Yn ystod y sesiwn hon, bydd myfyrwyr yn cwestiynu

nodweddion deunyddiau ac yn creu model o gyhyr ar sbring clyfar.

Addasu Mae yna lawer o enghreifftiau o bobl yn defnyddio technoleg i addasu eu cyrff.

Er enghraifft, mae Oscar Pistorius (www.oscarpistorius.co.za), yr athletwr Paralympaidd enwog, wedi gallu defnyddio coesau prosthetig ffibr carbon i’w helpu i gystadlu ar lefel uchel iawn.

Mae dros 50,000 o gluniau a 70,000 o bengliniau newydd yn cael eu gosod bob blwyddyn gan y GIG. Defnyddir llawer o wahanol fathau o gymalau, yn dibynnu ar faint, oedran a gweithgarwch y claf.

Rydym wedi datblygu robotau dynolffurf hyd yn oed e.e. Asimo asimo.honda.com. Mae’r adnodd hwn yn ystyried a ellir dynwared symudiadau pobl trwy greu ‘cyhyr’ ar gyfer cenhedlaeth newydd o robotau fel y gallant godi eu breichiau a chydio mewn gwrthrychau.

✓ Sbring ‘clyfar’ a dalwyr gwifrau gyda

physt terfynol (gallwch brynu’r rhain o

www.mindsetsonline.co.uk

codau PAC SW3, 211-011 a TER 002)

✓ Offer electroneg cyffredinol

(gwifrau a chyflenwad pwer 6V)

✓ Bwlyn, stand, clamp

✓ Masau (o wahanol feintiau)

✓ Stopwats

Nodyn i Lysgenhadon STEM – bydd gan

ysgolion lawer o’r eitemau sydd eu hangen

arnoch, felly gofynnwch i’r athro cyn eich

sesiwn. Dylid cynnal asesiad risg cyn

dechrau’r gweithgaredd hwn.

Fel pobl, rydym yn esblygu o hyd, yn enwedig o ran datblygu technolegau newydd.

Gellir

cwblhau’r arbrawf

cychwynnol mewn un

sesiwn. Gellir ymestyn y

gweithgaredd dros sawl

wythnos trwy gynnwys

y dasg cynllunio a

gwneud

Cyhyrau Clyfar

Gweithgaredd

Beth sydd ei angen arnoch

EsboniadMae’r gweithgaredd hwn yn defnyddio sbring ‘Niti’ clyfar wedi’i wneud o aloi o nicel a thitaniwm.Pan fo cerrynt yn llifo drwy sbring wedi’i ymestyn, mae’r metel yn cynhesu. Mae’r newid mewn tymheredd yn achosi i’r sbring ‘gofio’ ei siâp cyn iddo gael ei ymestyn.

Gellir defnyddio’r aloeon cofio siâp hyn mewn llawer o sefyllfaoedd, ond maent yn arbennig o ddefnyddiol fel ysgogwyr ysgafn yn lle systemau hydrolig neu niwmatig.

Beth i’w wneud Defnyddiwch y diagram isod i’ch helpu i baratoi ar gyfer yr arbrawf.

Glynwch eich dalwyr gwifrau (a’r pyst terfynol) wrth bob pen o’r sbring (gweler y llun).

Ar ôl i chi gwblhau’r cylched, gan alluogi i’r cerrynt lifo, gwelwch fod y sbring yn codi’r masau.

Q A yw cyfanswm y masau’n effeithio ar gyflymder crebachu’r sbring?

Q Defnyddiwch stopwats i weld faint o amser mae’r sbring yn ei gymryd i grebachu gyda gwahanol fasau.

A yw’r sbring yn dychwelyd i’w siâp gwreiddiol bob tro neu a yw’n anffurfio’n barhaol? A yw’r sbring yn ymestyn mwy?

