dakabadonebuli saertashoriso biznesi...5 tavi viii. saertasoriso strategiuli aliansebi.....243 8.1....

saerTaSoriso

biznesi

leqciebis kursi

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2011

2

naSromi warmoadgens iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-

xelmwifo universitetis saerTaSoriso biznesis kaTedris mier mom-

zadebul leqciebis kurss.

masSi ganxilulia saerTaSoriso biznesis arsi, formebi, saer-

TaSoriso bazrebi, garemo, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria da praqti-

ka, ucxouri investiciebi, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri TanamSromloba,

saerTaSoriso biznesis strategiuli marTva, strategiuli aliansebi,

saerTaSoriso organizaciuli struqturebi, saerTaSoriso marketin-

gi, operaciuli menejmenti, saerTaSoriso finansuri menejmenti da

finansuri aRricxva, saerTaSoriso adamianuri resursebis marTva da

sxva saerTaSoriso biznesis aqtualuri sakiTxebi.

avtorTa koleqtivi: profesori o. gigiaSvili (I, VII Tavebi); aso-

cirebuli profesori r. futkaraZe (II Tavi); asocirebuli profesori

J. Tolordava (III Tavi ); asocirebuli profesori e. lekaSvili (IV,VI

Tavebi); asocirebuli profesori d. sixaruliZe (V, XI Tavebi); asoci-

rebuli profesori S. SaburiSvili (VIII Tavi); asistent-profesori l.

qadagiSvili (IX, X Tavebi); asocirebuli profesori v. kikutaZe (XII Ta-

vi); sruli profesori i. mesxia (XIII, XIV, XV Tavebi); sruli profesori

T. Sengelia (XVI Tavi).

redaqtori ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, iv. javaxiSvilis

sax. Tsu-s sruli profesori, saerTaSoriso biznesis

kaTedris xelmZRvaneli Teimuraz Sengelia

recenzentebi: ekonomikis doqtori, Tsu-s asocirebuli profesori daviT narmania

ekonomikis doqtori, Tsu-s

asocirebuli profesori gulnaz erqomaiSvili

ekonomikis doqtori, Tsu-s

asocirebuli profesori gela grigalaSvili

© saerTaSoriso biznesis kaTedra, 2011

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2011

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30 E–mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-9941-17-264-9

3

Sinaarsi

Tavi I. saerTaSoriso biznesis arsi da zogadi daxasiaTeba .............................................................. 7 1.1. saerTaSoriso biznesis arsi da Seswavlis

aqtualoba ................................................................................ 7

1.2. saerTaSoriso biznesis Seswavlis mniSveloba ............. 9

1.3. saerTaSoriso biznesis formebi ....................................... 14

1.4. saerTaSoriso biznesi globalizaciis pirobebSi....... 18

Tavi II. saerTaSoriso bazrebi da biznessaqmianobis ZiriTadi centrebi .................... 25 2.1. CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis bazrebi............................. 27

2.2. dasavleT evropis qveynebis bazrebi................................ 30

2.3. aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis qveynebis

bazrebi....................................................................................... 32

2.4. aziis qveynebis bazrebi......................................................... 34

2.5. afrikis da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis bazrebi ...... 46

2.6. samxreT amerikis qveynebis bazrebi .................................. 49

Tavi III. saerTaSoriso biznesis garemo .................... 55 3.1. saerTaSoriso biznesis garemos arsi da saxeebi .......... 55

3.2. gare faqtorebis struqtura ............................................. 60

3.3. saerTaSoriso biznesis samarTlebrivi garemo............ 63

3.4. saerTaSoriso biznesis politikuri garemo................. 67

3.5. saerTaSoriso biznesis ekonomikuri garemo ................ 70

3.6. saerTaSoriso biznesis teqnologiuri garemo............ 73

3.7. saerTaSoriso biznesis kulturuli eTikuri da

socialuri garemo ................................................................. 76

3.8. saerTaSoriso biznesi da bunebrivi garemo .................. 81

Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso vaWroba: Teoria da praqtika........................................................................................ 88 4.1. merkantilizmis Teoria da politika .............................. 88

4.2. absoluturi upiratesobis (a.smiTis) Teoria .............. 92

4.3. fardobiTi upiratesobis (d. rikardos) Teoria.......... 95

4.4. warmoebis faqtorebis Tanafardobis hekSer-olinis

Teoria da misi testireba (leontievis paradoqsi)..... 98

4.5. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis alternatiuli Teoriebi...... 101

4.6. linderis moTxovnasTan Tanafardobis hopoteza ...... 103

4

4.7. produqtis saerTaSoriso sasicocxlo cikli............. 105

4.8. maikl porteris saerTaSoriso konkurenciis

Teoria ....................................................................................... 107

4.9. saerTaSoriso savaWro politikis miznebi da

ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ..................................................... 110

4.10. saerTaSoriso savWro politikis instrumentebi...... 118

Tavi V. ucxouri investiciebi......................................... 129 5.1. kapitalis saerTaSoriso moZraobis formebi............... 129

5.2. transerovnuli kompaniebis roli globalizaciis

pirobebSi da misi ganviTarebis etapebi .......................... 132

5.3. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis Teoriebi................ 139

5.4. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis ekonomikuri

efeqtianoba.............................................................................. 145

5.5. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebisa da saerTaSoriso

vaWrobis urTierTkavSiri................................................... 154

Tavi VI. saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri TanamSromloba da saerTaSoriso biznesi ............. 160 6.1. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis tipologia.................... 160

6.2. garTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero ..................... 164

6.3. ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis

organizacia ............................................................................. 169

6.4. vaWrobis msoflio organizacia (WTO)/ tarifebisa da vaWrobis generaluri SeTanxmeba (GATT) ........................ 171

6.5. didi rviani .............................................................................. 179

6.6. navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizacia (OPEC) .....180 6.7. integraciuli dajgufebebi evropaSi ............................. 182

6.8. ekonomikuri integraciuli gaerTianebuli

amerikaSi.................................................................................... 191

6.9. ekonomikuri integraciuli gaerTianebebi aziaSi ...... 200

6.10. ekonomikuri integraciuli dajgufebebis

Camoyalibebis perspeqtivebi afrikaSi............................ 205

Tavi VII. saerTaSoriso biznesis strategiuli marTva ............................................................................................ 213 7.1. saerTaSoriso strategiis amocanebi da

elementebi................................................................................ 213

7.2. saerTaSoriso strategiis SemuSaveba ............................. 221

7.3. saerTaSoriso strategiebis doneebi .............................. 225

7.4. sagareo bazrebze SeRwevis strategiebi ........................ 234

5

Tavi VIII. saerTaSoriso strategiuli aliansebi...................................................................................... 243 8.1. kompaniebis saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba ................... 243

8.2. erToblivi sawarmoebi.......................................................... 246

8.3. strategiul aliansSi gaerTianebis motivebi .............. 249

8.4. startegiuli aliansis formebi........................................ 253

8.5. starategiuli aliansebis sasicocxlo cikli ............. 256

Tavi IX. saerTaSoriso organizaciuli struqturebi da kontroli............................................... 263 9.1. organizaciuli struqturebis arsi ................................ 263 9.2. globaluri organizaciuli struqturebi.................... 266 9.3. centralizacia da decentralizacia.............................. 281 9.4. kontrolis funqcia saerTaSoriso biznesSi ................ 284

Tavi X. lideroba da muSakTa qceva saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi............................................... 296 10.1. individis qceva saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi ................. 296 10.2. motivacia saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi............................ 304 10.3. lideroba saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi ............................ 309 10.4. gadawyvetilebebis miReba saerTaSoriso biznesSi ... 314 10.5. jgufebi da gundebi saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi ......... 317

Tavi XI. saerTaSoriso marketingi ............................... 322 11.1. saerTaSoriso marketingi da biznes-strategiebi..... 322 11.2. standartizacia an adaptacia .......................................... 325 11.3. produqtis strategia......................................................... 330 11.4. faswarmoqmnis politika saerTaSoriso biznesSi...... 335 11.5. stimulireba .......................................................................... 341 11.6. saerTaSoriso distribucia ............................................. 349

Tavi XII. saerTaSoriso operaciaTa menejmenti................................................................................... 358 12.1. saerTaSoriso operaciaTa menejmentis buneba .......... 358 12.2. saerTaSoriso operaciaTa menejmentis

strategiuli aspeqtebi ..................................................... 360

12.3. saerTaSoriso operaciaTa menejmentis sirTuleebi............................................................................ 363

6

12.4. miwodebis jaWvis marTva da warmoebis vertikaluri integracia ............................................................................. 365

12.5. sawarmoo simZlavrebis ganTavsebis adgili ................ 376 12.6. saerTaSoriso logistika da maragebis marTva........... 384 12.7. efeqtianobis marTva saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi ....... 390 12.8. xarisxis marTva saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi................. 393

Tavi XIII. saerTaSoriso biznesis finansuri garemo............................................................................................. 400 13.1. saerTaSoriso savaluto sistema da misi evolucia ....400 13.2. saerTaSoriso savaluto bazari...................................... 417 13.3. kapitalis saerTaSoriso bazari ..................................... 432

Tavi XIV. saerTaSoriso finansuri menejmenti .... 441 14.1. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis finansuri aspeqtebi............. 441

14.2. savaluto riskebis marTva ................................................ 452

14.3. sabrunavi kapitalis marTva.............................................. 457

14.4. ucxouri kapitaldabandebebis Sefaseba ...................... 460

14.5. kapitalis dafinansebis saerTaSoriso wyaroebi....... 462

Tavi XV. saerTaSoriso finansuri aRricxva da dabegvra........................................................................................ 465 15.1. saerTaSoriso finansuri aRricxvisa da dabegvris

arsi........................................................................................... 465

15.2. saerTaSoriso dabegvra ..................................................... 480

Tavi XVI. adamianuri resursebisa da SromiTi urTierTobebis saerTaSoriso marTva..................... 493 16.1. adamianuri resursebis marTvis Taviseburebani........ 493

16.2. adamianuri resursebis gamoyenebis specifika ........... 496

16.3. eqspstriantebis gamoyenebis mizezebi.......................... 497

16.4. saerTaSoriso menejerebis SerCeva................................ 498

16.5. `eqspstriantebis marcxis~ mizezebi .............................. 501

16.6. treningebisa da menejmentis ganviTarebis

programebi ............................................................................. 505

16.7. samuSaos Sefaseba................................................................. 510

16.8. Sromis anazRaureba............................................................. 512

16.9. saerTaSoriso SromiTi urTierTobani......................... 517

7

Tavi I

saerTaSoriso biznesis arsi da zogadi daxasiaTeba

Sesaswavli sakiTxebi:

1. saerTaSoriso biznesis arsi da Seswavlis aqtualoba; 2. saerTaSoriso biznesis Seswavlis mniSvneloba; 3. saerTaSoriso biznesis formebi; 4. saerTaSoriso biznesi globalizaciis pirobebSi.

