53

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. UNICEF. Under-five and infant mortality rates and number of deaths.

2015. [Cited 2015 ] ; Available from:http://www.data.unicef.org/child-

mortality/under-five.html

2. UNICEF Indonesia (2012): Ringkasan Kajian Kesehatan Ibu&Anak,

Oktober 2012. Jakarta: UNICEF Indonesia

3. Dr Danzhen You, Simon Ejdemyr, Lucia Hug, Daniel Hogan, Colin

Mathers, Leontine Alkema JRN. Global, regional, and national levels

and trends in under-5 mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-

based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Inter-

agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. 2015;386(10010) :

2275-86

4. Indonesia KKR. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2014. 2015. Jakarta:

Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia

5. Monique W, Nikkels G, Peter, Franx A, Visser G. The Umbilical

Coiling Index. A Review Of The Literature. Journal Of Maternal-Fetal

And Neonatal Medicine. 2007; 17 (2): 93-100.

6. Machin G, Ackerman J, Gilbert-Barness E. Abnormal Umbilical Cord

Coiling Is Associated With Adverse Perinatal Outcomes. Pediatr Dev

Pathol 2000; 3:462–71

54

7. Shalu Gupta, MMA Faridi, J Krishnan. The umbilical coiling index

and adverse perinatal outcome. International journal of Gynecology

and Obstetrics of India. July/August 2006 Pg 315-319.

8. Armangil D1, Yurdakök M, Korkmaz A, Yiğit S, Tekinalp G. Ponderal

index of large-for-gestational age infants: comparison between infants

of diabetic and non-diabetic mothers. 2011 Mar-Apr;53(2):169-72.

9. Tantbirojn P, Saleemuddin A, Sirois K, Cruma C.P, Boyd T.K. Gross

Abnormalities Of The Umbilical Cord: Related Placental Histology

And Clinical Significance. Placenta. 2009; 30: 1083–88

10. Can A, Karahuseyinoglu S. Concise Review: Human Umbilical Cord

Stroma With Regard To The Source Of Fetus Derived Stem Cells.

Stemcells 2007;25: 2886–95

11. Chitra T, Sushanth YS, Raghavan S. Umbilical coiling index as a

marker of perinatal outcome: an analytical study. Obstet Gynecol Int.

2012;2012:213689. doi:10.1155/2012/213689

12. Sadler, Tw. Langman’s General Embryology 10th Edition. Maryland

Composition Co. Inc. Us. 2006

13. Di Naro E, Ghezzi F, Raio L, Franchi M, D’Addario V. Umbilical cord

morphology and pregnancy outcome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod

Biol. 2001;96:150-157. doi:10.1016/S0301-2115(00)00470-X.

14. Sebire N.J. Pathophysiological Significance Of Abnormal Umbilical

Cord Coiling Index. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007; 30: 804–806.

55

15. Rana J, Ebert G, Kappy K. Adverse Perinatal Outcome In Patients

With An Abnormal Umbilical Coiling Index. Obstet Gynecol

1995;85:573–77.

16. Ercal T, Lacin S, Altunyurt S. Umbilical coiling index : is it a marker

for fetus at risk?. Br J Clin Pract. 1996; 50(5):254-6

17. Brachet E. Total Water Electrolytes And Lipids Of The Human

Umbilical Cord. Archieves Internationalles De Physiologie Et De

Biochime. 1971; 79: 447-452.

18. Togni F.A, Arajuo Junior E, Vasques F, Et Al. The Cross-Sectional

Area Of Umbilical Cord Components In Normal Pregnancy.

International Journal Of Gynecology And Obstetrics 2007; 96: 156-61.

19. Kurita M, Hasegawa J, Mikoshiba T. Ultrasound Evaluation Of The

Amount Of Wharton’s Jelly And The Umbilical Coiling Index. Fetal

Diagn Ther 2009;26:85–89.

20. Virginia L , Ferguson, Reuben B, Et All. Bioengineering Aspects Of

The Umbilical Cord. Department Of Mechanical Engineering,

University Of Colorado, Us,2000.

21. Bobak, L.J. (2004). Buku Ajar Keperawatan Maternitas, Edisi 4,

Jakarta : ECG

22. Kuswani L. Perbandingan Indeks Koil Tali Pusat Terhadap Luaran

Berat Badan Bayi Lahir. 2011.

