dairypost africa magazine may2014

DairyPost Africa • May 2014 1

inform • educate • promote

Keep abreast with new

developmentsin the dairy

sector

The magazine for African dairy industry >> www.dairypostafrica.com

Volume 1 • Number 4 • May 2014

Quality control in the milk chainp18

ECF vaccine – good – but

other measures must also be considered

p24

Impact of Animal Welfare and Health on Productivity p11

DairyPost Africa • May 20142

BIMEDA LTD.

Products for treatment of


Though the East African dairy sector has grown in leaps and bounds over the last few years, there is no doubt that adopt-

ing modern technology is the only way to make the sector competitive and sustainable.

Modern dairy technologies are spread the whole breadth of dairy production and sup-ply chain. But they have a common denomi-nator; they help diversify the product range, improve and sustain quality, and cut produc-tion costs thus increasing profits.

In this edition, we explore existing and emerging dairy technologies, which are pro-pelling the African dairy sector a notch high-er. These include milk fortification, a kind of groundbreaking science that boosts the nu-tritional value of processed milk, and com-mercial milk dispensing techniques that are improving consumer accessibility.

On the Farmer Profile column, we close the year with the story of perhaps Kenya’s most popular small-scale farmer, Njuguna Mun-yua. What he is doing at 100x100 piece of land is enviable, with valuable lessons for any aspiring dairy farmer.

Many dairy farmers in Africa live with the threat of common cattle diseases. In this edi-

Technology adoption key to growth

FROM tHE EdItOR

tion, we advise you on how to deal with East Coast Fever (ECF), a disease feared by cattle farmers across 11 countries.

Read and internalize this content, and as usual, we would like to hear from you on ways to improve the magazine.

John W. Koigi, Editor-in-chief

DairyPost Africa will also be a platform for dairy farmers from beyond Af-rica to share their experi-ences with their peers

BIMEDA LTD.

Products for treatment of


CONTENTS

11

CONtENtS

from Esada dEsk Technology is the key to increasing milk production and a competitive African dairy industry

raW mILk HaNdLING Brookside Dairy a heritage of high quality – only the best milk ends up in the production line

farmEr EducatIoN Boosting Production and the Dairy Sustainability Framework – how do they go together?

mILk coLLEctIoN cENtErs Raw milk with low TPC is a key ingredient for good quality dairy products

08

28

35

27

xyxyxyxyxyx:Impact of Animal Welfare

and Health on Productivity

NEW tECHNOlOgIES:Quality control in the

milk chain

ECF vaccine – good – but other measures must

be considered too...

18

24


FARMER PROFIlE:Ninety litres of milk from only five cows

32

EdItORIAl COMMIttEE

41

CONtENtS

Chairman : Dr. Kipkirui Lang’at OGW

Executive Director : Peter Ngaruiya

Editor in Chief : John Koigi

Creative director : Peter Cheseret

Advertising : Nekoye Sifuna

Printers : Colorprint Ltd

dairyPost Africa is the ESADA mouth

piece and publication for the dairy industry

in Africa published quarterly by Dairy Con-

sulting Africa Ltd in Nairobi.

Expression of opinion, claims and state-

ment of supposed fact do not necessarily

reflect the view of DairyPost Africa, ESADA

or Dairy Consulting, editor or publisher.

While every effort is made to report ac-

curately, DairyPost Africa, publisher or the

editor does not accept any liability with re-

gard to any statement, advertisement, fact

or recommendation made in this maga-

zine.

The magazine for African dairy industry

www.dairypostafrica.com

Experts aim to

tsetse flydreaded

swat

DairyPost Africa • May 20146ESADA NEwS

ESAdA NEWS

The Eastern and Southern Africa Dairy Association (ESADA) is excited to announce the signing

of a collaboration (memorandum of understanding) MOU with International Farm Comparison Network (IFCN) in the development of the African Dairy sector particularly information and technologies sharing and joint development programs.

ESADA will be hosting the 10th African Dairy Conference and Exhibition (10th AfDa) in September 24th – 26th 2014 in Nairobi, Kenya. The 10th edition of the largest dairy event in Africa comes with many valuable improvements complete with a new identity (AfDa) to deliver value to our members and the stakeholders in Africa dairy industry. The event presents more exciting and entertaining networking and business opportunities, more and enhanced learning, educative and informative program, much more contacts and networks to propel your dairy business in Africa to new levels. Learn more about the event at www.dairyafrica.com and also book your stand. An experiences and knowledge sharing workshop by the International Livestock Research Organisation (ILRI) will curtain raise for the 10th AfDa. This is an invitation only workshop. You can write to us should you wish to join at [email protected]. There are several other private workshops by ESADA partners and members that will run on the sidelines of the 10th AfDa. Details will be available online shortly.

ESADA is one of the host associations for African Livestock Conference and Exhibition (ALiCE2014) alongside other regional and international livestock organisations. This is an opportune platform to network with players in various livestock value chains from around the world. The event has a bias of livestock production technologies. The event will take place in June 18th – 20th in Kampala, Uganda. Learn more about the event at www.livestockafrica.com.

ESADA will be conducting a comprehensive dairy industry survey in its member countries. This is to document strategic business information of value to policies and decision makers in the dairy industry in Africa. The survey is expected to kick-off in July 2014. Look out for the outcome of the survey in the next DairyPost edition and www.dairyafrica.com

We would like to know how we can be of value to you as an association. We are actively seeking collaborations with development partners and other interested parties in unlocking the African dairy potential. We value and highly appreciate you feedback. Please send us an email at [email protected].

Peter NgaruiyaExecutive director - ESAdA


DairyPost Africa • September 2013 1

The magazine for African dairy industry >> www.dairypostafrica.com

Volume 3 • Number 3 • September 2013

An emerging reality in Kenya?

Quality based milk payment system

Real firm successfor all

FRESHA DAIRY

African Dairy Outlook

Focus on: Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mauritius

dairyPost Africa is an A5-size specialist magazine focusing on the promotion of the dairy industry in Africa and in particular Eastern Africa.

It is aimed at informing and educating the entire dairy value chain - from farm to table- on the various aspects of dairy farming, production, processing and consumption.

dairyPost africa is an essential reading and a source of information for milk producers, processors, academics, service providers, NGOs, government departments and consumers. It is designed to appeal to those who wish to learn and be kept abreast with the goings-on in this increasingly important industry.

dairyPost africa is published in Kenya by the Eastern and Southern African Dairy Association (ESADA) and Dairy Consulting Limited.

Send your articles and information you would like to share through DairyPost Africa to [email protected] advertise: [email protected] or [email protected] enquiries about DairyPost: Africa [email protected]

Read or downloaded online from:

www.dairyafrica.com or

www.dairypostafrica.com.

