d p karn-jmdpl college presentation

Mankind owes the child the best Mankind owes the child the best it has to give………….it has to give………….

In the best interest of the In the best interest of the children…………children…………

Organized by: Organized by: Department of Political Sciences, JMDPL Mahila Department of Political Sciences, JMDPL Mahila College, Mdb.College, Mdb.Sponsored by: Sponsored by: ICSSR, Eastern Region, KolkataICSSR, Eastern Region, KolkataPresentation by: Presentation by: D P Karn, D P Karn, Human Rights EducatorHuman Rights EducatorChairman, Centre for Development Studies (CDS), Chairman, Centre for Development Studies (CDS), Vaishnavi Vihar Colony, R K College, Main Gate, Madhubani- Vaishnavi Vihar Colony, R K College, Main Gate, Madhubani- 847211, 847211, Cell No.- 9122919708 / 8969899156, Cell No.- 9122919708 / 8969899156, E-mail ID - [email protected] / [email protected]. E-mail ID - [email protected] / [email protected]. He has over 14 years experience of human rights activism He has over 14 years experience of human rights activism through its education. He has been with various Governmental, through its education. He has been with various Governmental, national, international and UN agencies as Consultant.national, international and UN agencies as Consultant.

Seminar on Human Rights and Adolescent Seminar on Human Rights and Adolescent EducationEducation

Welcome the graceful presenceWelcome the graceful presence

Hon’ble Prof.(Dr.) Saket KushwahaHon’ble Prof.(Dr.) Saket KushwahaVice Chancellor, LNM University, DarbhangaVice Chancellor, LNM University, Darbhanga

Dr. Prem Kumar Prasad,Dr. Prem Kumar Prasad,Principal, JMDPL Mahila College, MadhubaniPrincipal, JMDPL Mahila College, Madhubani

Prof.(Dr.) Anil Kumar Jha, PG, Pol.Sc, LNMU, DarbhangaProf.(Dr.) Anil Kumar Jha, PG, Pol.Sc, LNMU, Darbhanga Prof.(Dr.) Ravindra Chaudhary,PG, Pol.Sc, Prof.(Dr.) Ravindra Chaudhary,PG, Pol.Sc,

LNMU,DarbhangaLNMU,Darbhanga Prof.(Dr.) S. D. Singh, Deptt. of Pol.Sc, R.K.College, Prof.(Dr.) S. D. Singh, Deptt. of Pol.Sc, R.K.College,

Mdb.Mdb. Dr. Y. L. Das, Former Chairman, Research &Evaluation, Dr. Y. L. Das, Former Chairman, Research &Evaluation,

SRC-Deepayatan, Patna SRC-Deepayatan, Patna Mr. Narendra Nath Tikadhar, Delegate, ICSSR,Kolkata Mr. Narendra Nath Tikadhar, Delegate, ICSSR,Kolkata

““In a rights-based society like ours, the right to quality In a rights-based society like ours, the right to quality education for adolescents must be taken in a pursuit of education for adolescents must be taken in a pursuit of human rights obligation and the state must fulfill it. human rights obligation and the state must fulfill it. Merely hypothetical dreaming of providing free and Merely hypothetical dreaming of providing free and compulsory elementary education to all children as compulsory elementary education to all children as enshrined in our Directive Principals of State Policy and enshrined in our Directive Principals of State Policy and the enactment of the Right to Education Act, 2009 will the enactment of the Right to Education Act, 2009 will not suffice the cause. not suffice the cause.

If we can reach Mars, produce international managers, If we can reach Mars, produce international managers, claim India a developed economy and a rights-based claim India a developed economy and a rights-based society – deprivation of children from education is a society – deprivation of children from education is a national shame. Good governance policies for children national shame. Good governance policies for children and fostering their development through different and fostering their development through different instruments is instantly required.” instruments is instantly required.”

D P KarnD P Karn

Human Rights and Adolescent Education Human Rights and Adolescent Education

The adolescentsThe adolescents Adolescence is defined as a phase of life Adolescence is defined as a phase of life

characterized by rapid physical growth and characterized by rapid physical growth and development, social and psychological changes, development, social and psychological changes, sexual maturity, experimentation, development sexual maturity, experimentation, development of adult mental processes and a move from the of adult mental processes and a move from the earlier childhood socio-economic dependence earlier childhood socio-economic dependence towards relative independence. towards relative independence.

Adolescents account for 1/5Adolescents account for 1/5thth of the world’s of the world’s population. Ipopulation. I

In India they account for 22.8% of the population.In India they account for 22.8% of the population. There are 230 million adolescents in India.There are 230 million adolescents in India. They are in the age group of 10 to 19 years. They are in the age group of 10 to 19 years. Adolescents have very special and distinct needs. Adolescents have very special and distinct needs.

