoring and control fields to meet the following principal needs:

It has low cost

It has ultra-low power consumption

It has use of unlicensed radio bands

It is cheap and easy installation

It is also flexible and extendable networks

It has integrated intelligence for network set-up and message routing.

Some of the above requirements are related - for example, the need for

extremely low power consumption is motivated by the use of battery-powered

nodes which can be installed cheaply and easily, without any power cabling, in

difficult locations.

An example of a IEEE.802.15.4 network is shown below in Figure 2.2

Figure 2.2 IEEE.802.15.4 Network

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The figure above introduces the concept of the IEEE.802.15.4 network

topology. Several topologies are supported by IEEE.802.15.4, including star,

mesh, and cluster tree. Star and mesh networking are both shown in the figure

above.

As can be seen, star topology is most useful when several end devices are

located close together so that they can communicate with a single router node.

That node can then be a part of a larger mesh network that ultimately

communicates with the network coordinator.

Mesh networking allows for redundancy in node links, so that if one nodegoes down, devices can find an alternative path to communicate with one another.

Figures 2.3 and 2.4 below provide an example of how mesh networking

allows for multiple paths between devices.

Fig.2.3 Mesh Networking Path1

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Fig.2.4 Mesh Networking Path 2

IEEE.802.15.4 network 's self-forming and self-healing mesh network

architecture permits data and control messages to pass from one node to other node

via multiple paths. This extends the range of the network and improves data

reliability. You could use the peer-to-peer capability to build large, geographically

dispersed networks where smaller networks link together to form a cluster-tree

network.

2.3.1 MODES OF OPERATION

IEEE802.15.4 operates in two main modes. The modes are,

Beacon mode

Non-beacon mode.

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Beacon mode

Beacon mode is a fully coordinated mode in that all the device know

when to coordinate with one another. In this mode, the network coordinator

will periodically "wake-up" and send out a beacon to the devices within its

network. This beacon subsequently wakes up each device, who must

determine if it has any message to receive. If not, the device returns to sleep,

as will the network coordinator, once its job is complete.

Non-beacon mode

Non-beacon mode, on the other hand, is less coordinated, as any device

can communicate with the coordinator at will. However, this operation can

cause different devices within the network to interfere with one another, and

the coordinator must always be awake to listen for signals, thus requiring more

power.

2.3.2 IEEE.802.15.4 Device Profile

The IEEE.802.15.4 Device Profile is a collection of device descriptions

and clusters, just like an application profile. The device profile is run by the

ZDO and applies to all IEEE.802.15.4 devices.

The IEEE.802.15.4 Device Profile is defined in the IEEE.802.15.4

Application Level Specification. It serves as an example of how to write an

application profile[1].

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2.4 IEEE 802.15.4 LAYERS

The Physical/Data Link level comprises two IEEE 802.15.4 layers:

MAC (Media Access Control) sub-layer

PHY (Physical) layer

The IEEE.802.15.4 standard has the capacity to address up to 65535 nodes

in a single network[2].

2.4.1 IEEE.802.15.4 Stack Layers

The stack layers defined by the IEEE.802.15.4 specification are thenetwork and application framework layers. The IEEE.802.15.4 stack is loosely

based on the OSI 7-layer model. It implements only the functionality that is

required in the intended markets.

2.4.2 Network (NWK) Layer

The network layer ensures the proper operation of the underlying MAC

layer and provides an interface to the application layer. The network layer

supports star, tree and mesh topologies[4]. Among other things, this is the

layer where networks are started, joined, left and discovered.

When a coordinator attempts to establish a IEEE.802.15.4 network, it does

an energy scan to find the best RF channel for its new network. When a channel

has been chosen, the coordinator assigns the logical network identifier, also known

as the PAN ID, which will be applied to all devices that join the network.

