cypriot pottery from mb iia loci at tel

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ORBIS BIBLICUS ET ORIENTALIS 255

All the Wisdom of the East

Studies in Near Eastern Archaeology and Historyin Honor of Eliezer D. Oren

edited by

Mayer Gruber, Shmuel Aituv,

Gunnar Lehmann and Zipora Talshir

Academic Press Fribourg

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Gttingen

2012


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ORBIS BIBLICUS ET ORIENTALIS 255

Academic Press Fribourg

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Gttingen

2012


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Coverillustration

Adecorationfeaturingthewellknown'palmtreeandibex'motifonapotteryvesselfromtheendoftheLateBronzeAge(13thcenturyBCE)foundatTelSera'(biblicalZiklag?)duringtheexcavationsconductedbyEliezerOren.

PublicationsubsidizedbyBenGurionUniversityoftheNegev,BeerSheva,Israel

Internetgeneralcatalogue:AcademicPressFribourg:www.paulusedition.chVandenhoeck&Ruprecht,Gttingen:www.vr.de

CamerareadytextpreparedbyMarciaBodenmann,UniversityofZurich

2012byAcademicPressFribourg,FribourgSwitzerlandVandenhoeck&RuprechtGiittingen

ISBN:9783727817199(AcademicPressFribourg)ISBN:9783525543788(Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht)ISSN:10151850(Orb.biblicusorient.)


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Contents

Editors Introduction ............................................................................... XIEliezer D. Oren: An Appreciation ........................................................... XIIIList of Eliezer D. Orens Scientific Publications .................................... XIX

ARTICLES IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN

Michal Artzy and Svetlana Zagorski Cypriot Mycenaean IIIB Imported to the Levant ......................... 1

David A. Aston Cypriot Pottery and its Imitations from Hebwa IV ......................... 13

Rachel Ben-Dov The Mycenaean Pottery from the Occupation Levels at Tel Dan .... 57

Daphna Ben-Tor and Othmar Keel

The Beth-Shean Level IX-Group. A Local Scarab Workshopof the Late Bronze Age I. ................................................................. 87

Manfred Bietak and Karin Kopetzky The Egyptian Pottery of the Second Intermediate Period from

Northern Sinai and its Chronological Significance ......................... 105

Ruhama Bonfil Did Thutmose IIIs Troops Encounter Megiddo X? ........................ 129

Annie Caubet A Matter of Strategy, Taste or Choice? Glazed Clay or Siliceous

Faience ............................................................................................. 157

Lilly Gershuny Zoomorphic Protomes in the Middle Bronze Age: An Innovation

of the Period? ................................................................................... 167

Victor Avigdor Hurowitz The Return of the Ark (1 Samuel 6) and Impetrated Ox Omens

(STT 73: 100-140) ........................................................................... 177


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VIII CONTENTS

Kenneth A. Kitchen Roy of the Rovers: An Egyptian Warrior in 2nd-Millennium

Phoenicia? ........................................................................................ 187

Maria Kostoula and Joseph Maran A Group of Animal-Headed Faience Vessels from Tiryns ............... 193

Jodi Magness Archaeologically Invisible Burials in Late Second Temple

Period Judea ..................................................................................... 235

Aren M. Maeir, Itzik Shai, Joe Uziel, Yuval Gadot andJeffrey H. Chadwick A Late Bronze Age Biconical Jug with a Depiction of a Scorpion

from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel ........................................................... 249

Pierre de Miroschedji Egypt and Southern Canaan in the Third Millennium BCE:

Unis Asiatic Campaigns Revisited ................................................. 265

Lorenzo Nigro The Temple of the Kothon at Motya, Sicily:

Phoenician Religious Architecture from the Levant to the West ..... 293

Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni Dating by Grouping in the Idumean Ostraca The Intersection

of Dossiers: Commodities and Persons ........................................... 333

