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Daily News Simplified - DNS 9 11 19

Notes

SL. NO. TOPICS

THE HINDU

PAGE NO.

1 Maternal Death Rate Declining: Report 09

2 At the altar of national security 10

3 Moody’s revision of India’s Sovereign rating 1, 10, 15

4 RBI increases limits on borrowings from MFIs 15

5 Dhrupad – Hindustani Classical Music & Carnatic Music 9

Dated: 09. Nov. 2019 DNS Notes - Revision Title Maternal Death Rate Declining: Report (page number 09)

Syllabus Prelims: Economic and Social Development Mains: GS Paper II – Health and Education

Theme Maternal Death Rate Declining: Report

Highlights Context

India’s Maternal Mortality Ratio has seen a decline from 130 per 1 lakh live births in 2014-16 to 122 per 1 lakh live births in 2015-17. This shows that there is a decline in MMR by 6.2% and this is a situation to rejoice. The Office of the Registrar General, India under the Ministry of Home Affairs, apart from conducting Population Census and monitoring the implementation of Registration of Births and Deaths Act in the country, has been giving estimates on fertility and mortality using the Sample Registration System (SRS). SRS is the largest demographic sample survey in the country that among other indicators provide direct estimates of maternal mortality through a nationally representative sample.

What is MMR?

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is defined as the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births due to causes related to pregnancy or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, regardless of the site or duration of pregnancy. Goal-5 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) relates to improving maternal health. Under this goal, a target of a 3/4th reduction of Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) between 1990 and 2015 has been specified.

Major Points of report To understand the mortality situation better, states have been defined into following categories:

a) Empowered Action Group: Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan, UP/Uttarakhand and Assam- The decline is most significant in these states from 188 to 175. b) Southern States: AP, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu- The MMR came down from 77 to 72 in these states for every 100000 live births. c) Other States: It includes remaining States and UTs-MMR fell from 93 to 90 in this category of states and UTs.

Some important Data

1. Karnataka has shown highest percentage of decline from the previous release. 2. Rajasthan has shown maximum decline of 13 points, followed by odisha (12 points) and Karnataka (11 Points). 3. Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh have shown increase by 15 points each in MMR

Dated: 09. Nov. 2019 DNS Notes - Revision

According to the United Nations’ (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the global target is to bring down the MMR to fewer than 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births by 2030.

Dated: 09. Nov. 2019 DNS Notes - Revision Personal Notes

Dated: 09. Nov. 2019 DNS Notes - Revision Title 2. At the altar of national security (page number 10)

Syllabus Prelims: Social issues (Reports - GHI) Mains: GS Paper II – Issues relating to poverty and hunger.

Theme Government must focus on Development rather than only on issues of nationalism

Highlights A shift in focus of public discourse has been observed in India in recent times:

• Main focus on emotive issues like nationalism, religious identity, terrorism, national security.

• It leads to the ignoring of issues vital to common citizen. o Health

§ Not a single debate on Global hunger Index § India’s rank declined from 80/104 (2014) to 104/119 (2019). § India’s has the highest child wasting rate at 20.8%. § The GHI report talks about the “significant advances” in nutrition and

“remarkable reduction” in child stunting made by Bangladesh and Nepal.

o Education § As per the latest 2011 Census, only 8.15% (68 million) of Indians are

graduatesà limits India’s skill development. § Less than 4% of the workforce is formally skilled.

o Economy § Economic growth along with industrial production is constantly

declining. § Compromised productivity

• An India Spend report based on a global study has shown that Indians work for just six-and-a-half years at peak productivity. This compared poorly to the corresponding figures for the Chinese and the Brazilians — 20 hours and 16 hours.

o Unemployment § Total employment in India dropped by 9 million between 2011-12 and

2017-18 § The labour force participation rate is also abysmally low at 37%.

o Farmers distress § The farm viability is declining, indicated by demands for farm loan

waivers. Adverse impacts of climate change and global warming are not being taken into consideration despite tangible losses.

Dated: 09. Nov. 2019 DNS Notes - Revision Personal Notes

Dated: 09. Nov. 2019 DNS Notes - Revision Title 3. Moody’s revision of India’s Sovereign rating (Page number 1, 10, 15)

Syllabus Prelims: Economy Mains: GS Paper III – Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

Theme Moody’s revision of India’s Sovereign rating

Highlights Thumbs down

Context: global ratings agency Moody’s cut its outlook for India’s credit ratings to “negative” from “stable”, citing the ongoing economic slowdown, financial stress among rural households, weak job creation, and the liquidity crunch in non-banking financial companies. Moody’s has affirmed India’s Baa2 long-term sovereign rating, the second-lowest investment grade score, but said the negative outlook indicated that an upgrade was unlikely in the near term.

