daftar obat yang aman bagi ibu hamil
TRANSCRIPT
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Sumber : http://kaahil.wordpress.com/2009/05/23/daftar-obat-aman-dan-berbahaya-
untuk-ibu-hamil-dan-menyusui/
DAFTAR OBAT AMAN DAN BERBAHAYA UNTUK IBU
HAMIL DAN MENYUSUIAnti Alergi dan Asma, Anestesi
Obat untuk Penghilang Rasa Sakit (Pain Killer)
Nama ObatAAP
approved?*Kategori Risiko
Kehamilan**Risiko
Menyusui**Notes
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Approved B L1
Aspirin Caution
C (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.) L3 1
Azapropazone (Rheumox)Approved
- L2
Butalbital (Fioricet,
Fiorinal, Bancap, Two-
dyne)
NR D L3 2
Butorphanol (Stadol) ApprovedB (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)L3
Celecoxib (Celebrex)) NR C L2
Codeine (in Tylenol #3, #4) Approved C L3 3Colchicine Approved D L4
Diclofenac (Cataflam,
Voltaren)NR B L2
Fentanyl (Sublimaze) Approved B L2
Flurbiprofen (Ansaid,
Froben, Ocufen)NR
B (1st, 2nd trim.)
C (3rd trim.)L2
Hydrocodone (Lortab,
Vicodin)NR B L3 4
Hydromorphone(Dilaudid)
NR C L3 5
Ibuprofen (Advil, Nuprin,Motrin, Pediaprofen)
ApprovedB (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)L1
Indomethacin (Indocin) ApprovedB (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)L3
Ketorolac (Toradol,
Acular)Approved
B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)L2
Meperidine (Demerol) Approved B L2; 6
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L3 earlypostpartum
Methadone (Dolophine) Approved B L3 7
Morphine (Duramorph,Infumorph, Epimorph, MS
Contin)
Approved B L3 8
Nalbuphine (Nubain) NR B L2
Naproxen (Anaprox,Naprosyn, Naproxen,
Aleve)Approved B
L3;
L4 for chronic
use
9
Nefopam (Acupan) Approved - NR
Oxycodone (Tylox,Percodan,Oxycontin,
Roxicet, Endocet, Roxiprin,
Percocet)
NR B L3 10
Pentosan polysulfate
(Elmiron) NR B L2
Piroxicam (Feldene) Approved B L2
Propoxyphene (Darvocet
N, Propacet, Darvon)Approved C L2 11
Rofecoxib (Vioxx) Withdrawn from the market 12
Secobarbital (Seconal) Approved D L3 13
Tolmetin (Tolectin) Approved C L3
Tramadol HCL (Ultram,
Ultracet)NR C L3 14
Valdecoxib (Bextra) Withdrawn from the market more
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into HumanMilk, revised September 2001.
Approved: (Table 6) Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breastfeeding Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on
Some Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With Caution
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP.** PerMedications and Mothers Milkby Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
Lactation Risk Categories Pregnancy Risk Categories
L1 (safest) L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated)
A (controlled studies show no risk) B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk) X (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.
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1. Aspirin use is discouraged in children and nursing mothers due to the risk of Reyessyndrome and internal bleeding.
2. Fioricet (Fiorinal, Bancap, Two-dyne) contains acetaminaphen or asprin, caffeine, andbutalbital. Per Hale, baby should be observed for sedation.
3. Hale suggests weakened or premature infants be observed for sedation and apnea.4.
Hale suggests newborns be observed for sedation, apnea, constipation.5. Per Hale, use of frequent, higher dose may result in infant sedation.
6. Per Hale, Meperidine use during labor or early postpartum has been associated withsedation, poor sucking reflex, and neurobehavioral delay in infants.
7. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation, respiratory depression, addiction, withdrawalsyndrome.
8. Per Hale, higher doses may result in infant sedation.9. Per Hale, should be used with caution due to its long half-life and its effect on babys
cardiovascular system, kidneys and GI tract; short-term, infrequent or occasional use is
not necessarily incompatible with breastfeeding.
10.Roxicet, Endocet, Roxiprin, Percocet also contain acetaminophen. Per Hale, observeinfant for sedation.11.Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
12.Per Hale, observe infant for GI cramping, distress, diarrhea.13.Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.14.Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs) [more]
Nama Generik Nama Dagang AAP
approved?*
Kategori
Risiko
Kehamilan**Risiko
Menyusui**
Azapropazone (apazone) Rheumox Approved - L2
Dipyrone (banned in theUS & UK)
- Approved - NR
Flufenamic acid - Approved - NR
IbuprofenAdvil, Nuprin, Motrin,
PediaprofinApproved
B (1st, 2ndtrim.)