DairyPost Africa • May 20148 ESAdA NEWS

FROM ESADA DESK

The agricultural commodities market place is changing radically. Today in Africa we consume milk products

from cows and other dairy animals reared in all corners of the world. Globalization has forced the actors in agricultural value chains to think beyond the local consumer who is confronted by main choices from all over the world. While pursuing the regional and international markets, the actors must appreciate that they must win at home before taking it to the international market. The commodities traders must recognize that it is easier, more cost effective and less risky to service a local and regional market than international market. It is critical for stakeholders in African dairy sector to develop local and regional industry while positioning themselves to seize the numerous opportunities in this sector.

Opportunities in milk production in AfricaMilk production is a critical success factor in dairy industry globally. A major contributor to poor performance of the dairy industry is the low and erratic milk production particularly in the Eastern Africa region. Some countries in Eastern Africa record an average of 174 litres per cow per year against a global average of over 7300 litres per cow per year. This presents many opportunities in boosting production.

Over 80% of milk in is produced by smallholder farmers in Eastern Africa. On average between 40% - 80% of milk in Africa is produced by farmers keeping less than three cows. These farmers primarily keep indigenous cows and rely on rain fed fodder. As a result, milk supply is sufficient for less than half of the year. When weather condition is favorable, some countries in East Africa experience severe milk gluts.

Milk quality is one of the other major concerns in the African dairy sector. Due to the dairying systems and practices in sub-Saharan Africa hygiene and proper raw milk handling is inadequate. Transportation of raw milk from the farm to bulking centers (milk collection centers) and to processing

Technologyis the key to increasing

milk production and a competitive African dairy industry

DairyPost Africa • May 2014 9ESAdA NEWS

Executive DirectorEastern and Southern Africa Dairy Association

plants exposes the delicate commodity to adverse environmental hazards resulting to deterioration of quality of milk.

Animal health and welfare is also an integral consideration in boosting milk production. Extension services in most countries are no longer provided by the government as it was a couple of decades ago. Today this role is played by the private sector by providing a bit of extension services while supplying animal health and welfare products as well as milk processors aiming at boosting production of their supplier. This has adverse effect on areas that are taking up dairying as they are unattractive to private sector.

Milk production cost is lowest in Africa. In addition milk production is expected to increase in Africa primarily as a result of increase in dairy herd. Milk yield per cow is also expected to increase due to enhanced technology and the increasing interest by more literate farmers.

The state of the dairy industry in Africa is one expectant with opportunities. Farmers are now embracing artificial insemination and upgrading their herd to higher producing breeds. Animal genetics and breeding technologies demand will continue to grow as more literate farmers join the industry and the current campaign to upgrade for productive breeds. For instance, the Kenya Animal Genetics Resource Centre in Kenya cannot meet the high demand for semen in the country.

Animal feeds and feed management is the main cost contributor to cost of production

yet a major booster of milk production. There are very many feeds millers in the region but the main challenge is the quality of feeds. The supplier of animal feeds and nutrition must work with other key actors, for instance milk processors, to ensure that the feeds, concentrates and feed additives meet the required standards.

Commercial fodder production is now major business venture. The regional agricultural research organizations have also joined in with groundbreaking researches and technologies on utilizing crop residue for animal feeds. The research organizations must now collaborate with private sector in commercializing these technologies.

Quality improvement and assurance technologies will continue to be of high demand in Africa in the near future. Smallholders farmers are clustering and forming business units which include setting up modern milk collection centers complete will cooling tanks and quality testing kits. The business units are also procuring on behalf of their members better milk handling equipments for instance aluminum and stainless steel milk cans. They are also training their members on hygienic milk handling practices. The clusters have evolved into mini dairy processing plants


Brookside advert


dr. V. yamo

While the concept is widely regarded as very important, a universally accepted definition of animal welfare does not exist; interpretation of what animal welfare means is dependent upon cultural, political, religious, and scientific perspectives.

The World Animal Health Organization (OIE) defines Animal welfare as how an animal is coping with the conditions in which it lives. An animal is in a good state of welfare if it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate behaviour and if it is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear and distress. Good animal welfare therefore requires disease prevention and veterinary treatment, appropriate shelter, management, nutrition, humane handling and humane slaughter/killing. Animal welfare refers to the state of the animal; the treatment that an animal receives is covered

by other terms such as animal care, animal husbandry and humane treatment. Animal health can therefore be considered as one aspect of the welfare of animals.

Animal welfare significantly contributes to the animal’s heath and ultimately its productivity. This is mainly because research has determined that animals are generally more sensitive and vulnerable to stress and suffering which predisposes them to diseases. A farm animal is constantly challenged by an array of factors that may evoke stress responses. Overcrowding, extreme temperatures, social disruption, unfamiliar sounds, unfamiliar or uncaring handlers, feed and water restriction, immunization and disease are common environmental factors that may lead to stressed animals. Biological reactions to stress comprise changes in behaviour, neuroendocrine system, autonomic nervous system and immune system leading to poor health and production.

Demand of animal products to sustain the high population growth has led to intensification of farming systems. While intensive animal production systems can improve animal welfare due to better housing, nutrition and health leading to a significant

The term “animal welfare” has recently emerged as a concept that allowed society to express ethical concerns regarding inhumane treatment of animals

Impact of

ProductivityAnimal welfare and Health on

DairyPost Africa • May 201412 AFRICAN dAIRy OutlOOK

improvement in the animal’s productivity they also tend to increase the risk of production related diseases that lead to poor animal health and decreased productivity. This reality causes farmers to focus their constant attention on reducing disease in their animals, but the effort they put forth in preventing disease within their animals contains risks and potential economic consequences that are often underestimated.

In addition to welfare benefits, the human-animal interactions can also have a profound impact on the productivity of farm animals. Interactions by humans may be neutral, positive or negative in nature. Regular pleasant contact with humans may result in desirable alterations in the physiology, behaviour, health and productivity of farm animals. On the contrary, animals that are subjected to negative human interactions tend to be highly fearful of humans and their growth and reproductive performance could be compromised. Farm animals are particularly sensitive to human stimulation that occurs early in life, while many systems of the animals are still developing. This may have long-lasting impact and could possibly modify their genetic potential. A review of research in commercial pig and dairy farms has shown a significant sequential relationships between the farm hand’s attitudes and behaviour towards animals and the animal’s productivity.

Cattle are susceptible to a variety of psychological stress factors; rough handling can cause them to become apprehensive of people and to be stressed in their presence, and poor housing conditions can lead to illnesses which may be directly linked to

stress. Other times when animals regularly experience these metabolic changes through stress can occur when in oestrus, at calving time, when being transported, when being moved from one building or cow group to another, or when cows are being handled in out-of-routine situations.