Kay Prag Footbaths: Secular, Ritual and Symbolic ......................................... 361

Anthony J. Spalinger Divisions in Monumental Texts and their Images: The Issue of

Kadesh and Megiddo ....................................................................... 373

Varda Sussman

Oil Lamps from the Early Roman Period Decorated withPatterns Copied from Funerary Art, Phoenician Wall Paintings,and Sculptured Sarcophagi .............................................................. 395

Herbert Verreth The Ethnic Diversity of the Northern Sinai from the 7thCentury

BCEuntil the 7thCenturyCE............................................................ 405


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IXCONTENTS

Samuel R. Wolff and Celia J. Bergoffen Cypriot Pottery from MB IIA Loci at Tel Megadim ........................ 419

Jak Yakar The Nature of Symbolism in the Prehistoric Art of Anatolia .......... 431

Wolfgang Zwickel Hungersnte in der sdlichen Levante vom 14. Jh. v. Chr. bis

zum 1. Jh. n. Chr. ............................................................................. 453

Editors and Contributors ......................................................................... 467

ARTICLES IN HEBREW

Eliezer D. Oren: An Appreciation ........................................................... 1*

Einat Ambar-Armon and Amos Kloner Hellenistic Oil Lamps Decorated with Figures from Maresha ........ 5* (English abstract) ........................................................................................ 27*

David Gal The Process of Urbanization in the Northern Negev During the

MB III Period: Social and Economic Aspects ................................. 29* (English abstract) ........................................................................................ 45*

Itamar Singer The First Treaty Between Hatti and Egypt ...................................... 47* (English abstract) ........................................................................................ 55*

Ephraim Stern Decorated Phoenician Finds from Israel.......................................... 57* (English abstract) ........................................................................................ 71*

Oded Tammuz

The Shipyard Journal and the Customs Account: An In- vestigation of the Nature of the Documents, of their Journey

and its Circumstances and of the Benefits of Forgotten Linesof Inquiry ......................................................................................... 73*

(English abstract) ........................................................................................ 85*


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Cypriot Pottery from MB IIA Loci at Tel Megadim

Samuel R. Wolff and Celia Bergoffen1

The so-called age of internationalism in the eastern Mediterranean basin,which peaked in the Late Bronze Age, had its roots in the preceding MiddleBronze Age. Exchange in ceramic vessels between Cyprus and Levantinesites is well known for the MB IIB-C (using traditional terminology) but israre for the MB IIA. This contribution presents new Cypriot material datingto a late phase of the MB IIA from the site of Tel Megadim, which suggests amore significant coastal distribution during this period than what was previ-ously assumed.

Tel Megadim

Tel Megadim2is located on the Carmel coast of Israel, c. 2 km north of Atlitand 11 km south of Tel Shiqmona (Haifa). The site has no port adjacent toit. Concentrations of anchors found offshore, however, provide tangible evi-dence that ships in antiquity anchored there and ferried cargo to the site on

smaller craft. These anchored ships would have been protected from roughseas by a natural lagoon created by underwater kurkar ridges (Galili et al.1993: 152 and Fig. 6, p. 138).

Excavations concentrating on the upper levels of the site, conducted inthe late 1960s by Magen Broshi, revealed extensive remains dating to thePersian period along with later Byzantine period remains (Broshi 1993).However, evidence for Early, Middle and Late Bronze Age occupations wasmentioned only in passing. In 1994, S. Wolff had the opportunity to sectionthe tell in advance of the construction of a second railroad track. The first

1 It is a privilege for us to participate in this Festschrift in honor of Eliezer Oren. Wolffespecially recalls fond memories of participating in the excavations directed by Eliezer at

Tel Haror in 1990, while Bergoffen is grateful to Eliezer for supervising her dissertation,and for still acting as her mentor. She too has many fond memories: of the peanuts placeas well as the excavations at Tel Haror. Our research benefited from a generous grantprovided by the Shelby White-Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications. Weare grateful to David Ilan and Ezra Marcus for confirming our dating of the local potteryassemblage discussed below. We also wish to thank Silvia Krapikow of the Israel Antiqui-ties Authority for her assistance in the preparation of the illustrations.

