dalian maritime university & cinec maritime campus
TRANSCRIPT
Management of Commercial Shipping and its operational Challenges
Dalian Maritime University
&CINEC Maritime Campus
Presented by Lalith Edirisinghe Decemberat Dalian Maritime
UniversityDalian China
The process of an export container; External trade patterns; size & type
complexities of containers; challenges due to special cargo
operations needs
Seaborne tradeAirborne tradeRoad transportRailways Pipelines
Key modes of transport
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Cost Comparison of world transport modes
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Global Trend of Shipping
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Dry Cargo Container ships Break bulk ships (General Cargo) Bulk ships RORO ships
Liquid Cargo Oil tankers Chemical tankers Gas carriers
LPG-Liquefied Petroleum Gas LNG-Liquefied Natural Gas
Types of ships
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Bulk carriersSmaller ones are generally provided
with cargo gearsBigger ones are gearlessCarry cargoes in bulkHigh speed ships are available
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Concept of Transshipment
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Operational Process in the shipping Industry
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The process of an export shipment
Exporter make a Booking
Shipping line release an empty container to exporter
Exporter stuff the cargo
Laden container sent to port
Container loaded on boardShip sails to destination
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The role of ExporterExporter
Port Terminal
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Exporter
Freight Forwarder
The intermediately role of FF
Port Terminal
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Competitive Port Terminal Facilities
Deviation Time in Vessel Fuel Cost Port Access Cost of Total Port Time Port Deviation Time ($)*** Charges time in Marginal
(Days*) Cost ($)*** ($)*** Port ($)** Cost ($)Chennai 1.10 1.00 24,750 18,840 28,000 22,500 93,730
Chiitagong 2.25 1.00 50,625 37,800 22,500 22,500 130,925Cochin 0.13 1.00 2,925 2,184 22,500 22,500 56,109
Colombo 0.06 1.00 1,350 1,006 10,000 22,500 34,858Dubai 2.37 0.50 53,325 39,816 5,500 11,250 109,891
JNPT / NSICT 0.85 1.00 19,125 14,280 26,500 22,500 82,405Karachi 1.33 1.00 29,925 22,344 20,000 22,500 94,769Mundra 1.30 1.00 29,950 21,840 28,000 22,500 101,590
Tuticorin 0.09 1.00 2,025 1,512 33,500 22,500 59,537
Notes : All figures in US$ * At 23 Knots, ** At US$ 22,500 per day for a 4,000 TEU vessel *** At 120 tpd x US$ 140/t{Source: Drewry Shipping Consultants Ltd/SAGT)
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Key roles of Container Freight Station (CFS)
Laden Imports from Ship
Empty container transported to exporter
CFS inspect the container & and store
Repairs & Washing Empty container transported to CFS
Import Laden container transported to consignee
Cargo de-stuffed by Importer
Exporter load cargo and send to port
Import container discharged at port
Sometimes Cargo is consolidated in the CFS
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They disembark in Muscat, Suez, Djibouti & Fujairah to join return
voyage. Mainly at Muscat & Suez and at Fujairah, the handling of weapons is not
allowed.
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OOG cargo
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Things that can go “IN-TO” a containers
IN GAUGE CONTAINER05/03/2023 18DMU CINEC
Why things cannot go in to the containers…………….
Size is bigger than the internal dimension of a container
Heavy weight – cannot handle through door
Use special type, purpose built equipments (containers)
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OOG05/03/2023 20DMU CINEC
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Equipments….Open Top Container
20' Open Top Containers
40' Open Top Containers
InteriorDimensio
nsTare
WeightMax. Gross
WeightPayload Cubic
Capacity
L: 5890mm
2410 KG
30480 KG
28070 KG
32.5 CBM
W: 2350mm
5310 LBS
67200 LBS
61890 LBS
1138 CFT
H: 2351mm
InteriorDimensio
nsTare
WeightMax. Gross
WeightPayload Cubic
Capacity
L: 12024mm
4000 KG
30480 KG
26480 KG
67.0 CBM
W: 2350mm
8000 LBS
60960 LBS
52960 LBS
2345 CFT
H: 2351mm
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OO
G si
des
Over height
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OOG05/03/2023 24DMU CINEC
OOG05/03/2023 25DMU CINEC
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Equipments….Fixed Corner Flat Rack ContainerCollapsible Flat Rack ContainerOpen End Flat Rack ContainerArtificial Tween Decker
Example..