1.1. saerTaSoriso biznesis arsi da Seswavlis aqtualoba

saerTaSoriso biznesis arsis srulyofilad gagebi-

saTvis, upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia srulad gves-

modes termin ,,biznesis~ mniSvneloba, romelic warmoad-

gens riskis pirobebSi mogebis an sxva raime Semosavlis

misaRebad ganxorcielebul saqmianobas. Tu es saqmianoba

xorcieldeba ori an meti qveynis partnioris mier, an saq-

miani operaciebi sruldeba erTi an ramdenime qveynis sa-

xelmwifo sazRvris gadakveTiT, warmoiSoba saerTaSori-

so biznesi. saerTaSoriso biznesis klasikur magaliTs

warmoadgens: sxva qveyanaSi an qveynebSi saqonlis gatana

gasayidad; erT qveyanaSi nedleulis da masalebis Sesyid-

va da meore qveyanaSi (erovnul qveyanaSi) Semotana mosax-

marad an Semdgomi gadamuSavebis mizniT; erTi qveynidan

meoreSi aramaterialuri Rirebulebis (nou-hau , patenti

da a.S.) gatana misi realizaciis mizniT da piriqiT; erTi

qveynidan kapitalis gatana meore qveyanaSi produqciisa

da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad da maSasadame, Semosavle-

8

bis (mogebis) misaRebad; erTi qveynisgan meoresTvis kre-

ditis gadacema da a.S.

saerTaSoriso biznesis ganmxorcielebeli mxareebi

SeiZleba iyvnen fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi, saxel-

mwifo da kerZo kompaniebi, calkeuli kompaniebi, kompa-

niaTa jgufebi da sxv. rogorc cnobilia, saerTaSoriso

biznesi gansxvavdeba qveynis SigniT ganxorcielebuli

biznesisgan. zogadi gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom

Siga biznesi daiyvaneba iseTi saqmiani operaciebis Sesru-

lebaze, romlebic ar scildeba erTi qveynis sazRvrebs,

maSin roca, saerTaSoriso saqmiani operaciebi kveTs saz-

Rvrebs. konkretuli TvalsazrisiT ki saerTaSoriso biz-

nesi Siga biznesisgan gansxvavdeba zogierTi sxva niSni-

Tac, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:

— sxvadasxva qveynebs, romlebic Cabmulni arian sa-erTaSoriso biznesSi, gaaCniaT da iyeneben sxvadasxva va-

lutebs, rac sul mcire erTi mxaris mier mainc aucile-

bels xdis am valutebis konvertirebas;

— TiTqmis yovelTvis arsebobs saerTaSoriso biz-nesSi monawile sxvadasxva qveynebis samarTlebriv siste-

mebs Soris gansxvavebis didi albaToba, rac aiZulebs

erT an ramdenime mxares Seitanos koreqtivebi Tavis moq-

medebebSi, raTa isini moiyvanos qveynis (adgilobriv) ka-

nondeblobasTan SesabamisobaSi. ufro metic, zogierT

SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva qveynebis sakanonmdeblo normebi

SeiZleba SeuTavsebeli aRmoCndnen, rac metad arTulebs

gadasaWreli problemas;

— sxvadasxva qveynebis erebs Soris yovelTvis arse-bobs kulturuli gansxvavebani, rac saerTaSoriso biz-

nesSi Cabmul calkeul mxares aiZulebs Tavisi qcevis

strategiebis formireba moaxdinos meore mxaris molo-

dinis Sesabisad;

— saerTaSoriso biznesSi monawile (an msurvel) mxa-res gaaCnia warmoebis faqtorebis garkveuli Semadgen-

loba da moculoba. magaliTad, erT mxares Tavis gankar-

9

gulebaSi SeiZleba gaaCndes bunebrivi resursebis didi

maragebi, magram ar yavdes kvalificiuri samuSao Zala,

maSin roca meore mxares gaaCnia maRalkvalificuri samu-

Sao Zala da amavdroulad ganicdis bunebrivi resursebis

naklebobas. amrigad, qveynebi gansxvavdebian warmoebis

faqtorebis uzrunvelyofis doniT, rac zrdis urTier-

Tdamokidebulebis dones.

zemoT aRniSnulis miuxedavad, umetes SemTxvevaSi

is sabazo Cvevebi da codna, romlebic aucilebelia ro-

gorc saerTaSoriso biznesis, ise Sida saqminobis opera-

ciebis warmatebulad marTvisaTvis, ar gansxvavdebian

Tavisi ZiriTadi arsiT. kerZod, es Seexeba menejrebs,

romlebic muSaoben marketingis, dagegmvis, kadrebsa da

sxva sferoebSi. magram, amasTan eWvs ar iwvevs is faqtic,

rom saerTaSoriso biznesSi dakavebuli menejerebis mu-

Saobis sirTulis done (saerTaSoriso biznesis menejmen-

tis marTvis sirTulis done) mniSvnelovnad maRalia im

analogiur samuSaosTan SedarebiT, romelic sruldeba

erTi qveynis SigniT. saerTaSoriso biznesSi dakavebuli

specialistebi kargad unda iyvnen gaTviTcnobierebulni

sxvadasxva qveynebs Soris arsebuli kulturis, kanon-

mdeblobis, politikur da socialur gansxvavebaTa sa-

kiTxebSi. aseTi specialistebis valdebulebebSi Sedis im

qveynebis sworad SerCeva, sadac unda gaiyidos kompaniis

produqcia da SeZenil iqnes aucilebeli resursebi. gar-

da amisa, maTve unda moaxdinon kompaniis ucxouri Svilo-

bili firmebis saqmianobis koordinacia.

1.2. saerTaSoriso biznesis

Seswavlis mniSvneloba

saerTaSoriso biznesis Seswavlis mniSvneloba Tana-

medrove etapze SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes sxvadasxva

10

kuTxiT. kerZod, misi mniSvneloba sayuradReboa produq-

ciisa da momsaxurebis mwarmoeblebisaTvis, kompaniis

marTvaSi dakavebuli muSakebisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT mar-

Tvis umaRlesi da saSualo donis rgolebSi dakavebuli

muSakebisaTvis), kompaniis saqmianobis gaSuqebiT dakave-

buli pirebisaTvis, sxvadsaxva profilis specialistebi-

saTvis da a.S. magram am SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi yuradReba

gamaxvilebuli iqneba im mniSvnelobaze, romelic saerTa-

Soriso biznesis Seswavlas gaaCnia studentebisaTvis.

amJamad arsebobs mravali mizezi imisa, raTa stu-

dentebma ufro Rrmad Seiswavlon saerTaSoriso biznesi.

erT-erTi mTavari mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tana-

medrove etapze msxvili kompaniebi, sadac momavalSi yo-

fili studentebis ZiriTadma nawilma unda imuSaon, an

pirdapiri gziT axorcieleben saqmian operaciebs sxva

qveynebSi, an sxva gzebiT arian CarTulni ekonomikis glo-

balizaciis procesSi. amitom studentma, rogorc moma-

valma specialistma, imisaTvis, rom miaRwios warmatebas

da gaikeTos kargi kariera, agreTve sasargeblo kontaq-

tebi daamyaros sazRvargareTis menejerebTan, kargad

unda erkveodes saerTaSoriso biznesis sakiTxebSi. es sa-

kiTxebi sul ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens msoflios

masStabiT da maTi kargi codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia

msxvilma kompaniam miaRwios seriozul warmatebas biz-

nesSi. magaliTad, yofili studentis da SemdgomSi ukve

menejeris, romelic msxvil kompaniaSi iwyebs moRvaweo-

bas, pirveli davaleba SeiZleba iyos monawileobis miReba

romelime proeqtis realizaciaSi, romlis ganxorciele-

baSic aseve monawileobas iReben sxvadasxva qveynis war-

momadgenlebi (menejerebi). saerTaSoriso biznesis sa-

fuZvlebis codna aucileblad daexmareba am menejers

ufro Rrmad gaerkves am proeqtis formirebis mizezebSi,

biznesSi da mis winaSe dasmul amocanebSi, agreTve gamo-

naxos kolegebTan urTierTqmedebis efeqtiani gzebi.

11

garda aRniSnulisa ,,saerTaSoriso biznesis~ Seswav-

lis aucilebloba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos imiT, rom

momavalma specialistma, romelic muSaobas iwyebs rome-

lime ucxouri korporaciis kuTvnilebaSi arsebul kom-

paniaSi, saWiroa icodes am qveyanaSi biznesis Tavisebure-

bebi. aseTi magaliTebi bevria msoflioSi. kerZod, ro-

gorc irkveva, 6,4 mln amerikeli muSaobs sazRvargareTis

kompaniebSi, romelTa Svilobili kompaniebi ganlagebu-

lia aSS teritoriaze. meore mxriv, amerikuli korpora-

ciebis sazRvargareT arsebul Svilobil kompaniebSi da-

kavebulia evropis, aziis, afrikis, avstraliis, laTinuri

amerikis 8,1 mln mcxovrebi1. bolo periodSi gamoikveTa situacia, romlis Tanax-

mad mcire kompaniebi sul ufro metad ebmebian saerTaSo-

riso biznesSi. aseT kompanias SeiZleba dasWirdes saz-

RvargareT masalebis SeZena an mowyobilobaTa gamoyeneba,

aseve, Caebas konkurenciaSi sazRvargareTis konkuren-

tebTan Tavisi produqciis qveynis sazRvrebs gareT gata-

nis SemTxvevaSi. saqme isaa, rom warsulSi sagareo bazar-

ze gasvlisaTvis aucilebeli iyo produqciis gamanawi-

lebeli centrebis Seqmna, aseve, savaWro markis aRiarebis

uzrunvelyofa calkeul qveyanaSi da mTeli rigi sxva sa-

muSaoebis ganxorcieleba, rac mniSvnelovan danaxarjeb-

Tan iyo dakavSirebuli. yovelive amis gakeTeba ki SeeZ-

lod ZiriTadad mxolod msxvil kompaniebs. Tanamedrove

pirobebSi ki, rodesac swrafad viTardeba saerTaSoriso

vaWroba komunikaciis eleqtronuli saSualebebis gamo-

yenebiT, metad kargi axali SesaZleblobebi Seeqmna mcire

kompaniebsac sazRvargareTis bazrebze gasasvlelad. am-

Jamad, kargad damuSavebuli Web-gverdi SesaZleblobas aZlevs nebismier kompanias, misi sididids miuxedavad, Se-

1 Гриффин Р., Пастей М., Международный бизнес, и.е. изд. англ., под ред, А. Г. Медведева, СПБ.: Питер, 2006. стр.47

12

aRwios sazRvargareTis bazrebze da gaafarToos kidec

calkeul qveyanaSi misi fizikuri yofnis gareSe. aseTi

SesaZlebloba arsebiTad amartivebs mcire kompanias

msoflio bazarze gasvlis process. garda amisa, axali in-

formaciuli teqnologiebis, kerZod, internetis gamoye-

neba mcire firmebs saSualebas aZlevs Seamciron dana-

xarjebi da warmatebiT gauwion konkurencia msxvil kom-

paniebs. es dasturdeba sxvadasxva praqtikuli magaliTe-

biT. mcire firmebSi zemoT aRniSnulis warmatebiT gan-

xorcieleba ki aucileblad moiTxovs menejerebis mier

saerTaSoriso biznesis safuZvlebis dauflebas.

saerTaSoriso biznesis Seswavlis aucileblobis ki-

dev erTi mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ucxour bazreb-

ze gasuli kompaniis menejerebma ar unda dauSvan momaval

konkurentebTan CamorCena. Tanamedrove pirobebSi stu-

dentebi, romlebic swavloben bizness umaRles saswav-

leblebSi (gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba evropis qveynebs),

aucileblad euflebian ucxo enebs, bevrs mogzauroben

sazRvargareT da sxvadasxva qveynebSi muSaobisas iZenen

praqtikul gamocdilebas. bevr universitetSi menejmen-

tis programebiT gaTvaliswinebulia erTi semestriT

ucxo qveyanaSi studentis gasvla. aseve studentebi,

romlebic ganaTlebas Rebuloben aziis qveynebSi, cdi-

loben Rrmad Seiswavlon sxva qveynebis bazrebi da kul-

tura. gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba CrdiloeT amerikis qvey-

nebs da evropas.

aseve, saerTaSoriso biznesis Seswavla aucilebelia

imisaTvis, rom viyoT marTvis teqnologiebis sferoSi

miRweuli warmatebebis saqmis kursSi. magaliTad, iaponi-

aSi damuSavda da praqtikaSi dainerga materialuri mara-

gebis marTvis axali meTodi, romelmac miiRo saxelwode-

ba ,,zustad droulad~ (,,zustad droSi~) (IT, juast-in-time). am sistemis muSaobisas momwodeblebi valdebulni arian

uzrunvelyon kompania ZiriTadi resursebiT miTiTebul

misamarTze maTze moTxovnis warmoSobis mixedviT. iseTi

13

kompaniebi, rogoricaa Volvo, romelic mdebareobs evro-paSi da Honda, mdebare iaponiaSi, iyvnen im kompaniaTa ricxvSi, romlebmac pirvelebma gamoscades Sromis orga-

nizaciis iseTi axali meTodebi, rogoricaa uflebamosi-

lebaTa delegireba, xarisxis wreebi, avtonomiuri da

mravalfunqciuri muSa jgufebi. am meTodebis danergvis

mizani iyo muSakTa Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da Tavisi

samuSaoTi kmayofilebis donis amaRleba.

zogadi TvalsazrisiT (rac misaRebia msoflios yve-

la qveynisaTvis) saerTaSoriso biznesis Seswavlis auci-

lebloba gamowveulia imiT, rom amaRldes momavali mene-

jerebis kompetenturoba sxvadasxva qveynis kulturis

codnis sferoSi, ris gareSec SeuZlebelia kompaniam, ro-

melSic mocemuli menejeri muSaobs, miaRwios raime seri-

ozul warmatebas saerTaSoriso biznesSi. kompaniis saer-

TaSoriso biznesSi Cabma da misi Semdgomi ganviTareba mo-

iTxovs kompaniis menejerebis mier kontaqtebis damyare-

bas da mis gafarToebas kolegebTan, momxmareblebTan,

mimwodeblebTan, konkurentebTan, romlebic sxvadasxva

qveyanaSi imyofebian da gansxvavebuli kulturuli mem-

kvidreoba gaaCniaT. yvela maTganTan ki normaluri biz-

nes-urTierTobebis damyareba SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu me-

nejers ar ecodineba maTi kulturuli Taviseburebani.

amrigad, zemoT CamoTvlili saerTaSoriso biznesis

Seswavlis ZiriTadi mizezebi gaTvaliswinebul unda iq-

nes msoflios nebismieri qveynis kompaniis xelmZRvane-

lobis mier. magram, amasTan erTad, saWiroa am mizezebis

gansazRvrisas angariSi gaewios mocemuli qveynis im spe-

cifikur socialur-ekonomikur, politikur, kulturul

Taviseburebebsac, romlebic mas gaaCnia mocemul situa-

ciaSi. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso biznesis

Seswavlis aucileblobis mizezebs SeiZleba daematos

zogierTi sxva mizezi, romelic ganpirobebulia im gan-

sxvavebuli faqtorebiT, rac aq moqmedebs. kerZod, gaT-

valiswinebuli unda iqnes is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelos

14

damoukideblad saerTaSoriso bazarze gasvlis saSuale-

ba sul axlaxan, socialisturi sistemis daSlis Semdeg

mieca da pirvelad uxdeba saerTaSoriso biznesTan dakav-

Sirebuli sakiTxebis Seswavla, rac kidev ufro aZlie-

rebs saqarTveloSi studentebis mier am disciplinis Ses-

wavlis aucileblobas.