Uncertain uniform age of adolescentsUncertain uniform age of adolescents Different laws, policies and programs define the Different laws, policies and programs define the

adolescents’ age group differently. adolescents’ age group differently.

Juvenile Justice Act, 2011 & Domestic Violence Act, 2005, the age Juvenile Justice Act, 2011 & Domestic Violence Act, 2005, the age is 18.is 18.

Labor Laws (14 years)Labor Laws (14 years) For the purposes of criminal responsibility, the age limit is 7 (not For the purposes of criminal responsibility, the age limit is 7 (not

punishable) and above 7 years to 12 years punishable on the proof punishable) and above 7 years to 12 years punishable on the proof that the child understands the consequences of the act.that the child understands the consequences of the act.

For purposes of protection against kidnapping, abduction and For purposes of protection against kidnapping, abduction and related offences, it’s 16 years for boys and 18 for girls related offences, it’s 16 years for boys and 18 for girls

Youth Policy (13-19 years)Youth Policy (13-19 years) ICDS (11-18 years)ICDS (11-18 years) RCH program (10-19 years) RCH program (10-19 years) UN agencies like WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA etc. consider of 10-19 UN agencies like WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA etc. consider of 10-19

yearsyears

Human Rights (?)Human Rights (?)

"fundamental"fundamental rights rights to which a to which a

person is inherently entitled simply person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being." because she or he is a human being." These are universal (applicable These are universal (applicable everywhere) and egalitarian (the everywhere) and egalitarian (the same for everyone).same for everyone).

International Human Rights Framework International Human Rights Framework Under international human rights law adolescents hold civil, cultural, economic, Under international human rights law adolescents hold civil, cultural, economic,

political and social rights, Guaranteed by the UDHR, ICCPR, and ICESCR – and political and social rights, Guaranteed by the UDHR, ICCPR, and ICESCR – and other core instruments. other core instruments.

States parties to the CRC are required to ensure that its provisions and States parties to the CRC are required to ensure that its provisions and principles are fully reflected and given legal effect in domestic legislation. principles are fully reflected and given legal effect in domestic legislation.

Policies are guided by four principles of 1. Non-discrimination 2. The best Policies are guided by four principles of 1. Non-discrimination 2. The best interests of the child 3. The right to life, survival and development 4. Children’s interests of the child 3. The right to life, survival and development 4. Children’s right to express their views, and be heard, in all matters affecting them. right to express their views, and be heard, in all matters affecting them.

The CRC advocates several rights of all children, including: 1. Rights to access The CRC advocates several rights of all children, including: 1. Rights to access health care and education; 2. to social security; 3. to birth registration; 4. to health care and education; 2. to social security; 3. to birth registration; 4. to protection from: arrest and detention, except as a means of last resort; 5. to protection from: arrest and detention, except as a means of last resort; 5. to protection after separation from parents; 6. and to special protection and protection after separation from parents; 6. and to special protection and assistance when deprived from a family environment.assistance when deprived from a family environment.

All children also have a right to be protected from economic exploitation, All children also have a right to be protected from economic exploitation, hazardous labour and violence. hazardous labour and violence.

16 UN Conventions related to adolescents16 UN Conventions related to adolescents CRC (1989)CRC (1989) CEDAW (1981)CEDAW (1981) UNCED (1992)UNCED (1992) WSSD (1995)WSSD (1995) Alma Ata, (1977) Alma Ata, (1977) WCHR (1993) WCHR (1993) ICPD (1994) ICPD (1994) World Health Summit(1993) World Health Summit(1993) World Summit for Children (1990) World Summit for Children (1990) World Food Summit (1996), RomeWorld Food Summit (1996), Rome World Conference on Education for All (1990)World Conference on Education for All (1990) International Conference on Nutrition (1992) International Conference on Nutrition (1992) Assembly of World Education Forum, Dakar (2001)Assembly of World Education Forum, Dakar (2001) Fourth World Conference on Women (FWCW) (1995), BeijingFourth World Conference on Women (FWCW) (1995), Beijing Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (UNCHS) (1996), Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (UNCHS) (1996),

IstanbulIstanbul World Congress against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of World Congress against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of

Children (CSEC-1996), StockholmChildren (CSEC-1996), Stockholm

Constitutional Provisions (7) for Children in India Constitutional Provisions (7) for Children in India

Children enjoy equal rights as adults as per Children enjoy equal rights as adults as per Article 14. Article 14. Article 15(3) Article 15(3) empowers the state to make special provisions empowers the state to make special provisions

for children. for children. Article 21(A) Article 21(A) directs the state to provide free and compulsory directs the state to provide free and compulsory

education to all children within the ages of 6 and 14 years. education to all children within the ages of 6 and 14 years. Article 23 Article 23 prohibits trafficking of Human beings and forced prohibits trafficking of Human beings and forced

labor. labor. Article 24 Article 24 prohibits of the employment of children below 14 prohibits of the employment of children below 14

years. years. Article 39(f) Article 39(f) directs the state to ensure that children are directs the state to ensure that children are

given equal opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy given equal opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner. manner.