2 The official name of the site is Tel Sahar. The name Megadim, taken from the nearbymoshav, was given to the site by its first excavator, Magen Broshi. This unofficial name isretained here to avoid confusion.


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420 SAMUEL R. WOLFF AND CELIA BERGOFFEN

track cut through the tell in the late 1960s, without an official archaeologicalexcavation having been conducted. Wolffs excavation revealed the entireoccupational sequence of the site: Chalcolithic, EB IB, EB IV, MB II, LB I,Persian and Byzantine periods (Wolff 2008).

Due to the location of the area of excavation, on the artificially createdwestern slope of the depression created by the railroad track, exposure ofMiddle Bronze Age remains was limited. The situation was such that whena depth of a meter was reached, the horizontal exposure was, more or less,also one meter. When two meters were excavated, the horizontal exposurewas two meters. Maximum horizontal exposure of the MB remains neverreached more than two squares (8 m). Had the first railroad ditch been exca-vated properly, the exposure of the MB remains would have been much moreextensive.

Nevertheless, excavations succeeded in revealing architectural remainsfrom the MB IIB period and burials from throughout the MB. For the latter,several individual cist tombs dating to the MB IIA were excavated, as wellas two large masonry tombs for multiple burials, one dating to MB IIB, theother to MB IIC. Finally, several storage jar burials were revealed, probablydating to MB IIB. No Cypriot ceramic material was found in the MB IIAindividual tombs or in the storage jar burials. A few whole and almost wholevessels, however, were found in the masonry tombs, including two completevessels from the MB IIB tomb (one WP V eye-pitcher and one WP PLS jug),and two almost complete vessels from the MB IIC tomb (one WP V Tangentor Wavy Line style jug and one WP CLS juglet).

Scattered MB IIA remains were found outside the above-mentioned MBIIA tombs, but given the restricted excavation area and its disturbed location,it is impossible to reconstruct the settlement of this period. All one can sayis that the settlement was larger than what the excavations revealed, if oneassumes that the twelve MB IIA individual tombs were situated under struc-tures (domestic?) which were quarried out by the train track operations priorto the excavations. One feature consisted of a massive fill of potsherds datingexclusively to this period (Figs. 1-2), so many potsherds, at the exclusion ofother artifacts, that we concluded it must have been a pottery dump. This fea-ture, (primarily Loci 2070 and 2106 below it), was excavated c. 3 m in length(north-south) and 2 m. in width (east-west). Its western extent continues intothe unexcavated west balk, while is eastern extent was cut by the ditch of

the railroad tracks. The most diagnostic MB IIA forms from this feature arethe red-slipped and burnished carinated bowls (Fig. 1:7-8) and the cross-decorated bowl (Fig. 1:9), the latter bridging the transition to MB IIB. Con-spicuously absent are flaring rim carinated bowls, characteristic of MB IIB.C14 analysis of charcoal from the pottery dump yielded two calibrated dates:1880-1680 BCEand 1690-1520 BCE. Thus, while the ceramics are remark-ably homogeneous in date, the C14 analysis suggests some contamination.


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421CYPRIOT POTTERY FROM MB IIA LOCI AT TEL MEGADIM

Mixed together with the presumed local wares derived from this potterydump was a collection of Middle Cypriot sherds, which is the subject of thisarticle.