1.3. saerTaSoriso biznesis formebi

msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis mewarmeTa (saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis mwarmoebelTa) Soris ekonomikuri ur-

TierTobebis Casaxva da ganviTareba, istoriuli Tval-

sazrisiT, eqsport-importis formiT daiwyo. SemdgomSi

ki msoflioSi farTod gavrcelda saerTaSoriso bizne-

sis sxva formebic.

eqsport-importi gulisxmobs qveynebs Soris sa-

qonlisa da momsaxurebis gacvlaTa erTobliobas, rome-

lic ZiriTadad urTierTsargeblianobisa da Sromis sa-

erTaSoriso danawilebis princips efuZneba. msoflioSi

mimdinare mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresi da qveyne-

bis ekonomikaSi momxdari struqturuli cvlilebebi,

rac aRrmavebs warmoebis specializacias, iwvevs saerTa-

Soriso vaWrobis (eqsport-importis) gaaqtiurebas. eq-

sport-importi, romlic ganisazRvreba qveynebs Soris

sasaqonlo da momsaxurebis nakadebis moZraobiT, ufro

maRali tempiT izrdeba, vidre maTi warmoeba. es ki, Tavis

mxriv, xels uwyobs warmoebis ganviTarebas.

sagareo vaWrobaSi saqarTvelo iyenebs ar Ric-

xvis ,,zogad meTods~, rac niSnavs, rom saqonlis eqsport-

importis aRricxvis kriteriums misi qveynis sabaJo saz-

Rvris gadakveTa warmoadgens. eqsporti aRricxulia FOB, anu esportiori qveynis frankosazRvris fasebSi. impor-

ti aRricxulia CIF, anu importiori qveynis franko-saz-

15

Rvris fasebSi, rac niSnavs, rom saqonlis fasSi CarTulia

importiori qveynis sazRvramde misi transportirebisa

da dazRvevis xarjebi.

yvela saeqsporto-saimporto operacia iyofa or

jgufad. pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba saqonliT (materia-

luri produqtebiT) vaWroba, rogoricaa nedleuli, ma-

salebi, avtomobilebi, tansacmeli, kompiuterebi da sxv.

zogierTi qveynis mTavrobis oficialur dokumentSi vaW-

robis aseTi tipi aRiniSneba terminiT ,,saqonlis eq-

sport-importi~ (magaliTad aSS-Si aRiniSneba ase

_ ,,Merchandise exports and imports~). zogierT qveyanaSi ki (didi britaneTi) am mizniT iyeneben termins ,,xiluli

vaWroba~ (,,visible trade~) saeqsporto-saimporto operacia-Ta meore jgufs miekuTvneba momsaxurebiT vaWroba (ara-

materialuri produqtebiT vaWroba), anu momsaxurebis

yvela saxe, romelic miekuTvneba momsaxurebis sferos,

rogoricaa safinanso-sakredito (sabanko) momsaxureba,

satransporto momsaxureba, saauditoro momsaxureba da

mravali sxv. vaWrobis am tips zogierT qveyanaSi ewode-

ba ,,momsaxurebis eqsport-importi~, xolo zogierTSi — ,,araxiluli (uxilavi) vaWroba~.

saerTaSoriso biznesis am formas, kerZod eqsports,

Zalian bevr SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba

msxvili kompaniebis finansur warmatebaSi, radgan mTeli

rigi kompaniebis produqciisa da momsaxurebis gayidve-

bis ZiriTadi nawili sazRvargareTis damkveTebze (myid-

velebze) modis. magaliTad, kompania boingSi TviTmfri-

navebis komerciuli gayidvebis 53% ucxoel damkveTebze

modis, rac saSualebas iZleva Seiqmnas aTi aTasobiT sa-

muSao adgili TviT kompaniaSi da ufro meti — saTadari-go nawilebisa da detalebis mimwodebel firmebSi. aseve,

sakmaod xSirad sazRvargareTuli gayidvebi umniSvnelo-

vanes rols TamaSobs mcire kompaniebSic. eqsports aseve

didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia mTeli rigi qveynebis ekonomi-

kur cxovrebaSi — magaliTad, mTlian Sida produqtSi

16

(mSp-Si) eqsportis xvedriTi wili 2008 wels Seadgenda: ni-

derlandebSi 65,1%, kanadaSi 43,3%, indoneziaSi 38,5, ger-

maniaSi 35,0%, safrangeTSi 28,2%, meqsikaSi 27,6%, did

britaneTSi 13,4%, braziliaSi 13,4%, indoeTSi 11,2%, ia-

poniaSi 10,4%, aSS-Si 10,3%. saqarTvelos aRniSnuli maC-

venebeli 2007 wels udrida 12,8%-s2.

ucxouri investiciebi warmoadgens saerTaSoriso

biznesis meore formas, romelsac gaaCnia iseTive didi

mniSvneloba, rogorc eqsport-imports. ucxouri inves-

ticiis ganxorcieleba niSnavs erTi qveynis rezidentis

mier meore qveynis rezidentisTvis kapitalis gadacemas

gamosayeneblad. erT-erTi midgomiT aseTi investiciebi

or jgufad iyofa: pirdapiri ucxouri da portfeluri

investiciebi. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciia aris da-

bandebuli kapitali, romelic gamoiyeneba sxva qveynebSi

sakuTrebis obieqtebis, aqtivebis da mTlianad kompanie-

bis Sesasyidad da realuri kontrolis gansaxorcieleb-

lad. portfeluri investiciia gamoiyeneba ucxouri fi-

nansuri aqtivebis (aqciebi, obligaciebi, depozituri

sertifikatebi) SesaZenad, romlis mizans ar warmoadgens

kontrolis ganxorcieleba.

saerTaSoriso saqmiani operaciebis (saerTaSoriso

biznesis) sxva formebidan aRsaniSnavia licenzireba,

frenSaizingi da mmarTvelobiTi kontraqtebi. licenzi-

reba saerTaSoriso biznesSi gvTavazobs xelSekrulebis

(kontraqtis) dadebas, romlis Tanaxmadac erT qveyanaSi

arsebuli kompania gascems licenzias sxva qveynaSi arse-

bul kompaniaze Tavisi aramaterialuri aqtivis (paten-

tis, savaWro markis, safirmo saxelwodebis, saavtoro

uflebis, warmoebis saidumloebis) gamoyenebaze, garkve-

uli Tanxis gadaxdis sanacvlod

2 Гриффин Р., Пастей М., Международный бизнес, изд. сангл., под ред, А. Г. Медведева, СПБ.: Питер, 2006. стр.51

17

frenSaizingi aris licenzirebis gansakuTrebuli

forma, romlis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erT qveyana-

Si arsebuli kompania (frenSaizeri) sxva qveyanaSi arse-

bul kompanias (frenSaizi) gadascems nebarTvas Tavisi

warmoebis teqnologiis, agreTve brendis, savaWro markis

da logotipis gamoyenebaze, risTvisac axdevinebs Sesaba-

mis Tanxas.

marTvelobiTi kontraqti — esaa SeTanxmeba, rom-lis Tanaxmad erTi qveynis kompania aZlevs sxva qveyanaSi

arsebul firmas Tanxmobas Tavisi kompaniis sawarmoo sim-

ZlavreTa marTvaze an sxva saxis mmarTvelobiT momsaxu-

rebaze gansazRvruli Tanxis gadaxdis sanacvlod, rom-

lis sididec mieTiTeba kontraqtSi. mmarTvelobiTma

kontraqtma farTo gavrceleba hpova im SedarebiT ufro

msxvil kompaniebSi, romlebic funqcionireben sastum-

roebis biznesSi.

kompanias, romelic axorcielebs zemoT CamoTvlil

saqmian operaciebs, SeiZleba ewodos saerTaSoriso kom-

pania.

saerTaSoriso kompania — esaa nebismieri is organi-zacia, romelic Tavis saqmianobas axorcielebs sazRvar-

gareTis qveynebis rezidentebTan, kerZod firmebTan an

saxelmwifo organizaciebTan dadebuli komerciuli ga-

rigebebis safuZvelze. esaa aseTi tipis kompaniis ufro

formaluri gansazRvreba.

termini ,,mravalerovnuli korporacia~, SemoklebiT

mek (Multinational Corporation, MNS) gamoiyeneba im kompaniis aRsaniSnavad, romelic aqtiuradaa Cabmuli saerTaSoriso

biznesSi. misi ufro zustad gansazRvra SeiZleba moxdes

Semdegnairad: mravalerovnulia korporaciaa, romelic

axorcielebs pirdapir ucxour investiciebs, agreTve

flobs sazRvargareTis qveynebSi ganlagebul kompaniebs

da akontrolebs maTSi Rirebulebis Seqmnis process. saz-

RvargareTuli aqtivebis flobasa da maTze kontrolis

ganxorcielebasTan erTad, mravalerovnuli korporacie-

18

bi, rogorc wesi, yiduloben resursebs da awarmoeben pro-

duqcias da momsaxurebas mraval qveyanaSi, xolo Semdeg am

saqonelsa da momsaxurebas yidian msoflios sxvadasxva

qveyanaSi. mravalerovnuli korporaciebi saqmianobas ko-

ordinacias uweven saTao ofisebis meSveobiT. msoflios

umsxviles mravalerovnul korporaciebs miekuTvnebian

Wal-Mart (aSS), General Motors (aSS), Exxon Mobil (aSS), Royal Dutch/Shell Group (niderlandebi, didi britaneTi), BP (didi britaneTi), Ford-Motors (aSS), Daimler Chrsler (germania), Toyota Motors (iaponia) da sxv.

