DAY 28: ELASTOMERS AND THERMOSETS What’s required for elastomeric behavior Essentials of elastomeric behavior Examples of Elastomers Example of a Thermoset

THERMOSETS AND ELASTOMERS

Both have some primary bonds between the chains.

Because of the primary bonds, neither can be reground and reused.

Elastomers show significant ELASTIC deformation.

THE ISOPRENE MER

Here is an important, naturally occuring mer. It exhibits what the text calls a “geometrical isomerism.”

The double bond on the backbone is quite rigid and

does not allow rotation from one form to the other.

One of these mers will result in a natural

“curlique” to the chain. Do you see which?

THE CURL MAKES THE DIFFERENCE

Polyisoprene “cis” has naturally occuring very coiled chains. It is the starting point for natural rubber.

Polyisoprene “trans” has straighter chains. It is a material called gutta percha.

Both are found in the sap of trees in Brazil and S.E. Asia.

Interesting uses of gutta percha.1. One of the earliest insulators.2. “The guttie” core golf ball revolutionized golf.3. Also used in filling tooth cores in dental work.4. It is not highly elastic.

MAKING RUBBER

So far we have really coiled chains that might uncoil when loaded. They also might begin to slide past each other, ie. deform plastically.

As the Macrogalleria notes, extending a piece of rubber decreases its entropy.

MORE ON RUBBER

To delay the onset of plastic deformation, a certain amount of crosslinking is created. One way of doing this is by adding sulfur. (Goodyear invented this process known as vulcanization.)

What we have so far is:1. Highly coilable chains.2. Backbone bonds allow free rotation.3. Crosslinking to prevent plastic deformation.

Chains are fixed together by primary bonds at fixed locations.

4. Be above the glass temperature.

THEORY OF RUBBER ELASTICITY

Conventional elasticity. (I.e. metal spring) elastic strain energy stored in the primary bonds during deformation.

Rubber elasticity. As we stretch, energy stored thermally. This is associated with an entropy decrease. (Heat transferred out of the rubber. Feels hot)

There is then a thermodynamic “force” which drives us back towards high entropy (the original state.) So there is an entropy increase as we expand. (Heat transferred back into the rubber. Feels cool)

ENTROPY SPRING

Just as the conventional spring stores and releases energy, the rubber “entropy spring” rejects and accepts entropy.

Further consequences:1. Nonlinear stress strain behavior2. Extremely large strains possible3. Hysteris loop in the curve on unloading

STRESS STRAIN CURVESNotes

1.Cycle dependence. First loading cycle results in permanent deformation.2.20th cycle curve is more typical.3.Note large strains. The question of how to define strain becomes important.

STRESS STRAIN CALCULATIONS IN RUBBER

Please note: these materials are elastic, they are NOT linearly elastic.

They fall into a very large materials class: the hyperelastic materials. In such materials, the stress is derived (conceptually) as follows:

Theoretically and experimentally, we find a strain energy density function, V. Then, derive the following non-linear relationship for stress

ijij

V

SOMETHING TO REMEMBER

For all practical purposes, rubber is brittle. There is no ductility.

This is because of the crosslinking. This is confusing, because when we see large

deformations in metals, we know there is ductility / plasticity at work.

Not true in elastomers. Fracture surfaces show no macroscopic deformation.

OTHER ELASTOMERS

During WWII when access to the rubber trees was less, polymer chemists came up with ways to synthesize elastomers.

Here is one, commonly used – polybutadiene.

Again we see the double bond on the backbone of the polymer and the cis configuration. It will be coily.

Widely used in automotive: tire treads, belts, hoses, gaskets, etc.

SBS RUBBER – A THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER

We start with what is called a “block copolymer.” By clever chemistry, we can get

Like HIPS, but this one is a block, not a graft. In this case what happens

is:

The polystyrene clumps together. These clumps do the job of crosslinks.Can be

recycled!!!

SOME USES OF SBS

ABS (ACRILONITRILE – CO –BUTADIENE- CO- STYRENE

Here is the mer for PAN, polyacrilonitrile. Important source of fiber.

Copolymerize it with styrene in

what’s called an alternating copolymer

There’s more!

ABS

We then copolymerize this with butadiene. Get ABS, a very strong, tough plastic.

ABS PROPERTIESMaterial

Density (g/cc)

UTS (ksi)

Ductility%EL

Izod ImpactFt-lb/in

ABS 1.07 5.8 50 2.45

Polycarbonate

1.24 8.2 14 2.5

It’s very light and tough.

THERMOSETTING POLYMERS -- EPOXY

We have to chemically make the polymer and form it all at the same time.

Ingredient #1

Ingredient #2

EPOXY CHEMISTRY

We get the two chemicals to react. The chemistry is complex. Curing, i.e. heating to promote the final reaction may be needed.

The result is a 3D network solid. It will not soften and flow when heated. This is a thermoset.

SOME PROPERTIES

Note that Epoxy is quite strong and stiff. This is, of course, the unreinforced stuff.

Polymer

Density g/cc

UTS ksi %EL E ksi

PVC 1.35 7.5 45 385

Epoxy 1.16 22.5 2 2500

Uses1.Electrical moldings, like some plugs2.Sinks3.Adhesives4.Coatings5.Matrix material for composites.

http://www.ides.com/resinprice/resinpricingreport.asp

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHANE (TEFLON)

This is an interesting one. Here’s the mer

It’s like PE but with the H’s replaced by fluorines. (F). This makes for a

strange substance.

1. Secondary bonding is very strong between the highly polarized F’s.

2. The bonding is such that no other substances are attracted. This accounts for the no-stick.

TEFLON PROPERTIES

Very low coefficient of friction Dense No-stick Very good temperature resistance Kind of average strength good ductility

Material Density g/cc

UTSKsi

%EL E ksi

HDPE 0.953 4.5 200 240

Teflon 2.16 5.3 400 --