D (3rd trim.)L1
Indomethacin Indocin Approved
B (1st, 2nd
trim.)
D (3rd trim.)L3
Ketorolac Toradol, Acular Approved
B (1st, 2nd
trim.)
D (3rd trim.)L2
Mefenamic acid Ponstan, Ponstel Approved - NR
NaproxenAnaprox, Naprosyn,
Naproxen, AleveApproved B
L3L4 (for chronic
use)
Phenylbutazone Butazolidine Approved - NR
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Piroxicam Feldene Approved B L2
Suprofen Profenal Approved - NR
Tolmetin Tolectin Approved C L3
Steroid [contents]
Methylprednisolone
[ high dosagemethylprednisolone]
Solu-Medrol, Depo-Medrol, Medrol Approved C L2
Prednisolone - Approved C L2
PrednisoneDeltasone, Meticorten,
OrasoneApproved C L2
Obat Asma [contents]
DyphyllineDilor, Lufyllin,
DyphyllineApproved C L3
Terbutaline Bricanyl, Brethine Approved B L2
Theophylline Aminophylline,Quibron, Theo-Dur
Approved C L3
Analgetik Narkotik [more]
Butorphanol Stadol Approved
B (1st, 2ndtrim.)
D (3rd trim.)L3
Codeine Tylenol #3, #4 Approved C L3
Fentanyl Sublimaze Approved B L2
Meperidine Demerol Approved BL2
L3 (if used earlypostpartum)
Methadone Dolophine Approved B L3
Morphine Morphine Approved B L3
PropoxypheneDarvocet N, Propacet,
DarvonApproved C L2
Obat Batuk
Nama Obat
AAP
approved?* Risiko Menyusui**Codeine yes L3 (moderately safe)
Dextromethorphan not reviewed L1 (safest)
Guaifenesin not reviewed L2 (safer)
Dekongestan (Obat Pilek)
Nama ObatAAP
approved?*Risiko Menyusui**
http://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/aap-approved-meds.html#tochttp://neonatal.ama.ttuhsc.edu/discus/messages/58/MP-158.pdfhttp://neonatal.ama.ttuhsc.edu/discus/messages/58/MP-158.pdfhttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/aap-approved-meds.html#tochttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/pain-meds.htmlhttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/lactation_risk_cat.htmlhttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/lactation_risk_cat.htmlhttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/lactation_risk_cat.htmlhttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/lactation_risk_cat.htmlhttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/pain-meds.htmlhttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/aap-approved-meds.html#tochttp://neonatal.ama.ttuhsc.edu/discus/messages/58/MP-158.pdfhttp://neonatal.ama.ttuhsc.edu/discus/messages/58/MP-158.pdfhttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/aap-approved-meds.html#toc -
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Phenylephrine not reviewed L3 (moderately safe)
Pseudoephedrine
(Sudafed, Actifed)yes
L3 (moderately safe) for acute useL4 (possibly hazardous) for chronic use due to
potential for decreasing milk supply
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human
Milk, revised September 2001.** PerMedications and Mothers Milkby Thomas Hale, PhD (2006 edition)
Nasal Sprays (Spray Hidung)
Nama ObatAAP
approved?*Risiko Menyusui**
Beclomethasone
(Vanceril, Beclovent,
Beconase, Vancenase)
not reviewed L2 (safer)
Cromlyn sodium
(Nasalcrom)not reviewed L1 (safest)
Fluticasone (Flonase) not reviewed L3 (moderately safe)
Mometasone
(Nasonex)not reviewed L3 (moderately safe)
Phenylephrine (in
some forms of Sinex
and Neo-Synephrine)
not reviewed L3 (moderately safe)
Triamcinolone
Acetonide (Nasacort)not reviewed L3 (moderately safe)
Antihistamin (Anti Alergi)
Nama ObatAAP
approved?*Risiko Menyusui**
Brompheniramine not reviewed L3 (moderately safe)Chlorpheniramine
(Chlor-Trimeton)
CTM
not reviewed L3 (moderately safe)
Cetirizine (Zyrtec) not reviewed L2 (safer)
Dexbrompheniramine
maleate
with d-isoephedrine
yes not reviewed
Diphenhydramine
(Benadryl)not reviewed L2 (safer)
Doxylamine not reviewed L4 (possibly hazardous)
Fexofenadine
(Allegra)yes L3 (moderately safe)
Loratadine (Claritin) yes L2 (safer)
Terfenadine(Seldane)
yes not reviewed
Triprolidine (Actidil,Actifed)
yes L1 (safest)
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* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into HumanMilk, revised September 2001.