Article 51A Article 51A clause (k) lays down a duty that parents or clause (k) lays down a duty that parents or guardians provide opportunities for education to their guardians provide opportunities for education to their child/ward between the age of 6 and 14.child/ward between the age of 6 and 14.

Important Union laws Guaranteeing Rights Children ( 17 Acts ) Important Union laws Guaranteeing Rights Children ( 17 Acts )

The Guardian and Wards Act, 1890 The Guardian and Wards Act, 1890 The Reformatory Schools Act, 1897 The Reformatory Schools Act, 1897 The Child Marriage Act,2006 The Child Marriage Act,2006 The Apprentices Act, 1961, The Apprentices Act, 1961, The Child Labour Act, 1933. The Child Labour Act, 1933. The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956,The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956, The ITPA,, 1956, The ITPA,, 1956, The Women’s and Children’s Institutions, Act, 1956 The Women’s and Children’s Institutions, Act, 1956 The Young Person’s Harmful Publication’s Act, 1956 The Young Person’s Harmful Publication’s Act, 1956 The Probation of Offender’s Act, 1958 The Probation of Offender’s Act, 1958 Orphanages and Other Charitable Homes (Supervision and Control) Act, 1960 Orphanages and Other Charitable Homes (Supervision and Control) Act, 1960 The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, The Juvenile Justice Act, 2010. The Juvenile Justice Act, 2010. The Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding bottles and Infant Foods (Regulation of The Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding bottles and Infant Foods (Regulation of

Production, Supply Distribution) Act, 1992 Production, Supply Distribution) Act, 1992 The PCPNDT Act, 1994, The PCPNDT Act, 1994, The PWD Act, 1995 18.The factories Act, 1948, The PWD Act, 1995 18.The factories Act, 1948, The Commissions For Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005The Commissions For Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005

The Commission for the Protection of Child Rights Act, The Commission for the Protection of Child Rights Act, 20052005

It provides for the Constitution of a National and State It provides for the Constitution of a National and State Commissions for protection of Child Rights in every Commissions for protection of Child Rights in every State and Union Territory. The functions and powers State and Union Territory. The functions and powers of the National and State Commissions will be to: of the National and State Commissions will be to:

ss Examine and review the legal safeguards provided by Examine and review the legal safeguards provided by

or under any law for the protection of child rights and or under any law for the protection of child rights and recommend measures for their effective recommend measures for their effective implementation; Inquire into violations of child implementation; Inquire into violations of child rights and recommend initiation of proceedings where rights and recommend initiation of proceedings where necessary; Spread awareness about child rights necessary; Spread awareness about child rights among various sections of society; among various sections of society; Help in Help in establishment of Children's Courts for speedy trial of establishment of Children's Courts for speedy trial of offences against children or of violation of Child offences against children or of violation of Child Rights.Rights.

National Policies and Programs (7) for Children National Policies and Programs (7) for Children India is implementing a number of child centric programs addressing the issues India is implementing a number of child centric programs addressing the issues

of child Survival, child development and child protection. Important ones are: of child Survival, child development and child protection. Important ones are: National Policy for Children, 1974 National Policy for Children, 1974 is the first policy document concerning the needs and is the first policy document concerning the needs and

rights of children. It outlines services the state should provide for the complete rights of children. It outlines services the state should provide for the complete development of a child, before and after birth and throughout a child's period of growth development of a child, before and after birth and throughout a child's period of growth for their full physical, mental and social development. for their full physical, mental and social development.

National Policy on Education, 1986 National Policy on Education, 1986 was called for "special emphasis on the removal of was called for "special emphasis on the removal of disparities and to equalize educational opportunity," for Indian women, ST and the SC disparities and to equalize educational opportunity," for Indian women, ST and the SC communities. To achieve these, the policy called for scholarships, adult education, communities. To achieve these, the policy called for scholarships, adult education, recruiting teachers from the SCs, incentives for poor families to send their children to recruiting teachers from the SCs, incentives for poor families to send their children to school, development of new institutions and providing housing and services. school, development of new institutions and providing housing and services.

