cyber physical systems and internet of things · 2019-09-17 · cyber physical systems and internet...
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Cyber Physical Systems and Internet of ThingsEmerging Paradigms on Smart
CitiesAthanasios P. Kalogeras1, Herve Rivano2, Luca Ferrarini3, Christos Alexakos1, Oana Iova2, Soroush Rastegarpour3, and
Abdoul Aziz Mbacke2
1- Industrial Systems Institute, Research Center ATHENA, Greece2- INSA-Lyon, France
3 – Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Smart Cities Digitalization
◦ Digital transformation of cities has been a major trend◦ Drivers of Digital Cities
◦ Broadband communications
◦ Service-oriented computing
◦ Resulting to Urban Cyber Space
Data Services◦ Massive data from
◦ The real world (IoT)
◦ Citizens (Social Networks)
◦ Cloud power◦ Artificial Intelligence◦ Cyber Physical Space
Cyber Physical Systems Inter-disciplinary emerging area
Computation + Physics
Algorithms + Logic + Control + …
Interacting Physical & Digital Components, Centralized or Distributed, providing Sensing, Control & Networking Functions,
influencing the real world through physical processes
Bridge between the physical and digitized world
Internet of ThingsA novel paradigm on top of
Embedded Computing
Sensor Networks
Pervasive Systems
Enabling the variety of “things” or “objects” around us
To interact with one another
And cooperate towards achieving common goals
Internet of ThingsThe Internet of Things (IoT) is
An information network of physical objectsSensorsMachines CarsBuildings…
Interaction and Cooperation of these objects
Towards common goals
Internet of ThingsSignificant market potential
-IoT application potential economic impact between 3.9 and 11.1 trillion USD per year in 2025 (McKinsley Global Institute)
-Global number of IoT devices in 2018 reached 7 billion, while global number of connected devices is estimated to 17 billion
Internet of Things Architecture
- Objects / Perception layer : physical things
- Object Abstraction layer : transfers data from things
- Service Management Middleware layer : receives data, makes decisions and pairs to services
- Application layer: provides services to customers
- Business layer: manages system activities & services
Source: Al-Fuqaha et al, “Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications,” IEEE communications surveys & tutorials,vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 2347–2376, 2015
IoT Standards - Application Protocols
◦ CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) enables low power IoT device communication based on REST and utilizing UDP
◦ MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) is a messaging protocol connection IoT devices with applications and middleware using publish-subscribe method
◦ XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Transport Protocol) is a decentralized messaging protocol supporting instant message communication with cryptographic principles.
◦ AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) uses message queues, supports message delivery acknowledgement, as well as publish subscribe model
IoT Standards - Service discovery protocols
◦ mDNS (Multicast DNS) and DNS-SD (DNS Service Discovery) support dynamic and efficient service discovery. mDNS supports name resolution type of service, while DNS-SD utilizes mDNS for paiting IP addresses with host names
- Infrastructure protocols◦ RPL (Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks) is
based on IPv6 supporting routing requirements of devices with constrained resources
◦ 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks) enables IPv6 network on Low power WPANs
◦ Zigbee / IEEE 802.15.4 offers a complete stack for WSNs aiming at low data rate services for power constrained devices
◦ Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an energy efficient infrastructure standard
IoT Challenges - Smart Environments: efficient integration of devices supporting real-time communication, integration of device data, energy management, reliability
- Security and privacy: IoT systems more vulnerable due to security design issues in HW & SW attracting Denial-of-Service attacks, large number of devices
- Heterogeneity: large number of things based on different platforms that need to be integrated, middleware must support reliability, resource management, scalability, real-timeliness, security, event management, code migration services, adaptivity to dynamic and changing environments
- Dealing with large amount of data: big data analytics for knowledge extraction, cloud/fog/mist/edge computing paradigms
Industrial Internet of Things
Use of IoT technologies initially in manufacturing
Builds on top of sensor data, machine-to-machine communication and automation technologies
Smart machines accurately and consistently capturing and communicating data
Use of big data and machine learning technologies
Enabler to resolve inefficiencies and problems sooner, save time and money, support business intelligence
Potential for quality control, sustainable and green practices, overall supply chain efficiency
IIoT Challenge to integrate IT with OT (PLCS, SCADA)
- Ever increasing capabilities of smart devices (sensors/actuators, embedded devices) than OT, enabling advanced applications & business models (Cloud Manufacturing)
- Different evolutionary paths: IT more open and interconnected that OT being in many cases managed independently by their owners, IT also more complex and vulnerable to failures and security threats
- The challenge is to maintain OT stringent requirements with adopting IT higher capabilities.