Stress in cattle causes the release of various hormones, which are part of the cow’s natural ‘fight or flight’ mechanism. These hormones, such as cortisol (hydrocortisone) and adrenalin help to prepare the cow’s metabolism for the dangers it may have to face. These hormones negatively impact on the productivity of the animal, for instance, acute stress at milking time will lead to a reduction in milk yield resulting from the release of adrenalin, leading to incomplete milk let-down and increased residual milk. While the chronic effects of stress from poor welfare levels can lead to adverse metabolic changes especially in the immune and reproductive systems resulting in significant effects on their health and productivity due to the high cortisol levels. The suppression of the immune system can lead to an increased incidence of mastitis and higher Somatic Cell Counts in the milk.

In conclusion, improving the handling of livestock, the handlers attitude, livestock housing and the general animal welfare can help to reduce the negative effects of stress in any animal and in particular the dairy cattle leading to increased productivity.

Dr. V. Yamo is also the National Chairman of the Kenya Veterinary Association. - Cooper K-Brands Ltd, Cooper Centre, Kaptagat Road, P.O Box 40596-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected]

DairyPost Africa • May 2014 13AFRICAN dAIRy OutlOOK

MALAWI DAIRY INDUSTRY FACT SHEET

Malawi Milk Producers Association 1. Contact details Postal address: Box 376, Lilongwe, Malawi

Physical address: Area 3, first road behind Lilongwe Hotel, Gate number 3 on the left Telephone number: (+265) 999 930 565 Fax number: n/a E-mail address: [email protected] http://malawimilkproducersassociation.weebly.com/index.html

2. Contact person Herbert Chagona National Director

3. Date of establishment 1985 5. Nature of organisation Umbrella Organisation representing Dairy Associations in

Malawi 6. Country Malawi 7. Production Numbers 29,183,000 litres Milk Production per year

Average production per cow 5.3 litres/day The informal market represents about 45% of the total Imports of milk and milk powder is at around 50% Total consumption per capita is at 5 litres/capita

8. Number of Dairy Cows Around 16000 9.Production systems which are prevalent

78% of the milk is produced by smallholder farmers with one or two cows. The remainder is from commercial farmers

10. The consumption/market channels and the pattern (formal and informal segments)

The average consumption is 65,000 tonnes/year based on an average consumption of 5 litres/capita/year

11. The processing capacities installed and the approximate utilization

Utilization capacity of the total processing capacity is at 35%

12. The status of milk imports in country

30,000 tonnes, 86% in powder form

13. What does the future hold for the dairy farmers, processors

There is a wide open market for increased local production if reasonable farm gate prices for raw milk

MALAWI DAIRY INDUSTRY FACT SHEET

Malawi Milk Producers Association 1. Contact details Postal address: Box 376, Lilongwe, Malawi

Physical address: Area 3, first road behind Lilongwe Hotel, Gate number 3 on the left Telephone number: (+265) 999 930 565 Fax number: n/a E-mail address: [email protected] http://malawimilkproducersassociation.weebly.com/index.html

2. Contact person Herbert Chagona National Director

3. Date of establishment 1985 5. Nature of organisation Umbrella Organisation representing Dairy Associations in

Malawi 6. Country Malawi 7. Production Numbers 29,183,000 litres Milk Production per year

Average production per cow 5.3 litres/day The informal market represents about 45% of the total Imports of milk and milk powder is at around 50% Total consumption per capita is at 5 litres/capita

8. Number of Dairy Cows Around 16000 9.Production systems which are prevalent

78% of the milk is produced by smallholder farmers with one or two cows. The remainder is from commercial farmers

10. The consumption/market channels and the pattern (formal and informal segments)

The average consumption is 65,000 tonnes/year based on an average consumption of 5 litres/capita/year

11. The processing capacities installed and the approximate utilization

Utilization capacity of the total processing capacity is at 35%

12. The status of milk imports in country

30,000 tonnes, 86% in powder form

13. What does the future hold for the dairy farmers, processors

There is a wide open market for increased local production if reasonable farm gate prices for raw milk


“When we mooted the idea of the dairy group back in 2009, we had a singular objective in our mind: to enhance the standards of living of the farming households atop the Taita Hills.

“We set off with about 80 members, and we would deliver our milk to Brookside Dairy as individual suppliers. The company had at the time noted the huge potential for milk production in the areas surrounding Wundanyi, and responded by partnering with farmers to set up a raw milk cooling station at Wumingu.

“The initial stages of milk delivery were fraught with challenges. The bad roads meant there was substantial loss due to spillage, as some farms were virtually inaccessible, even with motorcycles. However, we survived due to immense encouragement by Brookside Dairy, who advised us to buy aluminum cans, which would endure the rough terrain during transportation without having the milk spilt.

“In 2012, Mwafuga Wumingu Dairy Group was registered by the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development. From then on, we decided to pool our milk and deliver to Brookside as a group. With over 350 members at the time, the volumes were good, and the returns encouraging. More members signed up, and dairy became the prime mover of the economy of our region.

“Brookside makes prompt, regular payments for milk delivered, and this means that members are able to meet their daily obligations like payment of school fees and putting food on the table. In 2012, we were selling between 800 – 900 kg of raw milk per day to Brookside. The company has a

HOLINESS MAVILA is chairperson of the highly successful Mwafuga Dairy Group in Kenya’s Taita Taveta County. She attributes her group’s growth to a lasting partnership with Brookside Dairy. Mavila spoke to WILSON OKONG’O

thanks to Brookside dairy

Taita dairy group

milks profits

2,500 kgof raw milk is collected by Mwa-fuga Wumingu Dairy Group ev-ery day


Holiness Mavila, chairperson of the Mwafuga Wumingu Dairy Group, with Brookside Dairy’s Daniel Nyongesa at the proces-sor’s Wumingu Plant, Taita Taveta County.

working philosophy that encourages farmers to build their volumes and today, our supply has hit the 2,500 kg mark each day!

“It has been a journey well-travelled. Brookside has been organizing dairy training courses to teach us about husbandry issues, including ways of continually growing the daily volumes.

“Many of our farmers also learnt from the courses that there lies better returns in improving our herds. We invested in AI services, and for many households here, the benefits are just beginning to show.

“From 2011, Brookside Dairy has been sponsoring us to the Brookside Livestock Breeders Show and Sale in Nairobi. When we look at the kind of animals on show at the event, we tell ourselves: we want to have similar, highly productive cows. The dairy business in volume dependent, and the more you deliver, the better the returns!

“From both the show and the training courses, we learnt that animal feeding is central to efforts at improved milk production. Before, members would

DairyPost Africa • May 201416 AFRICAN dAIRy OutlOOK

Mavila Shows Brookside’s Nyongesa some of the dairy inputs at their service store in Wumingu, Taita.