A node can join the network either directly or through association. To join

directly, the system designer must somehow add a node's extended address into the

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neighbour table of a device. The direct joining device will issue an orphan scan,

and the node with the matching extended address (in its neighbour table) will

respond, allowing the device to join.

To join by association, a node sends out a beacon request on a channel,

repeating the beacon request on other channels until it finds an acceptable network

to join. The network layer provides security for the network, ensuring both

authenticity and confidentiality of a transmission.

2.4.3 Addressing Modes Supported by 802.15.4

802.15.4 supports both short (16-bit) and extended (64-bit) addressing.

An extended address (also called EUI-64)is assigned to every RF module

that complies to the 802.15.4 specification. When a device associates with a

WPAN it can receive a 16-bit address from its parent node that is unique in that

network.

Personal Area Network ID

Each WPAN has a 16-bit number that is used as a network identifier. It is

called the PAN ID. The PAN coordinator assigns the PAN ID when it creates the

network. A device can try and join any network or it can limit itself to a network

with a particular PAN ID.

IEEE.802.15.4 PRO defines an extended PAN ID. It is a 64-bit number that

is used as a network identifier in place of its 16-bit predecessor.

Typical Application Areas

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Application areas that are suitable for IEEE.802.15.4 networks are likely to

have the following characteristics or requirements:

It has low data rates (less than 250kbps)

The nodes which are idle (not transmitting/receiving) for long periods

In node locations where cables would be difficult or expensive to install

A need to modify the network (add, remove or move nodes) while in service

Commercial Building and Home Automation

Electronic control within a building or home can be implemented through

wireless networks - example applications are HVAC (heating, ventilation and air-

conditioning), lighting, curtains/blinds, doors, locks and home entertainment

systems[3].

2.5 BALLAST DESIGN(IR2156)

Description

The IR2156 incorporates a high voltage half-bridge gate driver with a

programmable oscillator and state diagram to form a complete ballast control

IC[9]. The IR2156 features include programmable preheat and run frequencies,

programmable preheat time, programmable dead-time, and programmable over

current protection. Comprehensive protection features such as protection from

failure of a lamp to strike, filament failures, as well as an automatic restart

function, have been included in the design.

2.5.1 Features

_ Ballast control and half bridge driver in one IC

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_ Programmable preheat frequency

_ Programmable preheat time

_ Internal ignition ramp

_ Programmable over-current threshold

_ Programmable run frequency

Programmable dead time

_ DC bus under-voltage reset

_ Shutdown pin with hysteresis

_ Internal 15.6V zener clamp diode on Vcc

_ Micropower startup (150 mA)

_ Latch immunity and ESD protection

2.5.2 PIN ASSIGNMENTS & DEFINITIONS

Figure 2.5 Pin Diagram of IR2156

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2.5.3 BALLAST CIRCUIT

This figure shows that the circuit diagram of ballast circuit.

Figure 2.6 Circuit Diagram of Ballast

2.5.4 WORKING PRINCIPLE

DALI is based upon the master-slave principle; the master sends messages

(frames) to any slave device in the system. Those messages contain an address and

a command, thus only the addressed ballast will react to the message. A message

sent by the master is called a forward frame[8]. The first bit is a start bit, the next 8

bits are the slave address and the next 8 are the command. There last two stop bits

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are not in Manchester code. There are query commands that make the DALI device

enter into active mode and send a backward frame to the master.

CHAPTER 3

MICROCONTROLLER

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The architecture of the 89C55 microcontroller is referred to as the MCS-

51architecture, or sometimes simply as MCS-51. The microcontrollers have an 8-

bitdata bus. They are capable of addressing 64K of program memory and a

separate64K of data memory. The 89C55 has 20K of code memory implemented

as on-chip Read Only Memory (ROM). The 89C55 has 128 bytes of internal

Random Access Memory (RAM). The 89C55 has two timer/counters, a serial port,

4 general purpose parallel input/output ports, and interrupt control logic with eight

sources of interrupts. Besides internal RAM, the 89C55 has various Special

Function Registers (SFR), which are the control and data registers for on-chip

facilities. The SFRs also include the accumulator, the B register, and the Program

Status Word (PSW), which contains the CPU flags.

