czen booklet
TRANSCRIPT
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Frontiers in Explorationof the
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Workshop Organizing Committee
Don Sparks, Co-Chair, University of DelawareSue Brantley, Co-Chair, The Pennsylvania State University
Jon Chorover, The University of Arizona
Mary Firestone, University of California, Berkeley
Dan Richter, Duke University
Art White, USGS, Menlo Park
Frontiers in Exploration of the Critical Zone
An NSF-Sponsored WorkshopUniversity of Delaware
Newark, Delaware
Monday October 24 - Wednesday October 26, 2005
To cite this report:
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Frontispiece caption:
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Figure 1. The coupled chemical
physical, and biological processes
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gine are driven by climatic, anthro-
pogenic, and tectonic forcing tha
can be investigated at all scales.
The characteristic rates and ex-
the concentrations of atmospheric
gases and aerosols in hydrologic
responses, and in soil chemistry
and can be inferred from histori-
cal data and from the geologic re-
the American Geophysical Union
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A national initiative is needed that incorporates a systems ap-
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sustain ecosystems, regulate the migration and fate of toxins, sculpt ter-
restrial landscapes, and control the exchange of greenhouse gases and
FORCINGS
CLIMATIC
ANTHROPOGENIC
TECTONIC
WEATHERING
IN THE
CRITICAL ZONE
ATMOSPHERIC
HYDROLOGIC
SOIL
RESPONSES
BIOLOGICAL
PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
Executive Summary
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Introduction: What is the Critical Zone?
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vides nutrients to nourish ecosystems and human society, controls
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Despite the fundamental importance of the Critical Zone, our knowl-
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Table 1. Some Changes in the Critical Zone
Over the past 3 centuries, 30-50% of global land surface and more than 50% of freshwater hasbeen used by humans 1
Croplands and pastures now rival forest cover as the major biome on Earth 2
At least 20% of plant species on continents are frequently nonindigenous 3
Humans have doubled the rate of nitrogen inputs to terrestrial ecosystems 4
Contaminants have been documented in 80% of representative streams in U.S. 5
Cropland per person has decreased from 0.5 to 0.35 ha worldwide 6
Weathering rate increases over the last 50 y related to changes in climate and land use arechanging the chemistry of North Americas largest river 7
Current rates of loss of U.S. soil from development of pastureland are about 400 m/106 y 8, 9
Current rates of loss of U.S. soil due to cropland tillage are 680-1400 m/106 y 8,10, 11
1Crutzen (2002);
2Foley et al., (2005);
3Vitousek et al. (1997) and references therein;
4Vitousek et al. (1997);
5Kolpin et
al. (2002);6Ramankutty et al. (2002);
7Raymond and Cole (2003);
8Wilkinson (2005);
9U.S.D.A. (1988);
10Pimentel et
al. (1995);11
Pimentel and Skidmore (2004)
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Zone that occur at the nano-scalecontrol observations at the soil-pro-
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processes occurring over the entire
globe. To make predictions needed a
regional and global scales for soci-
etal decision-making requires mod-
els that span almost thirty orders of
magnitude in numbers of reactive
sites. This vast range of scale is dif-
into training paradigms for environ-
mental scientists, but if the challenge
of crossing scales is incorporated
made. Figure courtesy of B. Hon-
Ion Association
Multivalent Ion Hydrolysis
Gas-Water
Ion Exchange
Sorption
Mineral Solution
Mineral Crystallization
s min h d mo yr mils
Time Scale
of time. Figure from A
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intellectual excitement that surrounds Critical Zone science and we articu-
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The Critical Zone manifests an extraordinary diversity of soils and
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and organic matter to nourish and sustain ecosystems,
regulate the migration and fate of toxics, sculpt terres-
trial landscapes, and control the exchange of green-
Four Critical Zone Questions
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300 300 Km0
Endangered soil
series in USA
1 endangered soil
2-9 endangered
Urban land
Agricultural land
Soil series with > 50% areain urban or agriculture uses
300 300 Km0
Urban LandAgricultureIm pacted soil series
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bined human disturbances. Figure after
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transects. Higher Hg content in east-
ern soils likely results from both natu-
ral and anthropogenic factors including
organic content and industrial activi-
ties in the densely populated eastern
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the atmosphere, biosphere, hydro-
sphere, and lithosphere through thecomplex interplay of biological,
geological, chemical, and physi-
cal processes. We seek to address
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ecosystems, sculpts landscapes
and controls the exchange of trace
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sphere. Frontiers in investigations
these areas are described in this
report as Questions 1 through 4
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with freshwater, whereas the nature of secondary mineral formation de- -
processes in the context of the Critical Zone as an open system and to
W hat processes control
fluxes of carbon, particu-
lates, and reactive gases?
How do variations in, and
peturbation to, chem ical
and physical weathering
processes im pact the
Critical Zone?
How do weathering
processes nourish
ecosystem s?
How do biogeochem ical
processes govern
long-term sustainability of
water and soil resources?
Landforms
Water
Ecosystems
AtmosphereCritical Zone Questions
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amount of earth moved annually
by humans as a function of time.
calculated from earth movement
per capita multiplied by popula-
times more sediment as all natu-
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species (
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Question 1: How are the rates of physical and chemical weathering
perturbed by environmental forcing?