A dairy farmer zooms off with a bag of animal feed from Brookside Dairy’s Wumingu Plant, Taita Taveta County. Brook-side has partnered with Maziwa Taita Dairy to supply farmers with inputs on credit.

lament that sometimes they want to give supplements, but accessibility to the feeds was a challenge. Or they wanted to treat their sick animals. Then Brookside brought the idea of inputs on credit, and this has taken us far.

“Now whenever we are in need of feeds, dewormers or pesticides, all we need is a Brookside Dairy milk supply statement, which actually ascertains our “creditworthiness.” The inputs are then supplied and recovered from members’ milk dues. It is a convenient way of managing our herds.

“The other day, Brookside advised the service providers to expand to household consumables, and now members of my group can get sugar or unga and the same is recovered from the milk proceeds!

“Brookside Dairy has been central to our growth. The company assures farmers of

payments every month. They also collect the agreed volumes of milk for 365 days in a year, bad roads or not!

“Before Brookside came here, farmers would sell their milk to hawkers and middlemen. Exploitation was rife, and one wasn’t quite sure how the market would behave. But today, each morning we receive a Brookside milk supply receipt, we are as good as paid.

“We are grateful to the company for it has directly played a role in the growth of Mwafuga Wumingu Dairy Group. This has led to more money circulating in our county, and poverty levels have substantially come down.

“As a group, we want to move towards the 10,000 kg of raw milk each day. This is something that is achievable, and it will mean our take-home package will be much higher.”

DairyPost Africa • May 2014 17AFRICAN dAIRy OutlOOK

BA

YE

R

of innovationyears

Bayer East Africa Limited Outering Rd off Thika Rd, RuarakaP.O. Box 30321Nairobi, 00100KenyaTel: +254 20 8600000 | Email: [email protected]. bayerhealthcare.com


NEw TEChNOlOgiES

Milk- Food for life. In the land where milk and honey are.... Milk and Honey are the only foodstuffs which can be eaten directly after production! But in our case, milk should be heat treated the determine bacterias which can cause serious illness on the life of the consumers.

Quality control in the milk chain

Cows in Kenyan Highlands near Lake Naivasha in beautiful surroundings

CAttlE WEllFAREThe animal husbandry systems ensure health and well-being of the animals. Cows are kept in intensive or extensive breeding systems mostly. The animals have access to basic food such as silage and hay, and also receive a performance mixed feed. The requirements for keeping the animals are set up by breeding organisations based on experience from experts, depending on climate, race and climate zones in different parts of the world.

Milk itself has a special position among all food. It is the exclusive food due to

its composition in the first stage of life, because of the high content of calcium

for building healthy bones and teeth. Milk has a excellent reputation as a source of life important ingredients. That is why milk and milk products

have such a high reputation in the food chain worldwide.


Cows give, depending on the race, up to 25 Liters milk/day and even more, depending as mentioned on different influences, which is in Africa the climate and health resistance and the race.

The period of milk formation (lactation) is the time between calving and dry, lasts an average of 305 days, again depending on race and herd management.

CORE ElEMENtS OF MIlK quAlIty

Documentation / farmer

Monitoring of feed, (own and external source of mixture feed)

Milk research from different organisations

National standards in breeding of milk cows

1. documentation / farmer (operational)Composed of:

Animal identification and traceability Entry of any application of drugs in the stock book of the farmer or Veterinarian doctor

Yard balance, according of the prescribed nutrient comparison.

Animal identification and traceabilityThe farmer should identify the calf within 10 days after birth with ear tags. The birth of the animal origin should be reported in a nationwide data bank after the ear tags are placed.

Datas as: Ear tag number, date of birth, race, gender and the ear tag number of the mother should be registered in the passport.

Recording of any medical application• The farmer must uniquely identify treated

cows• The milk from treated cows is delivered after

the expiry of the waiting time at the dairy farm.

• The delivered milk must be free of inhibitors• Veterinary treatments may be made only

after consultation with the veterinarian.

Proof of purchase may be:

Veterinary proof• Veterinary prescription medicines• Evidence of the prescription or the

production order for medicated feedstuffs

The documentation must be in clear and understandable form and time maps contain the following information:• Number type and identity of the animals

treated, if necessary to identify their location.

• Drug name• Administered quantity of the medicinal• Date of application• Waiting period in days• Name of the person who has applied the

medicinal• Number of the veterinary certificate

The veterinary certificates can be used by the owners to the documentation. The evidence shall be kept minimum 6 years from the date of they are created on. Electronic version also possible.

1

2

3

4


Yard balance, according of the prescribed nutrient comparison.

The plant nutrients which are withdrawn from the basic fodder production must be monitored through samples of soil and farmland.

2. Monitoring of feedOnly individual components may be used in milk production feed, these components should be in a list of organisations for cattle breeding and every farmer should have access to this datas.

3. Milk researchNationwide research would be the choice to support farmers in problem solving and trouble shooting with services as:

Milk testing on cows in yield and chemical parameters

Inhibitor test of each individual milk collecting can, or truck

Alphatoxine monitoring Heavy metal analysis

Milk yield and quality1 x per month each milk is checked on• Amount of milk per cow tested on site• Milk fat• Milk protein• Somatic cells• Total bacteria count• Fat free dry matter

Inhibitor test of cans and collection vehicleInhibitors are residues of antibiotics, sulfonamides and other medicines that are transferred into the milk and can lead to acidification problems in the milk processing plant on sourmilk products and cheese. Inhibitors meanwhile can be detected in lowest concentrations. If a positive milk is detected by the lab of the processing plant, the milk is disposed, because it can lead to health problems, if the milk products are eaten by consumers.

Due to newest lab technology even lowest amounts of alfatoxine and others can be detected and tracked back to the farmer within a time of 24 hours.

Milkotester with results on processed milk for skim milk quark, fat 0,9 % !


4. National standards in breeding of milk cowsBreeding organisations provide informations for the farmers regarding, the building of ideal milk farming and also the standards for milk

Standards for raw milk in Germany / Microbiology• S-class milk, means not Mercedes ! Means

highest standard !• 50000 total bacterias, 250000 somatic cells,

freezing point 0,515 °C or density 1,032

Alphatoxine monitoringAs far as these substances are detectable at all, the found values are subject for continious controling of the farmer by the lab of the milk processor and a NGO Lab to ensure the testing is done without any influence of farmer organisations and milk processors-

Milk processingThe testing of milk and milk products continues in order for a healthy and safe product for the consumer. The testing is done by the laboratory in the processing plant and additional by the state authority for public health.