** PerMedications and Mothers Milkby Thomas Hale, PhD (2002 edition)
Obat Anestesi
Nama ObatAAP
approved?*Kategori Risiko
Kehamilan**Risiko
Menyusui**Notes
Local anesthetics
Articaine (Septocaine) NR - NR more
Bupivacaine (Marcaine) NR C L2
Lidocaine (Xylocaine) Approved C L2
Mepivacaine (Carbocaine,
Polocaine)
NR C L3 more
Procaine HCL (Novocaine) NR C L3
General anesthetics
Halothane (Fluothane) Approved C L2 more
Isoflurane (Forane) NR - NR 1
Ketamine NR - NR more
Methohexital (Brevital) Approved B L3
Nitrous oxide NR - L3
Sevoflurane (Ultane) NR B L3
Thiopental (Pentothal) Approved C L3
Other medications often used during anesthesiaSedatives
Diazepam (Valium) Concern D L3; L4 for
chronic use
Midazolam (Versed) Concern D L3
Propofol (Diprivan) NR B L2 more
Triazolam (Halcion) NR X L3
Narcotic Analgesics
Alfentanil (Alfenta) NR C L2
Fentanyl (Sublimaze) Approved B L2
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) NR C L3Morphine Approved B L3
Reversal Medication
Flumazenil (Romazicon) NR C NR 2
Naloxone (Narcan) NR C NR 3
Steroids
Decadron (Dexamethasone) NR C NR more
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Stimulants
Epinephrine (Adrenaline) NR C L1
Anti-nausea
Promethazine (Phenergan) NR C L2
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human
Milk, revised September 2001.
Approved: (Table 6) Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breastfeeding Concern: (Table 4) Drugs for Which the Effect on Nursing Infants Is Unknown but
May Be of Concern
Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects onSome Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With Caution
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP.** PerMedications and MothersMilkby Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
Lactation Risk Categories Pregnancy Risk Categories
L1 (safest) L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated)
A (controlled studies show no risk) B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk) X (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.
1. Isoflurane (Forane) is used for c-sections and directly in newborns. Induction of andrecovery from isoflurane anesthesia are rapid, so the majority of the medication is out ofthe body (and milk) very quickly. More here.
2. Flumazenil (Romazicon) is used directly in children aged 12 months and up.3. Naloxone (Narcan) is used directly in newborns and children.4. Many forms of Robitussin, Delsym and Benylin are considered compatible with
breastfeeding. Always check the active ingredients, as there are many versions.
Kelompok Antasida, Antibiotik, Antivirus, Antijamur, Kontrasepsi, Obat jantung &
Hipertensi, Vitamin, dll
Nama Generik Nama Dagang AAP
approved?*
Kategori
Risiko
Kehamilan**Risiko
Menyusui**
Antasida [contents]
Cimetidine (Antacid) Tagamet Approved B L2
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Cisapride (GI tract stimulant) Propulsid Approved C L2
Domperidone (used for nausea& vomiting, stimulates
lactation) [more]
Motilum Approved - L1
Antibiotika [contents]
Amoxicillin Larotid, Amoxil Approved B L1Aztreonam Azactam Approved B L2
Cefadroxil Ultracef, Duricef Approved B L1
Cefazolin Ancef, Kefzol Approved B L1
Cefotaxime Claforan Approved B L2
Cefoxitin Mefoxin Approved B L1
Cefprozil Cefzil Approved C L1
CeftazidimeCeftazidime,Fortaz, Taxidime
Approved B L1
Ceftriaxone Rocephin Approved B L2
Ciprofloxacin [more] Cipro Approved C L3Clindamycin Cleocin Approved B L3
Erythromycin
E-Mycin, Ery-
tab, ERYC,
IlosoneApproved B
L1L3 early
postnatal
Fleroxacin - Approved - NR
Gentamicin Garamycin Approved C L2
Kanamycin Kebecil, Kantrex Approved D L2
Moxalactam Moxam Approved - NR
Nitrofurantoin Macrobid Approved B L2
Ofloxacin Floxin Approved C L2Penicillin - Approved B L1
Streptomycin Streptomycin Approved D L3
Sulbactam - Approved - NR
SulfisoxazoleGantrisin, Azo-
GantrisinApproved C L2
Tetracycline
Achromycin,
Sumycin,
TerramycinApproved D L2
TicarcillinTicarcillin,
Ticar, TimentinApproved B L1
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazoleProloprim,
TrimpexApproved C L3
Antikoagulan [contents]
Bishydroxycoumarin
(dicumarol)- Approved - NR
WarfarinCoumadin,
PanwarfinApproved D L2
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Antikonvulsan (Anti kejang) [contents]
Carbamazepine Tegretol, Epitol Approved C L2
Ethosuximide Zarontin Approved C L4
Magnesium sulfate Epsom salt Approved B L1
Phenytoin Dilantin Approved D L2
Valproic acidDepakene,Depakote
Approved D L2
Anti Jamur [contents]
Fluconazole [more] Diflucan Approved C L2
Ketoconazole
Nizoral
Shampoo,
NizoralApproved C L2
Antivirus [contents]
Acyclovir [more] Zovirax Approved C L2
Interferon-alpha [more]Alferon N,
Interferon AlphaApproved C L2
Arthritis meds (see also: pain meds) [contents]
Gold saltsRidaura,Myochrysine,
SolganalApproved C L5
Kontrasepsi, Hormon [contents]
Estradiol
Estratab,
Permarin,
MenestApproved X
L3 (mayinterfere
with milk
production)
Clogestone - Approved - NR
Contraceptive pill with
estrogen/progesterone
Preven,
Seasonale,
Norinyl,Norlestin, Ortho-
Novum, Ovral,
Lunelle
injection, Ortho-Evra patch, etc.