Cypriot Pottery

Cypriot ceramic imports are fairly uncommon prior to MB IIB, and consistsolely of WP wares. These have been found in MB IIA contexts dated tothe latter part of the period at: Tell Beit Mirsim (one WP CLS sherd); BethShemesh (one WP PLS sherd); Tel Jerishe (nine sherds of WP PLS and/or indeterminate); Tel Nami (one WP PLS sherd and two of indeterminatestyle from secure MB IIA contexts and five others in Composite, WP CLSand indeterminate styles from fills probably originating in MB IIA); Ash-kelon (six WP CLS and indeterminate style sherds from Phases 14 and 13 ofthe gateway, and a complete WP V amphora from a cemetery in the easternpart of the modern city), and Kafr Jatt in the western Galilee (two jugs, oneWP CLS, the other, WP PLS, from a tomb (Johnson 1982: 63, Fig. 1:G1,Fig. 3:E1; Geva 1982: Fig. 31:5-8, 32:10-14; Artzy and Marcus 1992: 106-108, Fig. 4; Stager 2002: 357, 359, Fig. 20; Gershuny 2002: 187, Fig. 3;Getzov and Nagar 2002: 4-5, Fig. 4:3, 4). Artzy and Marcus (1992: 106-107) point out that material from Tel Akko derives from fills in the rampartfortifications whose MB IIA date is tenuous, while the contexts of otherearly occurrences at Dhahrat el-Humraiya, Ginnosar and Megiddo date toMB IIA-B.

In light of the quantitative distribution elsewhere in Canaan, the collec-tion of sixteen Cypriot WP sherds from the MB IIA pottery dump at TelMegadim is significant. Indeed, considering the limited exposure of Broshisand Wolffs excavations, the total number of Middle Cypriot sherds recov-ered is impressive: the catalogue, still in preparation, so far includes someseventy-five sherds, and while this no doubt represents a smaller number ofvessels, the sheer volume of the sherdage is noteworthy.

The colors of the fabrics, slips and paints vary within a narrow range. Inthe catalogue, the color names follow the Munsell system (with the exceptionof dark reddish brown), but without the numerical values, which are as fol-lows. Fabrics are most often pink 5YR7/4 or 7.5YR7/4; light red 2.5YR6/6,or reddish yellow 5YR6/6; less frequently, very pale brown 10YR7/3, light

brownish grey 10YR6/2, or reddish grey 5YR5/2. Slips are again usuallypink 7.5YR7/4 or 5YR7/4, but light red 2.5YR6/6, white 10YR8/2, or verypale brown 10YR8/3 also occur. The paint is dark reddish brown 2.5YR3/4,reddish brown 5YR4/3, dark reddish brown 5YR3/2-2.5/2 (here called verydark reddish brown), red 10R5/6-5/8-4/6-4/8, dark red 10R3/6, or black5YR2/5/1.

All but one of the sherds come from closed vessels, probably jugs. Sevenare decorated in WP PLS and four in WP CLS. The motif of two parallelbands on No. 1 is often found just above the base of WP PLS jugs, as here,


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or at the top of the shoulder, as on No. 2 (Kempinski, Gershuny and Schef-telowitz 2002: 171, Fig. 5.59, 9, Tomb 984; Courtois 1981: Fig. 2; Maguire2009: 98, Fig. 27, DAB 30, DAB 36). The shoulder decoration of No. 12,similar to that on the restored jug from Tel Megadim MB IIC Tomb 574, maybe classified as WP V Tangent or Wavy Line style (Schaeffer 1949: Figs.107:28 and 108:23 both dated to Ugarit Moyen II; Courtois 1981: 13, Figs.5:47-50; Kempinski, Gershuny and Scheftelowitz 2002: 171, Fig. 5.55:1, 9;Maguire 1987, Fig. 9:6 identical; Wolff 2008: 1944, right; Maguire 2009:133, Fig. 37, DAB 198). The Composite ware sherd was from a bowl deco-rated in WP CLS on the exterior and covered with black slip on the interior,now mostly worn off. As noted above, this style has been identified amongwhat are probably MB IIA imports at Nami.