Based on the principles of HACCP ( Hazard analysis and critical control point), the testing in the laboratory of the milk processor is carried out to serve the consumer with high quality products and stabile shelf life in different standards, which are recommended by the supermarket chains ( IFS and BRC).• Monitoring of the production process• Continious quality of milk products• Integration of milk hygiene and existing

food laws in quality assurance system• Absolute traceability of all production

process steps on paper or electronic documents


HACCP-Concept for milkprocessing, cheeseproductionExample Part 1 of others in HACCP System

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RawmilkPathogene, CellsTotal bacterias

Milk analysisCheeseproduction

Optical control,own standards

FilteringMilkreceiving

Contact of farmer Lab Labreport CCP

Milk receicing

DirtparticlesFilteringScale

Opticalcontrol

Change filter2x filtering

Lab Labreport QCP

Pasteurisingpathogene Bacterias

Temperaturecontrol

Min. 75° up to 85 ° depending

TemperatureControlsheet

Switch ValveDaily byOperator

Signing on diagram qCP

Pipes / Fittings

Reinfection Daily cleaningNot to determine

AnalysisMicro Lab

Not to determine at this stage

Stepcontrol Labreport QCP

Pasteurised milk in cheesvat

Reinfection Daily CIPNot to determine

AnalysisMicro Lab

Not to determine

Lab samples

Labreport CCP

Cheese curd in blockforms

ReinfectionDaily CIP Not to

determineAnalysisMicro Lab

Not to determine at this stage Lab

samplesLabreport QCP

Saltbrine ReinfectionCoolingStaff hygiene

Yeast, MouldsColiforms

AnalysisLab


Optical control Labreport QCP

Packaging ReinfectionDaily CIP and desinfection

Not to determine

Analysis Lab


StepcontrolLabreport QCP

Final product

PathogeneYeast, Moulds

Daily CIP and desinfection

Standard /COMESA

Plant labBlocking of product

StepcontrolLabreport CCP

The milk production on the farm and the processing takes place in a tight vertical integration which secures the income of many people involved in the milk chain. In many countries with a growing milk industry, the output of these industry must be mentioned. It is worth to change into better control in the milk chain. The result will be a win win situation for the farmer, processor and the consumer.

Gregor Schäfer, Bavaria, Germany

These QS system is set up in order to prevent health risks and to identify, evaluate and control.• What to check ?• Where to control, with the identification

of potential risks in the processing chain.

• Determination of the points which are critical

• Defining and implementing testing and monitoring methods

Attached a example of HACCP for a cheese production plant

Manufactured by www.latomilk.com

Stronger bonesSmarter minds


By dr. Nick McHardy

An unsigned article in the January-March edition of DairyPostAfrica introduced a new “vaccine” to

prevent East Coast fever (ECF) that would also enable farmers to reduce their dipping programme substantially. Drugs have been used for the past 30 years to cure ECF, but they were hardly mentioned. Experience

ECF vaccine – good – but tick control, curative drugs and other tick-transmitted diseases must be considered too …..

suggests that control of ECF requires all three of these approaches and the best combination will vary between farming systems, the degree of risk of ECF and their relative cost. The other tick-transmitted diseases must be considered too.

Spraying or dipping with acaricides kills the ticks that transmit ECF, but it also controls those that transmit anaplasmosis,


babesiosis and heartwater. It could be dangerous to follow blindly the advice that tick control can be reduced substantially after ECF immunisation, to allow small numbers of brown ear ticks to “boost” the immunity produced by the vaccine. True, small numbers of brown and blue ticks cause negligible production losses, but even a single bont tick can destroy an udder quarter, and “the other three” tick-borne diseases will become a significant risk. Farmers with an effective tick control programme should consider these risks carefully before changing their strategy.

ECF vaccination protects against ECF (theileriosis), but it gives no protection against the other three diseases, or against Corridor Disease (CD), the form of theileriosis that develops when ticks that have fed on buffalo pass the infection to cattle, so the advice that these diseases should be “treated at the same time” as ECF vaccination is meaningless. They may occur at any time, particularly if tick control is reduced. Practically every buffalo carries CD that can cause even higher mortality than ECF itself. Buffalo shed huge numbers of ticks so even one buffalo crossing cattle grazings poses a big risk of CD. Its management depends on good tick control and drug treatment of any cases that do occur. Farmers in “buffalo affected” areas especially should consider carefully whether they can use the ECF vaccine safely.

The vaccine costs “$6-10 per dose”. Where the current risk of ECF is small, the cost of vaccinating 100% of cattle should be compared with that of treating the few cases that do occur. If these are detected

and treated early, production losses are low, particularly in beef cattle and youngstock, and cure rates approach 100%. With efficient tick control the risk of ECF is rarely more than 2% - usually less even than this, and cured cattle are strongly immune to ECF.

When the vaccine is used, every vaccinated animal becomes a carrier of ECF, so any brown ear ticks that feed on them can pick up the infection. So, every calf and every “bought-in” animal must also be vaccinated without delay because calves receive no immunity to ECF from their mothers or from their colostrum. Therefore, once you have vaccinated, you must continue to vaccinate – there is no other option because

When the vaccine is used, every vaccinated animal becomes a carrier of ECF, so any brown ear ticks that feed on them can pick up the infection. So, every calf and every “bought-in” ani-mal must also be vaccinat-ed without delay because calves receive no immunity to ECF from their mothers or from their colostrum.


every new animal will be at increased risk of contracting ECF. As the article says, none of us has seen a vaccine like this before.

The vaccine comes in 40-dose vials but unused vaccine cannot be used “later”. If the herd size is 40 or a multiple of 40, and calves are born or purchased in batches of 40, this is fine, but usually they are not. So, the cost of discarded vaccine must be factored-in. Yes, vials may be “shared” with neighbours, but this will not always be practicable.

It has been suggested elsewhere that the vaccine could be used to “ring-fence” an outbreak of ECF. This may be practical, and justified, on a single property but in more extensive situations, particularly with poor tick control, the ECF-affected area will simply be enlarged. It will be enlarged further as the vaccinated, and thus carrier, cattle are herded, stray, or are traded beyond the ring-immunisation area. With expert management ring vaccination

may be justified, particularly if good tick control is included and curative drugs are available, but the risks and benefits must be considered carefully.

The ECF vaccine may be good at what it does, but it is not the complete answer to ECF.

Further information can be found on the Bimeda website, www.bimeda.co.ke under “Diagnosis and treatment of theileriosis , anaplasmosis and babesiosis”

Dr. McHardy is a consultant to Bimeda AMEA.

He discovered and led the development of

parvaquone (1984) and buparvaquone (1993)

to treat ECF, parvaquone + frusemide (2005) to

treat advanced ECF, and imidocarb (1972) to treat

anaplasmosis and babesiosis. He was Technical

Advisor on the ECF vaccine programme at KARI,

Kenya, 1993-97and Head of Research and

Development at Bimeda, Dublin, 1998-2005. He is

now retired.


Emerging dairy countries are in the process of stimulating and enhancing local raw milk production chain activities.