Programming the various internal hardware facilities of the 89C55 is

achieved by placing the appropriate control words into the corresponding SFRs. As

stated, the 89C55 can address 64K of external data memory and 64K of external

program memory. These may be separate blocks of memory, so that up to 128K of

memory can be attached to the microcontroller. Separate blocks of code and data

memory are referred to as the Harvard architecture. The 89C55 has two separate

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read signals, RD# (P3.7) and PSEN#. The first is activated when a byte is to be

read from external data memory, the other, from external program memory.

Both of these signals are so-called active low signals. That is, they are

cleared to logic level 0 when activated. All external code is fetched from external

program memory. In addition, bytes from external program memory may be read

by special read instructions such as the MOVC instruction. There are separate

instructions to read from external data memory, such as the MOVX instruction.

That is, the instructions determine which block of memory is addressed, and the

corresponding control signal, either RD# or PSEN# is activated during the memory

read cycle.

A single block of memory may be mapped to act as both data and program

memory. This is referred to as the Von Neumann1 architecture. In order to read

from the same block using either the RD# signal or the PSEN# signal, the two

signals are combined with a logic AND operation.This way, the output of the AND

gate is low when either input is low. The advantage of the Harvard architecture is

not simply doubling the memory capacity of the microcontroller. Separating

program and data increases the reliability of the microcontroller, since there are no

instructions to write to the program memory.

A ROM device is ideally suited to serve as program memory. The Harvard

architecture is somewhat awkward in evaluation systems, where code needs to be

loaded into program memory. By adopting the Von Neumann architecture, code

may be written to memory as data bytes, and then executed as program

instructions. The 8052 has 256 bytes of internal RAM and 20K of internal code

ROM. The 89C55 internal ROM cannot be programmed by the user.

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These are usually referred to as One-Time- Programmable (OTP)

microcontrollers, which are more suitable for experimental work or for small

production runs. The 8955 contains FLASH EEPROMs (Electrically Erasable

Programmable Read Only Memory). These chips can be programmed as the

EPROM versions, using a chip programmer.

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3.2 ARCHITECTURE OF AT89c55 MICROCONTROLLER

Figure 3.1 Architecture of AT89c55

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3.3 AT89c55 PIN DIAGRAM

Figure 3.2 Pin Diagram of AT89c55

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CHAPTER 4

SENSORS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

A sensor is a converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into

a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument[7].For example,a

mercury in glass thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion

and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.A

thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by a

voltmeter.For accuracy most sensors are calibrated against known standards.

Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons

and lamps which dimmer brighten by touching the base.

4.2 INTENSITY SENSOR- LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

A photo resistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is a resistor whose

resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it

exhibitsphotoconductivity.

A photo resistor is made of a high resistancesemiconductor.If light falling

on the device is of high enoughfrequency,photons absorbed by the semiconductor

give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The

resulting free electron (and itsholepartner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering

resistance.

A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic

semiconductor has its owncharge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor,

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for example, silicon. In intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the

valence band,and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electron

across the entireband gap.Extrinsic devices have impurities, also calleddopants,

and added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the

electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (that is, longer

wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample

of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there

will be extra electrons available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic

semiconductor. Photo resistors are basically photocells.

Figure 4.1 Photo Resistor

Main task of sensor node is to sense the surrounding light level and report to

master node. For sensing the light level light dependent resistor (LDR) isinterfaced to the controller. As the name suggest resistance of LDR changes when

light falls on it. When light increases resistance decreases and vice versa.

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The resistance of the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) varies according to

the amount of light that falls on it. The relationship between the resistance RL and

light intensity Lux for a typical LDR is

With the LDR connected to 5V through a R1 K resistor, the output voltage

of the LDR is

Reworking the equation, we obtain the light intensity

LUX -Intensity of light.

