daily notes for language arts

8/3/2019 Daily Notes for Language Arts

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TYPES OF SENTENCES

} A declarative sentence makes a statement andends with a period.

} Animperative sentence gives a command or

makes a request. Most imperativesentencesendwith a period. A strong commandends with anexclamation point.

} Aninterrogative sentence asks a question andends with a question mark.

} Anexclamatory sentenceshowsexcitement orexpresses a strong feeling andends with anexclamation mark.


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Sentences

1. A sentence is a word or word group thatcontainsa subject and a verbthatexpresses a completethought

2. Thesubject tells whom or whatthesentence isabout.

3. Thesimple subject isthe main word group thattells whom or whatthesentence is about.

4. Thecomplete subject consists of all ofthe wordsthattell whom or whatthesentence is about.

5. Thepredicate of a sentencetellssomething aboutthesubject.


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Sentences Continued

6. Thesimple predicate, or verb, isthe main word orword group thattellssomething aboutthesubject.

7. Thecomplete predicate consists of a verb and allthewordsthatdescribethe verb anddescribe its meaning.

8. A compound subject consists oftwo or moresubjectsthat arejoinedby a conjunction andthathavethesameverb.

9. A compound verbconsists oftwo or more verbsthatarejoinedby a conjunction andthathavethesamesubject.


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Individual Work Assignment #1BE SURE TO WRITE THE PAGE

NUMBER ON YOUR PAPER!} GET A GRAMMARBOOK!

} Ifyou pulled a C:

Do Page577-578 Exercise2 Numbers1-10. You must

writethesentences foryour answers.

} Ifyou pulled an P

Do page713 Exercise36 Numbers1-20 Write onlytheanswers.

} Ifyou pulled an S:

Do page657 Exercise2 Numbers1-20 Writethecomplete word.


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Narrative Notes

1. Narrative writing tells a story.

2. Narrative writing includes:

Accurate ordering ofevents

Conflictthat generates action

A climax orturning point inthe action

3. Usenarrative writing in

Stories

Skits and Plays

Personalexperienceessays

Plotsummaries


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What is Narrative Writing?What is Narrative Writing?

}A narrative is a storycontaining specificelementsthat work togetherto create

interest fornot onlythe authorbut alsothereader.

}Thistype of writing makesthereader

feel as ifhe orshe were part ofthestory, as if it wasbeing tolddirectlytohim orher.


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ElementsElements of Narrative Writingof Narrative Writing

}

The who, what, where, when, why,andhow outlinethat givesthenarrativedirection.

}What isthestory about?

}Eventsunfold astheyhappen.}The frame ofthenarrative.

PLOT


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Plot Structure of NarrativePlot Structure of Narrative

WritingWriting

}Beginning:

}Enticing opening to capturereaders interest.

}Setting revealed.

}Maincharacters introduced.}Conflict presented.


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WritingWriting} Middle

} Characters attemptto resolveconflictsor problems.

} Action progressessequentially, stepbystep.

} Climax

} Theturning point ofthenarrative.

} Revealsthe process involved forsolving theconflicts.


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WritingWriting

}End

}Tellshow theresolution ofthe

conflictshave affectedthecharacters.

}No new characters or plot ideasintroduced.

}Theme or messageunderstoodbyreader.


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Elements of Narrative WritingElements of Narrative Writing

CHARACTERS

The people, animals, or inanimate objects who

are affected by the actions of the plot or whoare the cause of certain events.

Characters, real or imaginative, should be

brought to life through the narrative.

If a character is not described well, the story

will not be believable.


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Elements of Narrative WritingElements of Narrative Writing

} Where and whenthenarrativetakes place.

} Allowsthereadersto visualizethescenes andthecharacters inthosescenes.

} Althoughthesetting maybeclear forthe author,he/she mustcreate a picture forthereaders.