Next to proper handling procedures, a cold chain is required to secure the raw milk quality of collected milk and contribute to the realization of low TPC milk. Raw milk should therefore be centrally collected, within 2-3 hours after milking cooled to 4°C and stored under conditioned circumstances. This explains the increase of milk collection centers in emerging dairy countries, mainly stimulated and realized by farmers coops, (local) milk processors, government and non-governmental organizations.

Small scale milk suppliersMilk collection centers can play an important role in the transition period from small scale individual household farmer, towards a commercial dairy family farmer, till a large scale farmer equipped with its own milk cooling tank. The collection points are often set up in conditions that are far from optimal. Power fluctuations, poor water supply and limited access for the milk truck are often encountered. Installation and service require adaptation to local situations and should be handled by a well-trained local staff of dealers or partner companies.

Furthermore it is essential that the cooling tanks are designed to handle daily milk collection and are therefore capable of cooling larger quantities of milk in short time. This in contrary to the situation in Europe, where milk is collected over several days requiring its own cool technical design.

Features Although when only limited quantities of milk (< 1000 l/day) are (daily) collected, in remote areas, a small manual operated and cleaned cooling tank is sometimes used. However, for milk quality consideration, it is preferable to establish sustainable milk collection points with closed tanks. These collection points are transportable by container, skid mounted, and equipped with:• An automatic cleaning system• Hot water supply (boiler)• Parts made of stainless steel• Single or double units• New or used milk tanks• An integrated milk transfer pump for milk

transfer to the milk truck

Next to hardware, the availability of a local capable and trained service organization is essential to secure the collection point equipment operation and thus a cold chain.

Worldwide experienceMueller has a wide experience in setting up milk collection centers in Asia, Africa and eastern Europe. The company can assist, in cooperation with its well-trained local distributors, in: cold chain design, location

Milk Collection CentersRaw milk with low TPC is a key ingredient for dairy processors to be able to produce a safe and wholesome consumer product complying to customer demands


With more than 40 raw milk cooling stations spread throughout Kenya, Brookside Dairy has put

in place an elaborate quality system that ensures that raw milk received from farmers is handled within the parameters of world class standards.

It is a mechanism that ensures that the best sanitary conditions are adhered to right from the milking stage to collection, bulking and transportation for processing.

a heritage of high quality– only the best milk ends up in the production line

Each time you take your glass of Brookside Dairy milk, you are assured of one thing: the best standards were employed in handling the product right from the farm gates

Mr. John Gethi, Brookside Dairy’s General Manager in charge of milk procurement and extension services: the company pursues a strict sanitary regime while handling raw milk from farmers.

The framework of ISO standards is the guiding principle for all staff who handle the milk. At Brookside, health certificates for all the staff is not just a regulatory issue, it is a crucial benchmark that entails periodic health checks for all the handlers.

Brookside Dairy’s Kiganjo cooling centre is located just outside Nyeri town, and acts as a bulking station for the entire county, including parts of Kirinyaga and Laikipia counties. With the expected huge daily volumes the station handles, Kiganjo is a study in raw milk handling hygiene, which ensures that only the best raw milk is transported to Ruiru for processing.

A typical raw milk collection process begins on a chilly dawn at Endarasha on the slopes of the Abedares. It is one of the many collection routes in Nyeri county. Staff receiving milk from farmers perform rigorous checks on the ‘physical body’ of the milk through organoleptic tests. Confirmatory tests, designed to determine the mineral balance in the milk, are also carried out at this level.

Brookside DairyRAw MilK hANDliNg


One of the farmers contracted by Brookside Dairy at Endarasha, Mr. Stephen Gakere, says over the years, they have become part of the company’s standards regime.

“We appreciate the need to ensure that the milk we sell to Brookside is of the highest quality. In our village, today, you would hardly find farmers’ milk failing to get past the density test, for example. Eventually, we know there is more to gain from giving the company the best milk,” Gakere says.

According to Gakere, the processor has been engaging its contracted farmers on clean milk production during dairy training courses organized as part of the company’s extension services. The situation at Kiganjo is replicated in all the company’s stations countrywide, and for Brookside, the stringent quality standards are adhered to from the satellite collection centres to the bulking stations.

Brookside Dairy’s Amos Okech, clad in protective clothing including ear muffs, performs the alcohol gun test on raw milk at the reception platform at the company’s Kiganjo bulking station, Nyeri. A strict quality standards regime by the company ensures that only the best milk ends up in the process house. PHOTO/BROOKSIDE PR

A field raw milk transport fleet at the Kiganjo station pre-paring to offload their day’s collection. Brookside Dairy op-erates the largest raw milk transport fleet in the EA region.

“When we design the cooling centres, we pay attention to every detail in the equipment set-up, including provision of materials for cleaning and milk testing. It does not matter whether our stations are operating at 1 per cent or full capacity…the procedures for raw milk testing and sanitation of the cooling centres must be followed with religious zeal at all times,” John Gethi, Brookside’s General Manager in charge of milk procurement and extension services says.

“It is very tempting to try and cut costs, especially when a particular station is operating at a sub-optimum level, but for Brookside, quality standards supersede any other operational considerations. It means that we shall still go the full hog in our hygiene practices at our cooling centre and subject the raw milk received from farmers to all the tests,” he adds.


road on a 24-hour basis, and you are likely to find Brookside’s raw milk collection team, say at Githongo in Meru or at Enoosaen in Trans Mara, at work in the wee hours of the morning. You would also likely meet them collecting milk in one of the Gatamayu evening routes or Ting’ang’a in Kiambu county, or on a chilly morning at Kapseret in Uasin Gishu county. It is a highly co-ordinated process that works more like clockwork.

At the end of the day, your product of choice on the shelves has been managed with the rigours that come with the highest quality standards, from the time it was received from farmers as raw milk, to the time you lay your fingers on it on the shelves. It is a heritage of high quality and standards for East Africa’s largest milk processor.

This points to a significant investment in the raw milk procurement and extension services function at Brookside. All the more than 40 cooling and bulking stations have a set standard of equipment: you will find this very same equipment at Kaptalamwa cooling centre in Marakwet, Engineer in Kinangop and at Wumingu atop the Taita Hills.

Setting up a cooling centre is no cheap financial feat, but in spite of the colossal nature of the capital investment in the centres, Mr. Gethi says there is no short cut as to the set standard of equipment Brookside uses to handle the milk.

“One area where we don’t compromise is the provision of adequate protective clothing and equipment to our staff. Periodically, we conduct wellness examination of the staff, based on the roles they undertake at the cooling centres. For example, Brookside conducts oscillatory testing on staff handling milk cans. Our goal is to maintain healthy, productive personnel,” Mr. Gethi said.

At Brookside, the milk collection, bulking and transport business is a 24-hour operation. The company’s tankers are on the

A Brookside Dairy tanker offloads at the company’s Ruiru factory after arriving from Kiganjo bulking station, Nyeri.