1.4. saerTaSoriso biznesi globalizaciis pirobebSi

me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi da ocdameerTe

saukuneSi saerTaSoriso biznesis zrdam iseTi masStabi

miiRo, rom mravali mecnier-ekonomistis (espertis) az-

riT eWvs aRar iwvevs globalizaciis eris dadgoma. erT-

erTi midgomiT globalizacia — esaa ganuwyvetliv mim-dinare, bazrebis, suverenuli saxelmwifoebisa da teqno-

logiebis investiciebis myari procesi, romelic saSua-

lebas aZlevs calkeul pirebs, korporaciul da suvere-

nul saxelmwifoebs ufro swrafad, vidre odesme yofila,

minimaluri danaxarjebiT daamyaron Rrma kontaqtebi

mTeli msoflios masStabiT ganTavsebul partniorebTan.

ekonomikur literaturaSi gamoyofen mTel rig

faqtorebs, romlebmac gavlena iqonia msoflio ekonomi-

kisa da msoflios qveynebis integraciis gaZlierebaze. am

faqtorebidan umTavresia socialisturi sistemis daSla

80—iani wlebis bolos, ris Sedegad aRmoifxvra msofli-os komunistur da kapitalistur banakad dayofis praq-

tika. amis Semdgom periodSi mniSvnelovnad gaaqtiurda

saerTaSoriso biznesi (samewarmeo saqmianoba) Ria baz-

19

rebze, Semcirda saxelmwifoebis Careva ekonomikaSi da

daCqarda privatizaciis procesi. Semdeg faqtors warmo-

adgens teqnologiis srulyofis sferoSi miRweuli

progresi, romelmac xeli Seuwyo integraciis gaRmavebas.

msoflio ekonomikaze mowinave teqnologiis gavlenis

karg magaliTs internetis msoflio qselis Seqmna warmo-

adgens. garda amisa, ekonomikis globalizaciaSi didi ro-

li iTamaSa iseTma teqnologiurma siaxleebma, rogori-

caa fiWuri telefoni, personaluri kompiuterebi, Ta-

namgzavruli kavSirebi da a.S. yvelaferma aman daaCqara

kapitalis msoflio bazris formirebis procesi, eleq-

tronuli komerciis ganviTareba, momaragebis jaWvis Seq-

mna, agreTve saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da saerTaSoriso

investiciebis moculobis uprecedento zrda.

eqspertTa erTi jgufis azriT, globalizacia mig-

viyvans sazRvrebis gareSe msoflios Seqmnamde, romel-

Sic suverenuli saxelmwifoebi sul ufro da ufro da-

kargaven TavianT gavlenas. specialistTa meore jgufi

gamoTqvams eWvs am Sexedulebis mimarT. maTi azriT, ise-

Ti movlena, rogoricaa globalizaciis procesi da suve-

renuli saxelmwifoebis arseboba, darCeba Tanamedrove

cxovrebis ZiriTad, amasTan bevr SemTxvevaSi antagonis-

tur faqtorebad.

momaval aTwleulebSi erT-erTi urTulesi amocana,

romelic idgeba politikuri liderebisa da msxvili biz-

nesmenebis winaSe, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gagebuli da Se-

saZleblobis farglebSi SeTanxmebul iqnes globaluri

ekonomikis urTierTsawinaaRmdego, bevr SemTxvevaSi Se-

uTavsebeli moTxovnebi da msoflio qveynebis is intere-

sebi, romlebic am ekonomikis safuZvels Seadgens.

msoflio masStabiT, mravali eqspertis azriT,

globalizacias gaaCnia dadebiTi mxareebi, magram amave

dros igi araa dazRveuli naklovanebebisagan. saxeldobr,

sayovelTaodaa cnobili is faqti, rom ganviTarebuli

qveynebis kompaniebs TavianTi warmoeba pirvel rigSi ga-

20

daaqvT ganviTarebadi qveynebis teritoriaze. sadac Sro-

miTi kanonmdebloba da garemos dacvis Sesaxeb arsebuli

normebi, danaxarjebis moTxovnis TvalsazrisiT, imdenad

msubuqia (aramkacria), rom TiTqmis ar arsebobs dacvis

(Sesrulebis) aucilebloba. amitom es kompaniebi Tavis

valdebulebad ar miiCneven maT Sesrulebas.

ukanasknel periodSi saerTaSoriso biznesis zrda

yvelasaTvis TvalsaCino da STambeWdavi gaxda. magram au-

cileblad ismis kiTxva, Tu ram ganapiroba aseTi ganviTa-

rebis SesaZlebloba da ratom aris momavalSi saerTaSo-

riso biznesis kidev ufro metad ganviTarebis maRali al-

baToba? eqspertTa azriT, arsebobs am movlenis ori Zi-

riTadi mizezi: 1) kompaniis strategiuli miznebi (moT-

xovnebi), romlebic warmoadgenen globalizaciis proce-

sis gaRrmavebis motivatorebs da 2) saerTaSoriso bizne-

sis garemoSi momxdari cvlilebebi, romlebic xels uwyo-

bs globalizaciis procesis gaZlierebas.

aRniSnuli ZiriTadi mizezebidan gamomdinare, ar-

sebobs mTeli rigi sabazro mizezebi, romlebic aiZule-

ben kompaniebs gaxdnen ufro globalurebi rogorc gan-

viTarebis saerTo kursis, ise yoveldRiuri praqtikuli

sqmianobis kuTxiT. aseT strategiul mizezebs (upirate-

sobebs, imperativebs) miekuTvneba: kompniis sakvanZo upi-

ratesobebis (kompetenciebis) gamoyeneba, resursebis Se-

Zena ufro dabali fasiT, kompaniis axal bazrebze SeRwe-

va, Tavis dargSi ufro efeqtiani konkurenciis gaweva.

kompaniis sakvanZo upiratesobebis (kompentenci-

ebis) gamoyeneba. globalizaciis erTderT umniSvnelo-

vanes safuZvels sakvanZo kompetenciebis (upiratesoba-

Ta) ufro farTod gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba warmoad-

gens, romelTa ganviTarebac SeZlo kompaniam Sida bazar-

ze. sakvanZo kompetencia gansazRvravs im gansxvavebu-

lad gamorCeul Zlier mxares an upiratesobas, romelsac

pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba gaaCnia kompaniis warma-

tebuli saqmianobisTvis. axal bazarze sakvanZo kompen-

21

tenciebis gamoyenebiT kompanias SeuZlia gazardos Tavi-

si Semosavali da mogeba. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviy-

vanoT sazRvargareTuli kompaniebi, radgan saqarTvelo-

Si aseTi kompaniebis moZebna metad gaZnelebulia. saxel-

dobr, kompaniaSi ,,nokia~ SeimuSaves fiWuri telefonebis

warmoebis uaxlesi teqnologia, romelic xalisiT iqna

miRebuli momxmareblis mier fineTis Siga bazarze. kom-

paniis xelmZRvaneloba male mixvda, rom Semosavlebis da

mogebis kidev ufro gadidebis SesaZlebloba eZleoda Tu

telefonebis warmoebasa da gayidvas gaafarToebda sxva

qveynebSic, rac warmatebiT iqna ganxorcielebuli. aseTi

magaliTebi SeiZleba mravlad iqnes dasaxelebuli.

resursebis SeZena ufro dabali fasiT. saerTaSo-

riso masStabiT biznesis ganxorcielebis kidev erTi um-

niSvnelovanesi safuZvelia dabal fasebad sawarmoo re-

sursebis (masalebis, samuSao Zlis, kapitalis, teqnolo-

giis) SeZenis aucilebloba. mTel rig SemTxvevebSi kompa-

niebi ganicdian sazRvargareTis qveynebSi resursebis Se-

Zenis mwvave moTxovnas, radganac adgilobriv bazarze

Sesabamisi resursebi an saerTod ar aris, an arasakmari-

sia moTxovnis srulyofilad dasakmayofileblad an ki-

dev Zviria sxva qveynis bazrebTan SedarebiT. amis magali-

Tebi Zalian bevria. magaliTad, iaponiis kompaniebi xis ma-

salebsa da xis nawarms yiduloben kanadaSi; msoflios

yvela qveynis kompaniebi navTobs yiduloben axalo aRmo-

savleTisa da afrikis qveynebSi da a.S.

gasaRebis axali bazrebis Zieba. biznesis gafarTo-

ebis mizniT gasaRebis axali bazrebis Ziebis aucileblo-

ba warmoadgens erTderT mniSvnelovan mizezs kompaniis

saerTaSoriso bazarze gasasvlelad. rodesac Siga baza-

ri, sadac kompania yidis Tavis produqcias, mTlianad ga-

jerebulia, am bazarze sul ufro Zneli xdeba maRali Se-

mosavlis miReba da mogebis zrda. amitom saWiroa Sesaba-

misi gzebis Zieba mocemuli produqciis gayidvebis gasa-

22

farToveblad sazRvargareTis axal, formirebad bazar-

ze gasvlisaTvis.

dargSi konkurenciis ufro efeqturad warmar-

Tva. kompaniis sazRvargareTis gasaRebis bazarze gas-

vlis erT-erT mizezs warmoadgens survili imisa, rom aa-

maRlos konkurentunarianoba da konkurentuli brZo-

lis efeqtianoba im dargSi, romelSic igi moRvaweobs.

garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, Tanamedrove kompaniebma

TavianTi biznesis warmatebiT warmarTvisaTvis aucile-

belia gaiTvaliswinon biznesgaremoSi momxdari is cvli-

lebebi, romlebic aRmocenda meore msoflio omis, gansa-

kuTrebiT ki socialisturi sistemis daSlis, Semdgom pe-

riodSi. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia is mudmivad mimdinare

cvllebebi, romlebic xdeba biznesis gare garemos Ziri-

Tadi faqtorebis mixedviT. saerTaSoriso biznesSi am

mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi faqtorebi,

rogoricaa politikuri garemos cvlileba, teqnologiu-

ri garemos cvlileba da a.S. anu am SemTxvevaSi igulis-

xmeba iseTi faqtorebi, romlebic moqmedeben qveynebis

sazRvrebs miRma arsebul makrogaremoSi da saerTaSori-

so mniSvneloba gaaCniaT. faqtobrivad, isini saerTaSo-

riso biznesgaremos faqtorebs warmoadgenen.

politikuri garemos cvlileba. meoce saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi vaWrobis gafarToebis mizniT kompanie-

bis sazRvrvargareTis axal bazrebze gasvlas xels uSli-

da sxvadasxva qveynebis mTavrobebis mier SemoRebuli ba-

rierebi. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg bevrma qveyanam

(aSS, safrangeTi, did britaneTi, germania da a.S.) SemoiRo

tarifebi da kvotebi importul saqonelze. imavdrou-

lad xelsayreli pirobebi Seuqmnes erovnul kompaniebs

saqonlis warmoebaze samTavrobo kontraqtebis SeTava-

zebiT. amis Sedegad 30-ian wlebSi saerTaSoriso vaWrobi-

sa da saerTaSoriso investiciebis moculoba arsebiTad

Semcirda. magram meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi

es praqtika mTlianad gadaisinja da vaWrobiT dakavebul

23

ZiriTad qveynebs Soris moxda molaparakeba sabaJo tari-

febisa da kvotebis Semcirebis, agreTve am qveynebis te-

ritoriaze pirdapir ucxour investiciebze dawesebuli

SezRudvebis gauqmebis Taobaze. mravali am SeTanxmebi-

dan miRweul iqna tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb genera-

luri SeTanxmebis dadebis procesSi, agreTve vaWrobis

msoflio organizaciis Zalisxmevis Sedegad.

teqnologiuri garemos cvlileba. msoflios

qveynebis mTavrobebis mier teqnikuri da teqnologiuri

politikis sferoSi ganxorcielebulma pozitiurma

cvlilebebma xeli Seuwyo saerTaSoriso biznesis ganvi-

Tarebas. ganakuTrebiT kavSirgabmulobis (komunikaciis)

sistemebis, satransporto saSualebebis da informaciis

damuSavebis saSualebebis sferoSi danergilma siaxleeb-

ma saerTaSoriso biznesi ufro advilad gansaxorciele-

beli da momgebiani gaxada.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:

1. ra aris saerTaSoriso biznesi? 2. riT gansxvavdeba saerTaSoriso biznesi qveynis Sig-

niT ganxorcielebuli biznesisgan?

3. ra mniSvneloba aqvs studentebis mier `saerTaSoriso biznesis~ Seswavlas?

4. saerTaSoriso biznesis ganxorcielebis ra ZiriTadi formebi arsebobs amJamad msoflioSi?

5. riT gansxvavdeba saqonlis eqsport-importi momsaxu-rebis eqsportisa da importisgan?

6. rogoria portfeluri investiciebi? 7. daasaxeleT saerTaSoriso biznesis gafarToebis Zi-

riTadi mizezebi.

8. ra gavlenas axdens interneti saerTaSoriso biznes-ze?

24

9. ra ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi SeiZleba arsebobdes erov-nul da saerTaSoriso kompaniebs Soris?

literatura:

1. Sengelia T., globaluri biznesi, Tb., 2010; 2. gigiaSvili o., strategiuli menejmenti, Tb., 1998; 3. jolia g., sagareo-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, Tb.,

2005; 4. Гриффин Р., Пастей М., Международный бизнес, 4-е изд., Пер.

сангл., под ред. А.Г. Медведева, СПБ.: Питер, 2006.

25

Tavi II

saerTaSoriso bazrebi da biznessaqmianobis ZiriTadi centrebi

Sesaswavli sakiTxebi:

1. CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis bazrebi; 2. dasavleT evropis qveynebis bazrebi; 3. aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis qveynebis bazrebi; 4. aziis qveynebis bazrebi; 5. afrikis da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis bazrebi; 6. samxreT amerikis qveynebis bazrebi.

mokle mimoxilva

Tanamedrove etapze saerTaSoriso biznessa da eko-

nomikaSi lideri poziciebi ukavia aSS-s, evrokavSirs, Ci-

neTsa da iaponias. evrokavSiri warmoadgens msoflioSi

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan eq-

sportiorsa da importiors. eqsportis moculobiT ev-

rokavSirs ukavia I adgili msoflioSi (mxolod calke

aRebuli germania msoflios #1 eqsportiori iyo 2003-

2008 wlebSi, xolo 2009 wels #2 eqsportioria. 2009 wels

CineTze modioda saqonlis msoflio eqsportis 9,6%,

germaniaze — 9%, aSS-ze — 8,5%, iaponiaze 4,7% da safran-

geTze 3,8%. aseve, aSS-ze modioda saqonlis msoflio im-

portis 12,7%, CineTze — 8%, germaniaze — 7,4%, safran-

geTze — 4,4% da iaponiaze — 4,4%3.

