cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes nucleus chromosomes mitochondria cell wall
DESCRIPTION
Schematic of the plasma membraneTRANSCRIPT
Cytoplasm
EndoplasmicReticulum
Ribosomes
NucleusChromosomes Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Schematic of the plasma membrane
http://www.ncnr.nist.gov/programs/reflect/rp/biology/cell_membrane.html
Cell Division:1) Mitosis-ordinary cell division
2) Meiosis-gamete cell division
Mitosis:Ordinary cell division
I. Chromosomes are expanded into longstructures in the nucleus and are invisibleunder the light microscope.
Mitosis:
II. Chromosomes replicate and condense. Withappropriate staining, they can now be seenunder a microscope.
Mitosis:
III. The nuclear wall degrades, spindles formand attach themselves to the chromosomes.
Mitosis:
IV. Spindles pull the chromosome pairs apart,pulling them to opposite poles of the cell.
Mitosis:
V. Nucleus develops around each set ofchromosomes and the cell wall starts to form,splitting the cell.
Mitosis:
VI. Nucleus and cell wall complete developmentand chromosomes expand, giving two daughter cells.
Mitosis:
Meiosis:Cell Division
Generating Gametes
I. As in mitosis, chromosomesreplicate and condense.
Meiosis:
II. Unlike mitosis, the maternal (solid) andpaternal (dotted) chromosomes pair upand exchange genetic material.
Meiosis:
III. Spindles form, attach themselves andpull the chromosomes to the poles of the cell.
Meiosis:
IV. The cell divides.
Meiosis:
V. Spindles form again and pull eachchromosome away from its partner.
Meiosis:
VI. Each cell divides again, reducing the number ofchromosomes to half that of the original cell.
Meiosis:
Cell Workings:Metabolism &
CatabolismKey Concepts:1) Lock & Key2) Cut or Paste
1. Substrate and enzyme 2. bind together, forming asubstrate-enzyme complex.
substrate enzyme
3. A chemical reaction occurs, 4. leaving a product when theenzyme dissociates.
product
Tyrosine
DOPA(dihydroxyphenylalanine)
DA(dopamine)
NE(norepinepherine)
tyrosinehydroxylase
DOPAdecarboxylase
dopamine hydroxylase
Cell Communication:
Key Concepts:1) Lock (Receptor) & Key (Hormones,
Neurotransmitters)2) Dimmer Switch
The Neuron
Dendrites
CellBody
Axon
Terminal
Nucleus
Buttons
Glial Cell
Neurons
© DennisKunkel: www.DennisKunkel.com
http://www.alz.org/brain/05.asp
Neurons
Receptor
Neuro-transmittermolecules
Vesicle
Synaptic Button
PostsynapticNeuron
1. Neuron fires.
2. Vesicles releaseneurotransmitter whichexits the cell.
3. Neurotransmitterbinds with receptorinitiating a cascadeof chemical eventsin the next cell.
PresynapticNeuron
Enzyme
PresynapticReceptor
4. Excess neurotrans-mitter chewed up by enzymesand/or taken back by the neuronwhere it may also be degradedby enzymes.
PostsynapticReceptorNeurotransmitter
Vesicle
Enzyme
http://www.drugabuse.gov/pubs/teaching/teaching4/largegifs/slide10.gif
http://www.driesen.com/neurotransmitter_processes.jpg
Effects ofneurotransmission:
1) Short term = ion transfer (changes polarity of postsynaptic neuron)
2) Long term = second messenger system (changes proteins, changes dimmer switch)
Receptor
Ions
Ion Channel
EnzymeActivating
Ion Channel
Neurotransmitter
Receptor
Ions
Ion Channel
Second Messenger Molecule
Neurotransmitter
Signal to Cell
ScaffoldingMolecule
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/pathways.html
Raphe nuclei
Serotonin projections from the Raphe
http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/products/pathway-studio/sample-pathways/serotoninr-1/
Serotonin secondmessenger signaling
pathway