National Policy on Child Labor, 1987 National Policy on Child Labor, 1987 contains the action plan for tackling the problem of contains the action plan for tackling the problem of child labor in high concentration areas through projects. child labor in high concentration areas through projects.

National Nutrition policy, 1993National Nutrition policy, 1993, was introduced to combat the problem of under nutrition. , was introduced to combat the problem of under nutrition. National Population Policy 2000: National Population Policy 2000: The national population policy 2000 aims at free and The national population policy 2000 aims at free and

compulsory school education up to age 14 and other entitlements.compulsory school education up to age 14 and other entitlements. National Charter for children (NCC), 2003 National Charter for children (NCC), 2003 states that the State and community shall take states that the State and community shall take

all steps to provide the necessary education and skills to adolescent children. all steps to provide the necessary education and skills to adolescent children.

National Plan Of Action For Children (NPA), National Plan Of Action For Children (NPA), NPA has a significant number of key NPA has a significant number of key areas of thrust relating to child protection: child marriage, development and protection of areas of thrust relating to child protection: child marriage, development and protection of the girl child, upholding the rights of children in difficult circumstances, securing for all the girl child, upholding the rights of children in difficult circumstances, securing for all children legal and social protection from all kinds of abuse, exploitation and neglect etc.children legal and social protection from all kinds of abuse, exploitation and neglect etc.

Government’s Budget allocation to Social Sector Government’s Budget allocation to Social Sector Programs in % of GDPPrograms in % of GDP

Year & sector 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Education 3.1 3.2 3.1

Health 1.2 1.3 1.2

Other Social Services

2.2 2.6 2.5

Situation Analysis of AdolescentsSituation Analysis of Adolescents Bare Facts Bare Facts

The data availability on adolescents in India is very sketchy. The data availability on adolescents in India is very sketchy. From various sources, we can conclude the following:From various sources, we can conclude the following:

(i) Demography(i) Demography The 230 million adolescents make a major part of the The 230 million adolescents make a major part of the

reproductive age group, hence deserve special attention.reproductive age group, hence deserve special attention. The proportionate population of boys and girls is (17%) and The proportionate population of boys and girls is (17%) and

(16%) respectively.(16%) respectively. Sex Ratio: 933:1000Sex Ratio: 933:1000 High MMR among females due to teenage motherhood.High MMR among females due to teenage motherhood. Distribution of population – 2012Distribution of population – 2012

Population details Total Population Total Adolescent Population

India 1,210,193,422 275924100Bihar 103,804,637 23667457

Source: Census 2011


(ii) Health: (ii) Health:

Malnutrition prevails among the adolescents, Malnutrition prevails among the adolescents, especially girls.especially girls.

Age-specific mortality is 3 and Age-specific mortality is 3 and 3.43.4 respectively for respectively for boys and girls. (CSO, 1999)boys and girls. (CSO, 1999)

The % of adolescents married before 18 is in The % of adolescents married before 18 is in Rajasthan (68.3%), Bihar (71%), Kerala (17%) and Rajasthan (68.3%), Bihar (71%), Kerala (17%) and Punjab (11.6%) (NFHS 1998-99).Punjab (11.6%) (NFHS 1998-99).

Fertility Rate: NFHS I (1992-93) says 36% of married Fertility Rate: NFHS I (1992-93) says 36% of married adolescents in the age group of 13 to 16 are already adolescents in the age group of 13 to 16 are already mothers or are pregnant with their first child as are mothers or are pregnant with their first child as are 64% of those in the 17 to 19 age group. (CSO, 1998)64% of those in the 17 to 19 age group. (CSO, 1998)


EducationEducation Education and Literacy % by Census 1001: 76% for boys and 68% Education and Literacy % by Census 1001: 76% for boys and 68%

for girls.for girls. GER for 1998-99 by age group (11-14 yrs) is 65.2 for boys and GER for 1998-99 by age group (11-14 yrs) is 65.2 for boys and

49.8 for girls (Source: MOHRD)49.8 for girls (Source: MOHRD) The dropout rates in classes I to X is around 70%. (Source: CSO, The dropout rates in classes I to X is around 70%. (Source: CSO,

Women and Men in India, 1998)Women and Men in India, 1998) 40% students feel difficulty to concentrate on their studies and 40% students feel difficulty to concentrate on their studies and

37% fear exam and failure.37% fear exam and failure. 73% and 56% students felt it tough to talk to their parents and 73% and 56% students felt it tough to talk to their parents and

friends respectively about their problems.friends respectively about their problems. There is almost a complete lack of career guidance to adolescents There is almost a complete lack of career guidance to adolescents

and their parents. (Career options)and their parents. (Career options) 90% of the adolescent population is perceived as ‘unemployables’ 90% of the adolescent population is perceived as ‘unemployables’

for poor education, for poor education, Contd…..Contd…..