Trwy godi’r masau pan fo ysgogiad trydanol, mae’r sbring clyfar yn gweithredu fel cyhyr artiffisial, mewn braich efallai. Sut y gallem ddefnyddio’r syniad hwn i wneud cyhyr artiffisial ar gyfer robotau?

Gofynnwch i’ch grŵp gynllunio robot â chyhyr artiffisial. Sut y caiff ei ddefnyddio, pwy fydd yn ei brynu? Gofynnwch iddynt gyflwyno eu syniadau ar boster.

Cysylltiadau Cwricwlwm Gan ddefnyddio’r gweithgaredd hwn,

gallwch drafod: Lloegr

Gwyddoniaeth: Cylchedau trydanol, Grymoedd a’u heffeithiau

Dylunio a Thechnoleg: Archwilio deunyddiau Ffocws: deunyddiau gwrthiannol, Cynllunio ar gyfer

marchnadoedd Ffocws: deunyddiau gwrthiannol

Yr Alban Gwyddoniaeth: Grymoedd: 2-07a, 3-07a,

Trydan 2-09a, 3-09a, Datblygiadau technolegol mewn cymdeithas

! Byddwch yn ofalus iawn, mae’r sbring yn gallu mynd yn BOETH IAWN – PEIDIWCH Â CHYFFWRDD Â’R SBRING! PEIDIWCH Â CHYFFWRDD Â’R GWIFRAU GAN FOD YNA GERRYNT UCHEL !

Cyflenwad pŵer

Sbring

Masau

Gwifrau

Bwlyn, stand a chlamp

6V

Golwg o’r ochr

M

Ambell beth ychwanegol...

A allech chi gynllunio ac adeiladu prototeip o gyhyr elin robot

(mae unrhyw syniad DIOGEL yn dderbyniol, cofiwch y bydd angen deunyddiau ychwanegol)? Gallai fod yn rhan o brosiect dylunio a thechnoleg

uwch.

Gallai’r math hwn o sbring fod yn ddefnyddiol i agor

drysau neu gau bocsys. A all eich grŵp gynllunio a chreu bocs sy’n defnyddio sbring Niti wrth gau?

Gallai’r sesiwn hon fod yn fan cychwyn ar gyfer trafodaethau ar fioddynwared. A all y clwb feddwl am enghreifftiau lle mae peirianwyr wedi cael eu hysbrydoli gan fyd natur?

Tudalen 2

Defnyddiwyd y ffotograff gyda chaniatâd Touch Bionics

Fy rôl yn Touch Bionics yw goruchwylio’r gwaith ymchwil a datblygu y tu ôl i brif dechnolegau prosthetig y byd megis y Llaw i-LIMB, y llaw fionig gyntaf yn y byd.

Mae peirianneg yn hollbwysig i lwyddiant cwmni fel Touch Bionics. Mae ein tîm yn cynnwys peirianwyr mecanyddol ac electronig, sy’n adlewyrchu natur electrofecanyddol y cynhyrchion rydym yn eu dylunio. Yn ogystal, mae gennym beirianwyr meddalwedd sy’n gweithio i ddatblygu’r nodweddion a’r dechnoleg reoli ar gyfer y dyfeisiau. Bydd y tîm peirianneg yn Touch Bionics yn gweithio ar dasgau o bob math o ddydd i ddydd. Gall y rhain gynnwys profi a diweddaru cynhyrchion cyfredol neu weithio ar ddatblygiadau arloesol a chyffrous newydd y cwmni.

Mae’r gallu i feddwl yn greadigol yn hanfodol, ac mae’n helpu’r cwmni i adeiladu ar yr holl eiddo deallusol gwych y mae wedi’u cydosod dros y blynyddoedd. Er bod y gwaith yn llawn her, rydym yn cael boddhad mawr o weld yr effaith mae ein technolegau’n ei chael ar y bobl hynny sydd wedi colli aelod.

Proffil: Pwy sy’n Defnyddio Technolegau Prosthetig?