Approved X
L3 (mayinterfere
with milk
production)
LevonorgestrelNorplant,Mirena, Plan B
Approved X L2
MedroxyprogesteroneProvera, Depo-
Provera, CycrinApproved D
L1L4 (if used
first 3 days
postpartum)
Norethynodrel Enovid Approved X L2
ProgesteroneCrinone,
PrometriumApproved - L3
Obat Diabetes [contents]
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Note: Insulin has not been reviewed by the AAP. Pregnancy risk category = B; Lactation risk
category = L1.
TolbutamideOramide,
OrinaseApproved D L3
Obat Diare [contents]
Loperamide
Imodium, PeptoDiarrhea
Control, Maalox
AntidiarrhealCaplets,
Kaopectate II
Caplets,
ImmodiumAdvanced
Approved B L2
** Note: Pepto-Bismol & Kaopectate (bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient in both)
are not recommended for routine use by nursing moms, due to the association of salicylates
with Reyes syndrome in children.[more]Diuretik (Peluruh Kencing) [contents]
AcetazolamideDazamide,Diamox
Approved C L2
Bendroflumethiazide Naturetin Approved D
L4 (mayinhibit
lactation)
Chlorothiazide Hydrodiuril Approved D L3
Chlorthalidone Hygroton Approved D L3
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT)Hydrodiuril,
Esidrix, Oretic
Approved D L2
Spironolactone Aldactone Approved D L2
Anti Muntah [more] [contents]
Domperidone Motilum Approved - L1
Anti Hipertensi, Obat Jantung [contents]
Anti aritmia
DisopyramideNorpace,
NapamideApproved C L2
Flecainide Tambocor Approved C L3
Mexiletine Mexitil Approved B L2
Procainamide Pronestyl,Procan Approved C L3
QuinidineQuinaglute,Quinidex
Approved C L2
Anti Hipertensi
Captopril Capoten Approved D
L3 (if used
after 30days)
http://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/aap-approved-meds.html#tochttp://www.parentsplace.com/expert/lactation/qas/0,10338,239838_106222,00.htmlhttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/aap-approved-meds.html#tochttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/prescript_galactagogue.htmlhttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/aap-approved-meds.html#tochttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/aap-approved-meds.html#tochttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/aap-approved-meds.html#tochttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/aap-approved-meds.html#tochttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/prescript_galactagogue.htmlhttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/aap-approved-meds.html#tochttp://www.parentsplace.com/expert/lactation/qas/0,10338,239838_106222,00.htmlhttp://www.kellymom.com/health/meds/aap-approved-meds.html#toc -
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Diltiazem/Diltiazem HCL
Cardizem Sr,Dilacor-XR,
Diltiazem,
Cardizem CD
Approved C L3
Enalapril/Enalapril Maleate Vasotec Approved
C (1st trim.)
D (2nd, 3rdtrim.)