23. Baptiste-Roberts K, Salafia CM, Nicholson WK, Duggan A, Wang N-

Y, Brancati FL. Maternal risk factors for abnormal placental growth:

56

the national collaborative perinatal project. BMC pregnancy and

childbirth 2008;8:44.

24. S. P. Ilmu kebidanan. Jakarta: EGC, 2010.

25. Botdorf J, Chaudhary K, Whaley-Connell A. Hypertension in

cardiovascular and kidney disease. Cardiorenal medicine 2011;1:183.

26. Møller S, Henriksen J. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: a pathophysiological

review of circulatory dysfunction in liver disease. Heart 2002;87:9-15.

27. Eadara Murthy IR M. Review: diabetes and pregnancy. Diabetologia

croatica. 2002:131-146.

28. Eclampsia (seizure) and preeclampsia, 2012.

29. Irnawati MH W. Ibu hamil perokok pasif sebagai faktor risiko bayi

berat lahir rendah. Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia. 2011:54-59

30. Kim KS, Kim YS, Lim JI, Jung MH, Park HK. Nanoscale imaging of

morphological changes of umbilical cord in pre-eclampsia.

Microscopy research and technique 2012;75:1445-51.

31. Samuel Bimpong. Qualitative Evaluation of Umbilical Cord and

Placental Indices and Pregnancy Outcome. 2012:1-109.

32. de Laat MWM, Nikkels PGJ, Franx A, Visser GH a. The Roach

muscle bundle and umbilical cord coiling. Early Hum Dev.

2007;83(9):571-574.

33. Bach M. The Umbilical Vessels. Perinatal Medicine, 13th Ed.

Hagerstown, Maryland: Harper And Row. 1976;134–42.

57

34. Qin Y, Lau Tk, Rogers Ms. Second-Trimester Ultrasonographic

Assessment Of The Umbilical Coiling Index. Ultrasound Obstet

Gynecol 2002;20:458–63

35. Singh Md Vivekanand, Khanum, Sufia. Umbilical Cord Lessions In

Early Intrauterine Fetal Demise. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003; 127:

850-853.

36. Strong T.H, Maria P. Manriquez-Cilpin Rn, And Cilpin B.C, Md.

Umbilical Vascular Coiling And Nuchal Entanglement. The Journal Of

Maternal-Fetal Medicine. 1995; 359-361

37. Predanic M, Perni S, Chasen S, Baergen R, Chervenak F. Antenatal

Umbilical Coiling Index And Doppler Flow Characteristics. J

Ultrasound Obstet gynecol 2006 ; 28 : 699 –703.

38. Nili F, Makipour M, Mobini J. The Value Of Ponderal Index As A

Prognostic Factor In Predicting Complications In Term Neonates.

2003;17(3):197-202.

39. Morris SS, Victora CG, Barros FC, et al. Length and ponderal index at

birth : associations with mortality , hospitalizations , development and

post-natal growth in Brazilian infants. 1998:242-247.

40. Onyiriuka AN, Okolo AA. Small-For-Gestatioanal Age , Ponderal

Index And Neonatal Policythaemia : A Study Of Their Association

With Maternal Hypertension Among Nigerian Women. 2005;4(4):154-

159.

58

41. Akram DS, Arif F. Original Article Ponderal Index of Low Birth

Weight Babies - a Hospital Based Study. (Cm):3-5.

42. Puffer,RR dan Serano,CV., “Patterns of Birthweights”, Scientific

Publication No.504, Pan American Health Organization, World Health

Organization, Washington, 1987

43. Wong, Donna L., dkk. (2008). Buku Ajar Keperawatan Pediatrik

Volume 1, Jakarta: EGC.

44. Ezimokhai M, Rizk DE, Thomas L. Maternal risk factors for abnormal

vascular coiling of the umbilical cord. Am J Perinatol., 2000;

17(8):441-446.