• In its report, Moody’s cited increasing risks faced by Indian economy and highlighted that India’s economic growth will remain materially lower, partly due to government policy’s ineffectiveness in addressing “economic and institutional weaknesses”.

• India is undergoing a significant slowdown and its economic growth has hit a six-year low in the April-to-June quarter, during which the economy grew 5%.

• As per Moody, prolonged financial stress among rural households, weak job creation, and, more recently, a credit crunch among non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs), have increased the probability of a more entrenched slowdown.

• The downgrade in the sovereign outlook was followed by a downgrade in the outlook for a number of public sector and private sector Indian companies.

• Moody’s has downgraded the ratings outlook for top oil PSUs — Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL), Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC), Oil India Limited (OIL) and Petronet LNG Limited (PLL) — besides IT majors Infosys and Tata Consultancy Services to ‘negative’ from ‘stable’. This, after it changed the outlook on India’s Baa2 sovereign rating to negative from stable.

As per the editorial

• The editorial mentions that the rating has to be seen as a warning for the government that if the economy fails to bounce back soon enough, the sovereign rating could be up for an unfavourable review.

• For the government, growth slowdown and its effect on the fiscal deficit and borrowings are the main worries. Growth in tax revenue is also declining and with slowdown entering into third quarter will further weaken growth in tax earnings significantly.

• Pushing expenditure on capital investments and giving away corporate tax concession will also have an impact on revenue of the government. This will further impact the already weak fiscal credentials of the government.

• Despite using the payout from RBI worth Rs. 1.76 lakh crores to adjust its fiscal deficit, the government will still miss the fiscal deficit target of 3.3% of GDP. Moody’s has projected that the deficit will slip to 3.7% of GDP this fiscal.


• Silver line here is that India’s borrowings are almost wholly domestic and external debt to GDP is just 20% of the whole borrowings.

Signs of hope

• The editorial says that the rating downgrade has come when there are certain hope of revival in the economy based on expenditures done during the festival seasons in India.

• However, it may take a quarter or two before growth actually picks up in the economy as festival expenditure was also on account of deep discounts offered by retail owners.

• Increase in bank credit offtake reported by the RBI for the second successive fortnight might give confidence to the government for growth revival in the economy.

• So, the government seriously needs to re-think on its strategy to boost growth in the economy by focus on growth in GST and on disinvestment.


Personal Notes

Dated: 09. Nov. 2019 DNS Notes - Revision Title 4. RBI increases limits on borrowings from MFIs

Syllabus Prelims: Economy Mains: GS Paper III – Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

Theme (RBI) has increased the household income limits for borrowers of NBFC-MFIs from Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 1.25 lakh for the rural areas

Highlights • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has increased the household income limits for

borrowers of NBFC-MFIs from Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 1.25 lakh for the rural areas, with an aim to strengthen credit to those in the bottom of the economic pyramid.

• Similarly, the limit has been increased from Rs. 1.6 lakh for urban or semi-urban areas to Rs. 2 lakh, the RBI.

• The limit has been increased after taking into consideration the important role played by microfinance institutions (MFIs) in delivering credit to those in the bottom of the economic pyramid and to enable them play their assigned role in a growing economy.

Personal notes

Dated: 09. Nov. 2019 DNS Notes - Revision Title 5. Dhrupad maestro Ramakant Gundecha dead (page number 9)

Syllabus Prelims: Art and Culture Mains: GS Paper I: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times

Theme Dhrupad – Hindustani Classical Music & Carnatic Music

Highlights Context: Dhrupad maestro and Padma Shri awardee Ramakant Gundecha has passed away. In this, let us understand the importance of Dhrupad. Hindustani classical music

Hindustani classical music is an Indian classical music tradition. It is influenced by ancient Hindu musical traditions and Vedic philosophy and also by the Persian elements. It is primarily vocal-centric. It focuses more on the musical structure and the possibilities of improvisation in it. The major vocal forms associated with Hindustani classical music are the dhrupad,khayal, thumri, tappa and tarana.

Dhrupad

• Dhrupad style of singing is traditionally performed by men with a tanpuraandpakhawaj (musical instruments). The lyrics sung in Dhrupad are in a medieval form of Hindi and typically heroic in theme or in praise of a particular deity.