Education : No. of facilitiesEducation : No. of facilities

No. of Institutions

(in Lakh) 1950-51 2005-06 2013-14 (P)

Primary I-V 2.10 7.73 7.91

Upper Primary VI-VIII

0.14 2.88 4.01

Secondary IX-X NA 1.06 1.31

Senior Secondary XI-XII

0.07 0.54 1.04

Source: India by Figures 2015, MHA

Higher Education 0.01 0.21 0.49

Contd…….


Education: Gross Enrolment Ratio Education: Gross Enrolment Ratio

Table 1. GER % 1950-51 2005-06 2013-14 (P)

Primary 42.6 1099.4 99.3

s Upper Primary 12.7 71 87.4

Secondary NA 52.2 73.6

Table 2. (GER) in 2013-14 (P) (%) Primary Male Female SC STUpper Primary 98.1 100.6 111.5 1110.2

Secondary 84.9 90.3 94.8 86.1Senior Secondary 73.5 73.7 76.1 67.1

Higher Education 49.1 49.1 48.8 34.4GER in 2013-14 (P) (%) Source: India by Figures 2015, MHA

22.3 19.8 15.1 11

Contd…….

Education: Indicators on teachers Education: Indicators on teachers


Table 1.Institutions and ratio

Inter Colleges High Schools Middle School Primary School

Number of teachers 1028723 1310349 1912585 2480414Percentage of trained teachers

89 90 88 86

Number of female teachers per hundred male teachers

65 61 72 86

Pupil – Teacher RatioSource: India by Figures 2015, MHA

39 30 34 42

Table 2.Institutions and ratio

Inter Colleges High Schools Middle School Primary School

Number of teachers 1028723 1310349 1912585 2480414

Pupil Teacher Ratio

Source: Statistics of School Education 2009-10, Ministry of human resources Development

(%) 1950-51 2005-06 2013-14 (P)Primary 24 46 28Upper Primary 20 34 30Secondary NA 32 28Senior Secondary

21 34 40Contd……


Education: Dropout RatesEducation: Dropout RatesTable 1. Dropout Rates in 2015 (in %)

Level Year Boys Girls Total

Primary Education 1980-81 56.2 62.5 58.72013-14 (P) 21.2 18.3 19.8

Class I - X 1980-81 79.8 86.6 82.5Source: India by Figures, 2015, MHA 2013-14 (P) 48.1 46.7 47.6

Table 2.

Dropout Rates , Level wise 2013-14 (P)

(Figures in parenthesis pertain to female) Level All SC ST

I-IV 19.8 (18.3) 16.6 (15.4) 31.3 (30.7)1VII 36.3 (32.9) 36.8 (34.4) 48.2 (46.4)

Source: India by Figures 2015, MHA Contd……

I-X 47.4 (46.7) 50.1 (48.0) 62.4 (61.4)


Education: Education: Schooling status of children in BiharSchooling status of children in Bihar

Children currently attending school (Age 6-17 years) (%)

Children attended before Drop out (Age 6-17 years) (%)

Persons 88.8 88.4 91.4 Persons 5.9 6.0 4.9

Male 89.6 89.3 91.2 Male 6.0 6.1 5.5

Female

Source: Annual Health Survey, 2010-11, ORGI

88.0 87.4 92.5 Female 5.7 5.9 4.2

Contd…


Status of Higher Education (18-23 years)Status of Higher Education (18-23 years) Source: India by Figures, 2015, MHASource: India by Figures, 2015, MHA

Total 1950-51NA

2005-0611.6

2013-14 (P)21.1

Male NA 13.5 22.3

Female NA 9.4 19.8

SC NA 8.4 15.1

ST NA 6.6 11Contd…


Gender Parity Index – All IndiaGender Parity Index – All IndiaLevel of school

and ratio2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2009-10

Primary education

0.94 o.94 0.98 1

Secondary education

Source: Ministry of Human Resources Development

0.80 0.82 0.85 0.88

Contd….


Inequality IndicesInequality IndicesInequality Indices Location 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12

Gini Co-efficient Rural 0.266 0.276 0.28

Urban 0.348 0.371 0.367

Income Quintile Ratio Rural 4.3 4.2 4.4

Source: India by Figures 2015, MHA Urban 4.2 6.7 6.6Contd…


Vital Statistics 1: Vital Statistics 1: Out of School children ( in absolute nos.)Out of School children ( in absolute nos.)