Vo -Output voltage from LDR.

R1 -Series resistance connected to LDR

4.3OCCUPANCY SENSOR - PYRO-ELECTRIC SENSING

The pyro electric sensor has two sensing elements connected in a voltage

bucking configuration. A body passing in front of the sensor will activate first oneand then the other element.

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The other sources will affect both elements simultaneously and will be

cancelled. The arrangement of pyroelectric sensor and the fresnel lens for the

human detection.

Materials called ferroelectrics absorb thermal energy, which changes spontaneous

polarization generating a surface electrical charge. The charge is proportional to

polarization change. This phenomenon is called the pyroelectric effect.

This detecting principle also applied when a human body appears from left

to right but this time the voltage potential difference is reversed and the right

sensing element will become back to equilibrium state first. Mean while, the

ambient temperature change, vibration or optical noise is usually located at a fixed

position or changing slowly. Therefore the infrared energy charge of the left

sensing element is equal to that of right sensing element and hence the voltage

potential difference is zero.

Referring to the above principle, in order to make the PIR sensor to detect

human body more easily, a special lens is needed to create the strobe and null

effect.

Fresnel lens

A fresnel lens (pronounced Fresnel) is a plano convex lens that has beeen

collapsed on itself to form a flat lens that retains its optical characteristics but is

much smaller in thickness and therefore has less absorption losses. Our FL65

Fresnel lens is made of an infrared transmitting material that has an IR

transmission range of 8 t0 14 mm which is most sensitive to human body radiation.

It is designed to have its grooves facing the IR sensing element so that a smooth

surface is presented to the subject side of the lens which is usually the outside of an

enclosure that houses the sensor[7].

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Serial Port

A serial port, like other PC ports, is a physical interface to establish data

transfer between computer and an external hardware or device. This transfer,

through serial port, takes place bit by bit. IBM introduced the DB-9 RS-232

version of serial I/O standard, which is most widely used in PCs and several

devices. In RS232, high and low bits are represented by flowing voltage ranges:

Bit Voltage Range (in V)

0 +3 +25

1 -25 -3

Table 4.1 Serial Port RS232

The range -3V to +3V is undefined. Due to this reason RS232 voltage levels

are not compatible with TTL logic. Therefore, while connecting an RS232 to

microcontroller system, a voltage converter is required. This converter converts the

microcontroller output level to the RS232 voltage levels, and vice versa. IC

MAX232, also known as line driver, is very commonly used for this purpose.

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The simplest connection between a PC and microcontroller requires a

minimum of three pins, RxD (receiver, pin2), TxD (transmitter, pin3) and ground

(pin5) of the serial port of computer.

Figure 4.2 Serial Port

TxD pin of serial port connects to RxD pin of controller via MAX232. And

similarly, RxD pin of serial port connects to the TxD pin of controller through

MAX232. MAX232 has two sets of line drivers for transferring and receiving data.

The line drivers used for transmission are called T1 and T2, where as the line

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drivers for receiver are designated as R1 and R2. The connection of MAX232 with

computer and the controller is shown in the circuit diagram.

Figure 4.3 Connection of MAX232

An important parameter considered while interfacing serial port is the Baud

rate which is the speed at which data is transmitted serially. It is defined as number

of bits transmitted or received per second. It is generally expressed in bps (bits per

second).

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For serial communication AT89C51 has registers SBUF and SCON (serial

control register). SBUF is an 8-bit register. For transmitting a data byte serially, it

needs to be placed in the SBUF register. Similarly whenever a data byte is received

serially, it comes in the SBUF register, i.e., SBUF register should be read to

receive the serial byte. SCON register is used to set the mode of serial

communication. The project uses Mode1, in which the data length is of 8 bits and

there is a start and a stop bit. The SCON register is bit addressable register. The

following table shows the configuration of each bit.