SETTING


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Nouns

1. A noun is a word or word group that isusedto name aperson, place, thing, or idea.

2. A compound noun is a singlenoun madeup oftwo ormore wordsusedtogether.

3. A proper noun names a particular person, place, thing,or idea andbegins with a capitalletter.

4. A common noun names any one of a group of persons,

places, things, or ideas and is generallynotcapitalized.5. A concrete noun names a person, place orthing that

canbe perceivedby one or more ofthesenses.

6. Anabstract noun names an idea, a feeling, a quality,or a characteristic.


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Pronouns

1. A pronoun is a wordthat isused in place of one ormorenouns or pronouns.

2. A word or group of wordsthat a pronounstands for (or

refersto) iscalled anantecedent.

3. A personal pronoun refersto the onespeaking (firstperson), the onespokento (second person), orthe onespoken about (third person).

4. A reflexive pronoun refersto thesubject and is

necessaryto the meaning ofthesentence.

5. Anintensive pronoun emphasizes a noun or anotherpronoun and isunnecessaryto thesentence.


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Pronouns Continued

6. Aninterrogative pronoun introduces a question.

7. Anindefinite pronoun refersto a person, place, thing,or idea that may or maynotbespecificallynamed.

8. A relative pronoun introduces a subordinateclause.


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Expository Writing Notes

1. Expository writing gives facts ordirections, identifiesterms, orclarifies ideas.

2. Expository writing includes:

definitionscause andeffectrelationships

comparisons andcontrasts

illustrations andexamples.

3. Useexpository writing inL

researchreports

how-to speeches

newspaper articles

glossaries


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Adjectives

1. Anadjective is a wordthat isusedto modify a noun ora pronoun.

2. The mostcommonlyused adjectives are a, an, andthe.

These adjectives arecalledarticles.3. A andan arecalledindefinite articles becausethey

referto any member of a general group.

4. The iscalledthedefinite article because itreferstosomeone orsomething in particular.

5. This, that, these, andthose canbeused as adjectivesand pronouns.

6. Whenthey modify a noun or pronounthey arecalleddemonstrative adjectives.

7. Whenthey areused alone, they arecalleddemonstrative pronouns.


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Persuasive Writing Notes

1. Persuasive writing expresses an opinion and attemptstoconvincethereaderthatthis opinion iscorrect.

2. Persuasive writing includes:

a clear anddirect opinionstatement

specific facts

examples orstatisticsto back up the opinion and

disprove opposing opinions,

3. Use persuasive writing in:

essays

editorials

book reviews


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Verbs

1. A verb is a wordthatexpresses action or a state ofbeing.

2. Anaction verbis a verbthatexpresseseither physicalor mental activity.

3. A linking verbis a verbthatexpresses a state ofbeing.A linking verbconnects, orlinks, thesubjectto a wordor word group that identifies ordescribesthesubject.

4. A helping verb(auxiliary verb)helpsthe main verbexpress action or a state ofbeing.

5. A verb phrase contains one main verb and one or morehelping verbs.


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Verbs Continued

6. A transitive verbis a verbthatexpresses an actiondirectedtoward a person, place, thing, or idea. Ithas adirect object.

7. Anintransitive verbexpresses action (ortellssomething aboutthesubject) withoutthe action passingto a receiver, or object.

8. A verb inactive voice expresses an actiondoneby itssubject.

9. A verb inpassive voice expresses actiondoneto asubject.


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Adverbs

1. An adverb is a wordthat modifies a verb, an adjective,or another adverb.

2. Many adverbsend in ly. These adverbs are generally

formedby adding lyto an adjective.

3. Onecharacteristic of adverbs isthatthey may appear atvarious places in a sentence. Adverbs maycomebefore,after, or inbetweenthe wordsthey modify.

4. When an adverb modifies a verb phrase, it frequently

comes inthe middle ofthe phrase.

5. An adverbthat introduces a question, however, appearsatthebeginning of a sentence.


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Prepositions

1. A preposition is a wordthatshowstherelationship of anoun or pronounto another word.

2. A prepositional phrase includes a preposition, a noun orpronouncalledthe object ofthe proposition, and anymodifiers ofthat object.