Catalogue of Cypriot pottery(Fig. 3)

1 WP PLS, body sherd with rounded base, probably from a jug; veryhard, medium-grained pink fabric, minute black and white grits, tracesof mica, 0.04-0.08 cm thick; pink, lightly burnished slip; faintly lus-trous dark reddish brown paint, four sets of pendent line groups andpart of a fifth, two wider concentric bands above the base. L2078,B3270/1.

2 WP PLS body sherd from a closed vessel; very hard, fine to mediumgrained pink fabric, few minute black grits, traces of mica; light redburnished slip; lustrous red paint, a wavy band between line groups,with broad concentric bands crossing them. L2072, B3107/1.

3 WP PLS, five joining body sherds, probably from a jug; fine to mediumgrained pink fabric, minute white grits, traces of mica, 0.04 cm thick;the surface is smoothed (self slipped); faintly lustrous red paint, alter-nating pendent line groups (one complete, one partial) and single pen-dent wavy lines, two preserved. L2078, B3258/9 + 3117 + 3263/3.

4 WP PLS, body sherd of a closed vessel; medium grained light red fab-ric, many minute black and white grits, 0.03-0.05 cm thick; the surfaceis smoothed and lightly burnished; faintly lustrous red paint, pendentline group. L2070, B3193 + 3194/11.

5 WP PLS, body sherd from a closed vessel;fi

ne to medium grained,hard pink fabric, minute black and white grits, micaceous, 0.04-0.05cm thick; smoothed, self-slipped surface; faintly lustrous, very darkreddish brown paint, pendent line group. L2070, B3115/1.

6 WP PLS, body sherd from a closed vessel; fine, hard reddish grey fab-ric, 0.03-0.05 cm thick; white lightly burnished slip; reddish brown todark reddish brown lustrous paint, pendent broad wavy band betweenline groups. L2070, B3183.


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7 WP PLS, body sherd from a closed vessel; fine to medium grained,very hard reddish yellow fabric, 0.03-0.05 cm thick; lightly burnishedpink slip; lustrous red paint, broad pendent wavy band between onecomplete and one partial line group. L2078, B3268/1.

8 WP CLS, body sherd from a closed vessel; very hard, fine pink fabric,minute white grits, 0.05-0.08 cm thick; lightly burnished very palebrown slip; very dark reddish brown to black faintly lustrous paint,crossing multiple line groups. L2060, B3102/1.

9 WP CLS, two joining body sherds, probably from a jug; fine, mediumto hard, pink fabric, few minute black grits, traces of mica, 0.03-0.05cm thick; light red, lightly burnished slip; faintly lustrous red paint,one complete and three partial sets of crossing line groups. L2078,B3263/3+4 + 3270/2.

10 WP CLS, body sherd from a closed vessel; fine, hard pink fabric, 0.03-0.04 cm thick; self slipped and burnished; lustrous very dark reddishbrown paint, crossing line groups. L2078, B3262.

11 Composite Ware, WP CLS and Black Slip, body sherd from an openvessel; medium hard, fine light brownish grey fabric, few minute blackand white grits, 0.04-0.05 cm thick; the outer surface is smoothed andburnished, the inner has traces of black slip; lustrous black paint, twooblique line groups. L2070, B3178/11.

12 WP Tangent style, shoulder sherd of a closed vessel; very hard,medium grained reddish yellow fabric, many minute black and whitegrits, 0.05-1.0 cm thick; pink lightly burnished slip; dark red to darkreddish brown faintly lustrous, cracked paint, two broad vertical bandsnext to four broad horizontal bands, with a wavy line below. L2070,B3150/1.

13 WP spout fragment; fine, hard, light grey fabric, 0.04 cm thick; thesurface is smoothed; cracked, black painted band on the inside of therim; on the outside, narrow black painted band along the top of the rim,and a broad horizontal band on the side of the spout with an obliqueband pendent from it. L2078, B3117/7.