3 Eurostat. Statistische Bücher. Europa in Zahlen. Eurostat Jahrbuch 2008. Europäische Gemeinschaften, 2008.

26

Tanamedrove etapze msoflioSi ekonomikuri da

biznessaqmianoba ZiriTadad Tavmoyrilia qveynebis

jgufSi, romelsac ewodeba ,,sameuli~ (am qveynebSi Sedian

evrokavSiris qveynebi, aSS da iaponia) an ,,oTxeuli~ (,,sa-

meulis~ qveynebi plus CineTi. ,,oTxeulis~ qveynebi awar-

moeben msoflios mSp-is mniSvnelovan nawils. araerTi

cnobili eqsperti darwmunebulia imaSi, rom Tu msxvili

tnk-ebi da tnb-ebi miznad isaxaven gauswron ZiriTad kon-

kurentebs TavianT dargSi, maSin isini unda iyvnen konku-

rentunarianebi ,,oTxeulis~ qveynebis bazarze. mravalma

tnk-m aRiara globaluri masStabiT konkurentunariani

brZolis warmoebis mniSvneloba sakuTari produqciis

momxmarebelTa segmentis gafarToebis mizniT. globalu-

ri strategiuli azrovneba tipuria iseT dargebSi, ro-

goricaa aviagadazidvebi, sabaJo saqme, fasian qaRalde-

biT vaWroba, saavtomobilo mrewveloba, gamoTvliTi

teqnikis warmoeba- realizacia da sxv.

cxrili 2.1. evrokavSiris, aSS-isa da iaponiis mSp (1999-2007 mlrd evro,

2009 w mlrd aSS dolari)

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009

evrokav-

Siri 27 8,558 9,173 9,549 9,911 10,077 10,577 11,035 11,641 12,304 16,447

aSS 8,696 10,629 11,309 11,072 9,690 9,395 9,985 10,496 10,075 14,256

iaponia 4,102 5,057 4,580 4,162 3,744 3,707 3,666 3,485 3,197 5,068

es ar niSnavs, rom saerTaSoriso biznesis sferos me-

nejerebs SeeZloT ,,oTxeulis~ qveynebis farglebs gareT

arsebuli bazrebis ignorireba. gavlili ori aTwleulis

ganmavlobaSi am bazrebidan mravali izrdeba gacilebiT

ufro swrafi tempiT, vidre ,,oTxeulis” qveynebis bazre-

bi. saerTaSoriso kompaniebis menejerebi unda flobdnen

biznesis sawarmoeblad SesaZleblobaTa yovelmxriv da

Rrma gagebas eqvsive kontinentze. swored amitom moce-

mul TavSi: ,,saerTaSoriso bazrebi da biznessaqmianobis

27

ZiriTadi centrebi~ warmodgenilia msoflios calkeuli

bazris mokle mimoxilva.

ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis sagareo

savaWro-ekonomikur kavSirebSi erT-erT gadamwyvet

rols asruleben tnk-ebi. 2009 wels msoflios 500 umsxvi-

les kompaniaTa Soris aSS-ze modis 140 kompania, iaponia-

ze — 68, safrangeTze — 40, germaniaze — 39, CineTze — 37,

didi britaneTze — 26, Sveicariaze — 15, niderlandebze —

12, espaneTze — 11, italiaze — 10, SvedeTze — 6, belgiaze —

5 da a.S4.

2.1. CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis bazrebi

CrdiloeT amerikas miekuTvneba iseTi qveynebi, ro-

goricaa: aSS, kanada, meqsika, agreTve, centraluri ameri-

ka da karibis auzis qveynebi. es qveynebi awarmoeben msof-

lio mSp-is mniSvnelovan nawils.

aSS

aSS-s mesame adgili ukavia msoflioSi mosaxleobis

raodenobis (CineTisa da indoeTis Semdeg) da meoTxe ad-

gili — teritoriis (ruseTis, kanadis da CineTis Semdeg)

mixedviT; aSS-s aqvs msoflioSi yvelaze didi ekonomika.

2009 wels aSS-is mSp-ma 14,2 trln aSS dolari Seadgina.

aSS-s gaaCnia erT sul mosaxleze CrdiloeT amerikis

qveynebs Soris Semosavlis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli.

teritoriisa da ekonomikur-politikuri stabilurobis

wyalobiT, aSS-s, romlis wilad modis msoflio saqonli-

sa da momsaxurebis vaWrobis mniSvnelovani nawili. aSS

mniSvnelovani bazaria ganviTarebadi ekonomikis mqone

qveynebisTvisac. aseve, aSS dolari warmoadgens msofli-

os #1 sarezervo da saangariSsworebo saSualebas.

4 http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/countries/US.html

28

2008 wels aSS-is saqonlis eqsportis moculobam

1300 mlrd aSS dolari, xolo importma — 2165 mlrd aSS

dolari Seadgina.

cnobilia, rom tnk-ebi did zegavlenas axdenen saer-

TaSoriso savaWro da sainvesticio saqmianobaze. 2008

wels msoflios 500 umsxviles korporacias Soris yvela-

ze meti 153 swored aSS-is iyo. aseve, araerTi umsxvilesi

korporaciiis Stab-bina aSS-is teritoriazea. amJamad

msoflioSi yvelaze umxvilesi korporaciaa Wal–Mart Stores, romlis gayidvebma 379 mlrd aSS dolari, xolo mo-gebam 12,7 mlrd aSS dolari Seadgina.

kanada

kanadas ukavia meore adgili msoflioSi teritori-

is farTobis mixedviT, xolo qveynis mosaxleoba Seadgens

mxolod 34 mln adamians.

kanada msoflios erT-erTi umsxvilesi eqsportio-

ri da importiori qveyanaa. 2008 wels kanadis saqonlis

eqsportis moculobam 455 mlrd aSS dolari, xolo im-

portma — 408 mlrd aSS dolari Seadgina. kanadis mSp-ma

2008 wels 1,5 trln aSS dolari Seadgina.

eqsportis yvelaze mniSvnelovani sasaqonlo jgu-

febia: xe-tyis resursebi, navTobi, sasrgeblo wiaRiseu-

li, xorbali da sxv. aSS kanadis saqonlis gasaRebis Ziri-

Tadi bazaria; aSS-is wilad modis kanadis eqsportis wli-

uri moculobis sam meoTxedze meti. kanadis eqsportis

79% da importis 55% aSS-ze modis.

bolo wlebSi kanada izidavs saerTaSoriso investo-

rebs aSS-is udides bazarTan Tavisi siaxlovis gamo, ag-

reTve, politikuri da sakanonmdeblo sistemis stabilu-

robis wyalobiT. kanadis maRalganviTarebul infrastuq-

turas, agreTve, misi ganaTlebis sistemas Seaqvs TavianTi

wvlili qveynis ekonomikis rentabelobis uzrunvelyo-

faSi. msoflios 500 umsxviles korporacias Soris 14 mo-

dis kanadaze.

29

meqsika

meqsika, romelic amJamad aris erT-erTi yvelaze

msxvili espanurenovani qveyanaa, gamoacxada Tavisi damo-

ukidebloba XX saukunis dasawyisSi. meqsika sapreziden-

to saxelmwifoa, magram meqsikaSi mTavrobis meTauris

prezidentis arCeva xdeba eqvs weliwadSi erTxel. XX sau-

kunis naxevris ganmavlobaSi meqsikis mTavrobam danerga

ekonomikuri nacionalizmis programa, romelic Sesabami-

sad meqsikaSi ar iqna waxalisebuli ucxouri investicie-

bi da SemoRebul iqna sagareo vaWrobaze maRali satari-

fo SezRudvebi, romlebsac miznad hqondaT adgilobrivi

kompaniebis dacva. magram ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis

ganmavlobaSi meqsikis mTavrobam uari Tqva aseT ekonomi-

kur politikaze da gaixsna qveynis bazrebi ucxouri sa-

qonlisa da investiciisaTvis.

aTasobiT ucxour kompanias meqsikaSi gaxsnili aqvs

filialebi da Sesabamisad xels uwyoben qveynis socia-

lur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas.

2008 wels meqsikis saqonlis eqsportis moculobam

291 mlrd aSS dolari, xolo importma — 309 mlrd aSS do-

lari Seadgina (msoflio eqsportis 2,8 da importis 3%)5.

meqsikis mSp-ma 2008 wels 1,1 trln aSS dolari Seadgina.

msoflios 500 umsxviles korporacias Soris meqsikaze

modis mxolod.

centraluri amerikisa da karibis auzis qveynebi

aSS-is, kanadisa da meqsikis garda, CrdiloeT ameri-

kis kontinentze ganTavsebulia kidev ori aTeuli qveyana,

romlebic iyofian or kategoriad geografiuli mdebare-

obis mixedviT: centraluri amerika da karibis auzis kun-

Zulovani saxelmwifoebi. am qveynebis mosaxleobis saer-

5 Eurostat. Statistische Bücher. Europa in Zahlen. Eurostat Jahrbuch 2008. Europäische Gemeinschaften, 2008.

30

To raodenoba 75 mln-s Seadgens, rac TiTqmis orjer aRe-

mateba kanadis mosaxlebis raodenobas. am qveynebis saga-

reo ekonomikur urTierTobebSi mniSvnelovani pozicie-

bi ukavia aSS-s, kanadasa da meqsikas.

2.2. dasavleT evropis qveynebis bazrebi

dasavleT evropis qveynebi miekuTvnebian msoflio-

Si erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli, bendieri da gabrwyi-

nebuli qveynebis ricxvs. es qveynebi ipyroben biznesmen-

Ta yuradRebas, romlebic cdiloben sakuTari produq-

ciis gayidvas am bazrebis msyidvelunarian mosaxleobaze.

dasavleT evropis qveynebi SeiZleba davyoT or jgufad:

qveynebi, romlebic arian evrokavSiris wevrebi da regio-

nis sxva qveynebi.

cnobilia, rom evrokavSirma daarsebidan dRemde eq-

vsi warmatebuli gafarToeba ganicada da misi wevri sa-

xelmwifoebis raodenoba 6-dan (belgia, safrangeTi, ger-

maniis federaciuli respublika, italia, luqsemburgi

da niderlandebi), 27 mde gaizarda6:

pirveli gafarToeba (1973 w.). eqvs damfuZnebel qve-

yanas Soris integraciuli procesebis warmatebam motiva-

cia misca danias, irlandiasa da gaerTianebul samefos,

rom SeetanaT ganacxadi evropul TanamegobrobaSi gawev-

rianebis Sesaxeb. 1973 wlis 1 ianvars ganxorcielda pirve-

li gafarToeba da Tanamegobrobis wevri qveynebis ricxvi

eqvsidan cxramde gazarda. meore gafarToeba (1981 w.).

1981 wlis 1 ianvars evropul Tanamegobrobas SeuerTda

saberZneTi da wevrTa raodenoba aTamde gaizarda. mesame

6 Weidenfeld, Werner (Hrsg.): Europa Handbuch. 2. Aufl. Gütersloh, Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2002. Die EU in der Welt. Die Außenpolitik der Europäischen Union. Europäische Kommission, Luxemburg, 2007.

31

gafarToeba (1986 w.). 1986 wlis 1 ianvars Tanamegobroba-

Si gaerTianda kidev ori qveyana — espaneTi da portuga-

lia. Sesabamisad wevrTa raodenoba 12-mde gaizarda. me-

oTxe gafarToeba (1995 w.). 1995 wlis 1 ianvars evrokav-

Sirs SeuerTda kidev sami qveyana — avstria, fineTi da

SvedeTi. wevrTa raodenoba 15 gaxda.

mexuTe gafarToeba (2004 w.). mexuTe gafarToeba

yvelaze masStaburi iyo. evrokavSirs SeuerTda 10 axali

wevri qveyana: estoneTi, latvia, litva, poloneTi, Cexe-

Ti, slovakeTi, ungreTi, slovenia, kviprosi da malta.

2004 wlis 1 maisidan evrokavSiri ukve 25 wevr qveyanas iT-

vlis. meeqvse gafarToeba (2007 w.). 2007 wlis 1 ianvridan

evrokavSirs bulgareTi da rumineTi SeuerTdnen da ga-

erTianebis wevri qveynebis raodenoba 27-mde gaizarda.