3. A preposition mayhave morethan one object.

4. Some words maybeusedeither as prepositions or as

adverbs. Rememberthat a preposition alwayshas anobject. An adverbneverdoes.


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Descriptive Writing Notes1. Descriptive writing gives a clear and vivid picture of a

person, place, thing, orevent.

2. Descriptive writing includes:

a clear focus onthesubject

significantdetailsthat appealto thesenses

specific, lively, and interesting words

figurativelanguage when appropriate

3. Usedescriptive writing in:

poetry

characterdescriptions

book reports

science observations


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Traits of Good Writing Part1

IDEAS AND CONTENT

} Gather and organizeyour ideas

} Explore a topicthoroughly andtrytoconnectthe writing to yourexperiences.

} Use interesting and importantdetails, andincludeexamples when possible.

}Develop yourstoryso thatevery partaddsto the whole.


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WORD CHOICE

} Listento how wordssound and ask yourself ifthey makesensetothe writing.

} Use wordsthathelp thereader see what is written.

} Write withdescriptive words.

} Choose Wordsthatsoundnaturalto the pieceyour are writing.

VOICE

} Write in a waythatshowsyour individual personality.

} Draw from yourthoughts and feelings.

} Writeto thereader, andstay focused onthe audience.

} Writeusing a stylethatbringsthetopicto life.


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FLUENCY

} Besure ideasbegin with a purpose and flow smoothly fromone idea to another.

} Use wordsthat matchthe mood ofthe writing piece.

} Usedifferent word patterns and varythelength andstructure,

} Readthe writing aloudto see if it makessense.

ORGANIZATION

} Plan writing so that ideas are in a logical order.

} Remindyourselfthat ideasneedto tietogether.

} Writeso thatreaders know yourdirection and purpose.

} Include an attention getting introduction and a conclusionthat makesthereaderthink.


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Traits of Good Writing Part2CONVENTIONS

Ask yourself:

} DidIusecorrectspelling, capitalization, and punctuation?

} DidIcheck forcorrect grammar and wordusage?

} DidIchoose a goodtitle anduse appropriate paragraphs?

} DidI follow theediting processcorrectly?

PRESENTATION

} Organizeyour ideas, andusenotesto summarize main points.

} Speak clearly and makeeyecontact withthe audience.

} Include visualssuch as photos, drawings, charts, diagrams, andgraphs.

} Ask andrespondto questions from the audience.


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Conjunctions

1. A conjunction is a wordthatjoins words or wordgroups.

2. Coordinating conjunctionsjoin words or word groups

that areused inthesame way.

3. Coordinating conjunctionsthatjoin independentclausesare almost always precededby a comma.

4. Correlative conjunctionsare pairs ofconjunctionsthatjoin words or word groupsthat areused inthe

same way.5. A subordinating conjunction introduces an adverb

clause.


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Interjections

1. An interjection is a wordthatexpresses anemotion.

2. An interjectionhasno grammaticalrelationship to therest ofthesentence.

3. Usually an interjection is followedby anexclamationpoint.

4. Sometimes an interjection isset offby a comma.


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Complements

1. A complement is a word or word group thatcompletesthe meaning of a verb.

2. A direct object is a noun, pronoun, or word group that

tells who or whatreceivesthe action ofthe verb.

3. Anindirect object is a noun, pronoun, or word groupthatsometimes appears insentencescontaining directobjects.

4. A subject complement is a word group inthe

predicatethat identifies ordescribesthesubject.5. A predicate nominative is a word or word group that

identifiesthesubject.

6. A predicate adjective is an adjectivethat is inthepredicate andthatdescribesthesubject.


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Phrases

1. A phrase is a group ofrelated wordsthat isused as asingle part ofspeech andthatdoesnotcontainboth averb and itssubject.

2. A prepositional phrase includes a preposition, the object

ofthe preposition, and any modifiers ofthat object.