Ninety litres of milk five cows from only

Very few dairy farmers can boast of getting 90 litres of milk per day from five cows. But Grace Mumbi, 44, is doing just that. She started out with two dairy cows but now has five

“I carried out research to find out whether dairy farming in Ngong was viable. I work in Kinangop and most people discouraged me from starting a business if I would not be available to supervise it,” she said. She also practiced dairy farming in Kinangop but said the business thrived better in Ngong.

When we visited Mumbi at her home in Ngong, she was in mud boots tending to her dairy

cows. She has been practicing zero grazing for two years now and has never regretted her decision despite discouragement from peers.


She explained: “Demand for milk in Ngong is very high. I sell the fresh milk and yoghurt, which I make at home, to my neighbours. A litre of milk will goes for Sh60 and that of yoghurt is double that.”

Her zero grazing dairy business is proof that indeed space is not an issue for anyone looking to get into dairy farming. “The area that is holding the cows is slightly under 40x80. The remaining three quarter acre that I have planted napier grass can actually hold another 72 cows and I intend to expand to that point,” she revealed.

A Human Resource Manager by profession, Grace said her professional skills have come in handy to keep her business a float. She explained: “I have learnt that one can do business even when they are away. The trick is to motivate your employees. I have two employees who look after things when I am away. They work with targets and keep records of income and expenditure. The cows make enough money to feed themselves, pay the workers and expand the business. I only spent my salary for the first six months but now the business is stable.”

She said her employees understand that if they meet their targets they will receive bonuses. The opposite also applies; if one does not meet set targets then the salary and benefits reduce.

Grace is however not keeping knowledge about the business to herself. She has mentored her workers to get into the business. She revealed most people she has worked with are young and fresh from university.

The area that is holding the cows is slightly under 40x80. The remaining three quarter acre that I have planted napier grass can actually hold another 72 cows and I intend to expand to that point


Gregor Schäfer Dairy Consulting was founded 2003 by Gregor Schäfer, from Bavaria, after working 25 years in dairies in Germany, Switzerland and U.S.A, producing cheese and other milk products, as supervisor and department chief in plants processing up to 3 million liters milk / day.

Since 2003 working as freelance consultant for milk processors around the world in technology transfer, commissioning of dairy plants from 1000 liters milk / day, up to 500000 liters milk / day. Working in international projects in planning of dairy processing units from small to large, the analysis of milk chains and technology consulting for sour milk products and cheese to support growing milk industries in Europe and abroad.

The consulting, planning and design of chilled water units for milk processors / food industry, is a new service, offering practical, efficient and customized solutions in best cooperation and German Quality.

Gregor Schäfer, Solutions in milk processingMission:To serve the dairy industry (small and large processors) in best cooperation and partnership, with practical and efficient solutions in order to receive value added products in premium quality.

Services in brief:• Layout planning for milk processors in

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I assure best cooperation and partnership for all of my services.

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The Dairy Sustainability Framework provides a unified, global, approach for improving the sector’s

sustainability performance.

All businesses want and need to grow if they are to remain competitive, and dairy farming is no different. The challenge is that we are dealing with a biological system involving complex interactions between plants and animals that are influenced heavily by the natural environment. It takes great skill by the dairy farmer to achieve balance in their farming system to maximize production from the available resources.

Boosting milk production is the desire of dairy farmers globally. The Dairy Sustainability Framework (DSF) provides an innovative set of criteria that farmers and

milk processors are encouraged to consider in the planning and implementation phases to ensure their resources are managed appropriately, and in turn increase the longevity of their business.

What is this dSF and how was it developed?The global dairy sector, under the leadership of the Global Dairy Agenda for Action (of which ESADA is a founding Governor), has been working to develop the DSF. The DSF is the result of a year-long study by an independent consultancy, which involved over 100 interviews, workshops and observations of both dairy and non dairy sustainability initiatives.

The DSF is a programme of the GDAA, and though similar in its approach to the Green Paper launched in 2009 to capture existing greenhouse gas mitigation initiatives, it is a more robust response to the sustainability challenges that face the dairy sector globally. Importantly, the programme remains at a pre-competitive level – it is developed by the dairy sector for the dairy sector.

Boosting Production and the dairy sustainability framework – how do they go together?

The global dairy sector faces a delicate balancing act – increasing production of safe and nutritious milk from healthy cattle while preserving natural resources and ensuring decent livelihoods across the industry.


Those that join will be required to provide a little more detail than for the Green Paper. This is to ensure we can develop the required reporting of global actions and their progress that will clearly demonstrate that the global dairy industry is taking a proactive approach to continuously improving its sustainability performance.

The DSF aims to be the ‘umbrella’ to Align, Map and Connect global dairy sustainability activity, and importantly progress and accelerate new and existing activity. Though the DSF highlights the 11 key sustainability criteria identified through the study, it does not dictate how these are to be addressed at a local or regional level. It does ask that members prioritize the criteria in relation to their unique regional circumstances and build programmes and initiatives accordingly.

So wherever you are on your sustainability journey, and especially if you are planning to boost production, join the DSF and share your sustainability activities, be they at farm, processing or even retail level. This is an initiative that covers the whole supply chain. Importantly, as a member of the Framework, you will also connect with other progressive organisations from around the world and benefit from their sustainability experiences. What worked for them may just work for you in your local situation!

We look forward to engaging with you all at the 10th African Dairy Conference and Exhibition where we hope to bring the DSF to life in collaboration with our ESADA colleagues!

www.Dairysustainabilityframework.org

•greenhouse gas Emissions: GHG emissions across the full value chain are quantified and reduced through all economically viable mechanisms.

• Soil Nutrients: Nutrient application is managed to minimize impacts on water and air, while maintaining and enhancing soil quality.

•Waste: Waste generation is minimized and, where unavoidable, waste is reused and recycled.

•Water: Water availability, as well as water quality, is managed responsibly throughout the dairy value chain.

• Soil: Soil quality and retention is proactively managed and enhanced to ensure optimal productivity.

•Biodiversity: Direct and indirect biodiversity risks and opportunities are understood, and strategies to maintain or enhance it are established.

•Market development: Participants along the dairy value chain are able to build economically viable businesses through the development of transparent and effective markets.

•Rural Economies: The dairy sector contributes to the resilience and economic viability of farmers and rural communities.

•Working Conditions: Across the dairy value chain, workers operate in a safe environment, and their rights are respected and promoted.

•Product Safety & quality: The integrity and transparency of the dairy supply chain is safeguarded, so as to ensure the optimal nutrition, quality, and safety of products.