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What is Un Containerized - Break Bulk CargoThe cargos that exceed the container payload
or have dimensions affecting the use of the lifting points are classified as un-containerized. UC will be rested on flat racks or platforms. Lashing and unlashing will be done onboard.
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Out-of-Gauge cargo acceptance
Cargo is regarded OOG when it is Unitised and more than :
1 cm Over Width (OW) on each side. 1 cm Over Length (OL) on each side. 1 cm Over Height (OH) from the lifting
points irrespective of cargo own height or interior dimensions of flat rack / collapsible flat racks.
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Over heightOver length both side
Over width Both side
OO
G si
des
Over height
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Example.. Numerous OOG shipments on one vessel
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Example Break Bulk, 3 flat racks welded together
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Important Steps for a Safe Shipment
Why ????
Damage to Deck Cargoes – Lashing?
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The Aftermath on Deck
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Windage or Weather?
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To ensure a Safe ShipmentAlways store on the container keeping the
centre of gravity of cargo lower than the centre of height.
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To ensure a Safe Shipment
Distribute the weight of the cargo in a area as large as possible in the floor board.
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Weight of heavy cargoes to be divided as much as possible by e.g adding timber layers on the floor
REMEMBER
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SWL 1,5 ts
SWL 1,5 ts
SWL 2 TS
SWL 2 Ts
20 Ts
Coil not stowed on longditudal timber layers
Heavely underlashed as 20 Ts only lashed for 3,5 Ts each side
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No braching athwart at all
Lashings broken: Coils shifted, contr heavily damaged.
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Smaller coils braced against the side
Note longditual layers: To ,,stretch,, the pressure along the wall
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Example 4: BBK, Boat being loaded on cradle and bed of flat racks
Nylon webbing
Slings
Bed of FR’s
Adjustable cradle
29 meter Christmas
Present
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Example - OOG requiring careful lashing
Lashing
Steel cradle
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Example Break Bulk on a bed of flat racks. Lashed, being lashed, and being loaded
Bed of FR’s
Cell guides
Flush folding end FR’s
Access for
checking lashings
Wire slings
Flat timber. (avoid friction between steel)
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Results of wrong weigth distribution
Very dangerous as well for staff
and dock workers
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When Customer goes against safety requirements !!!!!
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Transport to border
Wait at border crossing/change transport mode
Transport to sea port
Wait at sea port
Sea transportDay 4
Tim
e
Day 3
Day 2
Day 1
$400
Cost
$300
$200
$100
500 km 1000 km 2000 km1500 kmDistance
Facilitating the Movement of Goods
ESCAP time / cost analysis
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Dangerous Goods Handling
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Why we need to take precautions..?
For Safety..!For Safety..!
For Safety..!
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The International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code
For the safety of ships and their crews together with the safety of stevedores handing such dangerous cargo the packaging, marking, stowage and segregation of dangerous cargo is covered under an International Code of Safe Practice, the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code).
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IMDG CodeThe objective of the International
Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code is to:
Enhance the safe transport of dangerous goods
Protect the marine environment
Facilitate the free unrestricted movement of dangerous goods05/03/2023 57DMU CINEC
Why these conventions and resultant IMDG code is important in Maritime Transport?
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Hanjin Pennsylvania
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Fireworks stowed on deck
Were they properly declared as Class 1?
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2 crew members died
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IMDG Code
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Substance capable of posing unreasonable risk to the
personnel, vessel and marine environment.
Determined by its properties/characteristics, i.e.
Explosives Gasses FlammableLiquids
Flammable Solids
ToxicOxidizingSubstances CorrosiveRadioactive
What is Dangerous Cargo..?