Hugh GillCyfarwyddwr Technoleg, Touch Bionics (ewch www.touchbionics.com/tv)

Awgrymiadau defnyddiol Cofiwch na fydd y sbring byth yn dychwelyd i goil tynn, felly ceisiwch beidio â’i ymestyn gormod.

Gallai hyn arwain at drafodaeth ynglŷn ag oes cynhyrchion. Am ba hyd y bydd cyhyr robot fel hyn yn dal i weithio’n iawn?

Gallech ddechrau trafodaeth bellach trwy gymharu eich cyhyr robot â chyhyrau pobl. Fel ein sbring, dim ond i un cyfeiriad mae cyhyr yn gallu tynnu, felly mae cyhyrau’r corff mewn parau.

Pan fo un cyhyr yn byrhau, mae’r cyhyr cyfatebol yn cael ei ymestyn. Mae cyhyrau’n cael eu hysgogi gan ysgogiadau trydanol a drosglwyddir gan nerfau.

! Gofalwch beidio â defnyddio mwy na’r uchafswm foltedd. Cofiwch y bydd y sbring yn mynd yn BOETH felly peidiwch â chyffwrdd ag ef, ac os bydd y masau’n

rhy drwm bydd y sbring yn anffurfio’n barhaol !

Mae yna lawer o wahanol adnoddau ar gyfer deunyddiau clyfar. Mae gan yr SEP rai cyhoeddiadau defnyddiol, yn enwedig ar fetelau ac aloeon clyfar:

www.sep.org.uk

Tudalen 3

Mathemateg YchwanegolRydych chi wedi gweld faint o amser mae’r sbring yn ei gymryd i grebachu gyda gwahanol fasau.

v Plotiwch graff o amser yn erbyn masau. A oes yna batrwm?

Dyma yw PeiriannegMae deall yr amrywiaeth eang o ddeunyddiau clyfar a chynllunio cymwysiadau addas yn rhan annatod o beirianneg.

Mae peirianwyr â diddordeb mewn dylunio’n creu’r syniadau cychwynnol a’r ‘glasbrintiau’ ar gyfer systemau, strwythurau a chynhyrchion ac yn profi modelau’n drylwyr i sicrhau eu bod yn gweithio, gyda help dulliau cynllunio gyda chymorth cyfrifiadur. Mae peirianwyr deunyddiau’n datblygu cynhyrchion newydd a gwella cynhyrchion presennol. Edrychwch ar gyrsiau prifysgol perthnasol yn www.ucas.com

Mae gofynion mynediad yn cynnwys cymwysterau Safon Uwch, Diplomâu Uwch a chymwysterau Uwch yr Alban.

Meysydd cysylltiedig: Peirianneg fecanyddol

Mae yna lawer o brentisiaethau ym maes peirianneg a thechnolegau gweithgynhyrchu. Mae’n faes eang iawn.

Mae rhai o’r prif ddiwydiannau gweithgynhyrchu sy’n cael sylw’n cynnwys tecstilau, bwyd, celfi, gwydr, metelau ac argraffu. I gael mwy o fanylion, ewch www.apprenticeships.org.uk.

Yn yr Alban, ewch i www.apprenticeshipsinscotland.com ac yng Nghymru wales.gov.uk/apprenticeships.

Cysylltu â Ni

The Royal Academy of Engineering 3 Carlton House TerraceLondon SW1Y 5DG Ffôn: 020 7766 0600 Ffacs: 020 7930 1549 Gwefan: www.raeng.org.uk

Engineering Engagement ProjectGwefan: www.raeng.org.uk/eenpE-bost: eenp@raeng.org.uk

Camau NesafCofiwch fod yna fwy o adnoddau yn networking.stemnet.org.uk

I gael mwy o wybodaeth am Glybiau STEM, ewch i www.stemclubs.net

I siarad â’ch cynrychiolydd STEMNET lleol, ewch i www.stemnet.org.uk/regions

I gael mwy o wybodaeth am yr Engineering Engagement Project, ewch i www.raeng.org.uk/eenp

