Cycle of Living CellsCycle of Living Cells

What is the cell What is the cell cycle?cycle?

The cell cycle is the series of events that The cell cycle is the series of events that takes place in a takes place in a cellcell leading to its division leading to its division and duplication (replication). and duplication (replication).

What does it look like?What does it look like?

How does it work?How does it work? Well first you must know the two types of living Well first you must know the two types of living

cells.. cells.. The first living cell is called a The first living cell is called a ProkaryoticProkaryotic cell. cell. Characteristics of a Characteristics of a ProkaryoticProkaryotic cell: cell:

They have They have NO NUCLEUSNO NUCLEUS!! !! DNA is found in a single chromosome. DNA is found in a single chromosome. They have a cell outer wall and chloroplasts that They have a cell outer wall and chloroplasts that

perform photosynthesis. perform photosynthesis. They are Single-Celled and they are found in Plants. They are Single-Celled and they are found in Plants.

A single-celled organism means it is very small, A single-celled organism means it is very small, Microscopic, and is using some type of a Microscopic, and is using some type of a bacteria. Similar to germs that you can't see! bacteria. Similar to germs that you can't see!

A single cell organism?A single cell organism?

What holds the plant What holds the plant cells together?cells together?

A cell wall would be the A cell wall would be the correct answer.correct answer.

A cell wall gives a Plant it's shape. The cell wall A cell wall gives a Plant it's shape. The cell wall is composed of cellulose fiber, is composed of cellulose fiber, polysaccharides, and proteins. polysaccharides, and proteins.

What does the cell wall What does the cell wall look like?look like?

What is the second type What is the second type of living cell?of living cell?

The second type of cell is called a The second type of cell is called a Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell. . Eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells HAVE a NUCLEUSHAVE a NUCLEUS. The DNA is found . The DNA is found

inside the nucleus. inside the nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are made up of the following parts: Eukaryotic cells are made up of the following parts:

Cell Membrane Cell Membrane Nucleus Nucleus Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton Rough & Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough & Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Mitochondria Lysosomes Lysosomes Ribosomes Ribosomes

What does an Animal cell What does an Animal cell look like?look like?

How are Prokaryotic and How are Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells

different?different? Eukaryotic Cells are usually bigger than Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Cells are usually bigger than Prokaryotic

Cells. They are also multicellular. Cells. They are also multicellular. Multicellular Organisms are made up of two or more Multicellular Organisms are made up of two or more

cells. cells. Eukaryotic Cells are found in Animals. Eukaryotic Cells are found in Animals.

A cell membrane defines the cells border. It control's what A cell membrane defines the cells border. It control's what travels into and out of the cell. travels into and out of the cell.

The cell membrane is similar to a sponge. A sponge has The cell membrane is similar to a sponge. A sponge has holes to soak in water, but rejects anything else that tries to holes to soak in water, but rejects anything else that tries to get stuck in it's holes. The cell membrane only allows what get stuck in it's holes. The cell membrane only allows what the cell needs through the membrane. the cell needs through the membrane.

How does cell division work How does cell division work to produce these cells?to produce these cells?

Cell division is the process in which one cell is broken Cell division is the process in which one cell is broken down and becomes two cell through growth and repair. down and becomes two cell through growth and repair.

A chromosome consists of a single long strand of DNA A chromosome consists of a single long strand of DNA and small proteins called histones around which the and small proteins called histones around which the DNA is wrapped. DNA is wrapped. Most cells have 2 of each type of chromosome. Most cells have 2 of each type of chromosome.

Humans have 46 chromosomes. One pair of sex Humans have 46 chromosomes. One pair of sex chromosomes determines the sex of the person. chromosomes determines the sex of the person. Female Chromosome XX Female Chromosome XX Male Chromosome XYMale Chromosome XY

How does crossing X and How does crossing X and Y genes work?Y genes work?

The Y gene determines the The Y gene determines the developmental level of the child. 22 developmental level of the child. 22 genes are identical and the last pair are genes are identical and the last pair are different. different.

How does cell division How does cell division work?work?

3 Types of Cell Division 3 Types of Cell Division Binary Fusion Binary Fusion

This makes sure each daughter cell gets ONE complete This makes sure each daughter cell gets ONE complete chromosome, instead of two. chromosome, instead of two.

This only takes part in Prokaryotic cells, such as Plant cells. This only takes part in Prokaryotic cells, such as Plant cells. Mitosis Mitosis

This makes sure each daughter cell gets a COMPLETE set of This makes sure each daughter cell gets a COMPLETE set of chromosomes. chromosomes.

This takes place in Eukaryotic Cells, such as animals. This takes place in Eukaryotic Cells, such as animals. Meiosis Meiosis

This process cuts the chromosomes in half and produces 4 This process cuts the chromosomes in half and produces 4 cells instead of 2. cells instead of 2.

This takes place in humans, and is how reproduction is madeThis takes place in humans, and is how reproduction is made

There are Five There are Five Phases of the Phases of the Mitosis Cycle. Mitosis Cycle. Interphase Interphase

G1 G1 Cell Increases in Cell Increases in

size and the size and the Number of Number of Organelles Organelles

Preparatory step Preparatory step before the actual before the actual division of the division of the nucleus takes nucleus takes place. place.

Synthesis of DNA -Synthesis of DNA -Replication Replication

G2 G2

The Second The Second Phase is Phase is ProphaseProphase This is the This is the

phase where phase where the the chromosomes chromosomes of a cell are of a cell are first visible first visible under a under a microscope. microscope.

The Third The Third Phase is Phase is MetaphaseMetaphase After After

prophase, prophase, chromosomes chromosomes will line up at will line up at the cell the cell equator. equator.

The Fourth The Fourth Phase is Phase is AnaphaseAnaphase . . Phase of Phase of

mitosis when mitosis when the sister the sister chromatids chromatids separate away separate away from each from each other. other.

The Fifth Phase The Fifth Phase is is TelophaseTelophase. . Phase of Phase of

mitosis when mitosis when two nuclear two nuclear membranes membranes are pulling are pulling away from away from each other and each other and are being are being formed. formed.

Didn’t you say there was Didn’t you say there was two types of cell division?two types of cell division?

There is also a Meiotic Cell DivisionThere is also a Meiotic Cell Division The events that occur during prophase of mitosis also occur The events that occur during prophase of mitosis also occur

during prophase I of meiosis. The chromosomes coil up, the during prophase I of meiosis. The chromosomes coil up, the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate, and the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate, and the centrosomes centrosomes begin moving apart. The begin moving apart. The crossing over processcrossing over process of the of the chromosomes starts to take place which produces double the chromosomes starts to take place which produces double the chromosomes. Instead of four there are eight. chromosomes. Instead of four there are eight.

In Metaphase, the cells line up in the middle of the cell, also the In Metaphase, the cells line up in the middle of the cell, also the same as Mitosis. same as Mitosis.

During Anaphase the cells pull away from each other. During Anaphase the cells pull away from each other. Telophase is the same as Mitosis, except Mitosis they only Telophase is the same as Mitosis, except Mitosis they only

separate once. separate once. In Meiosis they separate twice to make 4 In Meiosis they separate twice to make 4 identical cells, called reproduction. identical cells, called reproduction.

What are the differences What are the differences between the two cell between the two cell

divisions?divisions?

So, the cell cycle is a So, the cell cycle is a complex theory but is what complex theory but is what makes our world go round… makes our world go round…