3. An adjective phrase modifies a noun or pronoun.

4. A prepositional phraseused as an adjective iscalled anadjective phrase.

5. An adverbial phrase modifies a verb, an adjective, or anadverb.

6. A prepositional phraseused as an adverb iscalled anadverb phrase.


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Verbals andVerb Phrases

1. A participle is a verb form thatcanbeused as anadjective.

2. Present participlesend in ing.

3. Past participlesend in d or ed. Some past participles

are formed irregularly.

4. A participle phraseconsists of a participletogether withits modifiers andcomplements. Theentire phrase isused as an adjective.

5. An infinitive is a verb form thatcanbeused as a noun,

an adjective, or an adverb. Most infinitivesbegin withto.

6. An infinitive phraseconsists of an infinitivetogether withits modifiers andcomplements. Theentire phrase maybeused as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.


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Clauses

1. A clause is a word group thatcontains a verb and itssubjectthat isused as a sentence or as a part of asentence.

2. An independentclauseexpresses a completethoughtandcanstandby itself as a sentence.

3. A subordinateclause (ordependentclause)doesnotexpress a completethought andcannotstand alonebyitself as a completesentence.

4. An adjectiveclause is a subordinateclausethat modifiesa noun or a pronoun.

5. An adverbclause is a subordinateclausethat modifies averb, and adjective, or an adverb.


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Sentence Structure

1. A simplesentencecontains one independentclause andno subordinateclauses.

2. A compoundsentencecontainstwo or more independentclauses andno subordinateclauses.

3. A complexsentencecontains one independentclauseand atleast onesubordinateclause.

4. A compound-complexsentencecontainstow or more

independentclauses and atleast onesubordinateclause.


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Waysto Invigorate Style Part1

1. Varythelength ofyoursentences.

} If most ofyoursentences areshort andsimple,combinesome ofthem. If most arelong and

complicated, break some ofthem up. Bebold. Besurprising. Useshortsentencesto set offlong ones.

2. Makethe voice ofyour verbsemphasizeyour meaning.

} Whenthesubject of a verb actsdirectly onsomething

named inthesentence, the voice ofthe verb is active.Theactive voice stressesthe activity ofthesubject andhelpsto make a sentencedirect, concise, and vigorous.


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} The voice ofthe verb is passive whenthesubjectundergoes an action. Thepassive voice letsyou keepthe focus onsomething orsomething importantthat isactedupon.

3. Use action verbs instead ofbe.


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4. Combine general and abstractterms withconcrete andspecific words.

} Concrete wordsnamesomething youcansee, touch,taste, smell, orhear.

} Abstract wordsname feelings (jealousy), concepts(democracy), fields ofstudy (biology), or a class ofthingstoo broadto be visualized (merchandise).

} EXAMPLE: Generalto SpecificFido is a (creature-animal-dog-hound-basset).


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5. Use figurativelanguage.

} Simile: The writersays or impliesthat onething islikeanother.

} Metaphor: The writer impliesthat onething is another.

} Avoid mixed metaphors (a set oftwo or more metaphorsthatdo not work together.)

6. Use modifiers.

Modifiers indicatesuchthings assize, color, shape, orthe way an action is performed. By fleshing outthebarebones of a sentence, modifiershelp to make it vivid,specific, emphatic, andlively.


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7. Ask questions. Break the forward march ofyourstatements with an occasionalquestion.

8. Beconcise. Good writers wasteno words.

} Dontrepeat a wordunlessyouneed it forclarity oremphasis.

} Avoidredundancy, two or more wordsthat meanessentiallythesamething.

} Avoid patternssuch as: There are.who, andIt is..that.

} Whenever possibleturnnouns into verbs.


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} Whenever possible, cutsuch adjectiveclauses aswhoare,whichwas, and that had been.

} Whenever possiblereplace prepositional phrases with asingle word.

} Avoidusing to be after any form ofthe verbconsider

} Whenever possible, avoidusing the fact that.

} Avoid overuse ofthe wordthat.

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