SCON (Serial Control) Register

SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

SM0 SM1

0 0 Serial mode 0

0 1 Serial mode 1, 8-bit data, 1 start bit, 1 stop bit

1 0 Serial mode 2

1 1 Serial mode 3

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TI (transmit interrupt) is an important flag bit in the SCON register. The

controller raises the TI flag when the 8-bit character is transferred. This indicates

that the next byte can be transferred now. The TI bit is raised at the beginning of

the stop bit.

RI (receive interrupt) is also a flag bit of the SCON register. On receiving

the serial data, the microcontroller skips the start and stop bits, and puts the byte is

SBUF register. The RI flag bit is then raised to indicate that the byte has been

received and should be picked up.

4.4 LIGHT SENSOR:

The specifications and variations required for work plane lighting, for some

sample areas are shown in Table 1.1.

Individual work plane light levels are typically read and forwarded to a

facilities management system which can issue control signals to the lighting

elements.

Figure 4.4 Light Sensors

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Table 4.2 Specification and Variation for Lighting

4.5 LIGHTING DISTRIBUTION:

All light sources emit light, but in what direction (angle) that light travels

and how strong it is are collectively described as the light distribution. Light

distribution properties are used to determine what light source would be good for,

for example, a strongly directional light or a diffused light. With lighting fixtures

and the like, they are similarly measured and evaluated together with light sources,

shades, background deflector panels, etc.

With fluorescent fixtures, the light distribution actually includes the effect of

parts other than the bulb. One method for categorizing light distribution is the

international method. It defines the light distribution as the ratio of upward moving

flux from the light source to the downward moving fl ux. In this category, the

fixtures configuration can be addressed and a rough idea of the Utilization factor,

an important factor in lighting design, can be understood.

Lighting distribution measurement is basically divided into two approaches.

One is to position sensors a certain distance from a sample and measure the light

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distribution. In this case, results are obtained by measuring from multiple points

concentrically located around the sample.

LIGHT DISTRIBUTION

The other approach is to measure distribution at different distances from the

sample using a measuring device consisting of a CCD sensor and an optical system

with an extremely wide-angle lens similar to a fisheye lens. Luminous flux is a

value for evaluating the radiant flux based on the spectral luminous efficiency

function of the human eye and the maximum luminous efficacy. Total flux is the

luminous flux radiated in all directions from a light source and it is used as a

measure of brightness for lighting fixtures. Its units are Lumens (lm).

The terms luminosity and brightness are often heard to express a

quantity of light. Both of these terms include the meaning of directionality. Total

flux does not have any connotation of directionality.

V= Kme() V () d

V: Luminous flux

Km: Maximum luminous efficiency

e(): Radiant flux

V(): Spectral luminous efficiency

Total flux is used in calculations when designing lighting fixtures.

Luminous efficacy of a lamp, obtained by dividing the luminous flux by the

electrical power (power consumption), has also been used from an ecological

perspective recently.

There are two ways to measure total flux: by using an integrating sphere or

by light distribution measurement. The integrating sphere method places a sample

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light source in an integrating sphere (a sphere that is hollow with the inner wall

painted a highly diffusive white color) and receiving the light with a sensor. In this

case, the sensor must be calibrated against a reference light source.

In the proposed system, there is an array of light sensor nodes which can

communicate with a master node(MN), providing information about the light

conditions at each sensor node. Based on the feedback information the MN decides

which all light sources to control. Once this is decided the MN transmits the data

frame to a particular light control node to control the light, which is electrically

connected to it.

4.6 MAX 232 INTERFACE

The RS 232 serial communication is utilized for communicating with

IEEE.802.15.4. Most systems designed today do not operate using RS232 voltage

levels. Since this is the case, level conversion is necessary to implement RS232

communication.