45. Nivedita S. Patil, Sunanda R. Kulkarni and Renu Lohitashwa.

Umbilical Cord Coiling Index and Perinatal Outcome . J Clin Diagn

Res. 2013

46. Appiah, Peter Kwabenah. Relatioship Between the Morphology of the

Placenta, Umbilical Cord and Perinatal Outcome. Kwame Nkrumah

University of Science and Technology.2009

47. Degani S, Leibovich Z, Shapiro I, Gonen R, Ohel G. Early Second-

Trimester Low Umbilical Coiling Index Predicts Small-for-

Gestational-Age Foetuses J Ultrasound Med. 2001 Nov;20(11):1183-8.

48. Reynolds SRM. Mechanisms of placentofetal blood flow.Obstet

Gynecol 1978;51:245–249.

59

Lampiran 1. Ethical Clearence

60

Lampiran 2. Surat Ijin Penelitian

61

62

Lampiran 3. Sampel Informed Consent

63

Lampiran 4. Spreadsheet Data Penelitian

no

sampel

nama umur

(thn)

paritas BB

(kg)

TB

(m)

BMI Umur hamil

(minggu )

kela

min

LILA

(cm)

Berat

bayi lahir

(gram)

Panjang

badan

bayi (cm)

Indeks

Ponderal

Indeks

Koil

1 Ny. Y 21 1 63 1.55 26.22 38 L 12 3600 51 2.71 0.27

2 Ny. K 33 2 70 1.55 29.14 38 P 13 4000 50 3.2 0.18

3 Ny. L 22 1 65 1.56 26.71 38 L 12 3300 49 2.8 0.31

4 Ny. L 36 3 58 1.54 24.46 38 P 12 3300 49 2.8 0.31

5 Ny. I G S 28 2 47 1.52 20.34 37 L 9 2100 45 2.3 0.67

6 Ny. D K S 18 1 73 1.53 31.18 38 L 12 3590 50 2.87 0.28

7 Ny. I S H 33 2 56 1.54 23.61 40 P 11 2700 48 2.4 0.42

8 ny. K R 39 2 59 1.53 25.20 39 L 12 3600 51 2.7 0.27

9 Ny. P A 27 2 58 1.64 21.56 38 P 11 3600 51 2.71 0.26

10 Ny, N K 26 1 55 1.5 24.44 39 P 10 2850 49 2.42 0.41

11 Ny. P S 35 2 54 1.48 24.65 38 L 11 3200 48 2.89 0.33

12 Ny. W 21 1 49 1.55 20.40 40 P 10 2700 48 2.44 0.4

13 Ny.A Y 36 3 49 1.58 19.63 38 L 11 3400 51 2.56 0.32

14 Ny. F D A 38 2 73.5 1.65 27.00 38 P 12 3150 47 3.03 0.33

15 Ny. C S 24 2 58 1.59 22.94 40 P 11 3000 48 2.71 0.35

16 Ny. N A 29 1 55 1.5 24.44 39 L 11 2900 49 2.46 0.39

64

17 Ny. Z A S 22 2 59 1.61 22.76 38 P 12 3600 52 2.56 0.27

18 Ny. W L 27 2 54 1.49 24.32 38 P 11 3200 48 2.89 0.32

19 Ny. J 22 1 60 1.54 25.30 38 P 11 3300 49 2.8 0.32

20 Ny. J Y 32 1 67 1.48 30.59 38 P 10 2750 48 2.49 0.41

21 Ny. Y R 25 1 40 1.52 17.31 40 P 10 2600 48 2.35 0.42

22 Ny. S A 27 1 68 1.7 23.53 40 P 10 2950 51 2.22 0.38