Tanamedrove etapze regionul integraciul daj-

gufebaTa Soris yvelaze metad ganviTarebuli evropuli

integraciaa. misi mamoZravebeli Zala upirveles yovlisa

savaWro-ekonomikuri integraciaa, romelic iTvaliswi-

nebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebas, mosaxleobis

cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebas da saerTaSoriso Taname-

gobrobaSi kavSiris poziciis gaZlierebas.

evrokavSiris ganviTarebis erT-erTi pozitiuri mo-

menti isaa, rom misi wevrebis ekonomikam integrirebis ma-

Ral xarisxs miaRwia. mniSvnelovnad gaizarda qveyanaT-

Sorisi vaWrobis wili am qveynebis sagareo vaWrobaSi. es

maCvenebeli aseve swrafad izrdeba axal wevr qveynebSi.

aranakleb mniSvnelovania: saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sa-

erTo bazari, kapitalisa da samuSao Zalis Tavisufali

gadaadgileba, wevri qveynebis SeTanxmebuli ekonomikuri

politika, erToblivi valuta, savaluto politika da sxv.

dasavleT evropis qveynebi, romlebic evrokavSiris

SemadgenlobaSi ar arian: islandia, Sveicaria, andora,

monako da lixSenSteini.

32

2.3. aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis

qveynebis bazrebi

msoflios arcerT regions ar ganucdia iseTi mniS-

vnelovani da kardinaluri cvlilebebi ekonomikaSi, ro-

gorc aRmosavleT da centralur evropis qveynebs, rom-

lebic amJamad gadian komunizmidan sabazro urTierTo-

bebze gadasvlis mtkivneul gzas. 1991 wels sabWoTa kav-

Siris daSlis Sedegad aRmosavleT evropaSi gaCnda 15 da-

moukidebeli saxelmwifo. centraluri evropis Semadgen-

lobaSi Sedian iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa albaneTi, av-

stria, agreTve, bulgareTi, CexeTi, slovakeTi, ungreTi,

poloneTi da rumineTi. garda amisa, centralur evropaSi

Sedian Semdegi saxelmwifoebic: bosnia da hercogovina,

xorvatia, makedonia, slovenia, agreTve, serbia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli jgufis qveynebis erTma

nawilma moaxerxa evrokavSirTan daaxloeba da gawevria-

neba.

yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebi

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri

(ssrk) gaCnda ruseTis imperiis daSlis Sedegad, romelic

mohyva mis marcxs pirvel msoflio omSi. istoriuli wya-

roebidan cnobilia, rom 1917 wels komunisturma partiam

moipova kontroli ruseTis mTavrobaze da muSebisa da

glexebis saxeliT daafuZna sabWoTa kavSiri. komunisteb-

ma akrZales sabazro sistema, gaauqmes kerZo sakuTreba,

agreTve, ganaxorcieles qveynis vrceli, mdidari miwebis

koleqtivizacia. yvela am moqmedebam saSualeba misca maT

SeemcirebinaT mefis mmarTvelobis dros arsebuli Semo-

savlebis udidesi uTanasworoba. am mimarTulebiT komu-

nistebis warmatebebis miuxedavad, qveynis mosaxleobis

cxovrebis done mniSvnelovnad ufro dabali iyo dasav-

leTis demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi cxovrebis dones-

Tan SedarebiT.

33

1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas mohyva 15 res-

publikis mier damoukideblobis gamocxadeba. 1992 wels

12 damoukidebeli saxelmwifo (baltiispireTis qveynebis

— estoneTis, latviisa da litvis garda) daaarsa damou-

kidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT). aRniSnul

qveynebSi ruseTs ukavia pirveli adgili msoflioSi te-

ritoriis mixedviT (msoflio farTobis 11,5%), mecxre

adgili mosaxelobis raodenobiT (142 mln kaci), mSp-is

moculobiT merve adgili (1,7 trln aSS dolari). qveyana

mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT, maT Soris, oqroTi, nav-

TobiT, bunebrivi airiT, sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT, alma-

sebiT da sxv

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas mohyva integraciuli pro-

cesebi yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi, rasac Tan axlda

garkveuli sirTuleebi. damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Ta-

namegobroba daarsda 1991 wlis 8 dekembers q. minskSi ru-

seTs, belaruss da ukrainas Soris gaformebuli xelSek-

rulebis safuZvelze. maT miiRes gadawyvetileba sabWoTa

kavSiris funqcionirebis Sewyvetisa da damoukidebel sa-

xelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. 1991 wlis

bolos ki yazaxeTSi dafiqsirda dsT-Si monawile saxel-

mwifoebi: ruseTi, belarusi, ukraina, yazaxeTi, yirgize-

Ti, moldova, tajikeTi, uzbekeTi, TurqmeneTi, azerbai-

jani da somxeTi. saqarTvelo dsT-s SeuerTda 1993 wlis 3

dekembers dsT-is Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis safuZvel-

ze. dsT-is Stab-bina mdebareobs q. minskSi. aRsaniSnavia,

rom 2008 wlis 14 agvistos qarTulma mxarem miiRo gadaw-

yvetileba dsT-dan gamosvlis Sesaxeb.

centraluri evropa

centraluri evropis qveynebi, romlebmac gaiziares

yofili sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri kursi, waawydnen

seriozul problemebs centraluri evropis qveynebSi

komunisturi mTavrobis damxobis Semdeg. sabWoTa kavSi-

ris mier Seqmnili sagareo vaWrobis regionuli sistema

34

daiSala da yofili ssrk-is saxelmwifo — satelitebs mo-

uxdaT garantirebul saeqsperto bazrebis dakargvasTan

Segueba. centraluri evropis qveynebi, iZulebulni iy-

vnen moexdinaT TavianTi ekonomikis restruqturizacia

da gadasuliyvnen centraluri dagegmvis sabazro siste-

maze.

CexeTis respublikam, ungreTma da poloneTma arse-

biTad gansazRvres centraluri evropis sxva qveynebi

ekonomikis restruqturizaciis sakiTxebSi, Tumca yvela

isini ganviTarebis sxvadasxva gziT wavidnen. am qveynebma

ufro meti pirdapiri ucxouri investicia moizides, vid-

re es maTma mezoblebma moaxerxes. garda amisa, CexeTis

respublika, ungreTi da poloneTi gaxdnen eTgo-sa, na-

to-s wevrebi. 2004 wels ki es qveynebi warmatebiT Seuer-

Tdnen evrokavSirs.

albaneTSi, bulgareTsa da rumineTSi ekonomikuri

reformebi mimdinareobda SedarebiT neli tempiT. qvey-

nebSi, romlebic Sediodnen yofili iugoslaviis Semad-

genlobaSi, Seiqmna SedarebiT ufro mZime situacia. mxo-

lod sloveniam SeZlo Tavidan aecilebina qaosi, rome-

lic Tan axlda iugoslaviis daSlas. 2007 wels bulgare-

Ti da rumineTi SeuerTdnen evrokavSirs.

2.4. aziis qveynebis bazari

azia, romlis teritoriaze cxovrobs mTeli msof-

lios mosaxleobis naxevarze meti, awarmoebs msoflio

mSp-is 25%-s, magram metad mzardia aziis roli saerTaSo-

riso biznesSi. am regionSi iwarmoeba rogorc maRalxa-

risxiani, ise dabalxarisxiani produqcia. garda amisa, es

regioni aris kvalificiuri da arakvalificiuri samuSao

Zalis wyaro. erTi mxriv, azia warmoadgens tnk-ebidan uc-

xouri investiciebis ZiriTad mimRebs. meore mxriv, regi-

oni aris aziis farglebs gareT arsebul qveynebSi kapita-

35

lis mTavari mimwodebeli. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania is

faqti, rom aziis qveynebis mewarmeebi sul ufro mkacr

konkurencias uwevdnen CrdiloeT amerikisa da evropis

qveynebis kompaniebs, rac aiZulebs am qveynebis mewarme-

ebs gazardon sakuTari sawarmoebis mwarmoebluroba da

gaaumjobeson produqciis xarisxi.

iaponia

meore msoflio omis Semdeg iaponia, kunZulovani

saxelmwifo, romlis mosaxleobaa 127 mln, aRdga nangre-

vebidan da gaxda qveyana, romelsac ekonomikuri maCveneb-

lebiT meore adgili ukavia msoflioSi (2008 wels iaponi-

is mSp-ma Seadgina 4,9 trln aSS dolari), agreTve, iapo-

nia ,,oTxeulis~ erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani wevria.

ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi iaponiis swrafi ganvi-

Tareba nawilobriv aisaxeba mWidro urTierTobiT ekono-

mikis samrewvelo seqtors, sagareo vaWrobisa da mrewve-

lobis saministros Soris (ekonomikis, vaWrobisa da mrew-

velobis saministro). saministro iyenebda mTel Tavis

oficialur Zalauflebas, agreTve, araoficialur ber-

ketebs, raTa moexdina qveynis saukeTeso kompaniebis sa-

warmoo da sainvesticio strategiis swori mimarTule-

biT orientireba. magaliTad, meore msoflio omis Semdeg

saministrom rekomendacia misca iaponiis kompaniebs, dae-

bandebinaT saxsrebi mrewvelobis iseT sabazo dargebSi,

rogorebicaa: avtomSenebloba, foladis mrewveloba da

gemTmSenebloba. mas Semdeg, rac sxva qveynis kompaniebma,

agreTve, daiwyes aqtiurad moqmedeba am dargebSi, iaponi-

is tnk-ebma aqcenti gadaitanes avtomobilebis, sayofac-

xovrebo eleqtronikisa da sawarmoo mowyobilobebis

warmoebaze.

XXI saukunis dasawyisidan iaponiis ekonomikuri

zrdis tempi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. 1990 wlidan dawye-

buli mSp-is zrdis saSualo — wliurma tempma Seadgina

1,3% (aSS-Si es maCvenebeli udris 3,5%-s, kanadaSi - 3%-s).

36

mravali eqsperti SeSfoTebulia imiT, rom iaponiis ro-

gorc ekonomikur, ise politikur sistemas ar SeuZlia

sakmaod swrafad eleqtronuli komerciis swraf ganvi-

TarebasTan dakavSirebiT msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdina-

re cvlilebebiTan Segueba. garda amisa, eqspertTa nawi-

li akritikebs iaponiis moqmed savaWro politikas arasa-

marTliani meTodebis gamoyenebisTvis, sagareo bazris

saeqsporto saqonlebis gayidvis mizniT, iyenebs ra amave

dros mravalricxovan arasatarifo barierebs imisaTvis,

rom SezRudos Siga bazarze saqonelTa importi.

avstralia da axali zelandia

avstralia da axali zelandia — es ekonomikuri

TvalsazrisiT tradiciulad ori Zlieri saxelmwifoa.

kulturuli memkvidreobis erTobis miuxedavad, am or

qveyanas Soris, aris mravali arsebiTi gansxvaveba. av-

straliis mosaxleoba Seadgens 21 mln kacs, romlis Ziri-

Tadi nawili cxovrobs 2,97 mln kvadratuli milis far-

Tobis teritoriaze. radgan kontinentis umetesi nawi-

lis klimati mSralia, avstraliis TiTqmis mTeli mosax-

leoba koncentrirebulia ufro notio sanapiro raio-

nebSi. avstralia mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT, magram

amave dros ganicdis samuSao Zalis naklebobas. Sedegad,

praqtikulad saqonlis eqsportis mTeli moculoba, ro-

melic 2007 wels 100 mlrd evro, xolo importma 124

mlrd evro. eqsportSi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia: buneb-

rivi resursebi (oqro, rkinis madani, qvanaxSiri), agreTve,

sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia (Sali, xorci da xorba-

li) da sxv. aqve SevniSnavT, rom avstralia teritoriis

sididiT msoflioSi meeqvse adgilzea, masze modis msof-

lio farTobis 5,2%.

axali zelandiis oTxmilioniani mosaxleoba cxov-

robs or kunZulze — ufro mWidrod dasaxlebul Crdi-

loeT kunZulze da ufro Tvalwarmtac samxreT kunZul-

ze, romlis klimati arc iseTi zomieria, rogorc Crdi-

37

loeT kunZulis klimati. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Care-

vis Sewyvetis, agreTve, 1980-ian wlebSi saxalxo meurneo-

bis privatizaciis procesis ganxorcielebis Sedegad

axalma zelandiam moipova msoflioSi sabazro ekonomika-

ze orientirebuli politikis maqsimalurad gamoyenebi-

saken globaluri Semobrunebis erT-erTi lideris repu-

tacia. saqonliT vaWrobas gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvne-

loba aqvs qveynisTvis. eqsportis moculobam Seadgina

mSp-is 28%. axali zelandiis eqsportis naxevarze meti

modis saZovrebis gamoyenebis bazaze warmoebul produq-

ciaze. qveynis eqsportSi ZiriTad warmodgenilia: rZis

produqti, xorci da matyli. qveynebze, rogorebicaa av-

stralia, iaponia da aSS, axali zelandiis sagareo-savaW-

ro operaciaTa daaxloebiT naxevari modis.