These ICs typically have line drivers that generate the voltage levels

required by RS232 and line receivers that can receive RS232 voltage levels

without being damaged. These line drivers and receivers typically invert the signal

as well since a logic 1 is represented by a low voltage level for RS232

communication and likewise a logic 0 is represented by a high logic level.

Figure illustrates the function of an RS232 line driver/receiver in a typical

modem application. In this particular example, the signals necessary for serial

communication are generated and received by the Universal Asynchronous

Receiver/Transmitter (UART).

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4.7 LCD INTERFACING

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of

color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. It is utilized

in battery-powered electronic devices as it uses very small amounts of electric power.

Figure 4.5 LCD Display

Figure 4.6 Character x 2 Line LCD Module

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Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register

Select is connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector /

open drain output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there

are a few which don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up

resistors, the circuit is more portable for a wider range of computers, some of

which may have no internal pull up resistors.

FEATURES

16 Characters x 2 Lines

5 x7 Dots with Cursor

Built in controller

+5v Power supply(Also available for +3v)

1/16 Duty circle

An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand

witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with

transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to bedisplayed polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid

crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation

angle.

One each polarisers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These polarisers

would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a particular

direction. When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the twopolarisers and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD

without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent.

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When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal

molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays passing through

the LCD would be rotated by the polarisers, which would result in activating /

highlighting the desired characters.

The LCDs dont generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By

using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCDs have long life and a

wide operating temperature range. Changing the display size or the layout size is

relatively simple which makes the LCDs more customer friendly.

The LCD display consists of two lines, 20 characters per line that is

interfaced with the PIC16F73.The protocol (handshaking) for the display is as

shown in Fig. The display contains two internal byte-wide registers, one for

commands (RS=0) and the second for characters to be displayed (RS=1).

Pin Diagram

The Pin diagram for LCD is shown in the following figure and the pin

description is also explained in Table.GND +5

VDD A K

1 2 3 15 16

2x16 Liquid Crystal Display

RS R/w

EnD0 D2 D3 D5 D7D6D4D1

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POWER SUPPLY

The power supply circuits built using filters, rectifiers, and then voltageregulators. Starting with an ac voltage, a steady dc voltage is obtained by rectifying

the ac voltage, then filtering to a dc level, and finally, regulating to obtain a desired

fixed dc voltage.

The regulation is usually obtained from an IC voltage regulator unit,

which takes a dc voltage and provides a somewhat lower dc voltage, which

remains the same even if the input dc voltage varies, or the output load connected

to the dc voltage changes. The block diagram of power supply is shown in fig

below.

Figure 4.7 Block Diagram of Power Supply

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Transformer

The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V)to (0-6V) level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected

to the precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of opamp. The

advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC,

rest of the circuits will give only RMS output.

Bridge rectifier

Bridge rectifier is used to maintain the proper DC polarity at the input to the

circuit, irrespective of telephone line polarity. It comprises of four diodes

connected to form a bridge. It uses the entire AC wave (both positive and negative

sections). 1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V

when conducting and there are always two diodes conducting, as shown in fig

below.

O/P

Figure 4.8 Bridge rectifier

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IC Voltage Regulators

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units

contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and

overload protection all in a single IC.

Three terminal Voltage Regulators

Fig shows the basic connection of a fixed voltage regulator has an

unregulated dc input voltage, Vin, applied to one input terminal, a regulated output

dc voltage, Vout, from a second terminal, with the third terminal connected to

ground.

Figure 4.9 Fixed Voltage Regulator

Figure 4.10 Circuit Diagram of Power Supply

4.8 MRF24J40MA

2.4 GHz IEEE Std. 802.15.4 RF Transceiver Module

IN OUT

7805

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DEVICE OVERVIEW

The MRF24J40MA is a 2.4 GHz IEEE Std. 802.15.4 compliant, surface

mount module with integrated crystal, internal voltage regulator, matching

circuitry and PCB antenna. The MRF24J40MA module operates in the non-

licensed 2.4 GHz frequency band and is FCC, IC and ETSI compliant. The

integrated module design frees the integrator from extensive RF and antenna

design, and regulatory compliance testing, allowing quicker time to market. The

MRF24J40MA module is compatible with Microchips ZigBee, MiWi and

MiWi P2P software stacks.