Source: DISE, *IMRB (Indian Market Research Bureau) SurveySource: DISE, *IMRB (Indian Market Research Bureau) Survey

2005-06 2009-10

1.3 million 8.1 Million (?)


(iv) Labour:(iv) Labour: There is considerable increase in the number of child labour There is considerable increase in the number of child labour

between 1991 and 2001 in U P, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, between 1991 and 2001 in U P, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Bihar, W B and ……. Chattisgarh, Bihar, W B and ……. The Census found an The Census found an increase in the number of child laborers from 11.28 increase in the number of child laborers from 11.28 million in 1991 to 12.66 million in 2001million in 1991 to 12.66 million in 2001. .

As per census 2001, UP (15.22%) recorded the highest share As per census 2001, UP (15.22%) recorded the highest share of child labor, followed by A P (10.76%), Rajasthan (9.97%), of child labor, followed by A P (10.76%), Rajasthan (9.97%), Bihar (8.82%), MP (8.41%), and W B (6.77%).Bihar (8.82%), MP (8.41%), and W B (6.77%).

Labor force participation rate in 1999-2000 was 403 for both Labor force participation rate in 1999-2000 was 403 for both per 1000 population. (NSS, 50per 1000 population. (NSS, 50thth-55-55thth Rounds) Rounds)

Work Force Participation: As on 1998, 20% of the total Work Force Participation: As on 1998, 20% of the total applicants were 19 years and under. Out of these, 22.2% applicants were 19 years and under. Out of these, 22.2% were females. The unemployment rates for the 15-19 age were females. The unemployment rates for the 15-19 age group in 1993-94 were 54.7 % for males and 30.7% for group in 1993-94 were 54.7 % for males and 30.7% for females.females.


1. Major sectors of child labor 1. Major sectors of child labor

Source: Census 2001Source: Census 2001

2. Worker Population Ratio - Work Participation of children2. Worker Population Ratio - Work Participation of childrenDistribution of (per 1000) of persons by principal usual activity categoryDistribution of (per 1000) of persons by principal usual activity categorySource: Key indicators of Employment and unemployment in India, NSS July 2009- June 2010 Source: Key indicators of Employment and unemployment in India, NSS July 2009- June 2010

Pan,Bidi and Cigarettes- 21% Construction- 17% Domestic Workers- 15%

Spinning / Weaving 11% Others 11% Brick-klins,Tiles 7%

Dhabas / Restaurants / Hotels- 6%

Auto work shop / Vehicle Repair- 4%

Carpet-making 3%

NSS Age (in years) Male Female

2004-05 10-14 52 43

2009-10 10-14 26 18


The percentage of children aged 5-14 engaged in work The percentage of children aged 5-14 engaged in work in Biharin Bihar

Source: Annual Health Survey 2010 –11Source: Annual Health Survey 2010 –11

Vital Statistics 2 : Vital Statistics 2 : Child Labor in absolute numbers in IndiaChild Labor in absolute numbers in India

Source: Population Census, Office of Registrar General of indiaSource: Population Census, Office of Registrar General of india

Children age 5-14 years engaged in work (%)

Total Rural Urban

Person 3.6 3.7 3.1Male 4.0 4.0 3.8Female 3.1 3.2 2.3

1991 2001

11.28 million 12.66 million (!!!???)


(iv) Children in conflict with law:(iv) Children in conflict with law:

Crimes against adolescents: Crimes against adolescents: IIn 2011, the crimes against n 2011, the crimes against children reported a 24% increase over 2010. children reported a 24% increase over 2010. Bihar accounted Bihar accounted for 6.7% cases. Violence against women and girls is a growing for 6.7% cases. Violence against women and girls is a growing phenomena. Adolescent girls are more disadvantaged by phenomena. Adolescent girls are more disadvantaged by physical, mental and psychological violence at home and physical, mental and psychological violence at home and outside, ranging from eve teasing and abduction to rape, outside, ranging from eve teasing and abduction to rape, incest, prostitution, battering, sexual harassment at the work incest, prostitution, battering, sexual harassment at the work place, acid attacks etc. place, acid attacks etc.

Crimes by adolescents: Crimes by adolescents: Rate of juvenile crime increased from Rate of juvenile crime increased from 0.9% in 1999 to 2.1% in 2008. About 0.9% in 1999 to 2.1% in 2008. About 62.4% of Juvenile crimes 62.4% of Juvenile crimes are committed by children who have never gone to school are committed by children who have never gone to school or or have had education till only primary level. have had education till only primary level.