,,oTxi vefxvi~. wynari okeanis azia _ msoflios

erT-erTi regionia, sadac mrewveloba viTardeba swrafi

tempiT. 1945 wlis Semdeg samxreT koream, taivanma, singa-

purma da hong kongma iseT did warmatebebs miaRwies, rom

isini msoflioSi erTad gaxdnen cnobili krebsiTi saxel-

wodebiT ,,oTxi vefxvi~. am qveynebs, axal industriul

qveynebsac uwodeben.

samxreT korea. koreis respublika, rogorc ufro

metad cnobilia saxelwodebiT ,,samxreT korea~, gaC-

nda ,,civi omis~ Sedegad, romelmac koreis naxevarkunZu-

li gayo or nawilad — komunistur CrdiloeT koread da

kapitalistur samxreT koread. 1953 wels koreis omis

dasrulebis Semdeg, samxreT korea gaxda msoflios erT-

erTi yvelaze swrafad ganviTarebuli qveyana.

2007 wels samxreT koreis saqonlis eqsportma 262

mlrd evro, xolo importma 253 mlrd evro Seadgina

(msoflio eqsportis 3,7 da importis 3,4%). qveynis mSp-ma

2008 wels 950 mlrd aSS dolari Seadgina. msoflios 500

umsxviles korporacias Soris 15 modis samxreT koreaze.

samxreT koreis ekonomikur ganviTarebas xeli Seuw-

yo mWidro TanamSromlobam qveynis mTavrobasa da koreis

38

ekonomikaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareobis mqone daaxloe-

biT ocdaaT kerZo saojaxo segments Soris.

mravali mimarTulebiT koreis mTavrobas hqonda

mcdeloba miyoloda iaponuri kompaniebis mier gakva-

lul gzas, kerZod, gamoeyenebina iseTi meTodebi, rogo-

rebicaa eqsportis xelSewyoba, ekonomikis saxelmwifo

marTva da qveynis industrializacia msxvili ekonomiku-

ri gaerTianebebis bazaze. samwuxarod, koreis ekonomiku-

ri zrda SeaCera savaluto krizma, romeslac adgili

hqonda aziis qveynebSi 1997-1998 wlebSi. am krizisis Sede-

gad qveyana waawyda seriozul finansur sirTuleebs.

zogierTma koreulma kompaniam gaakeTa Sesabamisi

dakveTebi da krizisidan gamovida kidev ufro mtkice da

moqnili ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. ase magaliTad, ko-

mapania Samsung-ma, SezRuda korporaciuli interesebis sfero. kompaniis umaRlesma xelmZRvanelobam miiRo ga-

dawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom kompaniis mTeli resursis

mimarTva moexdinaT eleqtromowyobilobebis warmoebaze.

amJamad kompania Samsung liderobs mexsierebis mikros-qemebis, monitorebis, DVD-pleerebis, mobiluri tele-fonebis da sxvadasxva bazarze. miuxedavad amisa, krizi-

sidan gamosvlis procesi iyo sakmaod mtkivneuli, radgan

kompania Samsung-is xelmZRvanelobas mouxda Tavisi mu-Sakebis TiTqmis naxevris ganTavisufleba, agreTve, gaeyi-

da is qvedanayofebi, romlebic dakavebulebi iyvnen kom-

paniisTvis meorexarisxovani mniSvnelobis mqone saqmia-

nobis mimarTulebebiT. sxva kompaniebic, iseTebi, rogo-

rebic arian Hyundai da Daewoo, axlac awarmoeben brZo-las TavianTi yofili didebis aRsadgenad. maT imperiebis

zogierTi qvedanayofi miyides ucxoel mflobelebs,

sxvebi TavianT beds elodebian sasamarTloebSi gakotre-

bis Sesaxeb saqmeebis ganxilvisas.

taivani. taivani, romelic xSirad moxseniebulia,

rogorc CineTis respublika, patara saxelmwifoa, rom-

lis mosaxleoba Seadgens 22 mln kacs. ekonomikis ZiriTa-

39

di komponentis saxiT kerZo saojaxo kompaniebis gamoye-

nebam agreTve, saeqsporto vaWrobaze orientaciam saSua-

leba misca taivans gamxdariyo erT-erTi qveyana, rome-

lic ukanaskneli sami aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi ukavia

lideris pozicia msoflioSi ekonomikuri zrdis tempe-

bis mixedviT: drois am monakveTis ganmavlobaSi qveynis

ekonomikuri zrdis saSualo wliurma maCvenebelma Sead-

gina 8%-ze meti. msoflios 500 umsxviles korporacias

Soris 5 modis taivanze

taivanis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tempi imdenad

didi iyo, rom am qveyanas ukve ar SeeZlo ewarmoebina kon-

kurentuli brZola, rogorc dabalanazRaurebadi samu-

ao Zalis gamoyenebisas bazaze moqmedi samrewvelo cenrs.

swored amitom taivanuri kompaniebi bolo dros TavianT

Zalisxmevas mimarTavdnen ekonomikis ufro momgebian

dargebze, romlebic iZlevian saSualebas arsebiTad iq-

nes gazrdili dabandebuli resursebis Rirebuleba (ma-

galiTad, avtomobilebis gamoSvebasa da eleqtromowyo-

bilobebis warmoebaze). miuxedavad amisa, es kompaniebi

uwindeliviT saWiroebdnen dabalanseburad muSaobas. Ci-

neTsa da taivans Soris urTierTobebis problemebis miu-

xedavad, taivanis kompaniebi sul ufro met saxsrebs aban-

debdnen CineTis teritoriaze arsebul qarxnebSi, raTa

hqondeT ase aucilebeli dabalansebulad samuSao Zal-

Tan wvdoma.

singapuri. britaneTis yofili kolonia singapuris

respublika patara kunZulovani saxelmwifoa. imisaTvis,

rom daeZlia qronikuli umuSevroba, romelmac moicva

qveyana 1965 wels damoukideblobis mopovebis Sedegad,

singapuris mTavroba Tavidanve gansakuTrebul mniSvne-

lobas aniWebda mrewvelobis Sromatevadi dargebis gan-

viTarebas. msgavsi ekonomikuri politika aRmoCnda im-

dnad warmatebuli, rom male singapuri gadavida ekonomi-

kis ufro momgebian dargebze, iseTebze, rogoricaa nav-

Tobis gadamuSaveba da madnis qimiuri gamdidreba, agreT-

40

ve, maralteqnologiur dargebze, iseTebze, rogoricaa

bioteqnologiuri da kompiuterebis warmoeba. 4,5 mln-ia-

ni singapuri amJamad ganicdis samuSao Zalis naklebobas.

singapuri mniSvnelovan warmatebebs aRwevs reeq-

sportis mimarTulebiT. singapuris kompaniebi moxerxe-

bulad sargeblobdnen SesaniSnavi saporto nagebobebisa

da mowyobilobebis upiratesobebiT da iyenebdnen maT

ucxouri saqonlis Semosatanad SemdgomSi am saqonlis

sxva qveynebSi (kerZod, mezobel malaiziaSi) gataniT.

garda imisa, rom singapuri aris navTobis gadamuSavebis

centri da mniSvnelovani porti, is kvalificur finansur

momsaxurebasa da kavSirgabmulobis sistemaTa sferos

sTavazobs wynari okeanis auzis qveynebs. singapuri male

gaxdeba maRali teqnologiebis regionuli centri.

singapuri msoflios erT-erTi umsxvilesi eqspor-

tioria. 2007 wels singapuris saqonlis eqsportis mocu-

lobam 212 mlrd evro, xolo importma — 181 mlrd evro

Seadgina (msoflio eqsportis 3% da importis 2,4%). sin-

gapuris mSp-ma 2008 wels 182 mlrd aSS dolari Seadgina.

msoflios 500 umsxviles korporaciaTa Soris masze mo-

dis mxolod 1.

hong kongi. 1860 wels didma britaneTma Tavis daq-

vemdebarebaSi miiRo qalaqi kouluni CineTis kontinen-

tur nawilze, xolo 1898 w. mas 99 wliT usasyidlo ijariT

gadaeca materikis nawili, romelic cnobilia~ axali te-

ritoriebis~ saxelwodebiT. ijaras vada gauvida 1997

wlis 1 ivliss. am dRes CineTma kvlav miiRo politikuri

kontroli hong kongze. CineTis mTavrobam hong kongs mi-

aniWa gansakuTrebuli administraciuli regionis sta-

tusi. aseTi statusi hong kongisTvis uzrunvelyofs av-

tonomiurobis sakmaris xarisxs. hong kongs gaaCnia saku-

Tari kanonmdebloba, sargeblobs ekonomikuri damouki-

deblobiT, gaaCnia Tavisufali portis statusi da iye-

nebs calkeul sagadasaxado sistemas. qveyana yvela am

privilegiiT isargeblebs 2047 wlamde..

41

Rrma, daculi navsadguris irgvliv mdebare hon-

kongi TamaSobs ,,fanjris~ rols, romelic xsnis gzas Ci-

neTis nawilze; swored amitom is Zalze mimzidvelia sa-

erTaSoriso biznesisaTvis. hong kongis mier dakavebul

mcire teritoriaze cxovrobs TiTqmis 7 mln adamiani,

rac uzrunvelyofs maRalganviTarebuli, maRalproduq-

tiuli samuSao Zalis miwodebas mrewvelobis iseTi dar-

gebisTvis, rogoricaa safeiqro dargebisa da eleqtro-

mowyobilobebis warmoeba. garda amisa, hong kongi saban-

ko da safinanso momsaxurebas sTavazobs aRmosavleT

aziis qveynebis umravlesobas. hong kongis mosaxleobis

saerTo kulturis maRali donis, agreTve, qveynis xel-

sayreli geografiuli mdebareobis Sedegad iqca is faq-

ti, rom hong kongis mewarmeebi mraval SemTxvevaSi saSua-

mavlo momsaxurebebs sTavazoben CineTTan biznesis war-

moebis msurvel mTeli msoflios kompaniebs.

hong kongSi warmatebiT moqmedebs tvirTgadasac-

leli werti CineTidan momavali tranzituli tvirTebi-

saTvis. hong kongis porti saqonls iRebs CineTidan, rom-

lis Semdeg amzadebs maT gadasatvirTad msoflios sxva

qveynebSi da piriqiT.

2007 wels hong-kongis saqonlis eqsportis mocu-

lobam 247 mlrd evro, xolo importma — 250 mlrd evro

Seadgina (msoflio eqsportis 3,5% da importis 3,3%).

hong kongis mSp-ma 2008 wels 215 mlrd aSS dolari Sead-

gina.

CineTi

CineTi 1,346 mlrd mosaxleobiT (msoflio mosaxle-

obis 19,5%) aris yvelaze udidesi qveyana msoflioSi.

garda amisa, CineTi — erT-erTi uZvelesi saxelmwifoa,

romelmac gamoiara rigi imperatorebis mmarTveloba. sa-

moqalaqo omma SesaZlebeli gaxada iaponiis SeWra CineTSi

1931 wels. meore msoflio msoflio omis dasasruls ia-

ponlebis gandevnis Semdeg samoqalaqo omi ganaxlda, sa-

42

boloo angariSiT 1949 wels mao Zedunis komunisturma

Zalebma daamarcxes nacionalisturi armia.

maos gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1976 wels CineTis mTav-

robis mier miRebul iqna qveynis ganviTarebis programa

SezRuduli Tavisufali bazris proncipiT. soflis me-

urneobaSi nawilobriv iqna aRdgenili kerZo sakuTreba,

xolo mewarmeebs miecaT ufleba, gaexsnaT mcire kompani-

ebi, iseTebi, rogorebicaa restornebi an msubuqi mrewve-

lobis sawarmoebi. ucxour kompaniebs neba daerTo gaex-

snaT erToblivi sawarmoebi Cinur firmebTan. yvela am

reformis Sedegad mkveTrad gaizarda CineTis ekonomika-

Si pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis moculoba, ramac

miiyvana qveyna swraf ekonomikur ganviTarebamde, agreT-

ve, politikuri Tavisuflebis miRebaze Cineli xalxis

imedebis aRorZinebamde.

CineTi midis Tavisi ganviTarebis unikaluri gziT.