The MRF24J40MA module has received regulatory approvals for modular

devices in the United States (FCC), Canada (IC) and Europe (ETSI). Modular

approval removes the need for expensive RF and antenna design and allows the

end user to place the MRF24J40MA module inside a finished product and not

require regulatory testing for an intentional radiator (RF transmitter).

Interface Description

Figure shows a simplified block diagram of theMRF24J40MA module. The

module is based on the Microchip Technology MRF24J40 IEEE 802.15.4 2.4

GHz RF Transceiver IC. The module interfaces to many popular Microchip PIC

icrocontrollers via a4-wire serial SPI interface, interrupt, wake, Reset,power and

ground, as shown in Figure.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The MRF24J40MA is a complete 2.4 GHz IEEE Std. 802.15.4 compliant

surface mount module with integrated crystal, internal voltage regulator, matching

circuitry and PCB antenna. The MRF24J40MA module interfaces to many popular

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Microchip PIC microcontrollers via a 4-wire serial SPI interface, interrupt, wake,

Reset, power and ground.

Schematic

A schematic diagram of the module is shown in Figure. The MRF24J40MA

module is based on the Microchip Technology MRF24J40 IEEE 802.15.4 2.4

GHz RF Transceiver IC. The serial I/O (SCK, SDI, SDO and CS), RESET, WAKE

and INT pins are brought out to the module pins. The SDO signal is tri-state

buffered by IC2 to solve a silicon errata, where the SDO signal does not release to

a high-impedance state, after the CS pin returns to its inactive state. Crystal, X1, is

a 20 MHz crystal with a frequency tolerance of 10 ppm @ 25C to meet the IEEE

Std. 802.15.4 symbol rate tolerance of 40 ppm.

A balun is formed by components: L1, L3, C2 and C14. L2 is an RF choke

and pull-up for the RFP and RFN pins on the MRF24J40. C15 is a DC block

capacitor. A low-pass filter is formed by components: L4, C16 and C17. The

remaining capacitors provide RF and digital bypass.

Features

IEEE Std. 802.15.4 Compliant RF Transceiver

Supports ZigBee, MiWi, MiWi P2P and Proprietary Wireless

Networking Protocols

Small Size: 0.7 x 1.1 (17.8 mm x 27.9 mm), Surface Mountable

Integrated Crystal, Internal Voltage Regulator, Matching Circuitry and PCB

Antenna

Easy Integration into Final Product Minimize Product Development,

Quicker Time to Market

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Radio Regulation Certification for United States (FCC), Canada (IC) and

Europe (ETSI)

Compatible with Microchip Microcontroller Families (PIC16F, PIC18F,

PIC24F/H, dsPIC33 and PIC32)

Up to 400 ft. Range

Operational

Operating Voltage: 2.4-3.6V (3.3V typical)

Temperature Range: -40C to +85C Industrial

Simple, Four-Wire SPI Interface

Low-Current Consumption:

RX mode: 19 mA (typical)

TX mode: 23 mA (typical)

Sleep: 2 A (typical)

RF/Analog Features

ISM Band 2.405-2.48 GHz Operation

Data Rate: 250 kbps

-94 dBm Typical Sensitivity with +5 dBm Maximum Input Level

+0 dBm Typical Output Power with 36 dB TX Power Control Range

Integrated Low Phase Noise VCO, Frequency

Synthesizer and PLL Loop Filter

Digital VCO and Filter Calibration

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Integrated RSSI ADC and I/Q DACs