Deviancy and high risk behavior like drug abuse, pre-marital Deviancy and high risk behavior like drug abuse, pre-marital sexual activity and antisocial behavior. sexual activity and antisocial behavior. In 1993-94, 4.54% of In 1993-94, 4.54% of drug users were in the age group of 12-17 yearsdrug users were in the age group of 12-17 years (NCRB, 1997) (NCRB, 1997)


Crimes against children in absolute numbers- All India Crimes against children in absolute numbers- All India 20122012

Source: Annual Health Survey 2010 –11Source: Annual Health Survey 2010 –11

Disposal of crimes against children by Police and courts Disposal of crimes against children by Police and courts - 2012- 2012


Year 2009 2010 2011 % variation in 2011 over 2010

Total crime 24201 26694 33098 24

National average charge sheeting rate for all the crimes against children 82.5%

‘Buying of girls for prostitution’ 100%‘Rape’ 97.3%IPC Crimes 78.8%SLL Crimes 93%Total conviction rate at national level 34.6%National conviction rate for infanticide other than murder 46.9%Murder 45.5%


Vital Statistics 3 Vital Statistics 3 Total conviction rate for all the crimes Total conviction rate for all the crimes

against children at national level is against children at national level is just 34.6% !just 34.6% !


All evils lie in the deprivation of our All evils lie in the deprivation of our children from educationchildren from education

Education is meant for all round development of individuals. It forms the Education is meant for all round development of individuals. It forms the basis for lifelong learning and inspires confidence to face challenges. basis for lifelong learning and inspires confidence to face challenges. Through education people become, more self reliant, informed and Through education people become, more self reliant, informed and responsible citizens, who are capable of exercising wise choices, and responsible citizens, who are capable of exercising wise choices, and finding their voices in politics. It is also a fundamental requirement in a finding their voices in politics. It is also a fundamental requirement in a democracy. democracy.

Being out of school, boys enter the world of work and start worrying Being out of school, boys enter the world of work and start worrying about earning. Girls suffer the double burden of entering the world of about earning. Girls suffer the double burden of entering the world of work and are also confronted with matrimony and childbearing. In the work and are also confronted with matrimony and childbearing. In the absence of educational programs that address their employment and absence of educational programs that address their employment and self-development needs, both adolescent boys and girls especially those self-development needs, both adolescent boys and girls especially those out of school have little opportunity to grow into self-confident, aware out of school have little opportunity to grow into self-confident, aware and healthy persons. The formal school system has little to offer to the and healthy persons. The formal school system has little to offer to the dropouts and out-of-school adolescents. dropouts and out-of-school adolescents.

There is presently nowhere that their real life education needs are met There is presently nowhere that their real life education needs are met i.e. understanding and critically reflecting on their lives, exploring i.e. understanding and critically reflecting on their lives, exploring opportunities for employment/self employment, skill training, confidence opportunities for employment/self employment, skill training, confidence building etc. building etc.

What we can do for the dropout adolescentsWhat we can do for the dropout adolescents The following is a suggestive list of possible activities to provide The following is a suggestive list of possible activities to provide

diverse educational opportunities to adolescents:diverse educational opportunities to adolescents:# Redressal mechanism

1 Residential camps and residential institutions for adolescent Girls

2 Village melas on health, maths, environment, science and technology, women, etc.

3 Community action projects managed by youth e.g. watershed management, afforestation, etc.

4 Village/mobile libraries run by youth

5 Kala Jathas and travelling theatres based on folk performing arts

6 Open learning courses

7 Integrating formal education with action and work

8 ‘Real-life’ education for out-of-school adolescents

9 Career and vocational guidance in schools

10 Counseling, etc

ConclusionConclusion Brainstorming data that despite ratifying 16 UN Conferences / Brainstorming data that despite ratifying 16 UN Conferences /