23 Ny. W P 23 1 63 1.55 26.22 40 P 11 2950 48 2.67 0.38

24 Ny. S N 21 1 75 1.6 29.30 38 P 12 3660 52 2.6 0.26

25 Ny. E E 29 2 60 1.5 26.67 37 L 9 2545 48 2.3 0.46

26 Ny. M 34 4 70 1.5 31.11 39 P 10 3115 47 3 0.33

27 Ny. N C 30 3 68 1.58 27.24 39 L 13 3950 50 3.16 0.18

28 Ny.N H 31 1 48 1.58 19.23 40 P 12 3400 50 2.72 0.33

29 Ny. D K 27 2 76 1.57 30.83 38 P 11 2800 48 2.53 0.38

30 Ny. T W 34 2 72 1.55 29.97 38 P 11 3200 51 2.41 0.35

31 Ny. H M 28 2 56 1.59 22.15 39 P 10 2700 48 2.44 0.42

32 Ny. S M 36 2 56 1.59 22.15 38 P 9 2500 47 2.4 0.48

33 Ny. D P 36 2 42 1.65 15.43 38 L 13 4000 51 3.01 0.2

34 Ny. S R W 34 2 80 1.55 33.30 39 L 11 3000 50 2.4 0.38

35 Ny. N A 25 1 64 1.63 24.09 37 P 10 2700 47 2.6 0.44

36 Ny. K A L 30 2 65 1.54 27.41 38 L 11 3550 50 2.84 0.29

65

37 Ny. Y S 32 1 67 1.48 30.59 38 L 10 2750 47 2.64 0.42

38 Ny. D W 30 2 63 1.48 28.76 38 P 10 2900 48 2.62 0.36

39 Ny. R N 30 1 65 1.53 27.77 38 P 10 2850 49 2.42 0.42

40 Ny. M Y 24 1 51 1.55 21.23 38 L 10 3000 50 2.40 0.38

41 Ny. L I 31 2 75 1.55 31.22 39 L 11 3500 50 2.80 0.3

42 Ny. M A H 29 2 71 1.54 29.94 39 P 11 3400 51 2.56 0.33

43 Ny. K H 45 3 54 1.5 24.00 39 P 11 3250 48 2.94 0.34

44 Ny. M P K 30 3 68.5 1.55 28.51 39 L 12 3850 51 2.90 0.22

45 Ny. N 29 2 58 1.55 24.14 38 l 10 2500 48 2.26 0.48

46 Ny. Y S 19 1 48 1.51 21.05 38 L 10 3100 49 2.63 0.37

47 Ny. E R 24 2 51 1.58 20.43 39 P 10 2600 48 2.35 0.47

48 Ny. K 27 2 60 1.55 24.97 38 L 11 3400 51 2.56 0.35

49 ny. T 30 2 68 1.54 28.67 38 L 12 3700 50 2.96 0.26

50 Ny. E 25 3 56 1.56 23.01 38 L 11 3300 49 2.80 0.33

66

Lampiran 5. Analisis statistik data

Normalitas d

Precentile Umbilical Coiling Index

Frequencies

Umbilical Coiling Index

Mean, Median, Maximum and Minimum

Tests of Normality

.910 50 .001

.981 50 .598

.933 50 .007

.971 50 .262

.589 50 .000

LILA

Berat bay i lahir

Panjang badan bay i

Indeks Ponderal

Indeks Koil

Stat ist ic df Sig.

Shapiro-Wilk

Lillief ors Signif icance Correctiona.

Percentiles

.1910

.2600

.2975 .3000

.3450 .3450

.4100 .4100

.4580

.4800

Percent iles

5

10

25

50

75

90

95

Indeks Koil Indeks Koil

Weighted Average

(Def inition 1)