L2
Hydralazine Apresoline Approved C L2
LabetalolTrandate,Normodyne
Approved C L2
Methyldopa Aldomet Approved C L2
MetoprololToprol XL,
LopressorApproved B L3
Minoxidil
Loniten,
Minodyl,
RogaineApproved C
L2(topically)
L3 (orally)
NadololCorgard,Nadolol
Approved C L4
NifedipineAdalat,Procardia
Approved C L2
OxprenololApsolox, Slow-Trasicor,
TrasicorApproved - NR
Propranolol Inderol Approved C L2
Sotalol Betapace Approved B L3
Timolol Blocadren Approved C L2
Verapamil Calan, Isoptin,Covera-HS
Approved C L2
Cardiac stimulants
DigoxinLanoxin,
LanoxicapsApproved C L2
Laksan (Pelancar BAB) [more] [contents]
Cascara/Cascara Sagrada - Approved C L3
Danthron - Approved - NR
Magnesium sulfate Epsom salt Approved B L1
Senna - Approved - L3
Obat malaria [contents]
ChloroquineAralen, Novo-
chloroquineApproved C L3
Hydroxychloroquine Plaquenil Approved C L2
Pyrimethamine Daraprim Approved C L4
Quinine Quinamm Approved D L2
Medical Testing [more] [contents]
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Diatrizoate - Approved - NR
Fluorescein - Approved C L3
Gadopentetic (Gadolinium) - Approved C L2
Iohexol Omnipaque Approved B L2
Iopanoic acid Telepaque Approved D L2
Metrizamide Amipaque Approved B L2
Metrizoate Isopaque Approved B L2
Obat Migren [more] [contents]
Sumatriptan Imitrex Approved C L3
Obat Sedativ [more] [contents]
Chloral hydrateAquachloral,
NoctecApproved C L3
Methyprylon (withdrawn from
use in US & Canada)- Approved - NR
Bromide - Approved D L5
Secobarbital Seconal Approved D L3Obat Tidur [contents]
Zolpidem/Zolpidem Tartrate Ambien Approved B L3
Obat Anti Tiroid [more] [contents]
Carbimazole - Approved D L3
Methimazole (active metaboliteof carbimazole)
Tapazole Approved D L3
Propylthiouracil PTU Approved D L2
Thiouracil - Approved - NR
Levothyroxine
Synthroid,
Levothroid,Thyroid, Levo-T, Levoxyl
Approved A L1
Obat TBC [contents]
Cycloserine Seromycin Approved C L3
EthambutolEthambutol,
MyambutolApproved B L2
Isoniazid INH, Laniazid Approved C L3
RifampinRifadin,
RimactaneApproved C L2
VITAMIN [more] [contents]
B-1 (thiamin) - Approved - NR
B-12 (Cyanocobalamin) - Approved A L1
B-6 (pyridoxine) - Approved A
L2; L4 in
high doses
(may inhibitlactation)
D, vitamin Calciferol, Approved A L3 (do not
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Delta-d overdose)
Folic acid - Approved
A (1st, 2ndtrim.)
C (3rd trim.)L1
K-1, vitamin (Phytonadione) - Approved C L1
Riboflavin/B2 - Approved A L1Lain-lain [contents]
Acitretin (Anti-psoriasis) Soriatane Approved - NR
Alcohol/Ethanol [more] - Approved D L3
AllopurinolZyloprim,Lopurin
Approved C L2
Antimony - Approved - NR
Atropine (Anticholinergic,
drying agent)
Belladonna,
AtropineApproved C L3
Azapropazone/apazone
(Antirheumatic)
Rheumox Approved - L2
Baclofen (muscle relaxant) Lioresal, Atrofen Approved C L2
Barbiturate - Approved - NR
Caffeine [more]Vivarin, NoDoz,
CoffeeApproved B L2
Carbetocin (Antihemorrhagic) Duratocin Approved - NR
Chloroform - Approved - NR
Cisplatin (Anti-cancer) Platinol Approved D L4
Dapsone (Antileprosy)Avlosulfon,
DDSApproved C L4
Hydroxychloroquine(Antirheumatic, lupus) Plaquenil Approved C L2
Iodides - Approved - NR
Iodine - Approved - NR
Iodine (povidone-iodine, eg, ina vaginal douche)
- Approved - NR
Ivermectin (Antiparasitic) Mectizan Approved C L3
Nalidixic acid (Urinary Anti-
infective)NegGram Approved B L4
Norsteroids - Approved - NR
Pyridostigmine (Muscle
stimulant)
Mestinon,
Regonol Approved C L2
Scopolamine (Motion sickness)Transderm
ScopeApproved C L3
Sulfapyridine Dagenan Approved - NR
Timolol (glaucoma med) Blocadren Approved D L3
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into HumanMilk, revised September 2001.
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Approved: (Table 6) Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breastfeeding Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on
Some Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With Caution
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP.** PerMedications and Mothers Milkby Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
Lactation Risk Categories Pregnancy Risk Categories
L1 (safest) L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated)
A (controlled studies show no risk) B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk) X (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale
http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;108/3/776/T6http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;108/3/776/T5http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;108/3/776/T5http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;108/3/776/T5http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;108/3/776/T5http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;108/3/776/T6