Mae Gwobrau CREST yn hawdd eu cynnal, yn annog myfyrwyr i barhau i ddilyn pynciau STEM ac yn ychwanegu gwerth go iawn i geisiadau UCAS. Er mwyn cysylltu syniadau ychwanegol y gweithgarwch hwn â Gwobr Efydd CREST, cysylltwch â’ch Cydgysylltydd CREST lleol: www.britishscienceassociation.org/crestcontacts

Accredited Scheme

Cefnogir yn hael gan

www.baesystems.com/education

Extra MathsYou have found the time it takes for the spring to contract at various masses.

v Plot a graph of time taken against mass. Is there a pattern?

This Is EngineeringUnderstanding the vast range of smart materials and designing suitable applications is just one dynamic aspect of engineering.

Engineers with an interest in design create the initial ideas and ‘blueprints’ for systems, structures and products, testing models rigorously to ensure they work, using computer aided design to help. Materials engineers develop new products and improve existing ones. Have a look at related university courses at www.ucas.com

Entry requirements include A Levels, Advanced Diplomas and Scottish Advanced Highers.

Related fields: Mechanical engineering

There are many apprenticeships in engineering and manufacturing technologies. It is a very broad field. Some of the main manufacturing industries covered include textiles, food, furniture, glass, metals and printing. Visit www.apprenticeships.org.uk for more details.

In Scotland visit www.apprenticeshipsinscotland.com and in Wales wales.gov.uk/apprenticeships.

Contact Us

The Royal Academy of Engineering 3 Carlton House TerraceLondon SW1Y 5DG Tel: 020 7766 0600 Fax: 020 7930 1549 Web: www.raeng.org.uk

Engineering Engagement ProjectWeb: www.raeng.org.uk/eenpEmail: eenp@raeng.org.uk

Next StepsRemember there are more resources at networking.stemnet.org.uk

For more on STEM Clubs visit www.stemclubs.net

To speak with your local STEMNET representative visit www.stemnet.org.uk/regions

For more information on the Engineering Engagement Project  www.raeng.org.uk/eenp

Perhaps your students will be interested in a STEM Leaders qualification? www.personalcapabilities.co.uk/slq

CREST Awards are easy-to-run, encourage students to continue with STEM subjects, and add real value to UCAS applications. To link this activity’s extra ideas to a CREST Bronze Award, contact your CREST Local Coordinator: www.britishscienceassociation.org/crestcontacts

Accredited Scheme

Generously supported by

www.baesystems.com/education

Photograph used with kind permission of Touch Bionics

My role at Touch Bionics is overseeing the research and development behind world-leading prosthetic technologies like the i-LIMB Hand, the world’s first bionic hand.

Engineering is vital to the success of a company like Touch Bionics. Our team consists of mechanical and electronic engineers, which reflects the electromechanical nature of the products that we design. In addition, we have software engineers who work to develop the features and control technology for the devices.

The engineering team at Touch Bionics will be working on a wide variety of tasks from day to day. This may include testing and updating existing product lines, or working on the next exciting innovations to come out of the company. The ability to think creatively is a must, and helps the company to build on the impressive level of intellectual property that it has assembled over the years. It is challenging work, but ultimately very rewarding when we get to see the impact our technologies have on the people whose lives are affected by limb loss.

Profile: Who Uses Prosthetic Technologies?

Hugh GillDirector of Technology, Touch Bionics (visit www.touchbionics.com/tv)

Handy Hints Remember the spring will never go back into a tight coil, so try not to over stretch it too much.

This could lead to a discussion about the lifetime of products. How long would a Robot’s muscle made like this last before it no longer works properly?

You could start a further discussion by comparing your robot muscle to a human’s. Just like our spring, muscles can only pull in one direction, so in the body muscles come in pairs.