Conventions, 7 Indian Constitutional Provisions and 19 Union Conventions, 7 Indian Constitutional Provisions and 19 Union Laws------we still have Laws------we still have 8.1 million dropout adolescents 8.1 million dropout adolescents (52.76%) in Std IX-X(52.76%) in Std IX-X,, gender disparity of 0.12, gender disparity of 0.12, 12.66 million 12.66 million child laborchild labor, , labor force participation rate of 403/1000 population, labor force participation rate of 403/1000 population, work force participation under 19 years of 20%, unemployment work force participation under 19 years of 20%, unemployment rates for 15-19 age group of 54.7 %, rates for 15-19 age group of 54.7 %, crimes against children crimes against children reported 24% increase in 2011 over 2010reported 24% increase in 2011 over 2010, juvenile crime , juvenile crime increased from 0.9% in 1999 to 2.1% in 2008, increased from 0.9% in 1999 to 2.1% in 2008, 62.4% of Juvenile 62.4% of Juvenile crimes are committed by children who have never gone to crimes are committed by children who have never gone to schoolschool, , 4.54% of drug users are in the age group of 12-17 years, 4.54% of drug users are in the age group of 12-17 years, 17.5% cases remain pending for charge sheeting for crime against 17.5% cases remain pending for charge sheeting for crime against children, children, 65.4% cases remain to be convicted for crime against 65.4% cases remain to be convicted for crime against childrenchildren, national conviction rate for infanticide other than murder , national conviction rate for infanticide other than murder is 46.9% and national conviction rate for murder is only 45.5%. is 46.9% and national conviction rate for murder is only 45.5%.

Situation is horrific.Situation is horrific.

Human Development IndexHuman Development Index Education is a foremost determinant of human development and now we Education is a foremost determinant of human development and now we

can aptly judge now why India is far behind in the values of Human can aptly judge now why India is far behind in the values of Human Development Index. Development Index.

Source:-Human Development Report,2014, UNDP, NSSO, Ministry of Statistics & PI, Niti AyogSource:-Human Development Report,2014, UNDP, NSSO, Ministry of Statistics & PI, Niti Ayog

These data confirm that all evils lie in the deprivation of our children from These data confirm that all evils lie in the deprivation of our children from education. The discussed data firmly suggests that human rights education. The discussed data firmly suggests that human rights perspective of adolescents in India is in pathetic condition and perspective of adolescents in India is in pathetic condition and “ In a “ In a rights-based society like ours, the right to (quality) education for rights-based society like ours, the right to (quality) education for adolescents must be taken in a pursuit of human rights obligation and the adolescents must be taken in a pursuit of human rights obligation and the state must fulfill it. Merely hypothetical dreaming of providing free and state must fulfill it. Merely hypothetical dreaming of providing free and compulsory elementary education to all children as enshrined in our compulsory elementary education to all children as enshrined in our Directive Principals of State Policy and the enactment of the Right to Directive Principals of State Policy and the enactment of the Right to Education Act, 2009 will not suffice the cause. If we can reach Mars, Education Act, 2009 will not suffice the cause. If we can reach Mars, produce international managers, claim India a developed economy and a produce international managers, claim India a developed economy and a rights-based society – deprivation of children from education is a national rights-based society – deprivation of children from education is a national shame. Good governance policies for children and fostering their shame. Good governance policies for children and fostering their development through different instruments is instantly required.”development through different instruments is instantly required.”

HDI Unit 2000 2010 2013

HDI Value 0.431 0.483 0.586

Way AheadWay Ahead There is an urgent need to invest in adolescents. By There is an urgent need to invest in adolescents. By

addressing their needs we would not only be addressing their needs we would not only be contributing to the socio-economic development of the contributing to the socio-economic development of the country but also to other societal concerns like social country but also to other societal concerns like social harmony, gender justice, population stabilization and harmony, gender justice, population stabilization and improving the quality of life of our people.SSA and improving the quality of life of our people.SSA and Right to RTE have contributed to a new vibrancy, Right to RTE have contributed to a new vibrancy, meaning and urgency in the country’s efforts to meaning and urgency in the country’s efforts to universalize elementary education. However, the issue universalize elementary education. However, the issue of drop outs continues as a major issue in all levels of of drop outs continues as a major issue in all levels of education. Urgent and more focused measures are education. Urgent and more focused measures are required to address and tackle these enduring issues in required to address and tackle these enduring issues in the education sector of the country to meet the human the education sector of the country to meet the human rights obligations of the adolescents. rights obligations of the adolescents.

ReferencesReferences

1. ORGI, India1. ORGI, India2. MHRD, GoI2. MHRD, GoI3. IMRB Survey3. IMRB Survey4. India in Figures, 20154. India in Figures, 20155. Census of India, 20015. Census of India, 20016. Census of India, 20116. Census of India, 20117. Children in India, 20127. Children in India, 20128. Central Statistical Organization8. Central Statistical Organization9. Annual Health Survey, 2010 –119. Annual Health Survey, 2010 –1110. UN Conferences/Conventions,10. UN Conferences/Conventions,11. Report of the Working Group on Adolescents for the Tenth Five 11. Report of the Working Group on Adolescents for the Tenth Five

Year Plan– Planning Commission - GoIYear Plan– Planning Commission - GoI

Thank you!Thank you!

D P KarnD P Karn

d p karn-jmdpl college presentation

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