Integrated LDO

MAC/Baseband Features

Hardware CSMA-CA Mechanism, Automatic ACK Response and FCS

Check

Independent Beacon, Transmit and GTS FIFO

Automatic Packet Retransmit Capable

Hardware Security Engine (AES-128) with CTR, CCM and CBC-MAC

modes

Supports Encryption and Decryption for MAC Sublayer and Upper Layer

Figure 4.11 MRF24J40MA Block Diagram

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Table 4.3 Pin Description

Figure 4.12 Microcontroller to MRF24J40MA Interface

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Figure 4.13 MRF24J40MA Schematic

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4.9 Analog to Digital Converter IC MCP 3204

The MCP- 3204 is a programmable ADC to provide two pseudo- differential

input pairs or four single-ended inputs. Non-linearity is specified at 1 LSB

(expand?). Communication with the devices is done using a simple serial interface

compatible with the SPI protocol. Low current Design permits operation with

typical standby and active currents in the order of nano-amperes.The MCP3204

ADC is a 12-bit serial ADC which converts the analog input signal to a 12 bit

Digital output Data.

Main Features of MCP 3204

12-bit resolution so more accurate.

SPI Serial Interface Modes.

Analog inputs programmable as single-ended or differential pairs.

On chip sample and hold circuit so no need of extra circuitry.

Single supply Operation(2.7 to 5.5 V)

4 or 8 input channels.

Analog inputs for channels 0-4 are treated as independent input channels

configured in a single-ended mode.

The CS/SHDN pin is used to initiate communication with the device when

pulled low and will end conversion and put the device in low power standby when

pulled high. The SPI Clock is used to initiate a conversion and to clock out each bit

of the conversion as it takes place.

The Serial Data is sent to the input port to configure data into the device.

The Serial data output pin is used to shift out the results of A/D conversion. Data

will always change on the falling edge of each clock as the conversion takes place.

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4.10 RESULT

Figure 4.14 Prototype Model

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LUMINANCE OUTPUT

Figure 4.16 Output For Luminance

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OCCUPANCY SENSOR OUTPUT

Figure 4.17 Output For Occupancy sensor

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

A new remote management system for buildings lighting automation has

been presented. With the use of wireless sensor networks we could be able to

extend DALI initial capacity of 64 devices to a number big enough to be used in

real scenarios such as residential areas and large buildings without additional

investments in different DALI loop.

The use of DALI devices with wireless sensor network allows a half-duplex

communication which can provide many parameters about the lighting and lamp

status, this is very useful for saving energy and maintenance purposes, as it can

detect any single lamp fault allowing a predictive maintenance and group

replacement or schedule power consumptions rules enabling the integration of the

lighting system in home and buildings into Smart Grid approaches, since we can

monitor and act over them.

The tree network topology implemented over fully IEEE 802.15.4-compliant

modules is able to cover a wide area. Both common frequency bands (868MHz and

2.4GHz) have been implemented and tested. Interoperability is assured

implementing the developed NWK layer in other MCUs which control any IEEE

802.15.4 transceiver. The implemented routing mechanism is very robust and

supports easy and quick reconfiguration of the network.

Future system development will be focus on the integration of the other BA

services in the DALI-WSN system. The use of these low-cost radio devices with

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their processing units and the integration of different sensors and DALI protocol

may result in the single chips solution for Building Automation Systems

Future work will include a comparative study between the proposed system

and other wired system, focusing on energy efficiency, Smart Grid capabilities and

installation and maintenance costs. We will take also into consideration the higher

flexibility of wireless systems against wired systems. Further implementations will

be done in order to extend the proposed system to other standards or technologies

of lamps, luminaries or lightning communication and control protocols. Finally, the

application or User Interface may be developed in deep in order to support

functionality for Smart Grid at home and buildings, for energy saving and for its

integration into a broad Home Automation or Building Automation scenario,

pursuing also the improvement of the user experience.

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CHAPTER 6

REFERENCES

1. Baronti, P. and HU ,Y. F. (2007),Wireless sensor networks: A survey on

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