•Animal Care: Dairy animals are treated with care, and are free from hunger and thirst, discomfort, pain, injury and disease, fear and distress, and are able to engage in relatively normal patterns of animal behavior.

tHE dSF CRItERIA ANd StRAtEgIC INtENtS

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It is a rapid milk analyzer, which functions precisely with visible, short wavelength spectrum range for quick measurement at a very affordable cost. While NIR based solutions are commonly available in Europe and North America, they are quite expensive.

Hygiene and accuracy being the most crucial factors in milk testing, the dairy industry finds most of the old measuring procedures, due to the low level of precision and cost effectiveness, not performing optimally as per the needs. EVEREST YAMA NIR 350 is the ultimate solution to all such shortcomings, as it provides accurate detection for a wide range of milk constituents and adulterants, that too, within just 5 seconds. It the most ideal product for milk testing.

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EVEREST YAMA NIR 350 operates on an available power supply of 110-220 volt, 50 Hz. For testing, EVEREST YAMA NIR 350 operates from +15ºC (59ºF) to +35ºC (95ºF) of environmental temperature and the samples should have temperature ranging from +5ºC (68ºF) to + 40ºC (104ºF) with a recommended temperature of 25-35ºC. With a sample volume of about the size of a small glass, one can conduct a non-destructive sample test with a repeatability of (CV) < 2.0% and accuracy of 0.1%. The repeatability of the test can be improved by using longer data acquisition times.

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YAMA NiR 350 Milk AnalyzerInnovating the concept of Milk Analyzing – adulteration screening water, urea, sugar, oil, salt, detergent)

SS Engineers & Consultants offers the latest in technology from Crates, Tubs, Bins, Pallets, Buckets, Trays, Drums, and Engineered products cleaning to the state-of-the art hygiene material handling systems. SS Engineers and Consultants have grown drastically, since 1999, into a multifaceted, manufacturing conglomerate. With state-of-the-art manufacturing plants at Rajahmundry in Andhra Pradesh and offices spread out across the country, SS Engineers and Consultants manufactures high-tech Cleaning Machines for mass cleaning requirements in Food, Automotive, and Agri Product factories.

The company has been at the forefront of delivering international quality products suited to custom product cleaning conditions with improved cleaning technique through continuous R & D. SS Engineers & Consultants launched new high efficient cleaning, drying and handling systems.

Industry InsightOver the last few years, the manufacturing sector in India has witnessed tremendous growth, which is fuelled by the entry of the Multi National Companies (MNCs). This growth has brought in vast opportunities for the manufacturing units of Food, Agro, and Automotive and Engineering industries. As the Indian economy continues to grow, with an increasing export market and growth in manufacturing, the transport of perishable goods as a raw material or as part of the export market will continue to expand...

The increasing demand for quality and hygienic products is challenging India companies to keep their shelves with the right products in hygienic way. Considering the global

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technical highlights -Application of new technologies has decreased the cost of many components, eg. Manpower, space, turnaround time for processing the material, loading and unloading, etc. “With the help of technology, processing of material has become safer & faster and the ultimate benefit is that the reduction in cost is being passed on to the customer.

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An international team of scientists has deciphered the genetic code of the tsetse fly, the bloodsucking insect that

spreads deadly African sleeping sickness, with the hope that its biological secrets can be exploited to eradicate this malady.

The findings were the culmination of a multimillion dollar, decade-long effort involving more than 140 scientists from 78 research institutions in 18 countries.

The fly’s bite carries a parasitic microorganism that causes sleeping sickness in people in sub-Saharan Africa and a form of the disease in animals that can devastate livestock herds.

Sequencing the tsetse fly’s genome exposed the molecular underpinnings of its weird biology: it gives live birth to young rather than laying eggs like other insects; it nourishes larvae inside the uterus with a form of milk; it is oddly attracted to the colors blue and black; and it feeds exclusively on

New research at International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology in Kenya raises hope of eradicating the tsetse fly malady

blood.

The scientists expressed optimism that the genetic blueprint could lead to new ways to combat the tsetse fly like a chemical that could interfere with its reproduction or ways to improve existing traps used to kill it.

“Like any such discoveries, there will be new leads that we might not see now. I am, however, optimistic that unique aspects of tsetse fly biology will lead to new methods to fight the disease,” said one of the researchers, Daniel Masiga, a molecular biologist at the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Kenya.

“If you could come up with a tsetse-specific reproductive inhibitor that has no mammalian toxicity, that would be ideal,”

added biologist Geoffrey Attardo of the Yale School of Public Health, another of the researchers.

Experts aim to

tsetse flydreaded

swat


The tsetse fly genome was double the size of a fruit fly’s but only a tenth as big as a human’s genome. It has about 12,000 genes and 366 million letters of genetic code.

The tsetse fly has brought misery to humans and animals for eons. They have existed far longer than people; a tsetse fly fossil found in Colorado dates back about 34 million years.

African sleeping sickness, also known as trypanosomiasis, is a widespread tropical disease throughout sub-Saharan Africa that is fatal if not treated.

Its form in animals is called nagana. It has caused billions of dollars in economic damage and has forced farmers to rear hardier but scrawnier cattle that provide less meat and milk but can better withstand the parasite, said tropical disease researcher Matthew Berriman of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Britain.

The fly is not born with the parasite but ingests it when it bites an infected person or animal to eat blood. It spreads the parasite through saliva when it bites another victim.

In its advanced stages, sleeping sickness targets the central nervous system, causing alteration of the biological clock (circadian rhythm), changes in personality, confusion, slurred speech, seizures and difficulty walking and talking.

“Sleeping sickness threatens millions of people in 36 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Many of the affected populations live in remote areas with limited access to Githunguri Diary Farmers

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adequate health services, which complicates the surveillance and therefore the diagnosis and treatment of cases,” said John Reeder, who heads World Health Organization’s program for research and training in tropical diseases.

In recent years, public health efforts have cut the number of cases and deaths. The WHO, an agency of the United Nations, said it considers the disease to be “entering into a phase of elimination.” According to WHO figures, 5,967 cases were reported last year compared with 26,574 reported in 2000.

Disease prevention has focused on reducing fly populations. Experts think a preventive vaccine is unlikely because of the way the parasite evades the mammalian immune system.

Sleeping sickness causes far fewer infections and deaths than the mosquito-borne tropical diseases malaria and dengue.

In mosquitoes, only females feed on blood, using its protein for egg development. Both sexes of tsetse flies eat blood.

Experts say tsetse flies may be easier to target than mosquitoes. For one thing, female mosquitoes can lay more than 100 eggs at a time while tsetse flies multiply fairly slowly as they give birth to only one larva per reproductive cycle.

The study was published in the journal Science, with accompanying research appearing in other journals.

Githunguri Diary FarmersCo-operative Society LtdP.O. Box 3, Githunguri, Kenya

Tel: 020 213 0885 | Fax: 020 253 [email protected]

www.fresha.co.ke


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