14 WP body sherd from a closed vessel; fine to medium grained, hard

pink fabric, 0.02-0.04 cm thick; self slipped and faintly burnished;cracked, faintly lustrous very dark reddish brown paint, line group.L2070, B3169.

15 WP jug neck fragment, max. diam. ca. 5 cm; very hard, mediumgrained light red fabric, minute black and white grits, 0.04-0.07 cmthick; pink lightly burnished slip, mostly worn off; four horizontal,lustrous, red painted bands. L2106, B3342/6.


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16 WP body sherd from a closed vessel; fine, hard, very pale brown fab-ric, few minute white grits, 0.03-0.04 cm thick; self slipped and lightlyburnished; cracked, faintly burnished black paint, part of two bands atright angles. L2070, B3109/1.

Conclusions

The presence of Cypriot pottery in MB IIA Canaan, first mooted on the basisof the stray sherd from Tell Beit Mirsim and other finds from insecuredeposits at Megiddo and Akko (Maguire 2009: 82; strm 1972a: 264),may be accepted as established in light of the MC assemblage from TelMegadim, in addition to the material adduced by Artzy and Marcus (1992)

and the more recently published finds from Ashkelon and Kafr Jatt citedabove. Most of the sherds whose style may be identified came from WPPLS or WP CLS jugs or juglets, but Composite and Tangent Line Styles arealso attested in this earliest import horizon of Cypriot WP wares. To date, noCypriot ceramic imports have been found in the earliest MB IIA contexts,but in every instance cited here, the local pottery indicates a date in the laterMB IIA (cf. Cohen 2002: 130). By MB IIB, the same narrow repertoire ofWP styles is found widely distributed from Syria to Egypt (strm 1972a:212-215, 217-225; Johnson 1982; Maguire 2009: 40-41, 49, Tables 2 and 3).

Outside of Canaan, other early exports of WP PLS vessels include a jugfound in a MB IIA funerary context at the College Site in Sidon, dated ca.1750 by the excavator (Doumet-Serhal 2008: 16). This would be roughlycontemporary, using the Middle Chronology, with the juglet from Kltepe,

Karum Ib that Merrillees (2002: 5) cited as among the first appearances ofthe ware abroad. By the Low Chronology, however, which Merrillees prefers,the Kltepe juglet would date to the early 17thcentury (i.e. not later than thetenth year of Samsuiluna, ca. 1676/75, ibid.), making it contemporary onthe Low Chronology with the purported WP PLS sherd ascribed by Wool-ley to Alalakh VIII that Merrillees equally cites as evidence for the earliestappearance of WP PLS abroad (Bergoffen 2005: 37, 68-70). Also belonginghere is the earliest WP PLS from Ashkelon Phase 12, synchronized with Tellel-Daba Strata F-E/3 and therefore dated in the first half of the 17thcentury(Bietak, Kopetzky, Stager and Voss 2008: 52). At Tell el Daba, Maguire(2009: 39-41) determined that WP PLS may have arrived in levels possiblyas early as stratum F but actually listed an even earlier, single instance from

Stratum G in her table. The latter would make the waresfi

rst appearance atTell el-Daba as early as the second quarter of the 18 thcentury, i.e. contem-porary with the Sidon jug and other late MB IIA imports in Canaan. Mostof the well-dated WP PLS sherds from Tell el-Daba, however, came fromStrata E/1 and D/3 (ibid.) and therefore belong, like most of the WP PLSfrom Canaan, to the late 17thto early 16thcenturies (MB IIB-IIC).