IT vs. OTInformation Technology
Operational Technology
Purpose Process transactions, provide information
Control or monitor physical processes and equipment
Architecture
Enterprise wide infrastructure and applications (generic)
Event driven, real time, embedded hardware and software (custom)
Interfaces GUI, web browser, terminal and keyboard
Electromechanical, sensors, actuators, coded displays, hand-held devices
Ownership
CIO and IT Engineers, technicians, operators and managers
Connectivity
Corporate network, IP based
Control networks, hardwired twisted pair and IP based
Role Supports people Controls machines
Industrial Control Systems
IIoT applicability in ICS - IIoT wider applicability than manufacturing systems
- A number of domains have similar needs to the industrial manufacturing domain, utilizing smart devices & employing control automation for their applications
- “Industrial Domains” include◦ Critical infrastructures
◦ Energy production & distribution◦ Transportation
◦ Water management
◦ Healthcare◦ Smart Cities
◦ Building structural health
◦ Waste management
◦ Traffic management
◦ City Energy consumption
◦ Building automation
◦ Smart Parking
◦ Smart Lighting
◦ Environmental Monitoring
IoT, IIoT, CPS - IIoT a subset of IOT
- Industry 4.0 lies at the confluence of CPS and IIoT
- CPS lie at the cross section of physical and digital worlds
- CPS application is associated with a digital counterpart of the physical world – the Digital Twin Source: Sisinni et al, “Industrial internet of things:
Challenges, opportunities, and directions,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 4724–4734,2018.
IIoT relevant effortsIndustrie 4.0
Industrial Internet Consortium
Society 5.0
Made in China 2025
Industrie 4.0High-tech strategy of the German Government, promoting computerization in manufacturing
Hannover Fair 2011
EnablesMass customization of productsImprovement of automation technology by
self-optimization, self-configuration, self-diagnosis, cognition, intelligent support of workers
Industrie 4.0
Graphic Source: Platform Industrie 4.0
Industrie 4.0Cyber Physical Systems
physical and software components are deeply intertwined, each operating on different spatial and temporal scales, exhibiting multiple and distinct behavioral modalities, and interacting with each other in a myriad of ways that change with context
Internet of Things
Cloud ComputingUbiquitous access to shared pools of system resources and
higher-level services (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS)
Cognitive ComputingMachine Learning and Reasoning
Reference Architectural Model for Industrie 4.0 – RAMI 4.0
Graphic Source: Platform Industrie 4.0
Reference Architectural Model for Industrie 4.0 – RAMI 4.0
RAMI 4.0
Three dimensionalAxis 1: HierarchyAxis 2: ArchitectureAxis 3: Product Life Cycle
Service Oriented Architecture
IT Security and Data Privacy as Enablers
Axis 1: HierarchyClassical Industrial Environment Hierarchy
Hardware-based
Product isolation
Efforts to offer autonomy and greater distribution in the middle layers
Graphic Source: Platform Industrie 4.0
Axis 1: HierarchyIndustrie 4.0
Enhanced Flexibility
Distribution of Functions
“Flat” Hierarchy
Smart Product integrated
Graphic Source: Platform Industrie 4.0
Axis 2: ArchitectureSix layer architecture
Business : Organizational and Business Processes
Functional: Asset Functions Information: Necessary Data Communication: Access to
Information Integration: From Real to
Digital World Asset: Real World Physical
Things
Graphic Source: Platform Industrie 4.0
Axis 3: Product Life Cycle
Two basic methods Type: a product in the development phase or a re-design phase Instance: a product in the production phase
Workflow comprises four Phases Type Development : Formation (Design, Development, Simulation, Prototyping, …) Type Maintenance Usage : Re-Formation (Re-design, Updating, Maintenance Cycles, Component
Testing, …) Instance Production : Production (Product, Serial Number, Data, Advance Control, …) Instance Maintenance Usage : Facility Management (Usage, Maintenance, Recycling, …)
Graphic Source: Platform Industrie 4.0
I4.0 ComponentA component for standardized communication, easy installation and operation (plug and play), standardized exchange of information
The Administration Shell provides an interface to the
Physical Thing provides a standardized
communication interface may refer to one or multiple assets
Graphic Source: ZVEI SG Modelle und Standards
I4.0 ComponentThe Manifest
Directory of the individual data content of the Virtual Representation (meta-information)
Mandatory data of I4.0 Component, e.g. links with assets by means of identification and security capabilities
Table of contents for all information, data and functions in the Administration Shell
The Component Manager Link to ICT technical services of I4.0
Component, allowing external access to Virtual Representation and Technical Functionality
Enables Service Oriented Architecture or Administration Shell repository deployment
Constitutes an expanded service designed to realize both lifelong maintenance and efficient retrieval of information
Graphic Source: ZVEI SG Modelle und Standards
Industrial Internet Consortium
Open membership organization with over 250 members
Founded in 2014 by AT&T, Cisco, General Electric, IBM and Intel
Founded to bring together industry players to accelerate the development, adoption and widespread use of Industrial Internet technologies