• It is one of the oldest forms of Hindustani classical music. Dhrupad consolidated its position as a classical form of music in the 13th century and it reached its zenith in the court of Emperor Akbar.

• He employed and patronized musical masters like BabaGopal Das, SwamiHaridasand Tansen, who was considered to be one of the Navratans or nine gems of the Mughal court.

In Dhrupad Dagarigharana and Darbhangagharana are famous.

• DagariGharana: The Dagar family sings in the Dagar Vani. This style puts great emphasis on alap. For several generations, men of their family have trained and performed in pairs. Dagars are Muslims but usually sing Hindu texts of Gods and Goddesses.

• DarbhangaGharana: They sing the Khandar Vani and Gauhar Vani. They emphasise the raagalaapas well as composed songs over an improvised alaap. The exponents of this school are the Mallik family. Currently, the performing members include Ram Chatur Mallik, Prem Kumar Mallik and SiyaramTewari.

The word “Gharana” literally means “house” and it implies the house of the teacher.It typically refers to the place where the musical ideology originated. It was linked to the very ancient concept of the Guru-Shishya-Parampara (linage of teacher /disciple). The names of the gharanas were almost always derived from a geographical location. This was usually the city, district or state that the founder lived in. Khayal

• The origin of this style was attributed to Amir Khusrau. This form is popular amongst the artists as it provides greater scope for improvisation. Khayal is based on the repertoire of short songs.Generally, a khayal composition is also referred to as a 'Bandish'.


• It becomes popular in the reign of Hussain Shah Sharqui, the 15th century ruler of the Sharqui dynasty.

• In this style Gwalior Gharana, KiranaGharana and Agra Gharana are famous. Gwalior Gharana:

• It is one of the oldest and the most elaborate KhayalGharana. It is very rigorous as there is equal emphasis on melody and rhythm. Although the singing is very complex, they still prefer to perform simple ragas. The most popular expounder of this Gharana is Nathu Khan and Vishnu Palushkar.

KiranaGharana:

• This gharana is named after the village of 'kirana' in Rajasthan. Nayak Gopal founded it but the real credit of making this popular lies with Abdul Karim Khan and Abdul Wahid Khan in the early 20th century.

• The Kirana gharana is better known for their mastery over the slow tempo ragas. They emphasize much more on the melody of the composition.

• They have had a long line of great singers but most famous are PanditBhimsen Joshi and Gangubai Hangal.

Agra Gharana • The Agra gharana derived from the dhrupad tradition of the NauharBani and was

founded by SarasKhuda during the reign of Emperor Aurangzeb. Thereafter, his grandson GhaggeKhudabaksh received rigorous training from Natthan Khan of the Gwalior gharana in khayalgayaki.

• He developed a synthesis of the majestic dhrupad tradition and the melodious khayalgayaki.

• The gayaki of the Agra Gharana is a blend of khayalgayaki and Dhrupad. In training, both the khayal and dhrupad components run hand in hand and are not taught in an isolated fashion.

• Some prominent exponent of Agra Gharana are:Ustadt Faiyaz Khan, UstadMohsin Khan Niazi,Ustad. GhaggheKhudhabaksh,Ustad. Mehboob Khan "DarasPiya",Ustad.

Thumri

• It is based on mixed ragas and is commonly considered to be semi-classical Indian music. The compositions are either romantic or devotional in nature. This was inspired by the Bhakti movement.

• The text usually revolves around the girl's love for Krishna. The language of the composition is usually Hindi or Awadhi dialect or the BrajBhashadialect.

• The compositions are usually sung in a female voice. Tappa

• In this style the rhythm plays a very important role asthe compositions are based on fast, subtle and knotty constructions. It originated from the folk songs of the camel riders of North-west India.

• But it gained legitimacy as a semi-classical vocal specialty once it was brought to the Mughal court of emperor Muhammad Shah. There is a great use of very quick turn of phrases. Tappa was the genre of choice of the Wealthy elite as well as the classes with more modest means.


• Today, the style is getting extinct and no one is getting involved with it. Some of the very few expounders of this style are MianSodi, PanditLaxman Rao of Gwalior.

Tarana • In this style the rhythm plays a very crucial role. The structure consists of a mainly

melody, usually short, repeated many times, with variation and elaboration at the performer's discretion.

• It uses many words that are sung at a fast tempo. They focus on producing rhythmic matters and hence, the singers need specialized training and skills in rhythmic manipulation. Currently, the World’s Fastest Tarana Singer is Pandit Rattan Mohan Sharma.

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