When one muscle shortens causing movement, its opposite muscle is stretched. Muscles are stimulated by electrical impulses transmitted by nerves.

! Take care not to exceed the maximum voltage. Remember the spring will get HOT so don’t touch, and if the mass is too heavy the spring will deform permanently !

There are many different resources for smart materials. The SEP have some useful publications, particularly on metals and smart alloys:

www.sep.org.uk

Page 3

Some Extras... Could you design and build an

actual prototype of a robot forearm muscle (Any SAFE idea is fine,

remember you will need extra materials)? This could be part of an advanced design and technology project.

This type of spring could also be useful for

opening doors or closing boxes. Can your group

design and make a box that uses a Niti spring when closing?

This session could also be a starting point for discussions on biomimicry. Can the club think of examples where engineers have taken inspiration from nature? Perhaps a visit from a STEM Ambassador could help, speak to you local STEMNET contract holder www.stemnet.org.uk/regions

ExplanationThis activity uses a smart ‘Niti’ spring, made of an alloy of nickel and titanium.

When a current flows through the stretched spring, the metal is heated. The temperature change causes the spring to ‘remember’ the shape it had before it was stretched.

These shape memory alloys have many potential applications but particularly as lightweight, actuators as an alternative to hydraulic or pneumatic systems.

What To Do Use the diagram below to help you set up the experiment.

Attach your wire holders (and terminal posts) to each end of the spring (see photograph).

When you complete the circuit, allowing the current to flow, you will see that the masses are raised by the spring.

Q Is the speed the spring contracts affected by the amount of mass?

Q Use a stopwatch to find the time taken for the spring to contract with various masses.

Does the spring always go back to its original shape or does it become permanently deformed? Does the spring become more extended?

By lifting the mass when there is an electrical stimulus, the smart spring is acting like an artificial muscle, perhaps in an arm. How could we use this idea to make an artificial muscle for robots?

Ask your group to design a robot with an artificial muscle, what will it be used for, who will buy it? Ask them to present their ideas by poster.

Curriculum Links Using this activity you can discuss:

England

Science: Electrical circuits, Forces and their effects

D&T: Exploring materials Focus: resistant materials, Designing for markets Focus: resistant materials

Scotland

Science: Forces: 2-07a, 3-07a, Electricity 2-09a, 3-09a, Technological developments in society

! Be very careful the spring gets extremely HOT – DO NOT TOUCH THE SPRING! DO NOT TOUCH THE WIRES TOGETHER AS THERE IS A HIGH CURRENT !

Power supply

Spring

Mass

Leads

Boss, stand and clamp

6V

M

Page 2

Side view

During this session, students will question the properties of

materials and model a muscle based on a smart spring.

Adaptation There are many instances of humans using technology to adapt their bodies.

Oscar Pistorius (www.oscarpistorius.co.za) for example, is a famous Paralympic athlete who has been able to use carbon fibre prosthetic legs to help him compete at a very high level.

Over 50,000 hip replacements and 70,000 knee replacements take place each year on the NHS. Many different types of joint are used depending on the size, age and activity of the patient.

We have even developed humanoid robots e.g. Asimo asimo.honda.com. This resource looks at whether we can mimic human movement by making a ‘muscle’ for a new generation of robots, so they can lift their arms and grab objects.

What You Need

✓A ‘smart’ spring and wire holders with

terminal posts (these can be purchased

from www.mindsetsonline.co.uk

product codes PAC SW3, 211-011

and TER 002)

✓General electronics apparatus

(wires and 6V power supply)

✓Boss, stand, clamp

✓Masses (variety of sizes)

✓Stopwatch

Note for STEM Ambassadors – Schools will

have many of the items you need, so check

with the teacher before your session.

A risk assessment should be done

before starting this activity.

As humans we are always evolving, especially when it comes to developing new technologies.

The initial

experiment can

be done in one session.

The activity can be

extended to several weeks

by including the design

and make focused

task.

Smart Muscle

Activity