Ten testbedsTrack and Trace (factory floor)Microgrid Applications (energy)Asset Efficiency (predictive analytics, asset lifecycle management)Edge Intelligence (real time analytics at the “edge”, data center scale of computation and data
volume/velocity)Factory Operations Visibility and Intelligence (visualize results, optimize processes)High Speed Network Infrastructure (high speed fiber for Industrial Internet)Industrial Digital Thread (Model-based enterprise, Virtual manufacturing)International Future Industrial Internet INFINITE (big data, multiple virtual domains over one
physical network, mission critical systems)Condition Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance (continuous monitoring for early signs of
performance degradation or failure)Smart Airline Baggage Management
Industrial Internet Reference Architecture - IIRA
Four different Viewpoints identifying relevant stakeholders of IIoT systems and proper framing of concerns
Different industrial sectors ranging from manufacturing and transportation, to energy and healthcare
Lifecycle process consideration
Graphic Source: Industrial Internet Consortium
IIRA – Business Viewpoint
Vision: Future state / business direction
Values: Vision as perceived by stakeholders involved in implementation or usage
Key objectives: quantifiable high level outcomes
Fundamental Capabilities: Means to deliver the vision
Graphic Source: Industrial Internet Consortium
IIRA – Usage ViewpointTasks are carried out by Parties assuming Roles
Parties are agents, human or automated
Roles are sets of capacities needed to execute tasks as required by activities
Activities are specified coordinations of tasks
Graphic Source: Industrial Internet Consortium
IIRA – Functional Viewpoint
Functional domains represent distinct functionalities in the IIoT systemControl domain: Industrial Control System
functions reading sensor data, applying rules and logic and performing actuation
Operations domain: provisioning, management, monitoring and optimization of the control domain systems
Information domain: gathering data and analyzing this data towards high level intelligence
Application domain: application logic for specific business functionalities
Business domain: end-to-end operations integrating with business functions
Graphic Source: Industrial Internet Consortium
IIRA – Functional Viewpoint – the whole picture
Crosscutting functions: major enabling system functions Connectivity Distributed Data Management Industrial Analytics Intelligent & Resilient Control
System Characteristics: emergent system-wide aggregate characteristics Safety Security Resilience Reliability Privacy Scalability
Graphic Source: Industrial Internet Consortium
IIRA – Implementation Viewpoint – Three tier architecture
IIRA – Implementation Viewpoint – Mapping Three tier architecture to Functional Domains
IIRA – Implementation Viewpoint – Gateway-Mediated Edge Connectivity and Management Architecture
Local connectivity solution for the edge of an IIoT system
Gateway acts as WAN end point, isolating LAN of edge nodes
Breaks down complexity of IIoT systems, enabling scalability
Different topologies for the LANHub-and-spoke : gateway acts as a
hub for connecting edge nodes to each other and the WAN
Mesh : some edge notes with routing capabilities, routing paths may change dynamically, suitable for low-power, low-data rate applications on resource constrained geographically distributed devices
Graphic Source: Industrial Internet Consortium
IIRA – Implementation Viewpoint – Layered Databus Architecture
IIRA – RAMI 4.0 Functional Mapping
Society 5.0
Graphic Source: http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/english/society5_0/index.html
Society 5.0 Enabling Technologies
Robotics
Internet of Things
Big Data
Ambient Intelligence
Graphic Source: http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/english/society5_0/index.html
Society 5.0 – Application Domains
All areas of society towards Hyper-smart Society
Healthcare: Medical data share, remote medical care services, AI and robots at nursing care facilities
Mobility: autonomous driving, distribution and logistics efficiency improvement, drones, single driver cargo truck in a convoy with unmanned-follow-vehicles
Infrastructure: sensors, AI and robots for inspection and maintenance of critical infrastructures
Manufacturing: Japan’s excellence in manufacturing of things (monozukuri) combined with AI and Big Data
Source: http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/english/society5_0/index.html
Internet Plus and Made in China 2025
Internet Plus Business Start-Up and
Innovation Cooperative Manufacturing Modern Agriculture Intelligent Energy Inclusive Financing Beneficial Services for the
Public Highly-Efficient Logistics e-Commerce Comfortable Transportation Green Ecology Artificial Intelligence
Made in China 2025 priorities Innovation improvement Information technology and
business integration Industrial base strengthening Chinese brand promotion Environmentally friendly
manufacturing Promotion of breakthroughs in
10 industrial sectors Processing trade restructuring
(from mass to class) Promotion of Service Oriented
producers and service providers Internationalization of
production
Challenges
Interoperability
Semantics for IIoT
Edge / Fog Computing
Deep cognitive
Security and Blockchain
Athanasios KalogerasIndustrial Systems Institute
Athena Research and Innovation Center