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~2X geologic rate
geologic rate
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The depth
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What controls the vertical structure and heterogeneity of the
the environmental conditions and mechanisms that produce differences
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ecosystem function in these envi-
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velops sustainable livelihood on
such contrasting soils and land-
scapes is a very pressing ques-
tion. Brazil photo by Bill Dietrich,
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Question 2: How do important biogeochemical processes occurring
at Critical Zone interfaces govern long-term sustainability of soil and
water resources? -
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studied in isolation or ex situ.
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mission electron microscopy
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ide-coated sands are commonly
assumed to consist primarily of
and Al-rich materials of variable
smectite and agglomerates ofgoethite nanoparticles. The up-
spots in red. At right, brighter
areas correspond to areas con-
taining higher levels of the spec-
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age is a high-resolution image of
and lattice fringes demonstrate-
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ticles that exhibit substantia
preferred orientation. Although
the iron oxide agglomerates
constitute a small mass fraction
dominate reactive surface area
and control chemical reactivity
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Especially in comparison to the atmosphere and oceans
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What is the nature of biotic-abiotic feedbacks in biogeo
Recent stud-
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What are the essential components of a predictive model of
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As natural systems are transformed
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proach includes the need to not only interface surface chemistry with
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sources requires sustaining soils
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chemical processes that control
the long-term sustainability of
at molecular to nano-scales and
exhibit increasing complexity at
larger spatial scales because of
environmental heterogeneity.
-scopic techniques are expanding
our ability to predict chemical
reactions across scales. (Figure
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Question 3: How do processes in the Critical Zone nourish ecosystems
and how do they respond to changes in external forcing? The Criti-
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that dissolves to
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Criti-
rainfall and altered plant productivity under enhanced atmospheric
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The Critica
Zone is an open chemical system that responds to nutrient inputs from
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exceed thresholds in response to acute extreme events or in response
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ample, the use ofC and C (for analyses of the sources and fates of
Cs,
Sr,
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Question 4: What processes in the Critical Zone control biosphere-
atmosphere exchanges of atmospherically important gases and par-
ticulates? -
characterized by active mixing
of living and dead organic mat-
is provided by photosynthesis
Water facilitates chemical reac-
tions and transports reactants
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acts as a sink for atmospheri-
cally and biospherically derived
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cal Zone as secondary precipi-
tates, are utilized by biota, or are
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duced carbon compounds also
complex, reduce, and leach oth-
controlled both by the intensity
of extrinsic climatic factors and
by intrinsic thermodynamic and
kinetic properties that are them-
selves being continually modi-
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cesses interact with solid earth materials in the Critical Zone to mediate
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from the Critical Zone to the atmosphere
plant root respiration is the dominant component of total soil respira- -
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piration so that we can predict and model how ecosystems will respond
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Recent studies have demonstrated
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in the atmosphere can
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into the Critical Zone to alter C transformations and mineral weather-
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Physical and chemical properties of soils and ecosystems vary over a
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diate transformations of organic
and inorganic molecules tha
drive pollutant degradation,
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mosphere gas exchange, nutri-
ent availability, and other im-
portant services provided by the
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cient DNA sequencing technolo-
gies make it possible to retrieve
environmental genomic data
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tive abundances of functiona
and taxonomic marker genes
in microbial communities. Ge-
netic data can then be compared
the microbial underpinnings of
targeted spatial and tempora
gradients. (Figure courtesy of
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ganic carbon as measured in soil
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tents measured in original sam-
of soil organic carbon as calcu-
lated from successive samplings.
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lated from a model equation.