Tukey 's

Hinges

Indeks Koil

4 8.0 8.0 8.0

41 82.0 82.0 90.0

5 10.0 10.0 100.0

50 100.0 100.0

Kurang

Normal

Lebih

Total

Valid

Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative

Percent

67

Hypercoiled, perinatal outcome

Statistics

LILA Berat bayi lahir

Panjang badan

bayi

Indeks

Ponderal

N Valid 5 5 5 5

Missing 0 0 0 0

Mean 9.4000 2449.0000 47.2000 2.3220

Median 9.0000 2500.0000 48.0000 2.3000

Mode 9.00 2500.00 48.00 2.30

Std. Deviation .54772 199.38656 1.30384 .05404

Minimum 9.00 2100.00 45.00 2.26

Maximum 10.00 2600.00 48.00 2.40

Sum 47.00 12245.00 236.00 11.61

Normocoiled , perinatal outcome

Statistics

Berat bayi lahir LILA Indeks Ponderal Panjang badan

bayi

N Valid 41 41 41 41

Case Summaries

50 28.88 5.637 29.00 18 45

50 60.8200 9.25145 60.0000 40.00 80.00

50 1.5520 .04798 1.5500 1.48 1.70

50 25.3024 4.00736 24.8100 15.43 33.30

50 38.46 .813 38.00 37 40

50 10.9200 1.00691 11.0000 9.00 13.00

50 3151.2000 438.18685 3175.0000 2100.00 4000.00

50 49.1200 1.54708 49.0000 45.00 52.00

50 2.6446 .24368 2.6250 2.22 3.20

50 .3506 .08709 .3450 .18 .67

Umur

BB

TB

BMI

Umur kehamilan

LILA

Berat bay i lahir

Panjang badan bayi

Indeks Ponderal

Indeks Koil

N Mean Std. Deviation Median Minimum Maximum

68

Missing 0 0 0 0

Mean 3158.9024 10.9268 2.6427 49.2195

Median 3200.0000 11.0000 2.6300 49.0000

Mode 2700.00a 11.00 2.80 48.00

Std. Deviation 324.58341 .75466 .20029 1.44070

Sum 129515.00 448.00 108.35 2018.00

Hypocoiled, perinatal outcome

Statistics

LILA Berat bayi lahir

Panjang badan

bayi Indeks Ponderal

N Valid 4 4 4 4

Missing 0 0 0 0

Mean 12.7500 3950.0000 50.5000 3.0675

Median 13.0000 3975.0000 50.5000 3.0850

Mode 13.00 4000.00 50.00a 2.90

a

Std. Deviation .50000 70.71068 .57735 .13841

Minimum 12.00 3850.00 50.00 2.90

Maximum 13.00 4000.00 51.00 3.20

Sum 51.00 15800.00 202.00 12.27

Correlations

Ibu, Indeks koil

Test Statisticsa,b

Umur

Kehamilan umur kategori paritas BMI

Chi-Square 3.508 .963 3.492 2.430

df 2 2 2 2

Asymp. Sig. .173 .618 .174 .297

a. Kruskal Wallis Test

b. Grouping Variable: Indeks Koil

69

Ibu , Indeks ponderal

Test Statisticsa,b

Umur

Kehamilan umur kategori paritas BMI

Chi-Square .008 2.955 2.415 .760

df 1 1 1 1

Asymp. Sig. .929 .086 .120 .383

a. Kruskal Wallis Test

b. Grouping Variable: Indeks Ponderal

Indeks koil, indeks ponderal, perinatal outcome

Correlations

Indeks

Koil

Berat

bayi

lahir

Panjang

badan bayi LILA

Indeks

Ponderal

Spearman's

rho

Indeks Koil Correlation

Coefficient 1.000 -.668

** -.447

**

-

.637**

-.627**

Sig. (1-tailed) . .000 .001 .000 .000

N 50 50 50 50 50

Berat bayi

lahir

Correlation

Coefficient -.668

** 1.000 .768

** .858

** .729

**

Sig. (1-tailed) .000 . .000 .000 .000

N 50 50 50 50 50

Panjang

badan bayi

Correlation

Coefficient -.447

** .768

** 1.000 .587

** .142

Sig. (1-tailed) .001 .000 . .000 .163

N 50 50 50 50 50

LILA Correlation

Coefficient -.637

** .858

** .587

** 1.000 .693

**

Sig. (1-tailed) .000 .000 .000 . .000

N 50 50 50 50 50

Indeks

Ponderal

Correlation

Coefficient -.627

** .729

** .142 .693

** 1.000

Sig. (1-tailed) .000 .000 .163 .000 .

N 50 50 50 50 50

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).

70

Lampiran 6. Dokumentasi Penelitian

71

Lampiran 7. Biodata Mahasiswa

BIODATA MAHASISWA

Identitas

Nama : Edo Sun de Putra

NIM : 22010112130065

Tempat/tanggal lahir : Semarang, 18 Mei 1994

Jenis Kelamin : Laki Laki

Alamat : Jl. Pandan Kuning V Pandanaran Hills Semarang

Nomor HP : 081805923789

e-mail : edosundeputra@yahoo.co.id

Riwayat Pendidikan Formal

1. TK PGRI Rogojembangan Semarang Lulus tahun : 2000

2. SD Negeri Jomblang 03 Semarang Lulus tahun : 2006

3. SMP Negeri 2 Semarang Lulus tahun : 2009

4. SMA Negeri 3 Semarang Lulus tahun : 2012

5. Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro Masuk tahun : 2012