CineTi atarebs Tavisufal bazarze orientirebul poli-

tikas. saxelmwifo sawarmoebi, romelbic cnobilni arian

TavianTi dabali mwarmoeblurobiTa da iaffasiani na-

yalbevebiT, ibrZvian gadarCenisaTvis. 1998 wlidan dawye-

buli, am sawarmoebidan ganTavisuflebul iqna 28,5 mln

muSaki, ramac gamoiwvia mTel qveyanaSi socialuri mRel-

vareba da politikuri arastabiluroba. meore mxriv, Ci-

neTis ekonomikis aqtiurad moqmedma kerZo seqtorma mi-

ipyro mTeli msofliodan mravali kompaniis yuradReba.

qveyanaSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis moculoba

mkveTrad gaizarda 1992 wlis Semdeg. gansakuTrebul yu-

radRebas imsaxurebs ganviTarebuli qveynebis tnk-ebis

mier CineTis ekonomikaSi Cadebuli mzardi investiciebi.

es investorebi CineTs aRiqvamdnen, rogorc Sromismoyva-

re, dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao Zalis — saqonlis wya-ros, romelic sul ufro iSviaTi xdeba maT qveynebSi. uka-

naskneli drois ganmavlobaSi CineTis qalaqebma ganica-

des mZafri ekonomikuri ganviTareba, rac ar SeiZleba iT-

qvas qveynis sasoflo raionebze, sadac cxovrobs daax-

43

loebiT 900 mln kaci. CineTis soflisa da qalaqis mosax-

leobis cxovrebis dones Soris gazrdili wyvetilobis

aRmofxvra, warmoadgens erT-erT ZiriTad amocanas, rom-

lis gadaWra mouwevT CineTis liderebs.

CineTi msoflios pirveli umsxvilesi eqsportiori

qveyanaa 2009 wlidan da warmoadgens metad mzard savaW-

ro-ekonomikur da politikur Zalas. CineTi erTaderTi

mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa ganviTarebuli qveynebis glo-

balur savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. aRniSnuli

qveynebis Ria ekonomika da liberaluri savaWro politi-

ka didad uwyobs xels CineTis eqsportis zrdas da, Sesa-

bamisad, mis socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas. vaWro-

bis msoflio organizaciaSi CineTis miReba, marTlac,

mniSvnelovani win gadadgmuli nabijia msoflio vaWrobis

ganviTarebisa da srulyofis mimarTulebiT.

2009 wels CineTis saqonlis eqsportis moculobam

1431 mlrd aSS dolari, xolo importma — 1133 mlrd aSS

dolari Seadgina. CineTis mSp-ma 2008 wels 4,4 trln aSS

dolari, xolo 2009 wels 4,9 trln aSS dolari Seadgina

anu miuxedavad msoflio finansuri krizisisa, misi mSp wi-

na welTan SedarebiT gaizarda 8,7%-iT. msoflios 500 um-

sxviles korporaciaTa Soris 30 modis CineTze.

indoeTi

indoeTis mosaxleobis raodenobiT (1,189 mlrd ka-

ci) meore adgili ukavia msoflioSi. indoeTi britaneTis

imperiaSi Sedioda 1947 wlamde. 1971 wels indoeTis ax-

ladwarmoqmnilma saxelmwifom gadmoiRo britaneTis sa-

xelmwifo sistemis mravali niSani, maT Soris, marTvis sa-

parlamento sistema, damoukideli sasamarTlo organoe-

bis Zlieri sistema da sxv. meore msoflio omis Semdeg

qveyanaSi batonobda saxelmwifo sakuTreba, ekonomikis

ZiriTadi dargebis sawarmoebze, maT Soris energetikuli

mrewvelobis kompaniebze, satransporto kompaniebsa da

mrewvelobis sawarmoebze. saxelmwifo sakuTreba gaxda

44

qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze mimarTuli indoeTis

mTavrobis moqmedebaTa sakvanZo elementi.

indoeTis biurokratiuli aparati SeiZleba aRmoC-

ndes metad Semaferxebeli am qveyanaSi biznesis warmate-

biT sawarmoeblad. 1991 wlamde, indoeTis mTavroba ar ax-

denda ucxour investiciebis waxalisebas, iZleoda ra

mxolod indoeTis sawarmoebis aqciebiT flobis uflebas.

agreTve, Tavs axvevda ra sxva damamZimebel moTxovnebs,

magaliTad, 1970-iani wlebidan qveynis bazarze produq-

ciis gayidvisTvis pirobis saxiT kompanias koka-kolas

Txovdnen gamagrilebeli sasmelis formulis saidumlos

gacemas. kompaniam uari Tqva am pirobaze da amjobina am

bazris datoveba. SemdgomSi, 1991 wels ekomonikuri re-

formebis Semdeg, romlebic wamoiwyo indoeTis premier

ministrma, gaxsnes adgilobrivi bazari ucxouri kompani-

ebisaTvis, Sesabamisad koka-kolam kvlav SeaRwia indoe-

Tis bazarze. am reformebis gatarebis Sedegad, Semcire-

bul iqna savaWro SezRudvebi, gaixsna indoeTi pirdapiri

ucxouri investiciebis mzardi nakadisTvis, agreTve gan-

xorcielebuli iqna qveynis finansuri seqtoris reforma.

reformebis Sedegad indoeTSi Sevida didi raode-

nobiT pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi, ZiriTadad “oT-

xeulis~ qveynebis tnk-dan. qveynis mSp-is zrdis saSualo

wliurma maCvenebelma Seadgina 6% periodisTvis, romel-

mac ganvlo reformebis dawyebidan. saxelmwifo politi-

kis arasakmarisi gamWvirvaloba did gaugebrobebSi aye-

nebs ucxour investorebs.

2008 wels indoeTis saqonlis eqsportis moculobam

182 mlrd aSS dolari, xolo importma — 316 mlrd aSS do-

lari Seadgina. indoeTis mSp-ma 2008 wels 1,2 trln aSS

dolari Seadgina. msoflios 500 umsxviles korporacia-

Ta Soris 7 modis indoeTze.

avRaneTi da centraluri aziis respublikebi

avRaneTsa da centraluri aziis 5 respublikas: ya-

zaxeTs, uzbekeTs, tajikeTs, TuqmeneTsa da yirgizeTs

45

mravali saerTo maxasiaTebeli aqvs. am qveynebSi Warbobs

mTebi da udabnoebi, Sesabamisad isini Zalze ganicdian

saxnavi miwebis naklebobas. Semosavali erT sul mosaxle-

ze Zalian dabalia. sawvavis vrceli maragebi SeiZleba vi-

povoT centraluri aziis mTel teritoriaze, gansakuT-

rebiT yazaxeTsa da TurqmeneTSi. yvela am qveynisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia ruseTis mniSvnelovani roli sagareo

urTierTobebSi

samxreT—aRmosavleT aziis qveynebi aziis teritoriaze ganlagebulia didi raodenobiT

sxva qveynebi, romlebic imyofebian ekonomikuri ganviTa-

rebis sxvadasxva stadiaze. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

imsaxureben iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa tailandi, malai-

zia da indonezia _ qveynebi, romlebsac hyavdaT dabala-

nazRaurebadi samuSao Zala da romlebic iqcnen mniSvne-

lovani moculobis pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis

mimRebad. iaponiaSi samuSao Zalaze danaxarjebis zrdam

aiZula mravali iaponuri tnk-ebi am sami qveynis terito-

riaze aegoT qarxnebi, romlebSic dabali danaxarjebiT

iwarmoeba detalebi da kvanZebi, romelTa miwodeba xdeba

mSobliur sawarmoebSi iaponiaSi. aSS-sa da evropis qvey-

nebis tnk-ebi, agreTve, iyeneben am qveynebs sawarmoo baz-

ris saxiT. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis gamoyenebiT

gamoSvebuli produqciis eqsportis Sedegad swrafad ga-

izarda tailandis, malaiziisa da indoneziis ekonomika.

1980-1995 wlebSi am qveynebis mSp-is zrdis saSualo wli-

urma maCvenebelma Seadgina 7%. amasTan1997-1998 wlebis

savaluto krizisma didi zarali miayena am qveynebs, yve-

laze mZime dartyma miadga indonezias.

2007 wels tailandis saqonlis eqsportma 109 mlrd

evro, malaiziis — 125 mlrd evro, indoneziis ki — 81 mlrd evro Seadgina, xolo tailandis importma 99 mlrd

evro, malaiziis — 101 mlrd evro, indoneziis — 53 mlrd evro Seadgina. tailandis mSp-ma 274 mlrd aSS dolari, ma-

46

laiziis — 222 mlrd aSS dolari, xolo indoneziis — 511 mlrd aSS dolari Seadgina.

2.5. afrikis da axlo aRmosavleTis

qveynebis bazrebi

afrikas ukavia dedamiwis saerTo farTobis daaxlo-

ebiT 22%; es kontinenti mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT.

egvipte mdebareobs afrikis kontinentis Crdilo—aRmo-savleT nawilSi, regionis sazRvarze, romelic cnobilia

saxelwodebiT ,,axlo aRmosavleTi~.

afrika

afrikis kontinentze 54 qveyanaa, romelTa mosaxle-

obis erToblivi raodenoba 815 mln-s aRemateba. XIX sau-

kunis bolos afrikis didi nawili kolonizebul iqna ev-

ropis uZlieresi zesaxelmwifoebis mier (iseTebis, ro-

gorebicaa belgia, safrangeTi, germania, italia, portu-

galia, espaneTi da didi britaneTi), romlebsac sWirde-

bodaT strategiuli samxedro miznebis miRweva an Sida-

politikuri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba. kolonializ-

mis talRam sapirispiro moZraoba 1950—iani wlebis Sua periodSi daiwyo, rodesac evropis zesaxelmwifoebma er-

Timeoris miyolebiT dakarges kontroli TavianT kolo-

niebze. kolonializmis kvali afrikaSi dRemde rCeba, rac

uSualod aisaxeba saerTaSoriso biznesis SesaZleblo-

bebze. magaliTad, iseTi qveynebi, rogorebicaa Cadi, nige-

ria da kot—d’ivuari (spilos Zvlis napiri), inarCuneben mWidro ekonomikur da kulturul kavSirebs safrangeT-

Tan. es qveynebi TavianT erovnul valutas ukavSirebdnen

safrangeTis valutas, dRes ki - evros. agreTve, emxrobi-

an marTvisa da ganaTlebis sistemebis, samarTlebrivi

sistemis organizaciis frangul principebs. am kavSire-

bis wyalobiT, frangul samrewvelo kompaniebs, safinan-

47

so dawesebulebebsa da servisul kompaniebs lideris po-

ziciebi ukaviaT am qveynebTan saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi.

analogiuri situacia Camoyalibda keniaSi, zimbabvesa da

samxreT afrikis respublikebSi: am qveynebis saxelmwifo

dawesebulebaTa muSaoba modelirebulia britanuli ni-

muSis mixedviT, rac britanul kompaniebs aniWebs garkve-

ul upiratesobebs maT bazrebze.

afrikis qveynebis ekonomika metwilad eyrdnoba bu-

nebrivi resursebis gamoyenebas. navTobis mopoveba iZle-

va mSp-is naxevars iseT qveyanaSi, rogoricaa angola, ga-

boni, da nigeria, alJiris mSp-is naxevars. soflis meurne-

obas, agreTve, didi mniSvneloba aqvs afrikis mravali

qveynis ekonomikisaTvis. am qveynebidan zogierTSi sa-

soflo-sameurneo produqcia warmoadgens eqsportis Zi-

riTad nawils. magaliTad, iseTi produqtebis wilze, ro-

gorebicaa yava, kakao da palmis zeTi, modis kot-d’ivua-

ris eqsportis ZiriTadi nawili. afrikis qveynebis umrav-

lesobis macxovreblebi upiratesad dasaqmebulni arian

soflis meurneobaSi. aseTi qveynebis ricxvs miekuTvneba

gambia, mozambiki, siera-leone, tanzania da zambia.

mravali eqsperti darwmunebulia imaSi, rom XXI

aTaswleulSi swored samxreT afrika daikavebs kontinen-

tze gabatonebul mdgomareobas ekonomikuri maCveneble-

bis mixedviT, agreTve, imaSi, rom swored es qveyana gaxde-

ba mTeli qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mamoZravebe-

li Zala. samxreT afrikas gaaCnia nayofieri miwebi da oq-

ros, almasis, qromisa da platinis mdidari sabadoebi.

araerTi tnk samxreT afrikas iyenebda biznesis sawarmo-

eblad afrikis kontinentze 1970-ian wlebamde, rodesac

gaerom SemoiRo savaWro sanqciebi am qveynis winaaRmdeg.

am sanqciebis SemoRebis aucilebloba gaCnda aparteidis

politikis (Savkanianebad, TeTrkanianebad da azielebad

qveynis xalxis gayofis) gamo, romelsac atarebda qveynis

mTavroba. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mxridan aseTi

sagareo zewolis Sedegad 1

dakabadonebuli saertashoriso biznesi...5 tavi viii. saertasoriso strategiuli aliansebi.....243 8.1....

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