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ments of soil change are critical
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mental variables. The 13, plant biomass, and soil organic matter in the Aspen Free-Air
and the interaction treatment (elevated
3 13
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C and C to understand the funda-
studies to understand the most productive ways to study processes in the
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CZEN: The Research Strategy -
es in soil organic carbon content
as a function of greenhouse gas-
panel displays the modeled change
in surface temperatures as deter-
subtracting modern temperatures
from the results of a present-
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tury model averaged over many
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content. At
changes in soil parameters such
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Research that characterizes the Critical Zone and its response to climat-
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work, will promote a systems framework to deconvolute these complex
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more intensively, will employ hierarchically nested approaches, and
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clay formation and hence the electrochemical properties of the Criti-
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promote inter-comparison of Critical Zone processes across a variety
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Data and samples from these sites
At present, no-
Table 2. Attributes to be Considered in Site Selection forCZEN
Parentlithology Chem ical, m ineralogical,and physicalproperties
Topography Slope, aspect, uplift and erosion rates
Clim ate
Hydrology
Tem perature, precipitation, seasonality
Drainage characteristics, saturated versusunsaturated
Biota Abundance, diversity, and distribution of biota
Time Exposureage, rockage, time evolution
Logistical considerations Ease of accessibility,availabilityofpriordata
Quality of site Pristine or disturbed characteristics,suitability forupscaling,suitability for lab-scale m odeling/experim entation
Isolation ofvariables Site allowsobservational testing ofone isolated variable
Outreach potential Opportunities to encourage education
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vatories that span environmenta
variables including (but not lim-
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gation of important properties in
be instrumented more intensively
and maintained for longer time
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ed for shorter durations (sites in
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servations that can test the effects
of important variables across-
ticular importance is the collec-
tion and analysis of both genomic
and geochemical data for inter-
across environmental gradients
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The inherent multi-discipli-
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shops will promote advances and will introduce models to interpret
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Critical Zone Exploration Network
Lithology
Disturbance
Climate
Topography
Biology
Time
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dent fellowship competition to fund students to work
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(the Consortium of Universities for the Advancement
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Environmental Re-
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Table 3. Proposed CZEN sites
Shale Hills,PA
Panola M ountain, GA
Rio Icacos/Luquillo M tns. Puerto Rico
IllinoisRiverbasin,IL
Saguaro NP,AZ
M ercedRiver,CABonanza Creek,AK
Hawaii
Harvard Forest,NH
ConesusLake watershed,NY
Urban building stones,NYC
Pine Barrens, NJ
Bousson Forest, PA
Coweeta HydrologyLab,NC
Calhoun SoilExperim ent,SC
Sand dunes, southern G A
Northeastern AL
IowaGunnison Gorge NCA,western CO
Nevada testsite,NV
International Proposed Sites
Fu Shan, Taiwan
Bhetagad watershed, India
Sikfokut,H ungary
Siem ianice,Poland
Czech Republic
Strasbourg, France
Grenoble, FranceSvalbard,Norway
Goteborg,Sweden
Nottingham , England
Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe
SouthwestIceland
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Conclusions
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The proposed initiative outlined here will provide initial solutions to
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Table 4. Exam ples of Proposed Activities and Instrum ents for Sites in CZEN
Continuousstage recorders
Autom ated watersamplers
Sedim ent collectors
Stream m easurem ents
Satellite linkups (stream gauge + weather
station)
Precipitation gauges
Tem perature gauges
Hum idity sensors
W ind sensors
W et- and dry-fall collectors
Radiom eters
Soil m oisture detectors
Clim ate/weatherm easurem ents
Therm istors forsoil tem perature
Unsaturated zone m onitoring nests
Suction water sam plers
Tensiom eters
Therm ocouple psychrom eters
Tim e dom ain reflectrom etry
Gassamplers and fluxchambersPortable gas chrom atographs
Ground waterm onitoring wells
Piezom eters
Recording pressure transducers
W ater, gas,soil m easurem ents
Sam pling pumps
Drilling equipm ent
Soil Sam pling
Biological m easurements Electrochemical analyzers for water
chem istry
Rhizotrons,m ini-rhizotrons,stereo
m icroscopy
Deployable units form olecularbiologicalanalysis
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eral land in the United States: Analysis of conditions and trends, USDA Soil Conserva-
References
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Bill Dietrich, UC Berkeley
Michelle Walvoord, USGSScott Fendorf, Stanford
INVITED SPEAKERS for NSF Sponsored Workshop
Frontiers in Exploration of the Critical Zone
University of Delaware Newark, Delaware, October 24-26, 2005
Bruce Allison
Ron Amundson
Suzanne Anderson
Scott Andres
Richard April
John Baham
Steve Banwart
Asmeret Asefaw Berhe
Will Bleam
Joel Blum
Alex Blum
Michael Borda
Steve Borleske
Sue Brantley
Tom Bullen
Bruce Caldwell
Jon Chorover
David Crowley
Eric Davidson
James Davis
Celine Dessert
Bill Dietrich
Tim Drever
Jim Dyer
Mike Ellis
Matt Evans
Scott Fendorf
Ryan Fimmen
Mary Firestone
Jeff Fuhrmann
Ferran Garcia-Pichel
Art Goldstein
Richard Grauch
Earl Greene
Yan Jin
Scot Martin
Chris Matocha
Dave McCarren
Joel Moore
Claudia Mora
Simon Mudd
Maria Pautler
Milan Pavich
Ted Peltier
Jake Peters
Jim Pizzuto
Michael Pullin
Allan Reed
Rich Reeder
Martha Relyea
Chuck Rice
Dan Richter
Jonathan Sanderman
Martin SchoonenJennifer Seiter
Masayuki Shimizu
James Sickman
Tom Sims
Phil Sollins
Donald Sparks
Sharath Srinvasiah
Ron Amundson, UC Berkeley
Martin Schoonen, Stony Brook University
Brian Stewart
Alan Stone
Dan Strawn
David Sylvia
Ryan Tappero
Brian Teppen
Aaron Thompson
Ben Turner
Bill Ullman
MichelleWalvoord
Ray Weil
Josh West
Tim White
Art WhiteMark Williams
Eric Wommack
Participants of the NSF Workshop
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C R I T I C AL Z O N E E X P L O R AT I O N
N E T W O R K
Critical Zone Exploration Network Steering Committee:
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pressed in this material are those of the authors and do not nec-
Suzanne Anderson
Rich April
Susan Brantley
Jon Chorover
Mary Firestone
Dan Richter
Don Sparks
Art White
Tim White