WP CLS, which does not appear earlier than MC III, according to strm(1972a: 197) actually has a slightly earlier chronological range than WPPLS both at Ashkelon, where it first appears in phase 14, and at Tell el-


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Daba, where it occurs slightly later, in Stratum G1/3, which is synchronizedwith Ashkelon phases 14-13 to 13 and is dated in the mid-late 18thcentury(Bietak, Kopetzky, Stager and Voss 2008, 49, 52). Maguire argued, however,that because of regional differences in pottery production on Cyprus, it wasnot possible to determine if WP CLS in fact preceded WP PLS and, dis-counting the slight discrepancies of the wares distribution at Tell el Dab a,she concluded (2009: 86) that their export horizon in Palestine and Egyptwas roughly contemporary. This view agrees with the fact that both stylesfirst arrived in late MB IIA Canaan, and are often found in the same contexts as perhaps best illustrated by the assemblage from Tel Megadim. In gen-eral, the date of these foreign occurrences of WP PLS and WP CLS indicatethat MC III must have begun before ca. 1750, as Merrillees proposes (2002:

273), considerably earlier than strms date of ca. 1700 (1972a: 268, 273).Both WP CLS ad WP PLS continue into LC IA, and while not well attestedany longer at Tell el-Daba in Stratum D2 (mid 16thcentury), they are still

prevalent in the contemporary Ashkelon phases 11 and 10, the latter endingca. 1500 (Bietak, Kopetzky, Stager and Voss 2008: 52). There is thereforeno evidence here on which to date the transition to LC IA, or its end, whichneed not have coincided with the start of the New Kingdom, as Merrilllees(2002: 6) suggests.

The coastal distribution of Middle Cypriot imports at Egyptian andLevantine sites (Tell el-Daba, Ashkelon, Tel Jerishe, Tel Nami, Tel Mega-dim, Ugarit-Ras Shamra), is coeval with what has been termed the Byb-los run (e.g., Stager 2002: 359-60; Marcus 2007). One might surmise that

the Cypriot material arrived at a port such as Ugarit-Ras Shamra, fromwhich ships plying the Levantine coast picked it up as secondary cargoand offloaded it along their way towards the Egyptian Delta. The establish-ment of this international market became the raison dtrefor the founding(or refounding) of Levantine coastal ports such as Tel Megadim in the lateMB IIA.3The presence of Cypriot pottery described herein, along with afine collection of Levantine Painted Ware (for two examples see Bagh 2000:Fig. 1:I left and 1:III left (= Fig. 114:a), and red-slipped and burnished jugsof probable Syrian origin, firmly places Tel Megadim into this internationalnetwork.

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strm, P.: The Middle Cypriot Bronze Age (Swedish Cyprus Expedition. Vol.IV.1B), Lund: Swedish Cyprus Expedition, 1972.

3 For a recent discussion of these ports see Marcus 2007: 164-170.


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Maguire, L.: Imported Cypriot pottery from Middle Bronze Age Levels at Kabri, in:A. Kempinski(ed.),Excavations at Kabri Preliminary Report of 1986 Season,Tel Aviv, 1987, 44-51.


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Marcus, E.: Amenemhet II and the Sea: Maritime Aspects of the Mit Rahina (Mem-phis) Inscription:Egypt and the Levant17 (2007) 137-190.

Schaeffer, C. F. A.: Ugaritica II(Mission de Ras Shamra V), Paris: Paul Geuthner,1949.

Stager, L. E.: The MB IIA Ceramic Sequence at Tel Ashkelon and its Implicationsfor the Port Power Model of Trade, in: M. Bietak (ed.), The Middle Bronze

Age in the Levant: Proceedings of an International Conference on MB IIACeramic Material. Vienna 24th-26thof January 2001, Vienna: sterreichischenAkademie der Wissenschaften, 2002, 353-362.

Wolff, S. R.: Megadim, Tel, in: E. Stern (ed.), The New Encyclopedia of Archaeo-logical Excavations in the Holy LandVol. 5, Jerusalem and Washington, DC:Israel Exploration Society and Biblical Archaeology Society, 2008, 1942-1944.


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Fig. 1: Local MB IIA pottery from relevant loci.


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Fig. 2: Local MB IIA pottery from relevant loci.


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Fig. 3: Cypriot pottery from MB IIA loci.