Miscellaneous
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Classifications
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Class 5
Class 6
Class 7
Class 8
Class 9
Flammable Liquids
Flammable Solids
Oxidizing Substances/ Organic Peroxides
Toxic / Infectious Substances
Radio Active Materials
Corrosive Substances
Miscellaneous
Explosives
Gasses
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ClassificationClass 2: GasesClass 2.1: flammable gases
Class 2.2: non-flammable gases
Class 2.3: toxic gases
Class 3: Flammable Liquids
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ClassificationClass 4: Flammable solids; substances liable to spontaneous combustion; substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gasesClass 4.1: flammable solids, self-reactive substances and solid desensitized explosivesClass 4.2: substances liable to spontaneous combustionClass 4.3: substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases05/03/2023 67DMU CINEC
ClassificationClass 5: Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides Class 5.1: oxidizing substances
Class 5.2: organic peroxides Class 6: Toxic and infectious substances Class 6.1: toxic substances
Class 6.2: infectious substances
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ClassificationClass 7: Radioactive materials Class 8: Corrosive substances Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles NOTE: The numerical order of the classes and divisions is not that of the degree of danger Responsibility: The classification shall be made by he shipper/consignor or by the appropriate competent authority where specified in this Code.
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Refrigerated Cargo Handling
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What happens inside the perishable commoditiesRespiration
Heat Generation
Starch is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds
the chemical and physical processin which oxygen is delivered to tissues or cells in an organism and carbon dioxide and water are given off external respiration-----ethylene
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Why you need to Refrigerate cargo..?Remove the Heat Generate inside the
commodities such as Fruits and Vegetable.Reduce RespirationRemove the gasses generates in the process
of respiration.
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What is the Difference Between
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STAR COOL - MAGNUM PLUS TYPE
STAR COOL - MAGNUM PLUS TYPE
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Parts & Functions Bottom-air delivery.
This means that the cold air is supplied from the bottom of the container through the specially designed T-bar floor and side walls.
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Stuffing
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Stuffing
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How the Equipment is designed
Additional Clip on Gen sets with the capacity of running from 36 hours to 5 days.
Clip On Gen Set fixed and
ready for inland
transportation.
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Special types of EquipmentsControlled Atmosphere Containers. (CA)
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Special types of Equipments
Magnam ContainersSuitable for the
Sea Food industryCapable of
maintaining temperature upto -35 C (31 F) in an ambient temperature of 50 C.
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Special types of Equipments
Super Freezer Containers.
Cater to carry cargo in an ultra low temperatures such as -60 C (-76 F)
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Cold Store
9
9
9
9
9
SupermarketYour fridge
AA = Ambient Air
TM = Temperature management
TC = Temperature compromised
TMAA AA
TC
AA
AA TMTMTMTM
TCTM/TC
TM/TC
Un Broken Cold Chain From Field to Consumption
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Dealing with reefer cargo
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AVOCADOGeneral Information:
Rapid cooling after harvest importantType of fruit : climactericEthylene sensitivity : highTemperature : 41-50F / 5-10CVentilation : 15 - 30 cbm/hHumidity : 85-90 %Controlled AtmosphereO2 : 2 - 5 %CO2 : 5 - 10 %Ethylene filter : 2
Shelf-lifeNormal shipment : 3 - 6 weeks
Controlled Atmosphere : 5 - 10 weeks
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PINEAPPLES
Temperature : 46-56F / 8-13CVentilation : 20 cbm/hHumidity : 85-90 %Controlled AtmosphereO2 : 2 - 5 %CO2 : 5 - 10 %Ethylene filter : 2
General Information :
Can be hot-loadedType of fruit : Non climactericEthylene sensitivity : High
Shelf-life
Normal shipment : 3 - 6 weeksControlled Atmosphere : 4 - 7 weeks
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BANANAS
Temperature : 46-56F / 8-13C Ventilation : 20 cbm/hHumidity : 85-90 %
General Information :
Can be hot-loadedType of fruit : ClimactericEthylene sensitivity : High
Controlled AtmosphereO2 : 2 - 5 %CO2 : 5 - 10 %Ethylene filter : 2
Shelf-life
Normal shipment : 3 - 6 weeksControlled Atmosphere : 4 - 7 weeks
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Temperature : 30.5-32F / -1.0-0.0C Ventilation : 15 cbm/hHumidity : 90-95%
PLUMS
Controlled AtmosphereO2 : 1.0 - 2.0 %CO2 : 3.0 - 5.0 %Ethylene Filter : 1
General Information :
Can be hot-loadedType of fruit : ClimactericEthylene sensitivity : High
Shelf-life
Normal shipment : 4 - 6 weeksControlled Atmosphere : 6 - 9 weeks
Thank you
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